BIBLIOGRAPHY
Information
on aspects treated in this article is available in DAVID B. BARRETT (ed.), World
Christian Encyclopedia: A Comparative Study of Churches and Religions in the
Modern World, AD 1900-2000 (1982); F.L. CROSS and E.A. LIVINGSTONE (eds.), The
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 2nd ed. (1974, reprinted 1983);
J.D. DOUGLAS (ed.), The New International
Dictionary of the Christian Church, 2nd ed. (1978); MIRCEA ELIADE (ed.), The
Encyclopedia of Religion, 16 vol. (1987), with helpful bibliographies; and
NEW CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA, 16 vol. (1967-79, reissued 1981), especially useful
for the Roman Catholic Church.
Broad
overviews are found in KURT ALAND, A
History of Christianity, 2 vol. (1985-86; originally published in German,
1980-82); ROLAND H. BAINTON, The Horizon
History of Christianity (1964, reissued with the title Christianity, 1985); GEOFFREY BARRACLOUGH (ed.), The
Christian World: A Social and Cultural History (1981); OWEN CHADWICK, The
Pelican History of the Church, 6 vol. (1960-70, reprinted 1985-86); PAUL
JOHNSON, A History of Christianity
(1976, reprinted 1985); KENNETH SCOTT LATOURETTE, A History of Christianity, rev. ed., 2 vol. (1975); HENRY CHADWICK
and G.R. EVANS (eds.), Atlas of the
Christian Church (1987); and F. VAN DER MEER and CHRISTINE MOHRMANN, Atlas
of the Early Christian World, trans. from Dutch (1958, reprinted 1966). See
also the series edited by HUBERT JEDIN and JOHN DOLAN, Handbook
of Church History, 10 vol. (1965-81; originally published in German, 7 vol.
in 10, 1962-79), later vol. of which have the title History of the Church.
Guides
to the first five centuries of the Christian Church include LOUIS DUCHESNE, Early
History of the Christian Church: From Its Foundation to the End of the Fifth
Century, trans. from French, 3 vol. (1909-24, reprinted 1957-60); W.H.C.
FREND, The Rise of Christianity (1984,
reprinted 1986); ROBERT M. GRANT, Augustus
to Constantine: The Thrust of the Christian Movement into the Roman World (1970);
ROWAN A. GREER, Broken Lights and Mended
Lives: Theology and Common Life in the Early Church (1986); ADOLF HARNACK, The Mission and Expansion of Christianity in the First Three Centuries,
2nd enl. and rev. ed., 2 vol. (1908; originally published in German, 1902); HANS
LIETZMANN, A History of the Early Church,
4 vol. (1949-52, reissued 4 vol. in 2, 1964; originally published in German, 4
vol., 1932-44); A.D. NOCK, Conversion: The
Old and the New in Religion from Alexander the Great to Augustine of Hippo
(1933, reprinted 1988); and A.D. NOCK (ed.), Essays on Religion and the Ancient World, ed. and comp. by ZEPH
STEWART, 2 vol. (1972, reprinted 1986). See also J.M. WALLACE-HADRILL, The
Frankish Church (1983).
For
discussions of more specialized topics, see CECIL JOHN CADOUX, The Early Church and the World: A History of the Christian Attitude to
Pagan Society and the State Down to the Time of Constantine (1925, reprinted
1955); HENRY CHADWICK, Early Christian
Thought and the Classical Tradition: Studies in Justin, Clement, and Origen
(1966, reprinted 1984); FRANCIS DVORNIK, Early Christian and Byzantine Political Philosophy: Origins and
Background, 2 vol. (1966); ROBERT M. GRANT, Early Christianity and Society (1977); ROBIN LANE FOX, Pagans
and Christians (1986, reissued 1988); WAYNE A. MEEKS, The
First Urban Christians: The Social World of the Apostle Paul (1983); ARNALDO
MOMIGLIANO, The Conflict Between Paganism
and Christianity in the Fourth Century (1963, reprinted 1970); PETER
RICHARDSON, Israel in the Apostolic Church
(1969); and J.M. HUSSEY, The Orthodox
Church in the Byzantine Empire (1986).
In
addition to the relevant volumes of the histories cited above, the church in the
Middle Ages is studied in HANS-GEORG BECK, Kirche
und theologische Literatur im byzantinischen Reich (1959, reprinted 1977);
JOHN BOSSY, Christianity in the West,
1400-1700 (1985); LOUIS DUCHESNE, L'Église
au VIe siècle (1925); JUDITH HERRIN, The Formation of Christendom (1987); and STEVEN OZMENT, The
Age of Reform (1250-1550): An Intellectual and Religious History of Late
Medieval and Reformation Europe (1980).
Modern
church history is treated in the general histories cited above; in the sections
below on roles of Christianity, on missions, and on ecumenism; and in KENNETH
SCOTT LATOURETTE, Christianity in a
Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries, 5 vol. (1958-62, reissued 1973); JAMES HASTINGS NICHOLS, History
of Christianity, 1650-1950: Secularization of the West (1956); JERALD C.
BRAUER, Protestantism in America: A Narrative History, rev. ed. (1965,
reprinted 1974); and CHARLES H. LIPPY and PETER W. WILLIAMS (eds.), Encyclopedia
of the American Religious Experience: Studies of Traditions and Movements, 3
vol. (1988).
KARL
BARTH, Church Dogmatics, 4 vol. in 12
(1939-59; originally published in German, 4 vol. in 12, 1932-59); EMIL BRUNNER, Dogmatics,
vol. 3, The Christian Doctrine of the Church, Faith, and the Consummation (1960,
reissued in a new trans., 1979; originally published in German, 1960); YVES M.J.
CONGAR, A History of Theology, trans.
from French (1968); T.A. BURKILL, The
Evolution of Christian Thought (1971); JAROSLAV PELIKAN, The
Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine (1971-
), of which 4 vol. had appeared by 1987; PAUL TILLICH, A History of Christian Thought, from Its Judaic and Hellenistic Origins
to Existentialism (1972); J.N.D. KELLY, Early
Christian Doctrines, 5th rev. ed. (1977, reprinted 1985); HUBERT
CUNLIFFE-JONES (ed.), A History of
Christian Doctrine (1978, reissued 1980); and WALTER KASPER, An
Introduction to Christian Faith (1980; originally published in German,
1972).
(God
the Father): W.R. MATTHEWS, God in
Christian Thought and Experience, 3rd ed. (1963); H.P. OWEN, Concepts
of Deity (1971); GORDON D. KAUFMAN, The
Theological Imagination: Constructing the Concept of God (1981); and WALTER
KASPER, The God of Jesus Christ (1984,
reprinted 1986; originally published in German, 1982).
(God
the Son): ALBERT SCHWEITZER, The Quest
of the Historical Jesus: A Critical Study of Its Progress from Reimarus to
Wrede, 3rd ed. (1954, reissued 1981; originally published in German, 1906);
GÜNTHER BORNKAMM, Jesus of Nazareth
(1960, reprinted 1975; originally published in German, 1956); EDWARD
SCHILLEBEECKX, Christ, the Sacrament of
the Encounter with God (1963, reprinted 1977; originally published in Dutch,
1960); FREDERICK HOUK BORSCH, The Son of
Man in Myth and History (1967); EDWARD ROCHIE HARDY (ed.), Christology
of the Later Fathers (1954, reprinted 1977); JOHN REUMANN, Jesus
in the Church's Gospels: Modern Scholarship and the Earliest Sources (1968,
reprinted 1973); and ALOYS GRILLMEIER, Christ
in Christian Tradition, vol. 1, From
the Apostolic Age to Chalcedon (451), trans. from German, 2nd rev. ed.
(1975).
(God
the Holy Spirit): CHARLES WILLIAMS, The
Descent of the Dove: A Short History of the Holy Spirit in the Church (1939,
reissued 1974); HENRY P. VAN DUSEN, Spirit,
Son and Father: Christian Faith in the Light of the Holy Spirit (1958,
reissued 1960); FREDERICK DALE BRUNER, A
Theology of the Holy Spirit: The Pentacostal Experience and the New Testament
Witness (1970, reprinted 1973); GEORGE T. MONTAGUE, The
Holy Spirit: Growth of a Biblical Tradition (1976); KARL RAHNER, The
Spirit in the Church (1979; originally published in German, 1977); YVES M.J.
CONGAR, I Believe in the Holy Spirit, 3 vol. (1983; originally published in
French, 1979-80); and ALASDAIR I.C. HERON, The
Holy Spirit (1983).
(The
Holy Trinity): JULES LEBRETON, History
of the Dogma of the Trinity: From Its Origins to the Council of Nicaea
(1939; originally published in French, 8th ed., 1927); KARL RAHNER, The
Trinity, trans. from German (1970); EDMUND J. FORTMAN, The Triune God: A Historical Study of the Doctrine of the Trinity
(1972); ROBERT W. JENSON, The Triune
Identity: God According to the Gospel (1982); and MICHAEL O'CARROLL, Trinitas:
A Theological Encyclopedia of the Holy Trinity (1987).
(The
concept of man): EMIL BRUNNER, Man in
Revolt: A Christian Anthropology (1939, reissued 1957; originally published
in German, 1937); REINHOLD NIEBUHR, The
Nature and Destiny of Man: A Christian Interpretation, 2 vol. (1941-43,
reprinted 1964); H. WHEELER ROBINSON, The
Christian Doctrine of Man, 4th ed. (1958, reprinted 1974); WERNER G. KÜMMEL,
Man in the New Testament, rev. and
enl. ed. (1963; originally published in German, 1948); ERNST BENZ, "The
Concept of Man in Christian Thought," in S. RADHAKRISHNAN and P.T. RAJU
(eds.), The Concept of Man: A Study in
Comparative Philosophy, 2nd ed. (1966, reprinted 1972), pp. 394-451; and
WOLFHART PANNENBERG, What Is Man?: Contemporary Anthropology in Theological Perspective
(1970).
(The
church): Works on various aspects of church doctrine include, on the church,
GEORGE JOHNSTON, The Doctrine of the Church in the New Testament (1943); HANS KÜNG,
The Church (1967, reissued 1976;
originally published in German, 1967); DIETRICH BONHOEFFER, Sanctorum
Communio: Eine dogmatische Untersuchung zur Soziologie der Kirche, 4th ed.
(1969); and EINAR MOLLAND, Christendom:
The Christian Churches, Their Doctrines, Constitutional Forms, and Ways of
Worship (1971); on the formation of the biblical canon, HANS VON
CAMPENHAUSEN, The Formation of the Christian Bible (1972, reissued 1977;
originally published in German, 1968); HARRY Y. GAMBLE, The New Testament Canon: Its Making and Meaning (1985); and BRUCE M.
METZGER, The Canon of the New Testament:
Its Origin, Development, and Significance (1987); on Christian creeds and
confessions, PHILIP SCHAFF, Biblioteca
symbolica ecclesiae universalis: The Creeds of Christendom, 6th ed., 3 vol.
(1919, reprinted 1985); B.A. GERRISH (ed.), The
Faith of Christendom: A Source Book of Creeds and Confessions (1963); J.N.D.
KELLY, Early Christian Creeds, 3rd ed.
(1972, reprinted 1981), and a companion volume, The Athanasian Creed (1964); and JOHN H. LEITH (ed.), Creeds
of the Churches: A Reader in Christian Doctrine, from the Bible to the Present,
3rd ed. (1982); on the apostolic succession, ERNST BENZ, Bischofsamt
und apostolische Sukzession im deutschen Protestantismus (1953); on church
polity and structure, JAMES VERNON BARTLET, Church-Life
and Church-Order During the First Four Centuries (1943); on the liturgy,
JOSEF A. JUNGMANN, The Early Liturgy, to
the Time of Gregory the Great, trans. from German (1959); THEODOR KLAUSER, A
Short History of the Western Liturgy: An Account and Some Reflections, 2nd
ed. (1979; originally published in German, 1965); JAMES F. WHITE, Introduction
to Christian Worship (1980); and HERMAN A.J. WEGMAN, Christian Worship in East and West: A Study Guide to Liturgical History
(1985; originally published in Dutch, 1976); on Christian tradition, DANIEL T.
JENKINS, Tradition, Freedom, and the
Spirit (U.K. title, Tradition and the
Spirit, 1951); and F.W. DILLISTONE (ed.), Scripture and Tradition (1955); on monasticism, CUTHBERT BUTLER, Benedictine
Monachism: Studies in Benedictine Life and Rule, 2nd ed. (1924, reprinted
1962); DAVID KNOWLES, Christian
Monasticism (1969); and JEAN LECLERCQ, The
Love of Learning and the Desire for God: A Study of Monastic Culture, 3rd
ed. (1982); and on Christian art and iconography, EMILE MÂLE, Religious
Art from the Twelfth to the Eighteenth Century (1949, reissued 1970;
originally published in French, 1945); JOHN G. DAVIES, The Origin and Development of Early Christian Church Architecture (1952);
JANE DILLENBERGER, Style and Content in
Christian Art (1965, reissued 1986); LEONID OUSPENSKY and VLADIMIR LOSSKY, The
Meaning of Icons, 2nd ed. (1982; originally published in German, 1952); and
ROBERT MILBURN, Early Christian Art and Architecture (1987).
(Last
things): PAUL S. MINEAR, Christian
Hope and the Second Coming (1954); RUDOLF BULTMANN, History
and Eschatology (U.S. title, The
Presence of Eternity, 1957, reissued 1975); OSCAR CULLMANN, Christ and Time: The Primitive Christian Conception of Time and History,
rev. ed. (1962, reprinted 1964; originally published in German, 1946); JÜRGEN
MOLTMANN, Theology of Hope: On the Ground
and the Implications of a Christian Eschatology (1967, reprinted 1975;
originally published in German, 1964), and Hope and Planning, trans. from German (1971); WILLIAM STRAWSON, Jesus
and the Future Life, new and rev. ed. (1970); and GEOFFREY WAINWRIGHT, Eucharist
and Eschatology, 2nd ed. (1978, reprinted 1981).
LOUIS
DUCHESNE, Christian Worship: Its Origin
and Evolution, 5th ed. (1919, reprinted 1956; originally published in
French, 4th rev. and enl. ed., 1908), ch. 8, is fundamental but should be
supplemented by later handbooks, such as J.A. JUNGMANN, Public
Worship (1957, reissued 1966; originally published in German, 1955), ch. 9;
and JOHN H. MILLER, Fundamentals of the
Liturgy (1960, reprinted 1964), ch. 8. Good summary accounts are those of NOËLE
M. DENIS-BOULET, The Christian Calendar
(1960; originally published in French, 1959); A. ALAN McARTHUR, The
Evolution of the Christian Year (1953); and ADOLF ADAM, The
Liturgical Year: Its History & Its Meaning After the Reform of the Liturgy
(1981), basic for present Roman Catholic use. THOMAS J. TALLEY, The Origins of the Liturgical Year (1986), is a fresh reading of the
early evidence. More popular treatments, valuable for their detail of popular
observance, are the works of FRANCIS X. WEISER, The Christmas Book (1952, reissued 1954), The Easter Book (1954), The
Holyday Book (1956), and Handbook of
Christian Feasts and Customs: The Year of the Lord in Liturgy and Folklore
(1958). See also SUE SAMUELSON, Christmas:
An Annotated Bibliography (1982). Insights into primitive and non-Christian
backgrounds of the church year are contained in MIRCEA ELIADE, The
Myth of the Eternal Return (1954, reprinted 1974; originally published in
French, 1949); and E.O. JAMES, Seasonal
Feasts and Festivals (1961, reprinted 1963). For Jewish background, see
ROLAND DE VAUX, Ancient Israel: Its Life
and Institutions (1961, reissued 1973; originally published in French, 2
vol., 1958-60), pt. 4, ch. 15-18. A standard monograph on the origin of the
seven-day week is F.H. COLSON, The Week (1926,
reprinted 1974). EVIATAR ZERUBAVEL, The
Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week (1985), is a
comprehensive historical, cultural, and sociological study. More exhaustive and
detailed is WILLY RORDORF, Sunday: The
History of the Day of Rest and Worship in the Earliest Centuries of the
Christian Church (1968; originally published in German, 1962). For
historical discussions of Holy Week and Easter, see MASSEY H. SHEPHERD, JR., The Paschal Liturgy and the Apocalypse (1960); and JOHN WALTON
TYRER, Historical Survey of Holy Week: Its
Services and Ceremonial (1932). CLARENCE SEIDENSPINNER, Great
Protestant Festivals (1952), defends nontraditional observances in modern
Protestant churches.
A
short introduction is provided by LADISLAS M. ORSY, From Vision to Legislation: From the Council to a Code of Laws
(1985). The most important modern works on the history of canon law are HANS E.
FEINE, Kirchliche Rechtsgeschichte: Die
katholische Kirche, 5th ed. (1972); WILLIBALD M. PLÖCHLE, Geschichte
des Kirchenrechts, 2nd enl. ed., 5 vol. (1960-70); and GABRIEL LE BRAS
(ed.), Histoire du droit et des institutions de l'eglise en occident (1955-
), with 12 vol. published by 1987. The articles in R. NAZ (ed.), Dictionnaire
de droit canonique, 7 vol. (1935-65), although in need of updating, can
still provide much historical and doctrinal information. A respected analytical
commentary on the 1917 code is A. VERMEERSCH and J. CREUSEN, Epitome
Iuris Canonici, 7th ed. rev. by R.P. CREUSEN, 3 vol. (1949-56), in Latin.
Commentaries on the 1983 code include JAMES A. CORIDEN, THOMAS J. GREEN, and
DONALD E. HEINTSCHEL (eds.), The Code of
Canon Law: A Text and Commentary (1985), intended mainly for practitioners;
JOSEPH LISTL, HUBERT MÜLLER, and HERIBERT SCHMITZ (eds.), Handbuch des katholischen Kirchenrechts (1983), a doctrinally
elaborate, thematically organized work; and KLAUS LÜDICKE (ed.), Münsterischer
Kommentar zum Codex Iuris Canonici (1985- ), kept up to date by frequent
loose-leaf supplements concerning official pronouncements and current
literature. Bibliographies are found in the series "Repertoire
Bibliographique des Institutions Chrétiennes" (1969- ), with text in
French, English, German, Italian, and Spanish.
The
most important texts on the Church Fathers are BERTOLD ALTANER, Patrology (1960; originally published in German, 1938); F.L. CROSS, The
Early Christian Fathers (1960); and JOHANNES QUASTEN, Patrology,
3 vol. (1950-60, reprinted 1983), continued by ANGELO DI BERARDINO (ed.), Patrology:
The Golden Age of Latin Patristic Literature from the Council of Nicea to the
Council of Chalcedon (1986; originally published in Italian, 1978). Other
works include HANS VON CAMPENHAUSEN, The
Fathers of the Greek Church (1959, reissued 1963; originally published in
German, 1955), and The Fathers of the
Latin Church (1964, reprinted 1969; originally published in German, 1960);
FRANCES M. YOUNG, From Nicaea to
Chalcedon: A Guide to the Literature and Its Background (1983), on the chief
Greek Fathers from 325 to 451; and BONIFACE RAMSEY, Beginning
to Read the Fathers (1985). See also the volumes in the series "Message
of the Fathers of the Church" (1983- ).
On
the early period, CLAUDE TRESMONTANT, The
Origins of Christian Philosophy (1962; originally published in French,
1962); A.H. ARMSTRONG and R.A. MARKUS, Christian
Faith and Greek Philosophy (1960, reissued 1964); and ADAM FOX (ed. and
trans.), Plato and the Christians
(1957), cover the Hebraic and Greek sources of Christian thought. The classic
works on the medieval period are ÉTIENNE GILSON, The Spirit of Mediaeval Philosophy (1936; originally published in
French, 2 vol., 1932), Reason and
Revelation in the Middle Ages (1938, reprinted 1966), and History
of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages (1955, reissued 1980). See also
PHILIPPE DELHAYE, Medieval Christian
Philosophy (1960; originally published in French, 1959). J.V. LANGMEAD
CASSERLEY, The Christian in Philosophy (1949,
reissued 1955); and GEORGE F. THOMAS, Religious
Philosophies of the West (1965), and Philosophy
and Religious Belief (1970), provide broad surveys up to the contemporary
period. For existentialism, see DAVID E. ROBERTS, Existentialism and Religious Belief (1957). Much of the contemporary
discussion takes place in articles, such as those collected in BASIL MITCHELL
(ed.), The Philosophy of Religion
(1971, reprinted 1978), all of whose contributors are Christian philosophers
grappling with current issues. Also useful are STUART C. BROWN (ed.), Reason
and Religion (1977); RICHARD SWINBURNE, The
Existence of God (1979); HANS KÜNG, Does
God Exist?: An Answer for Today (1980; originally published in German,
1978); ALVIN PLANTINGA and NICHOLAS WOLTERSTORFF (eds.), Faith
and Rationality: Reason and Belief in God (1983); and LEROY S. ROUNER (ed.),
Religious Pluralism (1984). Faith
and Philosophy: Journal of the Society of Christian Philosophers (quarterly)
is another forum of contemporary discussion.
General
descriptive approaches include EVELYN UNDERHILL, Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Man's Spiritual
Consciousness (1911, reissued 1977); R.C. ZAEHNER, Mysticism, Sacred and Profane: An Inquiry Into Some Varieties of
Praeter-Natural Experience (1957, reissued 1980); SIDNEY SPENCER, Mysticism
in World Religion (1963, reissued 1971); and ANDREW LOUTH, The
Origins of the Christian Mystical Tradition from Plato to Denys (1981,
reprinted 1983). A good anthology is that of ELMER O'BRIEN, Varieties
of Mystic Experience (1964). Many of the texts of the great Christian
mystics have been published in new translations in "The Classics of Western
Spirituality" series (1978- ). Helpful for the serious student are the
classic works of WILLIAM JAMES, The
Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature (1902, reissued
1985); FRIEDRICH VON HÜGEL, The
Mystical Element of Religion: As Studied in Saint Catherine of Genoa and Her
Friends, 2 vol. (1908, reprinted 1961); CUTHBERT BUTLER, Western
Mysticism: The Teaching of SS Augustine, Gregory, and Bernard on Contemplation
and the Contemplative Life (1922, reprinted 1975); JOSEPH MARÉCHAL, Studies
in the Psychology of the Mystics (1927; originally published in French, 2
vol., 1924-37); ALBERT SCHWEITZER, The
Mysticism of Paul the Apostle (1931, reissued 1968; originally published in
German, 1930); HENRI BERGSON, The Two
Sources of Morality and Religion (1935; originally published in French,
1932); RUDOLF OTTO, Mysticism East and West: A Comparative Analysis of the Nature of
Mysticism (1932, reissued 1987; originally published in German, 1926);
JACQUES MARITAIN, Distinguish to Unite:
or, The Degrees of Knowledge (1959; originally published in French, 4th ed.,
1946). For recent issues, see STEVEN T. KATZ (ed.), Mysticism and Philosophical Analysis (1978); and PHILLIP C. ALMOND, Mystical
Experience and Religious Doctrine: An Investigation of the Study of Mysticism in
World Religions (1982). The most important recent theological contributions
have been those of KARL RAHNER, The
Practice of Faith: A Handbook of Contemporary Spirituality (1983, reprinted
1986; originally published in German, 1982); and HANS URS VON BALTHASAR, The Glory of the Lord: A Theological Aesthetics, trans. from German
(1981- ).
On
the nature of myth, see MIRCEA ELIADE, Myth
and Reality (1963, reprinted 1975; originally published in French, 1963).
WILLIAM G. DOTY, Mythography: The Study of
Myths and Rituals (1986), analyzes a number of important approaches to the
study of myth and, in addition, offers extensive bibliographies. Resistance to
myth and legend in early Christianity is described in WALTER BAUER, Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity (1971, reprinted 1979;
originally published in German, 1934). MIRCEA ELIADE, A
History of Religious Ideas, 3 vol. (1978-85; originally published in French,
3 vol., 1976-83), discusses Christian myth and legend in several chapters.
On
the androgyny of Christ, see WAYNE A. MEEKS, "The Image of the Androgyne:
Some Uses of a Symbol in Earliest Christianity," History
of Religions, 13(3):165-208 (Feb. 1974); and CAROLINE WALKER BYNUM, Jesus
as Mother: Studies in the Spirituality of the High Middle Ages (1982,
reprinted 1984). GEO WIDENGREN, Mesopotamian
Elements in Manichaeism (King and Saviour II): Studies in Manichaean, Mandaean,
and Syrian-Gnostic Religion (1946); and ROBERT MURRAY, Symbols
of Church and Kingdom: A Study in Early Syriac Tradition (1975, reprinted
1977), discuss the origins of sacramental oils. HUGO RAHNER, Greek
Myths and Christian Mystery (1963, reissued 1971; originally published in
German, 1945), traces the theme of the Christian World Tree.
For
apocryphal gospels, see MORTON SMITH, The
Secret Gospel: The Discovery and Interpretation of the Secret Gospel According
to Mark (1973, reissued 1982); JAMES M. ROBINSON (comp.), The Nag Hammadi Library in English (1977); JACQUES E. MÉNARD,
L'Évangile selon Philippe
(1964, reissued 1967), and L'Évangile
selon Thomas (1975); and the series "Bibliothèque copte de Nag
Hammadi: section textes" (1977- ). See also CHARLES W. HEDRICK and ROBERT
HODGSON, JR. (eds.), Nag Hammadi,
Gnosticism, & Early Christianity (1986). For the Protogospel of James, the Chronicle
of Zugnin, and the Opus Imperfectum in
Matthaeum, see UGO MONNERET DE VILLARD, Le leggende orientali sui magi evangelici (1952). On Bogomil and
Cathar apocrypha, see ÉMILE TURDEANU, "Apocryphes bogomiles et
apocryphes pseudo-bogomiles," Revue
de l'Histoire des Religions 138:22-52, 176-218 (1950); and EDINA BOZÓKY
(ed. and trans.), Le Livre secret des
cathares, interrogatio Iohannis: apocryphe d'origine bogomile (1980).
On
the cult of saints, see H. DELEHAYE, The
Legends of the Saints: An Introduction to Hagiography (1907, reprinted 1974;
originally published in French, 1905); LAWRENCE S. CUNNINGHAM, The
Meaning of Saints (1980); PETER BROWN, The
Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity (1981);
DONALD WEINSTEIN and RUDOLPH M. BELL, Saints
& Society: The Two Worlds of Western Christendom, 1000-1700 (1982,
reprinted 1986); and STEPHEN WILSON (ed.), Saints
and Their Cults: Studies in Religious Sociology, Folklore, and History
(1983, reprinted 1985). See also JOHN J. DELANEY, Dictionary
of Saints (1980); and DAVID HUGH FARMER, The Oxford Dictionary of Saints, 2nd ed. (1987), on Irish and
English saints.
HENRY
KAHANE and RENÉE KAHANE, The Krater
and the Grail: Hermetic Sources of the Parzival (1965, reprinted 1984),
analyzes Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival.
For the Arthurian cycles, see P.B. GROUT et
al. (eds.), The Legend of Arthur in
the Middle Ages (1983); and ALFRED NUTT, Studies
on the Legend of the Holy Grail: With Especial References to the Hypothesis of
Its Celtic Origin (1888, reissued 1967).
Christian
alchemy is described in C.G. JUNG, Psychology
and Alchemy, 2nd ed. rev. (1968, reprinted 1980; originally published in
German, 2nd rev. ed., 1952). Symbolic astronomy and the mutual refiguration of
Christian and pagan legends are treated in a 15th-century text, IOAN P. COULIANO
(CULIANU), Eros and Magic in the
Renaissance, trans. from French (1987). On the alchemical researches of
Enlightenment scientists, especially physicists and chemists, see FRANCES A.
YATES, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment
(1972, reissued 1986); and BETTY JO TEETER DOBBS, The Foundations of Newton's Alchemy: or, "The Hunting of the Greene
Lyon" (1975, reprinted 1983).
Two
examples of non-Western materials are ROGER BASTIDE, The
African Religions of Brazil: Toward a Sociology of the Interpenetration of
Civilizations (1978; originally published in French, 1960), especially pp.
260-84 on Afro-Brazilian Christianity; and MARC DE CIVRIEUX, Watunna:
An Orinoco Creation Cycle, trans. from Spanish (1980).
The
relation of the Christian community to the world is discussed in ERNST
TROELTSCH, The Social Teaching of the
Christian Churches, 2 vol. (1931, reprinted 1981; originally published in
German, 1912), dated in specifics but still one of the most comprehensive and
influential studies of this topic; H. RICHARD NIEBUHR, Christ and Culture (1951, reprinted 1975); PAUL TILLICH, Theology
of Culture (1959, reprinted 1978), essays on philosophy, art, literature,
and science; and PETER L. BERGER, The
Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion (1967,
reprinted 1969; U.K. title, The Social Reality of Religion, 1969, reissued 1973). Works on
various aspects of Christianity's intersection with the world include, on
pastoral care, WILLIAM A. CLEBSCH and CHARLES R. JAEKLE, Pastoral Care in Historical Perspective (1964, reissued 1983),
including excerpts from primary sources in the history of the church; and RONALD
L. NUMBERS and DARREL W. AMUNDSEN (eds.), Caring and Curing: Health and Medicine in the Western Religious
Traditions (1986), a unique and comprehensive presentation by scholars of
various faith traditions, with bibliographies; on poverty, MICHEL MOLLAT (ed.), Études
sur l'histoire de la pauvreté, 2 vol. (1974), a collection of essays
on the history of the church's understanding of poverty from the early church to
the modern period--each essay with an English abstract; and CARTER LINDBERG,
"Through a Glass Darkly: A History of the Church's Vision of the Poor and
Poverty, The Ecumenical Review, 33(1):37-52 (Jan. 1981); on birth control,
JOHN T. NOONAN, JR., Contraception: A
History of Its Treatment by the Catholic Theologians and Canonists, enlarged
ed. (1986); on the concept of love, ANDERS NYGREN, Agape
and Eros, 2 vol. in 3 (1932-39, reissued 1982; originally published in
Swedish, 2 vol., 1930-36); on black theology, GAYRAUD S. WILMORE and JAMES H.
CONE (eds.), Black Theology: A Documentary History, 1966-1979 (1979); and JAMES
H. CONE, For My People: Black Theology and
the Black Church (1984); on liberation theology, DEANE WILLIAM FERM, Third
World Liberation Theologies: An Introductory Survey (1986); and LEONARDO
BOFF and CLODOVIS BOFF, Introducing
Liberation Theology (1987; originally published in Portuguese, 1986); and,
on feminist theology, ROSEMARY RADFORD RUETHER, Sexism
and God-Talk: Toward a Feminist Theology (1983); and LETTY M. RUSSELL (ed.),
Feminist Interpretation of the Bible
(1985).
DAVID
B. BARRETT (ed.), World Christian
Encyclopedia: A Comparative Study of Churches and Religions in the Modern World
(1982), is comprehensive and indispensable. See also STEPHEN NEILL, GERALD
ANDERSON, and JOHN GOODWIN (eds.), Concise
Dictionary of the Christian World Mission (1971); and DON M. McCURRY, World
Christianity (1979- ), with 5 volumes appearing by 1987 on the Middle East,
eastern Asia, South Asia, Central America and the Caribbean, and Oceania.
KENNETH SCOTT LATOURETTE, A History of the
Expansion of Christianity, 7 vol. (1937-45, reprinted 1971), is a pioneering
classic. STEPHEN NEILL, A History of
Christian Missions, 2nd ed. rev. by OWEN CHADWICK (1986), is a lively,
engaging work. WALTER M. ABBOTT (ed.), The
Documents of Vatican II (1966), includes the relevant texts. POPE PAUL VI, On Evangelization in the Modern World (1975), addresses post-Vatican
II debates. R. PIERCE BEAVER (ed.), American Missions in Bicentennial Perspective (1977), is a
collection of interpretive essays. Volumes in the series "Mission
Trends," ed. by GERALD H. ANDERSON and THOMAS F. STRANSKY (1974- ), include
discussions of current issues, evangelization, Third World theologies, North
American and European liberation theologies, and Christianity and other
religions. See also MARCELLO DE CARVALHO AZEVEDO, Inculturation and the Challenges of Modernity (1982). Useful
journals include International Review of
Mission (quarterly); and International
Bulletin of Missionary Research (quarterly), which annually updates the
statistics in the World Christian
Encyclopedia.
Introductions
to the topic are provided by PAUL A. CROW, JR., Christian Unity: Matrix for Mission (1982); NORMAN GOODALL, The
Ecumenical Movement: What It Is and What It Does, 2nd ed. (1964); ERNST
LANGE, And Yet It Moves: Dream and Reality
of the Ecumenical Movement, trans. from Swedish (1979); JOHN T. McNEILL, Unitive
Protestantism: The Ecumenical Spirit and Its Persistent Expression, rev. ed.
(1964); and CHARLES CLAYTON MORRISON, The
Unfinished Reformation (1953). Historical overviews can be found in MARC
BOEGNER, The Long Road to Unity (1970;
originally published in French, 1968); ROBERT McAFEE BROWN, The
Ecumenical Revolution: An Interpretation of the Catholic-Protestant Dialogue,
rev. and expanded ed. (1969); WILLIAM ADAMS BROWN, Toward
a United Church: Three Decades of Ecumenical Christianity (1946); SAMUEL
McCREA CAVERT, The American Churches in
the Ecumenical Movement, 1900-1968 (1968), and Church
Cooperation and Unity in America: A Historical Review: 1900-1970 (1970);
HAROLD E. FEY (ed.), The Ecumenical
Advance, 2nd ed. (1986); AUSTIN FLANNERY (ed.), Vatican Council II: The Conciliar and Post-Conciliar Documents
(1975, reissued 1984), and a companion volume, Vatican Council II: More Postconciliar Documents (1982); NORMAN
GOODALL, Ecumenical Progress: A Decade of
Change in the Ecumenical Movement, 1961-71 (1972); WILLIAM RICHEY HOGG, Ecumenical
Foundations: A History of the International Missionary Council and Its
Nineteenth Century Background (1952); HARDING MEYER and LUKAS VISCHER
(eds.), Growth in Agreement: Reports and Agreed Statements of Ecumenical
Conversations on a World Level (1984); CONSTANTIN G. PATELOS (ed.), The Orthodox Church in the Ecumenical Movement: Documents and
Statements, 1902-1975 (1978); RUTH ROUSE and STEPHEN NEILL (eds.), A
History of the Ecumenical Movement, 1517-1948, 3rd ed. (1986); BARRY TILL, The
Churches Search for Unity (1972); THOMAS F. TORRANCE, "Ecumenism: A
Reappraisal of Its Significance, Past, Present and Future," in his Theology
in Reconciliation: Essays Towards Evangelical and Catholic Unity in East and
West (1975); HENRY PITNEY VAN DUSEN, One
Great Ground of Hope: Christian Missions and Christian Unity (1961); MAURICE
VILLAIN, Unity: A History and Some
Reflections (1963; originally published in French, 3rd rev. and augmented
ed., 1961); W.A. VISSER 'T HOOFT, Memoirs
(1973), and The Genesis and Formation of
the World Council of Churches (1982); and HANS-RUEDI WEBER, Asia and the Ecumenical Movement, 1895-1961 (1966).
The
most comprehensive and up-to-date survey of Christian attitudes toward the world
religions is PAUL F. KNITTER, No Other
Name? (1985). A wide range of views is reflected in JOHN HICK and BRIAN
HEBBLETHWAITE (eds.), Christianity and
Other Religions: Selected Readings (1980); and GERALD H. ANDERSON and THOMAS
F. STRANSKY (eds.), Christ's Lordship and
Religious Pluralism (1981). The classic modern statement of a conservative
position is that of HENDRICK KRAEMER, The Christian Message in a Non-Christian World, 3rd ed. (1956,
reprinted 1969). S.J. SAMARTHA (ed.), Faith
in the Midst of Faiths: Reflections on Dialogue in Community (1977), was
produced by the World Council of Churches. ARNULF CAMPS, Partners in Dialogue: Christianity and Other World Religions (1983;
originally published in Dutch, 3 vol., 1976-78); and HANS KÜNG et
al., Christianity and the World Religions: Paths of Dialogue with Islam,
Hinduism, and Buddhism (1986; originally published in German, 1984),
represent different contemporary Roman Catholic standpoints. The pluralistic
option is expressed in, for example, WILFRED CANTWELL SMITH, Towards
a World Theology: Faith and the Comparative History of Religion (1981); JOHN
HICK, God Has Many Names (1982); and
JOHN HICK and PAUL F. KNITTER (eds.), The
Myth of Christian Uniqueness: Toward a Pluralistic Theology of Religions
(1987).
