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Alcott, Bronson,
in full AMOS BRONSON ALCOTT (b. Nov. 29, 1799, Wolcott, Conn., U.S.--d. March 4,
1888, Concord, Mass.), American philosopher, teacher, reformer, and member of
the New England Transcendentalist group.
The self-educated son of a poor farmer,
Alcott traveled in the South as a peddler before establishing a series of
schools for children. His educational theories owed something to J.H.
Pestalozzi, the Swiss reformer, but more to the examples of Socrates and the
Gospels. His aim was to stimulate thought and "awaken the soul"; his
method was conversational, courteous, and gentle. Questions of discipline were
referred to the class as a group, and the feature of his school that attracted
most attention, perhaps, was his scheme for the teacher's receiving punishment,
in certain circumstances, at the hands of an offending pupil, whereby the sense
of shame might be instilled in the mind of the errant child.
These innovations were not widely
accepted, and before he was 40 he was forced to close his last school, the
famous Temple School in Boston, and sell its contents to ease his debts. In 1842
with money from Ralph Waldo Emerson he visited England, where a similar school
founded near London was named Alcott House in his honour. He returned from
England with a kindred spirit, the mystic Charles Lane, and together they
founded a short-lived utopian community, Fruitlands, in Massachusetts.
Alcott was a vegetarian, an
Abolitionist, and an advocate of women's rights; his thought was vague, lofty,
and intensely spiritual. Always poor or in debt, he worked as a handyman or
lived on the bounty of others until the literary success of his second daughter,
Louisa May Alcott, brought him financial security.
The best of Alcott's writing is
available in The Journals of Bronson
Alcott (1938), selected and edited by Odell Shepard.
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