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Religion


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Seeker

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Seeker, member of any of numerous small groups of separatist Puritans in 17th-century England seeking and waiting for new prophets revealing God's true church. They subscribed to the principles enunciated by such reformers as Kaspar Schwenckfeld of Lower Silesia, Sebastian Franck of Swabia, and Dirck Coornhert of the Netherlands, who denied the effectiveness of the sacraments, Baptism, and the Scriptures as a means of salvation. Their services were silent meetings at which one spoke only when inspired to do so. The Seekers gave rise to the Society of Friends (Quakers). Persecuted in Europe, many settled in Rhode Island, whose founder, Roger Williams, professed Seeker ideas and advocated absolute religious freedom for all. ±¸µµÆÄ(Ï´Ô³÷ï, Seeker), 17¼¼±â ¿µ±¹¿¡ ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´ø ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ÂüµÈ ±³È¸¸¦ °è½ÃÇØÁÙ »õ·Î¿î ¿¹¾ðÀÚµéÀ» ã°í ±â´Ù¸®´ø ¼Ò±Ô¸ð û±³µµ ºÐÆÄÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº ·Î¾î½¶·¹Áö¿£ÀÇ Ä«½ºÆÄ¸£ ½´º¬Å©ÆçÆ®, ½º¿Íºñ¾ÆÀÇ ¼¼¹Ù½ºÆ¼¾È ÇÁ¶ûÅ©, ³×´ú¶õµåÀÇ µð¸£Å© Äí¸¥Ç츣Ʈ °°Àº °³ÇõÀÚµéÀÌ ¼±¾ðÇÑ ¿øÄ¢µé¿¡ ¼­¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ °³ÇõÀÚµéÀº ±¸¿øÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼­ ¼º·ÊÀü¡¤¼¼·Ê¡¤¼º¼­ÀÇ È¿·ÂÀ» ºÎÀÎÇß´Ù. À̵éÀÇ ¿¹¹è´Â ħ¹¬ÀÇ Áýȸ·Î¼­ ¸»À» Çϵµ·Ï ¿µ°¨À» ¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷¸¸ÀÌ ¸»À» Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ±¸µµÆÄ°¡ ÇÁ·»µåȸ(ÄùÀÌÄ¿)¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù. À¯·´¿¡¼­ ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ ·Îµå ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿¡ Á¤ÂøÇÑ ÄùÀÌÄ¿ÀÇ ¼³¸³ÀÚ ·ÎÀú Àª¸®¾ö½º´Â ±¸µµÆÄ »ç»óÀ» °í¹éÇÏ°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Àý´ëÀûÀÎ Á¾±³ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.

Roger Williams

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Williams, Roger (b. 1603?, London--d. Jan. 27/March 15, 1683, Providence, R.I.), English colonist in New England, founder of the colony of Rhode Island and pioneer of religious liberty.

The son of a merchant tailor, he was a protege of the jurist Sir Edward Coke and was educated at Cambridge. In 1630 he left his post as chaplain to Sir William Masham, which had brought him into contact with such politically active Puritans as Oliver Cromwell and Thomas Hooker, to pursue his by-then completely Nonconformist religious ideals in New England.

Arriving in Boston in 1631, Williams refused to associate himself with the Anglican Puritans and in the following year moved to the separatist Plymouth Colony. In 1633 he was back in Salem after a disagreement with Plymouth in which he insisted that the king's patent was invalid and that only direct purchase from the Indians gave a just title to the land.

Invited by the church at Salem to become pastor in 1634, Williams was banished from Massachusetts Bay by the civil authorities for his dangerous views: besides those on land rights, he held that magistrates had no right to interfere in matters of religion. Consequently, in January 1636 Williams set out for Narragansett Bay, and in the spring, on land purchased from the Narragansett Indians, he founded the town of Providence and the colony of Rhode Island. Providence became a haven for Anabaptists, Quakers, and others whose beliefs were denied public expression. Williams was briefly an Anabaptist but in 1639 declared himself a Seeker. He remained a steadfast believer in Calvinist theology. Williams went to England in 1643 to obtain a charter for Rhode Island and again in 1651-54 to have it confirmed, during which visit he became a friend of the poet, John Milton. He was the first president of Rhode Island under its charter and until his death always held some public office. He was of constant service to Rhode Island and neighbouring colonies as a peacemaker with the Narragansett Indians, whose language he knew and whose trust he had earned, although he helped defend Rhode Island against them during King Philip's War (1675-76). From 1636 until his death he supported himself by farming and trading.

Williams was a vigorous controversialist and a prolific writer. His greatest work was The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution (1644).

Àª¸®¾ö½º (Roger Williams), 1603(?) ·±´ø~1683. 1. 27/3. 15 ·Îµå¾ÆÀÏ·£µå ÇÁ·Îºñ´ø½º. ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ´ºÀ×±Û·£µå ½Ä¹ÎÁö °³Ã´Àڷμ­, ·Îµå¾ÆÀÏ·£µå ½Ä¹ÎÁö â¼³ÀÚÀ̸ç Á¾±³Àû ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¼±±¸ÀÚÀÌ´Ù. 

Àç´Ü»çÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î žÀ¸³ª ¹ý·ü°¡ ¿¡µå¿öµå Äî °æ(ÌÏ)ÀÇ º¸È£ ¾Æ·¡ µé¾î°¡ ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö¿¡¼­ ±³À°À» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¸ñ»ç·Î ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­ ¿Ã¸®¹ö Å©·ÒÀ£À̳ª Åä¸Ó½º ÈÄÄ¿ °°Àº û±³µµ Á¤Ä¡ÁöµµÀÚµé°ú °¡±õ°Ô Áö³»´ø ±×´Â ºñ±¹±³µµÀûÀÎ ´ºÀ×±Û·£µå ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡ °¡¼­ ¿µ±¹ ±¹±³È¸¿Í´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀÌ»óÀ» ½ÇÇö½Ãų ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î 1630³â¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á÷Ã¥À» Àª¸®¾ö ¸Å¼¶ °æ¿¡°Ô ³Ñ°ÜÁÖ¾ú´Ù. 

1631³â º¸½ºÅÏ¿¡ µµÂøÇÑ ±×´Â ¿µ±¹ ±¹±³È¸ °èÅëÀÇ Ã»±³µµ¿Í Çù·ÂÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ°í ´ÙÀ½ ÇØ¿¡ ºÐ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¼¼¿î Çø®¸Ó½º ½Ä¹ÎÁö·Î °Ç³Ê°¬´Ù. 1633³â Çø®¸Ó½º ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ±¹¿ÕÀÇ Æ¯Çã±ÇÀº ºÎ´çÇϸç Àεð¾ðÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÅäÁö¸¦ Á÷Á¢ ±¸ÀÔÇÔÀ¸·Î½á¸¸ ±× ¶¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Çø®¸Ó½º ½Ä¹ÎÁöÀεé°ú ºÒÈ­¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Ä×°í ±×µÚ ¼¼ÀÏ·³ ½Ã·Î µ¹¾Æ°¬´Ù.

¼¼ÀÏ·³ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÃÊûÀ¸·Î 1634³â ±× ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸ñ»ç·Î ÃëÀÓÇßÀ¸³ª À§ÇèÇÑ »ç»óÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î Á¤ºÎ ´ç±¹¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ º£ÀÌ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡¼­ Ãß¹æ´çÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯±Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ßÇØ ¿Ü¿¡µµ Ãѵ¶Àº Á¾±³¹®Á¦¿¡ °£¼·ÇÒ ±Ç¸®°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ßÇØ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. °á±¹ 1636³â 1¿ù ³ª¶ó°£¼¼Æ® ¸¸À¸·Î Ãâ¹ßÇÏ¿© ±×ÇØ º½¿¡ µµÂøÇÑ µÚ ³ª¶ó°£¼¼Æ® Àεð¾ð ºÎÁ·À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶¥À» »çµé¿© ÇÁ·Îºñ´ø½º À¾°ú ·Îµå¾ÆÀÏ·£µå ½Ä¹ÎÁö¸¦ °Ç¼³Çß´Ù. ÇÁ·Îºñ´ø½º À¾Àº Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ¡¤ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµ µî°ú °°ÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±³ÆÄÀÇ Çdz­Ã³°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. Àª¸®¾ö½º´Â Àá½Ã µ¿¾È Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ·Î ÀÖ´Ù°¡ 1639³â ½º½º·Î ±¸µµÀÚ(Seeker)¶ó°í ½Å¾Ó°í¹éÇϰí ÁÙ°ð Ä®¹ðÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀ» È®°íÇÏ°Ô ¹Ð°í³ª°¬´Ù. 1643³â ·Îµå¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æ¯ÇãÀåÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ, ±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã 1651~54³â À̰ÍÀ» È®Àιޱâ À§ÇØ ¿µ±¹À» ¹æ¹®ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¹æ¹® ±â°£Áß ½ÃÀÎ Á¸ ¹ÐÅÏÀ» »ç±Í°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Æ¯ÇãÀå¿¡ µû¶ó ·Îµå¾ÆÀÏ·£µåÀÇ ÃÊ´ë Ãѵ¶ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç Á×À» ¶§±îÁö °øÁ÷¿¡¼­ ¶°³ªÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³ª¶ó°£¼¼Æ® Àεð¾ð ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¾Ë°í ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÅÀÓÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µé°úÀÇ ÁßÀ翪À» µµ¸Ã¾Æ ·Îµå¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿Í ÁÖº¯ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çʸ³ ¿Õ ÀüÀï(1675~76) ±â°£¿¡´Â Àεð¾ðµé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ¼­ ·Îµå¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¸¦ ¹æ¾îÇϱâ À§ÇØ ³ª¼¹´Ù. ±×´Â 1636³âºÎÅÍ Á×À» ¶§±îÁö ³ó»ç¿Í ±³¿ªÀ» ÅëÇØ »ý°è¸¦ À̾°¬´Ù.

Àª¸®¾ö½º´Â ¿­¼ºÀûÀÎ ³íÀï°¡¿´À¸¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ ¸¹Àº ÀúÀÛÀ» ³²°å´Ù. °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³­ ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î´Â ¡´ÀÜȤÇÑ ¹ÚÇØ ±³¸® The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution¡µ(1644)°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

S.H. Brokunier, Irrepressible Democrat: Roger Williams (1940); O.E. Winslow, Master Roger Williams (1957); C. Covey, The Gentle Radical (1966).

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