Anabaptist
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Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ (î¢á©ÖÉ÷ï)
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Âü°íÀÚ·áµé :
Å丶½º ¹ÀÃÄ, ÈÄÇÁ¸¶À̾î, ¸Þ³ë½Ã¸ó½º,
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ÈÄÅÍÆÄ,
È£ÇÁ¸¸, ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ, ÇüÁ¦´Ü,
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ºÎó,
Á¾±³°³Çõ, ·çÅÍ,
Âêºù±Û¸®, ½Å¾ÓºÎÈï¿îµ¿,
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| Anabaptist,
also called REBAPTIZER, member of radical, or left-wing, movement of the
16th-century Protestant Reformation. Its
most distinctive tenet was adult Baptism. In the first generation of the
movement, converts submitted to a second Baptism, which was a crime
punishable by death under the legal codes of the time. The Anabaptists, of
course, denied that they were rebaptizers, for they repudiated their own
infant Baptism as a blasphemous formality. They considered the public
confession of sin and faith, sealed by adult Baptism, as the only proper
Baptism. Following the Swiss Reformer Huldrych
Zwingli, they held that infants were not punishable for sin until
an awareness of good and evil emerged within them, and that then they could
exercise their own free will, repent, and accept Baptism. |
Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ (î¢á©ÖÉ÷ï, Anabaptist), Rebaptizer¶ó°íµµ
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³ ÈÄ¿¡¾ß ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö·Î½á ȸ°³ÇÏ°í ¼¼·Ê¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ßÇØ¸¦ °í¼öÇß´Ù. |
| The Anabaptists also believed that the church,
which to them was the community of the redeemed, should be separated from
the state, which for them existed only for the punishment of sinners. Most
Anabaptists opposed the use of the sword by Christians in the maintenance of
social order and in the conduct of a just war. They also refused to swear
civil oaths. For their beliefs thousands of Anabaptists were put to death. |
¶Ç Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄµéÀÇ ½Å¾Ó¿¡ µû¸£¸é
±¸¿ø¹ÞÀº ÀÚµéÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÎ ±³È¸´Â ±¹°¡·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¶¸³Çؾß
Çϸç, ÁËÀÎÀ» ó¹úÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±¹°¡ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Á¸Àç ÀÌÀ¯¶ó°í
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»çȸÁú¼¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϰí Á¤ÀǷοî ÀüÀïÀ» ÇàÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¹«·ÂÀ»
»ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇßÀ¸¸ç, ½Ã¹Î ¼±¼¸¦ ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ °ÅºÎÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ·± ½Å¾Ó ¶§¹®¿¡ ¼öõ ¸íÀÇ Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄµéÀÌ Á×À½À» ´çÇß´Ù. |
| The Anabaptists did not aim to reform the
medieval church. They were determined instead to restore the institutions
and the spirit of the primitive church and were quite confident that they
were living at the end of all ages. They readily recognized in their leaders
divinely summoned prophets and apostles, and all converts stood ready to
give a full account of their faith before the magistrates. They often
identified their suffering with that of the martyrs of the first three
Christian centuries. |
Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄµéÀº Áß¼¼ ±³È¸ÀÇ °³ÇõÀ» ¸ñÇ¥·Î »ïÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç,
ÃÊ´ë ±³È¸ÀÇ Á¦µµ¿Í Á¤½ÅÀ» º¹¿øÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °á¿¬ÇÑ ÀÇÁö¸¦
°®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸· ½Ã´ë¸¦ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â
ºÐ¸íÇÑ È®½ÅÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾ú°í, Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀ»
ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ºÎ¸£½ÉÀ» ¹ÞÀº ¿¹¾ðÀÚ¿Í »çµµ·Î ±â²¨ÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù.
¸ðµç °³Á¾ÀÚµéÀº ½ÉÆÇ°ü ¾Õ¿¡¼ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ÃæºÐÇϰÔ
¼³¸íÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú°í, ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¹Þ´Â °í³À» óÀ½ 3¼¼±â
µ¿¾È ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¼ø±³ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹Þ¾Ò´ø °í³°ú µ¿ÀϽÃÇϰí´Â
Çß´Ù. |
| The Anabaptist movement originated in Zurich
among a group of young intellectuals who rebelled against
Zwingli's apparent
subservience to the magistrates and his reluctance to proceed swiftly with a
complete reform of the church. One of their leaders was Konrad Grebel, a
highly educated Humanist from a patrician family. The first adult baptisms
took place at Zollikon, outside Zurich, at the beginning of 1525, and soon a
mass movement was in progress. Some of the more distinctive convictions of
the Swiss movement were set forth in the seven articles of the Schleitheim
Confession (1527), prepared under the leadership of Michael Sattler. |
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1525³âÃÊ¿¡ Ã븮È÷ ¿Ü°ûÀÇ Ã͸®ÄÜ¿¡¼ ½ÇÇàµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç °ðÀ̾î
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°¡¿îµ¥ ÀϺδ ¹ÌÇÏ¿¤ ÀÚÆ²·¯ÀÇ Áöµµ·Î ÁغñµÈ
½¶¶óÀÌÆ®ÇÏÀÓ °í¹é(1527)ÀÇ 7°³ Á¶Ç׿¡ Á¦½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
| The vehemence and intransigence of the Anabaptist
leaders and the revolutionary implications of their teaching led to their
expulsion from one city after another. This simply increased the momentum of
an essentially missionary movement. Soon civil magistrates took sterner
measures, and most of the early Anabaptist leaders died in prison or were
executed. |
Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ
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»çÇü´çÇß´Ù. |
| Thomas
Müntzer
was among those (sometimes called "spirituals") who emphasized
that the Anabaptists were living at the end of all ages. He was executed
after leading Thuringian peasants in the revolt of 1525. His disciple Hans
Hut (died in prison in Augsburg in 1527) was the principal radical Reformer
in southern Germany. |
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Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ°¡ ¸¶Áö¸· ½Ã´ë¸¦ »ì°í ÀÖÀ½À» °Á¶ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé('½Å·ÉÇÑ
ÀÚµé'À̶ó°íµµ ÇÔ) Áß ÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â 1525³â ¹Ý¶õ¿¡¼
Æ¢¸µ°Õ ³ó¹ÎÀ» À̲ö ÀÌÈÄ¿¡ »çÇü´çÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ¿´´ø Çѽº
ÈÄÆ®´Â ³²ºÎ µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ±ÞÁø °³ÇõÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿´´Âµ¥, 1527³â
¾Æ¿ìÅ©½ººÎ¸£Å©¿¡¼ ¿Á»çÇß´Ù. |
| Balthasar Hubmaier (executed in Vienna in 1528)
was a leader in Nicholsburg, Moravia. Also in Moravia, where the ruling
lords desired colonists and where many Anabaptists settled, a type of
Anabaptism developed that stressed the community of goods modelled on the
primitive church in Jerusalem. Under the leadership of Jakob Hutter
the growing communistic colonies assumed his name. Hutterite groups survived
and are now primarily located in the western United States and Canada. |
1528³â ºó¿¡¼ »çÇü´çÇÑ
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Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÇÑ ¾ç½ÄÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¾ßÄÚÇÁ ÈÄÅͰ¡
ÁöµµÀÚ·Î ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ÀÌµé °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀû ÀÌÁֹεéÀº ±×ÀÇ À̸§À»
µû¶ó ÈÄÅÍÆÄ·Î ºÒ¸®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÈÄÅÍÆÄ´Â Áö±ÝÀº ÁÖ·Î ¹Ì±¹
¼ºÎ¿Í ij³ª´Ù¿¡¼ ¸í¸ÆÀ» ÀÌÀ¸¸ç »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
| Melchior Hofmann
was the Anabaptist apostle in the Netherlands, where he developed a very
large following. He taught that the world would soon end and that the new
age would begin in Strasbourg, where he was imprisoned in 1533 and died c.
1543. |
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³×´ú¶õµåÀÇ Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ »çµµ·Î¼ ³×´ú¶õµå¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì ¸¹Àº
¼öÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ¸¦ ¾ò¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀÌ °ð ³¡³ª¸ç »õ ½Ã´ë°¡
½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£¿¡¼ ½ÃÀÛµÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í °¡¸£Ä¡´Ù°¡ 1533³â¿¡
½ºÆ®¶ó½ººÎ¸£¿¡ Åõ¿ÁµÇ¾î 1543³â°æ¿¡ Á×¾ú´Ù. |
| Some of Hofmann's followers came under the
influence of the Dutchman Jan Mathijs (died 1534) and of John
of Leiden (Jan Beuckelson; died 1535). The two leaders and many
refugees settled in 1534 in Münster,
Westphalia, where they gained control of the city, established a communistic
theocracy, and practiced polygamy. The city was captured in 1535 by an army
raised by German princes, and the Anabaptist leaders were tortured and
killed. |
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Àå¾ÇÇÏ°í °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀû ½ÅÁ¤±¹°¡(ãêïÙÏÐÊ«)¸¦ ¼¼¿ì°í
ÀϺδÙóÁ¦¸¦ ½Ç½ÃÇß´Ù. 1535³â µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ±ºÁÖµéÀÌ ÀÏÀ¸Å²
±º´ë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹À½ºÅÍ´Â ÇÔ¶ôµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄµéÀº °í¹®°ú
Á×À½À» ´çÇß´Ù. |
| Modern historians have come to see the episode at
Munster as an aberration of the Anabaptist movement. In the years following
the episode, however, classical Protestants and Catholics increased the
persecution of Anabaptists throughout Europe without discrimination between
the belligerent minority and the pacifist majority. The pacifist Anabaptists
in the Netherlands and north Germany rallied under the leadership of the
former priest Menno Simons and his lieutenant, Dirk Philips. Their followers
survived and were eventually accepted as the Mennonite
(q.v.) religious group. See also Hutterite
. |
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