| Seeker,
member of any of numerous small groups of separatist Puritans in
17th-century England seeking and waiting for new prophets revealing God's
true church. They subscribed to the principles enunciated by such reformers
as Kaspar Schwenckfeld of Lower Silesia, Sebastian Franck of Swabia, and
Dirck Coornhert of the Netherlands, who denied the effectiveness of the
sacraments, Baptism, and the Scriptures as a means of salvation. Their
services were silent meetings at which one spoke only when inspired to do
so. The Seekers gave rise to the Society
of Friends (Quakers). Persecuted in Europe, many settled in
Rhode Island, whose founder, Roger
Williams, professed Seeker ideas and advocated absolute
religious freedom for all. |
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| Williams, Roger
(b. 1603?, London--d. Jan. 27/March 15, 1683, Providence, R.I.), English
colonist in New England, founder of the colony of Rhode
Island and pioneer of religious liberty.
The son of a merchant tailor, he was a protege of the jurist Sir Edward
Coke and was educated at Cambridge. In 1630 he left his post as chaplain to
Sir William Masham, which had brought him into contact with such politically
active Puritans as Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Hooker, to pursue his by-then
completely Nonconformist religious ideals in New England.
Arriving in Boston in 1631, Williams refused to associate himself with
the Anglican Puritans and in the following year moved to the separatist
Plymouth Colony. In 1633 he was back in Salem after a disagreement with
Plymouth in which he insisted that the king's patent was invalid and that
only direct purchase from the Indians gave a just title to the land.
Invited by the church at Salem to become pastor in 1634, Williams was
banished from Massachusetts Bay by the civil authorities for his dangerous
views: besides those on land rights, he held that magistrates had no right
to interfere in matters of religion. Consequently, in January 1636 Williams
set out for Narragansett Bay, and in the spring, on land purchased from the Narragansett
Indians, he founded the town of Providence
and the colony of Rhode Island. Providence became a haven for Anabaptists,
Quakers, and others whose beliefs were denied public expression. Williams
was briefly an Anabaptist but in 1639 declared himself a Seeker. He remained
a steadfast believer in Calvinist theology. Williams went to England in 1643
to obtain a charter for Rhode Island and again in 1651-54 to have it
confirmed, during which visit he became a friend of the poet, John Milton.
He was the first president of Rhode Island under its charter and until his
death always held some public office. He was of constant service to Rhode
Island and neighbouring colonies as a peacemaker with the Narragansett
Indians, whose language he knew and whose trust he had earned, although he
helped defend Rhode Island against them during King Philip's War (1675-76).
From 1636 until his death he supported himself by farming and trading.
Williams was a vigorous controversialist and a prolific writer. His
greatest work was The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution (1644).
|
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