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Amish

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Amish, also called AMISH MENNONITE, member of a conservative Christian group in North America, primarily members of the Old Order Amish Mennonite Church.  ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ(¦¡¦¡ ÷ï, Amishes),  Amishes Mennonite¶ó°íµµ Çϸç, ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡ ÀÖ´Â º¸¼öÀûÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ´Üü·Î¼­, ¿ø·¡´Â ±¸(ÏÁ)¾Ï¸¸¸Þ³ëÆÄ ±³È¸(Old Order Amish Mennonite Church)ÀÇ ±³µµµéÀ̾ú´Ù. 
They originated in Europe as followers of Jakob Ammann, a 17th-century Mennonite elder whose teachings caused controversy and schism during the years 1693-97 among the Mennonites in Switzerland, Alsace, and south Germany. Ammann insisted that any Mennonite who had been excommunicated should be shunned or avoided by all other Mennonites and that anyone who told a falsehood should be excommunicated. He introduced washing of feet into the worship service and taught that church members should dress in a uniform manner, that beards should not be trimmed, and that it was wrong to attend services in a state church. Although Ammann subsequently sought reconciliation with the Mennonites who disagreed with him, he continued to insist that all who had been excommunicated should be avoided, and reconciliation attempts failed. Amish settlements and congregations sprang up in Switzerland, Alsace, Germany, Russia, and Holland, but migration to North America in the 19th and 20th centuries and assimilation with Mennonite groups gradually eliminated the Amish in Europe. À̵éÀº ¾ßÄÚÇÁ ¾Ï¸¸ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé·Î¼­ À¯·´¿¡¼­ ź»ýÇß´Ù. ¾ßÄÚÇÁ ¾Ï¸¸Àº 17¼¼±â ¸Þ³ëÆÄ Àå·Î¿´À¸¸ç, 1693~97³â¿¡ ½ºÀ§½º, ¾ËÀÚ½º(Áö±ÝÀº ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡ ÀÖÀ½), ³²ºÎ µ¶ÀÏ µîÁöÀÇ ¸Þ³ëÆÄµé¿¡°Ô ³íÀï°ú ºÐ¿­ÀÇ ¾¾°¡ µÇ´Â ±³ÈÆÀ» °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ¾Ï¸¸Àº ÁÖÀåÇϱ⸦ ¸ðµç ¸Þ³ëÆÄ »ç¶÷µéÀº Ãâ±³´çÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¸Þ³ëÆÄ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ´©±¸µç »ó´ëÇÏÁö ¸»°í ÇÇÇØ¾ß Çϸç, °ÅÁþ¸»À» ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ´©±¸µçÁö ÆÄ¹®µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ¿¹¹è ÀÇ½Ä °¡¿îµ¥ ¼¼Á·½Ä(¹ßÀ» ¾Ä´Â ÀǽÄ)À» »õ·Î Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç, ±³È¸ ȸ¿øµéÀÌ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ À¯´ÏÆûÀ» ÀÔ¾î¾ß ÇÏ°í ¼ö¿°À» ±ïÁö ¸»°í, ±¹°¡±³È¸ÀÇ ¿¹¹è¿¡ Âü¼®ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó°í °¡¸£ÃÆ´Ù. ¾Ï¸¸Àº ÀڽŰú ÀǰßÀ» ´Þ¸® ÇÏ´Â ¸Þ³ëÆÄ±³µµµé°ú È­ÇØÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö½èÁö¸¸, Ãâ±³´çÇÑ ¸Þ³ëÆÄ »ç¶÷µé°ú »ó´ëÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó°í °è¼Ó ÁÖÀåÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î È­ÇØÀÇ ½Ãµµ´Â ½ÇÆÐÇß´Ù. ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ Á¤ÂøÃ̰ú ±³È¸µéÀº ½ºÀ§½º¡¤¾ËÀÚ½º¡¤µ¶ÀÏ¡¤·¯½Ã¾Æ¡¤³×´ú¶õµå µîÁö¿¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, 19, 20¼¼±â¿¡ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«·Î ÀÌÁÖÇØ°¡°Å³ª ¸Þ³ëÆÄ ±×·ì¿¡ µ¿È­µÇ¾î°¨À¸·Î½á À¯·´ÀÇ ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ±³µµµéÀº Á¡Â÷ ÁÙ¾îµé°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
The Amish began migrating to North America early in the 18th century and first settled in eastern Pennsylvania, where a large settlement is still found. Schisms and disruptions occurred after 1850 because of tensions between the "old order," or traditional Amish, and those who wished to adopt "new order" or progressive methods and organizations. During the next 50 years about two-thirds of the Amish either formed separate, small churches of their own or joined either the Mennonite Church or the General Conference Mennonite Church. (See Mennonite .) ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ±³µµµéÀÌ ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«·Î ÀÌÁÖÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ °ÍÀº 1720³â°æÀÇ ÀÏÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ù ÀÌÁÖÁö´Â µ¿ºÎ Ææ½Çº£À̴ϾÆÀÌ´Ù. À̰÷¿¡´Â ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁöµµ ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ÀÌÁֹΠÁý´ÜÀÌ »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. 20¼¼±â¿¡ µé¾î¿Í ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ Áý´ÜµéÀº ¼­ºÎ Ææ½Çº£À̴ϾÆ, ¿ÀÇÏÀÌ¿À, Àεð¾Ö³ª, Áß¾Ó Àϸ®³ëÀÌ, ¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿Í, ³×ºê·¡½ºÄ«, ĵÀÚ½º, ¿ÂŸ¸®¿À µîÁö¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÇ¾ú´Ù. '±¸ÆÄ'ÀÎ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ »ç¶÷µé°ú '»õ·Î¿î üÁ¦', °ð Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý°ú Á¶Á÷µéÀ» µµÀÔÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ±äÀå »óÅ·ΠÀÎÇØ 1850³â ÀÌÈÄ ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ´Â ºÐ¿­°ú È¥¶õ¿¡ È۽ο´´Ù. ±×µÚ 50³â µ¿¾È ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ ±³µµµé °¡¿îµ¥ 2/3°¡·®ÀÌ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ÀÛÀº ±³È¸µéÀ» Çü¼ºÇϰųª ¸Þ³ëÆÄ ±³È¸³ª ¸Þ³ëÆÄ ÃÑȸ¿¡ °¡ÀÔÇß´Ù. (¡æ ¸Þ³ëÆÄ)
Those who continued the characteristic lifestyle of the Amish are primarily members of the Old Order Amish Mennonite Church. In the late 20th century there were about 50 Old Order Amish settlements in the United States and Canada; the largest were located in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Illinois, and Kansas. Their settlements are divided into church districts that are autonomous congregations composed of about 75 baptized members. If the district becomes much larger it is again divided because the members meet in each other's homes. There are no church buildings. Each district has a bishop, two to four preachers, and an elder; but there are no general conferences, mission groups, or cooperative agencies. The Amish differ little from the Mennonites in formal doctrine. Holy Communion is celebrated twice each year, and washing of feet is practiced by both groups. Adults are baptized when they are admitted to formal membership in the church at about age 17 to 20. Services are conducted in Palatine German with a mixture of English, commonly known as Pennsylvania Dutch. ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ±³µµµéÀÇ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ »ýȰ ¹æ½ÄÀ» ±×´ë·Î ÁؼöÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ø·¡ ±¸¾Ï¸¸¸Þ³ëÆÄ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±³µµµéÀ̾ú´Ù. 1950³â´ë Áß¿± ¹Ì±¹°ú ij³ª´Ù¿¡´Â ´ë·« 50±ºµ¥¿¡ ±¸ ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ Áý´ÜµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×Áß °¡Àå Å« Áý´ÜÀº ¿ÀÇÏÀÌ¿À¡¤Ææ½Çº£À̴Ͼơ¤Àεð¾Ö³ª¡¤¾ÆÀÌ¿À¿Í¡¤Àϸ®³ëÀÌ¡¤ÄµÀÚ½º µî¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Áý´ÜµéÀº ¼¼·Ê±³µµ 75¸í°¡·®À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ÀÚÄ¡ ±³±¸µé·Î ³ª´©¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ ±¸¿ªÀÌ ´õ Ä¿Áö¸é, ±¸¼º¿øµéÀÌ °¢°¢ ´Ù¸¥ °¡Á¤¿¡¼­ ¸ð¿©¾ß Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ¶Ç´Ù½Ã ³ª´©¾îÁø´Ù. ±³È¸ °Ç¹°Àº ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù. °¢ ±¸¿ª¸¶´Ù °¨µ¶ 1¸í°ú 2~4¸íÀÇ º¹À½ ÀüÆÄÀÚ ¹× 1¸íÀÇ Àå·Î°¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÃÑȸ³ª ¼±±³´Üü ¶Ç´Â Çù·Â´Üü µîÀº ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù. ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄÀÇ ±³¸® ü°è´Â ¸Þ³ëÆÄ¿Í ¾à°£ ´Ù¸£´Ù. ¼º·Ê´Â ¸Å³â 2¹ø °ÅÇàÇϸç, ¼¼Á·½ÄÀº µÎ ÆÄ°¡ ¸ðµÎ ½ÃÇàÇÑ´Ù. ¼¼·Ê´Â ±³È¸ Á¤È¸¿ø °¡ÀÔÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÈ 17 ~20¼¼ÀÇ ¼ºÀο¡°Ô º£Ç¬´Ù. ¿¹¹è´Â ÆÈ¶óƾ(Palatine) µ¶ÀϾî·Î ÁøÇàµÈ´Ù. ¿µ¾î°¡ ¼¯¿© ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ ¾ð¾î´Â Ææ½Çº£ÀÌ´Ï¾Æ ³×´ú¶õµå¾î¶ó°íµµ ºÒ¸°´Ù.

The Amish are best known for their severely plain clothing and their nonconformed way of life. The men wear broadbrimmed black hats, beards--but not moustaches--and homemade plain clothes fastened with hooks and eyes instead of buttons. The women wear bonnets, long full dresses with capes over the shoulders, shawls, and black shoes and stockings. No jewelry of any kind is worn. This cultural nonconformity is thought by the Amish to be obedience to biblical strictures, but it is primarily the continuance of 17th-century European rural costume. The Amish also shun telephones and electric lights and drive horses and buggies rather than automobiles. They are generally considered excellent farmers, but they often refuse to use modern farm machinery. Children attend public elementary schools and are not sent to high schools. This practice has caused the Amish some difficulty because of compulsory school attendance laws, and some Amish parents have gone to jail rather than allow their children to go to high school.

¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ »ç¶÷µéÀº º¹ÀåÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¼Ò¹ÚÇÏ°í ºñ¼øÀÀÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» µû¸£´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î À¯¸íÇÏ´Ù. ³²ÀÚµéÀº Å×°¡ ³ÐÀº °ËÀº ¸ðÀÚ¸¦ ¾²¸ç, Äà¼ö¿°Àº ±ïÁö¸¸ Åμö¿°Àº ±â¸£¸ç, Áý¿¡¼­ ¸¸µç ÆòÀÌÇÑ ¿ÊÀ» ÀԴµ¥ ´ÜÃß ´ë½Å¿¡ ȣũ¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¿©ÀÚµéÀº º¸´Ö ¸ðÀÚ¸¦ ¾²°í, ±ä ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔ°í, ¾î±ú À§¿¡´Â ÄÉÀÌÇÁ¿Í ¼ñÀ» °ÉÄ¡¸ç, °ËÀº ½Å°ú ½ºÅ¸Å·À» ½Å´Â´Ù. Àå½Å±¸´Â ÀÏü ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ºñ¼øÀÀÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹®È­´Â ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼º¼­ÀÇ ±³ÈÆ¿¡ ¼øÁ¾ÇÏ·Á´Â ¶æ¿¡¼­ »ý°¢Çس½ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº ¿ø·¡ 17¼¼±â À¯·´ ½Ã°ñ¿¡¼­ À¯ÇàÇÏ´ø º¹ÀåÀ̾ú´Ù. ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀüÈ­³ª Àüµî »ç¿ëÀ» ÇÇÇϰí, ÀÚµ¿Â÷º¸´Ù´Â ¸»À̳ª 4·û¸¶Â÷¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À¯´ÉÇÑ ³óºÎµé·Î ÀÎÁ¤µÇÁö¸¸, Çö´ëÀûÀÎ ³ó°æ ±â°è »ç¿ëÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹´Ù. ¾î¸°À̵éÀ» °ø¸³ ±¹¹ÎÇб³¿¡´Â º¸³»Áö¸¸ °íµîÇб³¿¡´Â º¸³»Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Àǹ«±³À°¹ý¿¡ ¾î±ß³ª´Â ÀÏÀ̾ ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â °ïȤ½º·¯¿î ÀÏÀÌÁö¸¸, ¸î¸î ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ ºÎ¸ðµéÀº °¨¿Á¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» °íµîÇб³¿¡ º¸³»Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.


National Committee For Amish Religious Freedom ] The Amish ]


Ȩ ] À§·Î ] ¸Þ³ëÆÄ ] ÈÄÅÍÆÄ ] ÇüÁ¦´Ü ] [ ¾Ï¸¸ÆÄ ] Thomas Muntzer ] Balthasar Hubmaier ] ¸Þ³ë ½Ã¸ó½º ] È£ÇÁ¸¸ ] ½Å¾ÓºÎÈï¿îµ¿ ] ´ë°¢¼º ¿îµ¿ ]


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