Buddhism

불교 (佛敎)

• I. Introduction
• II. The foundations of Buddhism
  • 1. THE CULTURAL CONTEXT
  • 2. THE LIFE OF THE BUDDHA GOTAMA
    • 1) Birth and early life.
    • 2) The Four Signs.
    • 3) The Great Renunciation.
    • 4) The search for the truth.
    • 5) The Great Enlightenment.
    • 6) Contemplation on the truth.
    • 7) The founding of the sangha.
    • 8) The death of the Buddha.
    • 9) Assessment of the personality and character of the Buddha.
  • 3. THE BUDDHA'S MESSAGE
    • 1) Suffering, impermanence, and no-self.
    • 2) Karma.
    • 3) The Four Noble Truths.
    • 4) The law of dependent origination.
    • 5) The Eightfold Path.
    • 6) Nirvana.
• III. Historical development
  • 1. INDIA
    • 1) Expansion of Buddhism.
    • 2) Buddhism under the Guptas and Palas.
    • 3) The decline of Buddhism in India.
    • 4) Contemporary revival.
  • 2. SRI LANKA AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
    • 1) Sri Lanka.
    • 2) Southeast Asia.
      • i) Malaysia and Indonesia.
      • ii) From Myanmar to the Mekong delta.
      • iii) Vietnam.
  • 3. CENTRAL ASIA AND CHINA
    • 1) Central Asia.
    • 2) China.
      • i) The early centuries.
      • ii) Developments during the T'ang dynasty (618-907).
      • iii) Buddhism after the T'ang.
  • 4. KOREA AND JAPAN
    • 1) Korea.
    • 2) Japan.
      • i) Introduction of Buddhism to Japan.
      • ii) Nara and Heian periods.
      • iii) New schools of the Kamakura period.
      • iv) The premodern period to the present.
  • 5. TIBET, MONGOLIA, AND THE HIMALAYAN KINGDOMS
    • 1) Tibet.
    • 2) Mongolia.
    • 3) The Himalayan kingdoms.
  • 6. BUDDHISM IN THE WEST
• IV. Sangha, society, and state
  • 1. MONASTIC INSTITUTIONS
    • 1) The origin and development of the sangha.
    • 2) Internal organization of the sangha.
  • 2. SOCIETY AND STATE
• V. Early Buddhist schools
  • 1. THE EARLY COUNCILS
  • 2. THE EIGHTEEN SCHOOLS AND THEIR SUCCESSORS
    • 1) Sthaviravada/Theravada.
    • 2) Mahasanghika/Lokottaravada.
    • 3) Sarvastivada (P'i-t'an, Chü-she/Kusha).
    • 4) Vatsiputriya/Sammatiya.
    • 5) Mahishasaka/Dharmaguptaka.
    • 6) Sautrantika/Satyasiddhi.
    • 7) Vinaya schools: Lü/Ritsu.
• VI. The major systems and their literature
  • 1. THERAVADA (STHAVIRAVADA)
    • 1) Beliefs, doctrines, and practices.
      • i) Cosmology.
      • ii) Classification of dhammas.
      • iii) The stages leading to arhatship.
      • iv) The Buddha.
      • v) Meditation.
    • 2) The Pali canon (Tipitaka).
      • i) The Vinaya Pitaka.
      • ii) The Sutta Pitaka.
      • iii) The Abhidhamma Pitaka.
    • 3) Early noncanonical texts in Pali.
    • 4) Later Theravada literature.
  • 2. MAHAYANA
    • 1) Nature and characteristics.
    • 2) Basic teachings.
      • i) The Buddha: divinization and multiplicity.
      • ii) The bodhisattva ideal.
      • iii) The three Buddha bodies.
      • iv) New revelations.
    • 3) The Mahayana schools and their texts.
      • i) Madhyamika (San-lun/Sanron).
      • ii) Yogacara/Vijñanavada (Fa-hsiang/Hosso).
      • iii) Avatamsaka (Hua-yen/Kegon).
      • iv) Saddharmapundarika (T'ien-t'ai/Tendai).
      • v) Pure Land (Sukhavati/Ching-t'u/Jodo, Shin, and Ji).
      • vi) Nichiren.
      • vii) Dhyana (Ch'an/Zen).
  • 3. ESOTERIC BUDDHISM
    • 1) Vajrayana Buddhism in India.
      • i) Origins.
      • ii) Vajrayana literature.
    • 2) Vajrayana schools in Tibet.
      • i) Rnying-ma-pa.
      • ii) Sa-skya-pa, Bka'-brgyud-pa, and related schools.
      • iii) The Bka'-gdams-pa and Dge-lugs-pa.
    • 3) Esoteric traditions in China and Japan.
      • i) Chen-yen.
      • ii) Shingon.
• VII. Mythology
  • 1. ShAKYAMUNI IN LITERATURE AND ART
    • 1) Traditional literary accounts.
    • 2) Shakyamuni in art and archaeology.
  • 2. CELESTIAL BUDDHAS AND BODHISATTVAS
    • 1) Literary references.
    • 2) Celestial buddhas and bodhisattvas in art and archaeology.
  • 3. RECURRENT MYTHIC THEMES
    • 1) Myths of buddhas and bodhisattvas.
    • 2) Mythic figures in the Three Worlds cosmology.
    • 3) Local gods and demons.
    • 4) Female deities.
    • 5) Kings and yogis.
• VIII. Popular religious practices
  • 1. CALENDRIC RITES AND PILGRIMAGE
    • 1) Uposatha.
      • i) Anniversaries.
    • 2) Vassa.
    • 3) All Souls festival.
    • 4) New Year's and harvest festivals.
    • 5) Buddhist pilgrimage.
  • 2. RITES OF PASSAGE AND PROTECTIVE RITES
    • 1) Initiation.
      • i) Ordination.
      • ii) Bodhisattva vows.
      • iii) Abhiseka.
    • 2) Funeral rites.
    • 3) Protective rites.
• IX. Buddhism in the contemporary world
  • 1. MODERN TRENDS
  • 2. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
• X. Bibliography
  • 1. General treatments:
  • 2. Historical development in Asian countries:
  • 3. The Buddha:
  • 4. Dharma:
  • 5. Sangha:
  • 6. Myths and legends:
  • 7. Images and symbols:
  • 8. Popular religious practices:
  • 9. Contemporary trends:

I. Introduction

Buddhism is a Pan-Asian religion and philosophy that has played a central role in the spiritual, cultural, and social life of the Eastern world and during the 20th century has spread to the West. This article surveys Buddhism from its origins in the teachings of the Buddha Gautama to its elaboration in various schools, sects, and regional developments.

서론

불교는 동방세계의 정신적, 문화적, 그리고 사회적 삶의 중추적 역할을 해왔으며, 20세기에는 서구세계까지 확장이 된 범아시아적인 종교이며 철학이다. 이 기사에서는 부처 고타마의 가르침 안에서 그 근원으로부터, 다양한 학파, 종파 및 종교적 발전들에 대한 진전까지를 둘러볼 것이다.

Ancient Buddhist scripture and doctrine developed primarily in two closely related literary languages of ancient India, Pali and Sanskrit . In this article, Pali and Sanskrit words that have gained some currency in English are treated as English words and are rendered in the form in which they appear in English-language dictionaries. Exceptions occur in special circumstances -- as, for example, in the case of the Sanskrit term dharma (Pali: dhamma), which has meanings that are not usually associated with the English "dharma." Pali forms are given in the sections that deal with Buddhists whose primary sacred language was Pali (including discussions of the life and teaching of the Buddha, which are reconstructed on the basis of Pali texts). Sanskrit forms are given in the sections that deal with Buddhists whose primary focus was on Sanskritic traditions. (see also Pali language, Sanskrit language)