| Hofmann, Melchior,
Hofmann also spelled HOFFMANN (b. c. 1495, Schwabisch-Hall, Swabia
[Germany]--d. 1543/44, Strassburg [now Strasbourg, Fr.]), German mystic and
lay preacher noted for contributing a zealous eschatology to the religious
doctrine of the Anabaptists, a Reformation movement that advocated adult
baptism.
A furrier by trade, Hofmann worked as a Lutheran lay missionary in
Livonia (modern Latvia and Estonia), Sweden, and northern Germany. His
fervour made him a competitor of the educated clergy, and he was forced from
Wolmar (now Valmiera, Latvia) in 1524 and from Dorpat (now Tartu, Estonia)
in 1526. For two years he preached among the Germans in Stockholm. Later he
received an appointment as preacher at Kiel from Frederick I of Denmark.
At a colloquy in Flensburg (1529), Hofmann alarmed Martin Luther by
dissenting from the Lutheran doctrine of the Eucharist, and he was
consequently banned from Denmark. Converted to Anabaptism
in Strassburg, he developed his doctrines not only beyond Lutheranism but
beyond Anabaptism as well; he predicted that the end of the world would
occur in 1533 and that he himself would ride into Strassburg with Christ in
the clouds to establish the New Jerusalem.
Traveling to the Netherlands in 1530, Hofmann won converts, who became
known as Melchiorites; but upon his return to Strassburg (1533), where he
was unpopular with the Anabaptists, he was arrested and imprisoned. Hofmann
died in prison, his prophecy unfulfilled. For a short time afterward,
Melchiorite groups persisted in Europe and England but eventually
disappeared. Hofmann's views especially influenced the Anabaptist Reformer
Menno Simons.
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