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Reference works include ROBERT C.
BRODERICK (ed.), The Catholic
Encyclopedia, rev. and updated ed. (1987); New
Catholic Encyclopedia, 17 vol. (1967-79, reissued 1981), which treats
all phases of Roman Catholicism and includes a volume on change in the
church; Sacramentum Mundi: An
Encyclopedia of Theology, ed. by KARL RAHNER et
al., 6 vol. (1968-70), which deals with Catholic doctrine and
theological thought; and F.L. CROSS and E.A. LIVINGSTONE (eds.), The
Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 2nd ed. (1974, reprinted
1983), with informative articles on Roman Catholic subjects and helpful
bibliographies. An excellent brief compendium of doctrine is A
New Catechism: Catholic Faith for Adults (1967; originally published in
Dutch, 1966). The contemporary Roman Catholic Church is surveyed by JOHN L.
McKENZIE, The Roman Catholic Church (1969,
reissued 1971). A balanced and comprehensive introduction is RICHARD P.
McBRIEN, Catholicism, 2 vol.
(1980), with additional bibliographies. See also BARRIE RUTH STRAUS, The
Catholic Church (1987). JAROSLAV PELIKAN, The
Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine (1971- ),
of which 4 vol. had appeared by 1987, opens with the apostolic Fathers and
is to close with the second Vatican Council. ROSEMARY RUETHER and ELEANOR
McLAUGHLIN (eds.), Women of Spirit:
Female Leadership in the Jewish and Christian Traditions (1979), is a
step toward redressing the imbalance in most scholarship. For developments
in Roman Catholic theology after the second Vatican Council, see HANS KÜNG,
On Being a Christian (1976,
reissued 1984; originally published in German, 1974). On recent developments
in Roman Catholic feminist theology, see MARY JO WEAVER, New
Catholic Women: A Contemporary Challenge to Traditional Religious Authority
(1985).
Of the general histories, JOHANNES
HALLER, Das Papsttum: Idee und
Wirklichkeit, rev. and enl. ed., 5 vol. (1950-53, reissued 1965), is a
classic. A chronological listing of the popes and antipopes, with concise
biographical information, is found in J.N.D. KELLY, The
Oxford Dictionary of Popes (1986). Useful largely for reference is
HORACE K. MANN, The Lives of the Popes
in the Early Middle Ages, 18 vol. (1902-32), which covers the period to
1304; it is continued for the period to 1800 by LUDWIG PASTOR, The
History of the Popes: From the Close of the Middle Ages, various
editions, 40 vol. (1891-1953; originally published in German, various
editions, 16 vol. in 21, 1866-1938). JOSEPH SCHMIDLIN, Papst-geschichte
der neuesten Zeit, 4 vol. (1933-39), discusses history to 1939. The
standard collection of documents is CARL MIRBT, Quellen zur Geschichte des Papsttums und des römischen
Katholizismus, 6th ed. rev. by KURT ALAND (1967). An excellent brief
introduction to papal history up to the Reformation, including a good
bibliography, is GEOFFREY BARRACLOUGH, The
Medieval Papacy (1968, reissued 1979). For the development of medieval
papal claims, see W. ULLMANN, The
Growth of Papal Government in the Middle Ages: A Study in the Ideological
Relation of Clerical to Lay Power, 3rd ed. (1970). For the subsequent
crisis of papal authority, see FRANCIS OAKLEY, Council
over Pope? Towards a Provisional Ecclesiology (1969). EDWARD CUTHBERT
BUTLER, The Vatican Council, 1869-70: Based on Bishop Ullathorne's Letters, new
ed. edited by CHRISTOPHER BUTLER (1962), is a history of the first Vatican
Council; see also JAMES J. HENNESEY, The
First Council of the Vatican: The American Experience (1963). WALTER M.
ABBOTT (ed.), The Documents of Vatican
II (1966, reissued 1982), is an introduction to the achievement of the
second council, including commentaries and responses by Catholic,
Protestant, and Orthodox scholars.
Works on the papacy from the
theological perspective include PAUL C. EMPIE and T. AUSTIN MURPHY (eds.), Papal
Primacy and the Universal Church (1974), an ecumenical dialogue; and
RUDOLF SCHNACKENBURG, The Church in the New Testament (1965, reissued 1974; originally
published in German, 1961), which presents the results of 20th-century Roman
Catholic biblical scholarship. RAYMOND BROWN, KARL P. DONFRIED, and JOHN
REUMANN (eds.), Peter in the New
Testament: A Collaborative Assessment by Protestant and Roman Catholic
Scholars (1973), considers the biblical problems in the Petrine
question. KARL RAHNER and JOSEPH RATZINGER, The
Episcopate and the Primacy (1962; originally published in German, 1961),
is an analysis of the pope-bishop relationship; and HANS KÜNG, Infallible? An Inquiry (1971, reissued 1983; originally published in
German, 1970), The Church (1967,
reissued 1976; originally published in German, 1967), and Structures of the Church (1964, reissued 1982; originally published
in German, 1962), are basic to an understanding of contemporary
"liberal" Roman Catholic thinking on the papacy. For Eastern
Orthodox views on the papal primacy, see FRANCIS DVORNIK, Byzantium and the Roman Primacy (1966, reprinted 1979; originally
published in French, 1964); and J. MEYENDORFF et al., The Primacy of Peter, 2nd ed. (1973; originally published in
French, 1960).
The only large-scale work covering
the entire period (except for the century 1274-1378) is AUGUSTIN FLICHE and
VICTOR MARTIN (eds.), Histoire de l'église
depuis les origines jusqu'à nos jours, vol. 8-10, 12-14
(1940-64). Another classic is ALBERT HAUCK, Kirchengeschichte
Deutschlands, 9th ed., 5 vol. in 6 (1958), which covers most of
continental Europe to 1437. A shorter history is DAVID KNOWLES and DIMITRI
OBOLENSKY, The Middle Ages (1968,
reissued 1983), with a bibliography. For a perceptive introduction, see R.W.
SOUTHERN, Western Society and the
Church in the Middle Ages (1970, reprinted 1985). See also R.W. CARLYLE
and A.J. CARLYLE, A History of
Mediaeval Political Theory in the West, 6 vol. (1928-36, reprinted
1970), especially vol. 3-5. ETIENNE GILSON, History
of Christian Philosophy in the Middle Ages (1955, reprinted 1980), is a
masterly summary with full bibliography; DAVID KNOWLES, The
Monastic Order in England: A History of Its Development from the Times of
St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940-1216, 2nd ed. (1963,
reprinted 1966), also covers part of Europe. Other recommended studies
include HENRY CHARLES LEA, The
Inquisition of the Middle Ages: Its Organization and Operation (1954,
reissued 1969), 8 chapters from the author's original 1887 3-vol. work;
GUILLAUME MOLLAT, The Popes at Avignon, 1305-1378 (1963, reprinted 1965; originally
published in French, 9th ed. 1949); and SCHAFER WILLIAMS (ed.), The
Gregorian Epoch: Reformation, Revolution, Reaction? (1964), a useful
collection of studies by early and more recent authorities.
FRANCIS OAKLEY, The Western Church in the Later Middle Ages (1979, reissued 1985);
and STEVEN OZMENT, The Age of Reform
(1250-1550): An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and
Reformation Europe (1980), both cover the period with sound judgment.
See also W.A. PANTIN, The English
Church in the Fourteenth Century (1955, reissued 1980); ROGER AUBENAS
and ROBERT RICARD, L'Église et
la Renaissance (1449-1517) (1951); E. DE MOREAU, PIERRE JOURDA, and
PIERRE JANELLE, La Crise religieuse du
XVIe siècle (1950, reprinted 1956); and L. CRISTIANI, L'Église à l'époque du concile de Trente (1948).
GEORGES DE LAGARDE, La Naissance de
l'esprit laïque, au déclin du Moyen Âge, 3rd ed., 5
vol. (1956-70), studies the lay movement in the Middle Ages. JOSEPH LORTZ, History
of the Church, 2nd ed. (1939, reprinted 1948; originally published in
German, 5th-6th ed., 1937), analyzes the history of the church from the
point of view of the history of ideas. HEIKO AUGUSTINUS OBERMAN, The Harvest of Medieval Theology: Gabriel Biel and Late Medieval
Nominalism, 3rd ed. (1983), looks at the theology of the late Middle
Ages in its entirety, with special emphasis on Nominalism. See also BRIAN
TIERNEY, Foundations of the Conciliar
Theory: The Contributions of the Medieval Canonists from Gratian to the
Great Schism (1955, reprinted 1968).
CONRAD BERGENDOFF, The Church of the Lutheran Reformation: A Historical Survey of
Lutheranism (1967), provides a study of Reformation history from its
beginnings to the 20th century. COMMISSION INTERNATIONALE D'HISTOIRE ECCLÉSIASTIQUE
COMPARÉE, Bibliographie de la Réforme,
1450-1648, vol. 1-7 (1958-70), is a reference work on the history of the
Reformation. An important resource is The New Cambridge Modern History: vol. 1, G.R. POTTER (ed.), The
Renaissance, 1493-1520 (1957); and vol. 2, G.R. ELTON (ed.), The
Reformation, 1520-1559 (1958). A.G. DICKENS, Reformation and Society in Sixteenth-Century Europe (1966, reprinted
1979), is an account of the sociological relationships in the 16th century.
HAROLD JOHN GRIMM, The Reformation
Era, 1500-1650, 2nd ed. (1973), presents a study of the Reformation and
the Counter-Reformation. Also useful is HUBERT JEDIN (ed.), Handbuch
der Kirchengeschichte: vol. 3, pt. 1, Die
mittelalterliche Kirche (1966); vol. 3, pt. 2, Vom
kirchlichen Hochmittelalter bis zum Vorabend der Reformation (1968); and
vol. 4, Reformation, katholische
Reform und Gegenreformation (1967). See also G.R. ELTON, Reformation Europe, 1517-1559 (1963, reissued 1967); PHILIP HUGHES, The
Reformation in England, 5th rev. ed., 3 vol. in 1 (1963); and JOSEPH
LORTZ, How the Reformation Came
(1964; originally published in German, 3rd ed., 1955), on the causes of the
Reformation in England, and The Reformation in Germany, 2 vol. (1968; originally published in
German, 2 vol., 1939-40), a standard work on the history of the Reformation.
JAROSLAV PELIKAN, Obedient Rebels:
Catholic Substance and Protestant Principle in Luther's Reformation (1964),
is an investigation of Luther's thought. Other scholarly works include
MAURICE POWICKE, The Reformation in
England (1941, reissued 1973); GOLO MANN and AUGUST NITSCHKE (eds.), Propyläen Weltgeschichte: Eine Universalgeschichte, vol. 7, Von
der Reformation zur Revolution (1964, reissued 1976); and HERBERT
MAYNARD SMITH, Henry VIII and the
Reformation (1948, reprinted 1964). GEORGES HUNTSTON WILLIAMS, The
Radical Reformation (1962), is a synoptic presentation of the "left
wing" of the Reformation. ERNST WALTER ZEEDEN, Die
Entstehung der Konfessionen (1965), discusses the formation of various
confessions of faith at the time of the development of different
denominations, and Das Zeitalter der
Gegenreformation (1967) covers the battle for the reorganization of the
Roman Church.
The standard work on church history
is KARL BIHLMEYER, Church History, rev.
by HERMANN TÜCHLE, 3 vol. (1958-66, reprinted 1966-68; originally
published in German, 13th ed., 3 vol., 1952-56). The documents of Roman
Catholicism are assembled in HENRICUS (HEINRICH) DENZINGER, Enchiridion
Symbolorum: Definitionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidei et Morum, 36th
ed. (1976). ROLAND H. BAINTON, The
Horizon History of Christianity (1964, reissued with the title Christianity, 1985), is a well-written, beautifully illustrated,
comprehensive introduction to Western Christianity through the centuries and
includes references to modern Catholicism worldwide. Much more extensive and
valuable, especially because of the excellent bibliography, is KENNETH SCOTT
LATOURETTE, Christianity in a
Revolutionary Age: A History of Christianity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth
Centuries, 5 vol. (1958-62, reissued 1973); vol. 1, 3, and 5 concentrate
on Roman Catholic themes. AUGUST FRANZEN, A
History of the Church, rev. and ed. by JOHN P. DOLAN (1969; originally
published in German, 2nd ed., 1968), is a convenient brief introduction that
includes some modern materials. E.E.Y. HALES, The Catholic Church in the Modern World: A Survey from the French
Revolution to the Present, new rev. ed. (1960), concentrates on Europe
and America. STEPHEN NEILL, Colonialism
and Christian Missions (1966), and A
History of Christian Missions, 2nd ed. rev. by OWEN CHADWICK (1986),
provide brief and generally fair comments on Catholic ventures. A much more
conservative Protestant bias is present in the standard work by ROBERT HALL
GLOVER, The Progress of World-Wide
Missions, rev. and enl. by J. HERBERT KANE (1960). ROBERT L.
DELAVIGNETTE, Christianity and
Colonialism (1964; originally published in French, 1960), is written by
a Roman Catholic and concentrates on Catholic experience, but in too narrow
a scope. Two works that make aspects of the American Catholic experience
readily available to readers are JOHN TRACY ELLIS, American
Catholicism, 2nd ed. rev. (1969); and the somewhat less adequate
THEODORE MAYNARD, The Story of
American Catholicism (1941, reprinted 1960). GUSTAVO GUTIÉRREZ, A
Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, and Salvation (1973;
originally published in Spanish, 1972), is a provocative introduction to
Roman Catholicism in the Third World.
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Christianity in a Revolutionary
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The Papacy, the Episcopacy, and Collegiality
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A History of the Church, 3
vol., rev. ed. : Philip Hughes, 1947, 1949
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Catholicism, 2 vol. : Richard
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The Idea of Catholicism :
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The Catholic Encyclopedia,
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New Catholic Encyclopedia, 17
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The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church,
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Sacramentum Mundi. An Encyclopedia of Theology,
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