Brook Farm
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Brook Farm,
formally THE BROOK FARM INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURE AND EDUCATION, short-lived
utopian experiment in communal living (1841-47). The farm itself was located in
West Roxbury, Mass., near Boston. It was organized and virtually directed by George
Ripley, a former Unitarian minister, editor of The
Dial (a critical literary monthly), and a leader in the Transcendental
Club, an informal gathering of intellectuals of the Boston area. He was aided by
his wife, Sophia Dana Ripley, a woman of wide culture and academic experience. |
ºê·è ³óÀå (¦¡¦¡ ÒÜíÞ, Brook Farm).
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Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education. °øµ¿Ã¼ »îÀ̶ó´Â ÀÌ»óÇâÀ» ½ÇÇöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¹Ì±¹¿¡ ¼¼¿î
½ÇÇè³óÀå(1941~47). ÀÌ ½ÇÇèÀº ¿À·¡ Áö¼ÓµÇÁö´Â ¸øÇß´Ù. ³óÀå ÀÚü´Â
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According to the articles of agreement,
Brook Farm was to combine the thinker and the worker, to guarantee the greatest
mental freedom, and to prepare a society of liberal, cultivated persons, whose
relations with each other would permit a more wholesome and simpler life than
could be led amid the pressure of competitive institutions. |
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The project was financed by the sale of
stock, a purchaser of one share automatically becoming a member of the
institute, which was governed by a board of directors. The profits, if any, were
divided into a number of shares corresponding to the total number of man-days of
labour, every member entitled to one share for each day's labour performed.
Among the original shareholders were Charles A. Dana and Nathaniel Hawthorne,
who served together as the first directors of agriculture. Ralph Waldo Emerson,
Bronson Alcott, Margaret Fuller, Elizabeth Peabody, Theodore Parker, and Orestes
A. Brownson were among its interested visitors. |
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Brook Farm attracted not only
intellectuals--though teachers were always in preponderance among the 70 or 80
members--but farmers and craftsmen as well. It paid $1 a day for work (physical
or mental) to men and women and provided housing, clothing, and food at
approximately actual cost to all members and their dependents. For four years
the commune published The Harbinger, a
weekly magazine devoted to social and political problems, to which James Russell
Lowell, John Greenleaf Whittier, and Horace Greeley occasionally contributed. |
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Brook Farm was noted particularly for
the modern educational theory of its excellent school, which sought to establish
"perfect freedom of relations between students and teaching body."
Discipline at the school was never punitive; rather, it consisted of a gentle
attempt to instill in the student a sense of personal responsibility and to
communicate a passion for intellectual work. There were no prescribed study
hours, and each student was required to give a few hours a day to manual labour.
There was an infant school, a primary school, and a college preparatory course
covering six years. Although communal living proved to have disadvantages
(Hawthorne found that he was unable to write there and left after six months),
for a while it seemed that the ideal of the founders would be realized. Within
three years the community--or "Phalanx," as it was called after 1844,
when Brook Farm adopted some of the theories of the French Socialist Charles
Fourier--had added four houses, workrooms, and dormitories. It then put all
available funds into the construction of a large central building to be known as
the Phalanstery, which burned to the ground as its completion was being
celebrated. Though the colony struggled on for a while, the enterprise gradually
failed; the land and buildings were sold in 1849. Ripley worked as the literary
critic on Greeley's New York Tribune until his death in 1880. |
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Brook Farm was one of many experiments
in communal living that took place in the United States during the first half of
the 19th century; it is better known than most and has a secure place in U.S.
social history because of the distinguished literary figures and intellectual
leaders associated with it. Hawthorne's Blithedale
Romance (1852) is a fictional treatment of some aspects of the Brook
Farm setting. |
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