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Dickinson, Emily, in full EMILY ELIZABETH
DICKINSON (b. Dec. 10, 1830, Amherst, Mass., U.S.--d. May 15, 1886, Amherst),
American lyric poet who has been called "the
New England mystic" and who experimented with poetic rhythms and rhymes.
Almost all her poetry was published posthumously.
Emily Dickinson was the second of three children. The three remained close
throughout their adult lives: her younger sister, Lavinia, stayed in the family
home and did not marry, and her older brother, Austin, lived in the house next
door after his marriage to a friend of Emily's. Her grandfather, Samuel Fowler
Dickinson, had been one of the founders of Amherst College, and her father,
Edward Dickinson, served as treasurer of the college from 1835 to 1872. A lawyer
who served one term (1853-55) in Congress, Edward Dickinson was an austere and
somewhat remote father, but not an unkind one. Emily's mother, too, was not
close to her children.
Emily was educated at Amherst Academy and Mount Holyoke Female Seminary.
Mount Holyoke, which she attended from 1847 to 1848, insisted on religious as
well as intellectual growth, and Emily was under considerable pressure to become
a professing Christian. She resisted, however, and although many of her poems
deal with God, she remained all her life a skeptic. Despite her doubts, she was
subject to strong religious feelings, a conflict that lent tension to her
writings.
Emily began to write verse about 1850, apparently while under the spell of
the poems of Ralph
Waldo Emerson and Emily Brontë; and
under the tutelage of Benjamin F. Newton, a young man studying law in her
father's office. Only a handful of her poems can be dated before 1858, when she
began to collect them into small, handsewn booklets. Her letters of the 1850s
reveal a vivacious, humorous, somewhat shy young woman. In 1855 Emily went to
Washington, D.C., with her sister to visit their father, who was serving in
Congress. During the trip they stopped off at Philadelphia, where she heard the
preaching of the noted clergyman, the Reverend Charles Wadsworth, who was to
become her "dearest earthly friend." He was something of a romantic
figure: a man said to have known great sorrow, whose eloquence in the pulpit
contrasted with his solitary broodings. He and Emily exchanged letters on
spiritual matters, his Calvinist orthodoxy perhaps serving as a useful foil for
her own speculative reasoning. She may also have found in his stern, rigorous
beliefs a welcome corrective to the easy assumption of a benign universe made by
Emerson and the other Transcendentalists.
In the 1850s Emily began two of her significant correspondences--with Dr. and
Mrs. Josiah G. Holland and with Samuel Bowles. The two men were editors of the Springfield
(Massachusetts) Republican, a paper that took an interest in literary
matters and even published verse. The correspondence continued over the years,
although in the case of the Hollands most of the letters after the 1850s went to
Mrs. Holland, a woman intelligent enough to comprehend Emily's subtleties and
witticisms. Emily tried to interest Bowles in her poetry, and it was a crushing
blow to her that he, a man of quick mind but conventional literary tastes,
failed to appreciate it.
By the late 1850s, when she was writing poems at a steadily increasing pace,
Emily Dickinson loved a man whom she called "Master" in three drafts
of letters. "Master" does not exactly resemble any of Emily's known
friends but may have been Bowles or Wadsworth. This love shines forth in several
lines from her poems: "I'm ceded--I've stopped being Theirs,"
"'Tis so much joy! 'Tis so much joy," and "Dare you see a Soul at
the White Heat?" to name only a few. Other poems reveal the frustration
of this love and its gradual sublimation into a love for Christ and a celestial
marriage to him.
The poems of the 1850s are fairly conventional in sentiment and form, but
beginning about 1860 they become experimental both in language and prosody,
though they owe much to the metres of the English hymn writer Isaac
Watts and to Shakespeare and the King James Version of the Bible.
Emily's prevailing poetic form was the quatrain of three iambic feet, a type
described in one of the books by Watts in the family library. She used many
other forms as well, and to even the simpler hymnbook measures she gave
complexity by constantly altering the metrical beat to fit her thought: now
slow, now fast, now hesitant. She broke new ground in her wide use of
off-rhymes, varying from the true in a variety of ways that also helped to
convey her thought and its tensions. In striving for an epigrammatic
conciseness, she stripped her language of superfluous words and saw to it that
those that remained were vivid and exact. She tampered freely with syntax and
liked to place a familiar word in an extraordinary context, shocking the reader
to attention and discovery.
On April 15, 1862, Emily Dickinson wrote a letter, enclosing four poems, to a
literary man, Thomas
Wentworth Higginson, asking whether her poems were "alive."
Higginson, although he advised Emily not to publish, recognized the originality
of her poems and remained her "preceptor" for the rest of her life.
After 1862 Emily Dickinson resisted all efforts by her friends to put her poems
before the public. As a result, only seven poems were published during her
lifetime, five of them in the Springfield
Republican.
The years of Emily Dickinson's greatest poetic output, about 800 poems,
coincide with the Civil War. Although she looked inward and not to the war for
the substance of her poetry, the tense atmosphere of the war years may have
contributed to the urgency of her writing. The year of greatest stress was 1862,
when distance and danger threatened Emily's friends--Samuel Bowles, in Europe
for his health; Charles Wadsworth, who had moved to a new pastorate at the
Calvary Church in San Francisco; and T.W. Higginson, serving as an officer in
the Union Army. Emily also had persistent eye trouble, which led her, in 1864
and 1865, to spend several months in Cambridge, Mass., for treatment. Once back
in Amherst she never travelled again and after the late 1860s never left the
boundaries of the family's property.
After the Civil War, Emily Dickinson's poetic tide ebbed, but she sought
increasingly to regulate her life by the rules of art. Her letters, some of them
equal in artistry to her poems, classicize daily experience in an epigrammatic
style. For example, when a friend affronted Emily by sending a letter jointly to
her and her sister, she replied: "A Mutual plum is not a plum. I was too
respectful to take the pulp and do not like a stone." By 1870 Emily
Dickinson dressed only in white and saw few of the callers who came to the
homestead; her seclusion was fiercely guarded by her devoted sister. In August
1870 Higginson visited Amherst and described Emily as "a little plain
woman" with reddish hair, dressed in white, bringing him flowers as her
"introduction" and speaking in a "soft frightened breathless
childlike voice." (see also epistolary
literature)
Her later years were marked with sorrow at the deaths of many people she
loved. The most prostrating of these were the deaths of her father in 1874 and
her eight-year-old nephew Gilbert in 1883, which occasioned some of her finest
letters. She also mourned the loss of Bowles in 1878, Holland in 1881, Charles
Wadsworth and her mother in 1882, Otis P. Lord in 1884, and Helen Hunt Jackson
in 1885. Lord, a judge from Salem, Mass., with whom Emily fell in love about
1878, had been the closest friend of Emily's father. Emily's drafts of letters
to Lord reveal a tender, mature love, which Lord returned. Jackson, a poet and
popular novelist, discerned the greatness of Emily's poetry and tried
unsuccessfully to get her to publish it.
Soon after her death her sister Lavinia determined to have Emily's poems
published. In 1890 Poems by Emily Dickinson, edited by T.W. Higginson and
Mabel Loomis Todd, appeared. Other volumes of Dickinson poems, edited chiefly by
Mabel Loomis Todd, Martha Dickinson Bianchi (Emily's niece), and Millicent Todd
Bingham, were published between 1891 and 1957, and in 1955 Thomas H. Johnson
edited all the surviving poems and their variant versions.
The subjects of Emily Dickinson's poems, expressed in intimate, domestic
figures of speech, include love, death, and nature. The contrast between her
quiet, secluded life in the house in which she was born and died, and the depth
and intensity of her terse poems, has provoked much speculation about her
personality and personal relationships. Her 1,775 poems and her letters, which
survive in almost as great a number, reveal a passionate, witty woman and a
scrupulous craftsman who made an art not only of her poetry but also of her
correspondence and her life. (
D.J.M.H.) |
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Emily (Elizabeth) Dickinson
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Major Works
MAJOR WORKS. No collection of poems by Emily Dickinson was published in her
lifetime. The first selection, Poems
by Emily Dickinson (1890), was followed by Poems:
Second Series (1891), and Poems: Third
Series (1896). Additional poems were included in Letters
of Emily Dickinson, 2 vol. (1894). Later volumes of poems were: The
Single Hound: Poems of a Lifetime (1914), Further
Poems of Emily Dickinson: Withheld from Publication by Her Sister Lavinia (1929),
Unpublished Poems of Emily Dickinson (1935), and Bolts
of Melody: New Poems of Emily Dickinson (1945).
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
S.T. Clendenning, Emily Dickinson: A Bibliography, 1850-1966 (1968),
is the most recent and most comprehensive bibliography. The great majority of
Dickinson manuscripts, both poems and letters, are in the libraries of Harvard
University and Amherst College. Emily Dickinson's home, the property of Amherst
College, contains some memorabilia. The basic text of the poems is The Poems of Emily Dickinson, Including Variant Readings Critically
Compared with All Known Manuscripts, 3 vol., ed. by T.H. Johnson (1955); Final
Harvest: Emily Dickinson's Poems (1962), 2 vol. ed. by Johnson. Acts
of Light (1980), a selection of poems with paintings by Ekholm Burket and
an appreciation by Jane Langton, marked the Dickinson 150th anniversary. The
most complete edition of the letters is The
Letters of Emily Dickinson, 3 vol., ed. by T.H. Johnson and Theodora Ward
(1958). There is as yet no definitive biography of Emily Dickinson. Biographical
studies include: M.T. Bingham, Emily
Dickinson's Home: Letters of Edward Dickinson and His Family (1955), the
best account to date of Emily Dickinson's early years; T.H. Johnson, Emily
Dickinson: An Interpretive Biography (1955), an extended critical biography;
Jay Leyda, The Years and Hours of Emily
Dickinson, 2 vol. (1960), a day-by-day guidebook to the life of Emily
Dickinson; and Richard B. Sewall, The Life of Emily Dickinson, 2 vol.
(1974), portrays the relation of her life and her work. Critical studies of the
poems are C.R. Anderson, Emily
Dickinson's Poetry: Stairway of Surprise (1960); G.F Whicher, This
Was a Poet (1938), although no longer wholly reliable as biography, is
critically excellent; Jean McClure Mudge, Emily
Dickinson and the Image of Home (1975), combines criticism and biography. |