Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer
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Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer. (b. May 16, 1804, Billerica, Mass.,
U.S.--d. Jan. 3, 1894, Jamaica Plain, Mass.), American educator and participant
in the Transcendental movement, who opened the
first English-language kindergarten in the
United States.
She was educated at a small private
school by her mother, as were her sisters Sophia (who married the writer
Nathaniel Hawthorne) and Mary (who married the educator Horace Mann). Peabody
started her own school in Boston in 1820. From 1825 to 1834 she was secretary to
William Ellery Channing, the early leader of Unitarianism in the United States.
She then began a two-year association with Bronson Alcott in his Temple School,
of which she wrote in Record of a School
(1835).
In 1839 Peabody opened her West Street
bookstore, which became a sort of club for the intellectual community of Boston.
On her own printing press she published translations from German by Margaret
Fuller and three of Hawthorne's earliest books. For two years she published and
wrote articles for The Dial, the
critical literary monthly and organ of the Transcendental movement; she also
wrote for other periodicals.
Peabody's kindergarten, opened in 1860,
marked the American adoption of what until then had been primarily a German
institution, inspired chiefly by the work of Friedrich Froebel. She went to
Europe in 1867 to study Froebel's methods and brought several experienced German
kindergarten teachers back with her. She devoted herself thereafter to
organizing public and private kindergartens and to lecturing and writing in the
field. As editor of the Kindergarten
Messenger (1873-77) she played a major role in gaining acceptance for
kindergarten as a part of regular public schooling. Her numerous books included Kindergarten
Culture (1870), The Kindergartner in
Italy (1872), and Letters to
Kindergartners (1886).
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kindergarten
(German: "children's garden"), also called INFANT SCHOOL, educational
division, a supplement to elementary school intended to accommodate children
between the ages of four and six years. Originating in the early 19th century,
the kindergarten was an outgrowth of the ideas and practices of Robert
Owen in Great Britain, J.H.
Pestalozzi in Switzerland and his pupil Friedrich
Froebel in Germany, who coined the term, and Maria
Montessori in Italy. It stressed the emotional and spiritual nature of
the child, encouraging self-understanding through play activities and greater
freedom, rather than the imposition of adult ideas.
In Great Britain the circumstances of
the Industrial Revolution tended to encourage the provision of infant schools
for young children whose parents and older brothers and sisters were in the
factories for long hours. One of the earliest of these schools was founded at
New Lanark, Scot., in 1816 by Owen, a cotton-mill industrialist, for the
children of his employees. It was based on Owen's two ideals--pleasant,
healthful conditions and a life of interesting activity. Later infant schools in
England, unlike Owen's, emphasized memory drill and moral training while
restricting the children's freedom of action. In 1836, however, the Home and
Colonial School Society was founded to train teachers in the methods advanced by
Pestalozzi.
In 1837 Froebel opened in Blankenburg,
Prussia, "a school for the psychological training of little children by
means of play." In applying to it the name Kindergarten, he sought to convey the impression of an environment
in which children grew freely like plants in a garden. During the 25 years after
Froebel's death, kindergartens proliferated throughout Europe, North America,
Japan, and elsewhere. In the United States the kindergarten generally became
accepted as the first unit of elementary school.
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