| Fuller, (Sarah)
Margaret, married name MARCHESA (Marchioness) OSSOLI
(b. May 23, 1810, Cambridgeport, Mass., U.S.--d. July 19, 1850, at sea), U.S.
critic, teacher, and woman of letters whose efforts to civilize the taste and
enrich the lives of her contemporaries make her significant in the history of
American culture. |
Ç®·¯ [(Sarah) Margaret Fuller].
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Marchesa(Marchioness) Ossoli. 1810. 5. 23 ¹Ì±¹ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷
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Fuller's father, raising her in the
fashion of a son, made of her a "youthful prodigy," but later she
blamed her father for her broken health, asserting that the vicarious experience
of books should never take the place of actual experience tempered with sympathy
and interpretation.
Plagued by financial difficulties after
her father's death in 1835, she taught in Bronson Alcott's Temple School in
Boston, 1836-37, and in Providence, R.I., 1837-39. In 1839 she published a
translation of Eckermann's Conversations
with Goethe; her most cherished project, never completed, was a biography of
Goethe. In 1840 her friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson and her critical essays
won her the position of editor of The
Dial, a magazine launched by the Transcendentalists. She wrote
poetry, reviews, and critiques for the quarterly, but in 1842 she had to
relinquish the unprofitable editorship to Emerson.
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For five winters, 1839-44, she conducted
in Boston classes of "conversations" for women on literature,
education, mythology, and philosophy, in which venture she was reputed to be a
dazzling leader of discussion. Her professed purpose was "to systematize
thought"; more generally, she attempted to enrich the lives of women and to
dignify their place in society. The same purpose guided her in writing Woman
in the Nineteenth Century (1845), a tract on feminism that was both a demand
for political equality and an ardent plea for the emotional, intellectual, and
spiritual fulfillment of women. It was published by Horace Greeley, who had
admired her Summer on the Lakes, in 1843 (1844), a perceptive study of frontier
life in Illinois and Wisconsin.
In 1844 Margaret Fuller became literary
critic on Greeley's newspaper, the New
York Tribune. She encouraged American writers and crusaded for social
reforms but made her greatest contribution, she thought, as an interpreter of
modern European literature.
Before she sailed for Europe in 1846
some of her essays appeared as Papers on
Literature and Art, which assured the cordial welcome she received in
English and French circles. America's first woman foreign correspondent, she
reported on her travels for the Tribune;
the "letters" were later published in At Home and Abroad (1856). Settling in Italy in 1847, she was caught
up in the cause of the Italian revolutionists, led by Mazzini, and was secretly
married to Giovanni Angelo, Marchese Ossoli. Following the suppression of the
republic she sailed for America with her husband and infant son, Angelo. They
perished in a shipwreck off Fire Island, and with them was lost her manuscript
history of the revolution.
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