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Thomas Müntzer Å丶½º ¹ÀÃÄ

Introduction

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Muntzer, Thomas, Muntzer also spelled MUNZER, or MONCZER, Latin THOMAS MONETARIUS (b. sometime before 1490, Stolberg, Thuringia [Germany]--d. May 27, 1525, Muhlhausen), leading German radical Reformer during the Protestant Reformation, and the leader of the abortive Peasants' Revolt in Thuringia in 1524-25. A controversial figure in life and in death, Muntzer is regarded as a significant force in the religious and social history of modern Europe. Marxists in the 20th century viewed him as a precursor in the struggle for a classless society. (see also Protestantism, reform, Marxism) (¶ó)Thomas Monetarius. Müntzer´Â Münzer, Monczer¶ó°íµµ ¾¸. 1490 ÀÌÀü µ¶ÀÏ Æ¢¸µ°Õ ½´Å纣¸£Å©~1525. 5. 27 ¹ÁÇÏ¿ìÁ¨. ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ® Á¾±³°³Çõ ½Ã±âÀÇ µ¶ÀÏ ±ÞÁøÆÄ Á¾±³°³Çõ ÁöµµÀÚ. 1524-25³â »çÀÌÀÇ Åõ¸°Áö¾Æ¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹«»êµÈ ³ó¹Î Çõ¸íÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ. ¼º¼­ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§º¸´Ù ¼º·ÉÀÇ ³»Àû ºûÀÌ ¿ì¿ùÇÔÀ» õ¸íÇÑ ´ëÇ¥Àû Àι°ÀÌ´Ù. »ì¾ÒÀ» ¶§´Â ¹°·Ð Á׾±îÁöµµ ¸¹Àº ³íÀïÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×À¸¸ç, ±Ù´ë À¯·´ Á¾±³»ç¿Í »çȸ»ç¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ Àι°·Î Æò°¡µÈ´Ù. 20¼¼±â ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ±×¸¦ °è±Þ¾ø´Â »çȸ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÅõÀïÀÇ ¼±±¸ÀÚ·Î º»´Ù.

Early life and career.

Thomas Muntzer was the son of a burgher in Stolberg in the Harz Mountains. Of his childhood and youth very little is known. His name appears in the 1506 register of the University of Leipzig, and in 1512 he attended the University of Frankfurt an der Oder, later earning the academic ranks of master of arts and bachelor of theology. Muntzer became a linguistic specialist in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew and an accomplished scholar of ancient and humanistic literature--particularly the Old and New Testaments. He was an assistant teacher in Halle (Saale) in 1513 and a clergyman as well as a teacher in Aschersleben in 1514 and 1515. In these capacities he represented the middle class in its striving for church reforms. He initiated various secret alliances in order to achieve the reforms.

From 1516 to 1517 Muntzer worked as a prior at Frohse monastery at Aschersleben; in 1517-18 he taught at the Braunschweig Martineum (city secondary school) until, in 1518, he was attracted to Martin Luther and his ideas of reform. The designation Martinian was first applied to Muntzer in 1519 after he spoke out against the Franciscan monastic order, the Roman Catholic ecclesiastical hierarchy, and the veneration of the saints. He early showed himself to be an independent thinker. After occasional participation in debates between Luther and the German theologian Johann Eck in Leipzig, he pursued intensive literary studies at the monastery of Beuditz at Weissenfels (1519-20). There he developed, especially under the influence of mysticism, his own view of the Reformation. From an action-hungry conspirator in local burgher plots he became a reformer who began to see the work inaugurated by Luther as a fundamental change in both ecclesiastical and secular life, and therefore as a revolution. He henceforth judged Luther's position by this criterion. (see also  Christianity)

In Zwickau (1520-21) Muntzer prospered as a pastor in the socially tense condition that existed between the upper classes and early miners' guilds. In this work he sided with the common people, who seemed to him to be the executors of the divine law and will on earth. More and more he found himself opposed to Roman Catholic practices as well as to the reform concepts of the Lutherans. He increasingly adopted the sectarian view that true authority lay in the inner light given by God to his own, rather than in the Bible, a view taught by Nikolaus Storch, a leader of a radical reform group known as the "Zwickau prophets." Driven away from Zwickau, Muntzer sought on trips to Saaz (Zatec) and Prague (1521) to win to his viewpoint the Taborites, a Bohemian group that followed the teaching of Jan Hus, a 15th-century reformer. Muntzer became fully aware of his opposition to Luther in 1522 at Nordhausen, where, in a struggle against Luther's supporters, his theological differences of opinion with them became more pronounced. For the first time it was the Lutherans who were to effect his expulsion from a city.

Muntzer's reform movement

Although he began his religious revolt by following Luther's theological doctrines, Muntzer soon went his own way. Believing that teachings came from the spirit, he placed them in opposition to the Lutheran doctrines of justification (justification by faith alone) and of the authority of Scripture (Scripture as the exclusive source of divine truth). As an exponent of the supremacy of the inner light of the Holy Spirit as against the authority of Scriptures, Muntzer was said by Luther to have swallowed the Holy Spirit, "feathers and all." (see also  Bible)

The revolutionary aspect of Muntzer's theology lay in the link he made between his concept of the inevitable conquest of the anti-Christian earthly government and the thesis that the common people themselves, as the instruments of God, would have to execute this change. He believed that the common people, because of their lack of property and their unspoiled ignorance, would disclose the will of God.

Muntzer arrived in Halle at the end of 1522. By his preaching in Glaucha, he won numerous disciples. Here he may also have met his later wife, the nun Ottilie von Gersen. From this union there were two children. Before Easter of 1523, Muntzer found employment as pastor of a Saxon community in Allstedt, near the Mansfeld mining area. His most important religious, liturgical, and political writings originated here. They included German Church Office, German-Protestant Mass, Protestation or Defense . . . Regarding the Beginning of the True Christian Faith and Baptism, Of Written Faith, and Precise Exposure of False Belief. Here, too, he drafted a speech, "Motivation for Defense," and delivered his "Princes' Sermon," in which he unsuccessfully tried to mold those princes of Saxony who were inclined toward Reformation principles into a league for resistance against what he called the anti-Christian nobility and for the protection of his own preaching. Built upon the idea of "Christian unification" and also as a self-defense organization, the Allstedt alliance originated in 1524 and remained the centre of his doctrine until the fall of 1524, when he left Allstedt.

The Peasants' Revolt.

In Muhlhausen he organized the working classes into a group called the "Eternal Covenant of God" and lent a resolute character to the inner-state movement (based on the rule of the elect who are known by their inner experience of conversion) that had lasted since 1523. After another expulsion he went to Nurnberg, where his main political writings were published. He then went on to Hegau and Klettgau, the area where the Peasants' Revolt (an abortive revolt in 1524-25 against the nobles over rising taxes, deflation, and other grievances) was beginning, and stayed through the winter in Griessen. (see also Index: Peasants' War)

His experience with the rising insurrection impelled him to go back to Muhlhausen, which became the centre of the middle German revolt (after the overthrow of the governing council and the formation of what the insurgents called an "eternal council" in March 1525). Following Muntzer's dogmatic program, the common people triumphed in April-May 1525 over the religious and civil authorities. Cities and even some of the lesser nobility joined the alliance. Muntzer and his followers lent determination and consistency to the revolt. They were not, however, capable of overcoming the local and regional narrow-mindedness of the people. In the Battle of Frankenhausen, May 15, 1525, they were defeated by the superior strength of the princes. (see also Index: revolution)

Out of egoistical, material, and provincial motives, Muntzer dismissed resistance to his movement as a revolt against God. He believed that only if the common people were to realize the law of God within themselves, and place group interests above those of the individual, would they be capable of demonstrating the will of God externally for the transformation of society. Muntzer's work was mainly concerned with the religious and ethical training of the peasants, but in expecting them to comprehend his concept of a future society without social and legal distinctions, he demanded too much. During the rebellion, Muntzer tried to relate the battle of the peasants, tradesmen, and commoners about immediate concerns with that of the liberation of all Christendom and adapted himself to the various groups' everyday concerns. The collapse of the revolt seemed to him the judgment of God on the as yet unpurified people but not synonymous with the defeat of his idea of a new society. Muntzer was taken prisoner and tortured and on May 27, at the princes' camp at Muhlhausen, was tried and executed. (see also Index: socialism)

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BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Works on Muntzer in English include Eric W. Gritsch, Reformer Without a Church: The Life and Thought of Thomas Muentzer, 1488?-1525 (1967), and a companion study, Thomas Muntzer: A Tragedy of Errors (1989); Tom Scott, Thomas Muntzer: Theology and Revolution in the German Reformation (1989); and Abraham Friesen, Thomas Muentzer, a Destroyer of the Godless (1990).

Thomas Müntzer¿Í Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄÀÇ °ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¡´¼­¾ç»ç¿¬±¸¡µ 3 : Á¤Çö¹é, ¼­¿ï´ëÇб³ ¼­¾ç»ç¿¬±¸È¸, 1981

Thomas Muentzer, a Destroyer of the Godless : Abragam Friesen, 1990

Thomas Müntzer£ºTheology and Revolution in the German Reformation : Tom Scott, 1989

Reformer Without a Church£ºThe Life and Thought of Thomas Muentzer, 1488?- 1525 : Eric W. Gritsch, 1967

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[ Ȩ ] [ À§·Î ] [ ¸Þ³ëÆÄ ] [ ÈÄÅÍÆÄ ] [ ÇüÁ¦´Ü ] [ ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ ] [ Thomas Muntzer ] [ Balthasar Hubmaier ] [ ¸Þ³ë ½Ã¸ó½º ] [ È£ÇÁ¸¸ ] [ ½Å¾ÓºÎÈï¿îµ¿ ] [ ´ë°¢¼º ¿îµ¿ ]


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