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Philosophy
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Hawthorne, Nathaniel
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Early
years.
First
works.
Mature
novels.
Last
years.
Works.
Works.
Major
Works
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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Hawthorne, Nathaniel
(b. July 4, 1804, Salem, Mass., U.S.--d. May 19, 1864, Plymouth, N.H.), American
novelist and short-story writer who was a master of the allegorical and symbolic
tale. One of the greatest fiction writers in American literature, he is
best-known for The Scarlet Letter
(1850) and The House of the Seven Gables
(1851). |
È£¼Õ (Nathaniel Hawthorne). 1804. 7. 4 ¹Ì±¹ ¸Å»çÃß¼¼Ã÷ ¼¼ÀÏ·³~1864.
5. 19 ´ºÇÜÇÁ¼Å Çø®¸Ó½º. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³°¡. ¿ìÀÇÀû¡¤»ó¡ÀûÀÎ À̾߱⸦ Àß ¹¦»çÇÑ ¹Ì±¹¹®ÇÐÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ
¼Ò¼³°¡À̸ç, ¡´ÁÖÈ«±Û¾¾ The Scarlet Letter¡µ(1850)¡¤¡´Àϰö
¹Ú°øÀÇ Áý The House of the Seven Gables¡µ(1851)À¸·Î °¡Àå Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ®
ÀÖ´Ù. |
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Hawthorne's ancestors had lived in Salem
since the 17th century. His earliest American ancestor, William Hathorne
(Nathaniel added the w to the name
when he began to write), was a magistrate who had sentenced a Quaker woman to
public whipping. He had acted as a staunch defender of Puritan orthodoxy, with
its zealous advocacy of a "pure," unaffected form of religious
worship, its rigid adherence to a simple, almost severe, mode of life, and its
conviction of the "natural depravity" of "fallen" man.
Hawthorne was later to wonder whether the decline of his family's prosperity and
prominence during the 18th century, while other Salem families were growing
wealthy from the lucrative shipping trade, might not be a retribution for this
act and for the role of William's son John as one of three judges in the Salem
witchcraft trials of 1692. When Nathaniel's father--a ship's captain--died
during one of his voyages, he left his young widow without means to care for her
two girls and young Nathaniel, aged four. She moved in with her affluent
brothers, the Mannings. Hawthorne grew up in their house in Salem and, for
extensive periods during his teens, in Raymond, Maine, on the shores of Sebago
Lake. He returned to Salem in 1825 after four years at Bowdoin College, in
Brunswick, Maine. Hawthorne did not distinguish himself as a young man. Instead,
he spent nearly a dozen years reading and trying to master the art of writing
fiction. |
 |
| È£¼Õ, Mathew
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In college Hawthorne had excelled only in composition and had determined to
become a writer. Upon graduation, he had written an amateurish novel, Fanshawe, which
he published at his own expense--only to decide that it was unworthy of him and
to try to destroy all copies. Hawthorne, however, soon found his own voice,
style, and subjects, and within five years of his graduation he had published
such impressive and distinctive stories as "The Hollow of the Three
Hills" and "An Old Woman's Tale." By 1832, "My Kinsman,
Major Molineux" and "Roger Malvin's Burial," two of his greatest
tales--and among the finest in the language--had appeared. "Young Goodman
Brown," perhaps the greatest tale of witchcraft ever written, appeared in
1835.
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¡´¼¼ ¾ð´öÀÇ °ñÂ¥±â The Hollow of the Three Hills¡µ¡¤¡´´ÄÀº ¿©ÀÎÀÇ
À̾߱â An Old Woman's Tale¡µ °°Àº ÀλóÀûÀÌ°í µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ ´ÜÆíµéÀ»
¹ßÇ¥Çß´Ù. 1832³â±îÁö´Â °ÉÀÛ °¡¿îµ¥ 2ÆíÀÎ ¡´³ªÀÇ Ä£Ã´
¸ÞÀÌÀú ¸ô¸®³ú My Kinsman, Major Molineux¡µ¡¤¡´·ÎÀú ¸ÈºóÀÇ ¸ÅÀå
Roger Malvin's Burial¡µÀ» ¹ßÇ¥Çߴµ¥, ¹®Ã¼°¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ¶Ù¾î³
ÀÛǰÀ̾ú´Ù. Áö±Ý±îÁö ¸¶¹ý»ç¿¡ °üÇØ ¾º¾îÁø À̾߱â Áß
ÃÖ°í¶ó°í »ý°¢µÇ´Â ¡´ÀþÀº ±Â¸Ç ºê¶ó¿î Young Goodman Brown¡µÀº
1835³â¿¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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His increasing success in placing his
stories brought him a little fame. Unwilling to depend any longer on his uncles'
generosity, he turned to a job in the Boston Custom House (1839-40) and for six
months in 1841 was a resident at the agricultural cooperative Brook
Farm, in West Roxbury, Mass. Even when his first signed book, Twice-Told
Tales, was published in 1837, the work had brought gratifying recognition
but no dependable income. By 1842, however, Hawthorne's writing had brought him
a sufficient income to allow him to marry Sophia Peabody; the couple rented the
Old Manse in Concord and began a happy three-year period that Hawthorne would
later record in his essay "The Old Manse."
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µÚ¿¡ ¼öÇÊ ¡´³°Àº ÀúÅà The Old Manse¡µ¿¡¼ ÀÌ ½Ã±â¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©
±â·ÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
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The presence of some of the leading
social thinkers and philosophers of his day, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry
Thoreau, and Bronson Alcott, in Concord made the village the centre of the
philosophy of Transcendentalism, which encouraged man to transcend the
materialistic world of experience and facts and become conscious of the
pervading spirit of the universe and the potentialities for human freedom.
Hawthorne welcomed the companionship of his Transcendentalist neighbours, but he
had little to say to them. Artists and intellectuals never inspired his full
confidence, but he thoroughly enjoyed the visit of his old college friend and
classmate Franklin Pierce, later to become
president of the United States. At the Old Manse, Hawthorne continued to write
stories, with the same result as before: literary success, monetary failure. His
new short-story collection, Mosses from an
Old Manse, appeared in 1846.
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Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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A growing family and mounting debts
compelled the Hawthornes' return in 1845 to Salem, where Nathaniel was appointed
surveyor of the Custom House by the Polk administration (Hawthorne had always
been a loyal Democrat and pulled all the political strings he could to get this
appointment). Three years later the presidential election brought the Whigs into
power under Zachary Taylor, and Hawthorne lost his job; but in a few months of
concentrated effort, he produced his masterpiece, The
Scarlet Letter. The bitterness he felt over his dismissal is apparent
in "The Custom House" essay prefixed to the novel. The
Scarlet Letter tells the story of two lovers kept apart by the ironies of
fate, their own mingled strengths and weaknesses, and the Puritan community's
interpretation of moral law, until at last death unites them under a single
headstone. The book made Hawthorne famous and was eventually recognized as one
of the greatest of American novels. |
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À¯¸íÇØÁ³À¸¸ç, °á±¹ À§´ëÇÑ ¹Ì±¹ ¼Ò¼³°¡·Î Æò°¡¹Þ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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Determined to leave Salem forever,
Hawthorne moved to Lenox, located in the mountain scenery of the Berkshires in
western Massachusetts. There he began work on The House of the Seven Gables (1851), the story of the Pyncheon
family, who for generations had lived under a curse until it was removed at last
by love. |
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¹Ú°øÀÇ Áý¡µÀ» ¾²±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. |
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At Lenox he enjoyed the stimulating
friendship of Herman Melville, who lived in
nearby Pittsfield. This friendship, although important for the younger writer
and his work, was much less so for Hawthorne. Melville praised Hawthorne
extravagantly in a review of his Mosses
from an Old Manse, and he also dedicated Moby Dick to Hawthorne. But eventually Melville came to feel that
the friendship he so ardently pursued was one-sided. Later he was to picture the
relationship with disillusion in his introductory sketch to The
Piazza Tales and depicted Hawthorne himself unflatteringly as
"Vine" in his long poem Clarel. |
·¹³ì½º¿¡¼ ±×´Â ±ÙóÀÇ
ÇÇÃ÷Çʵ忡 »ç´Â Çã¸Õ ¸áºô°ú
¿ìÁ¤À» ³ª´©¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ìÁ¤Àº È£¼Õº¸´Ù´Â ÀþÀº ¸áºô¿¡°Ô ´õ
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Æò·Ð¿¡¼ È£¼ÕÀ» ±Ø±¸ ĪÂùÇßÀ¸¸ç, È£¼Õ¿¡°Ô ¡´¹é°æ Moby Dick¡µµµ
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¿ìÁ¤ÀÌ ÀϹæÀûÀ̶ó°í ´À³¢°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. µÚ¿¡ ±×´Â ¡´ÇǾÆÂ÷
À̾߱â The Piazza Tales¡µÀÇ ÂªÀº ¼¹®¿¡¼ ÀÌ ¿ìÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ȯ¸êÀ» µå·¯³ÂÀ¸¸ç, Àå½Ã ¡´Å¬·¹¾î·² Clarel¡µ¿¡¼´Â È£¼ÕÀ» 'µ¢±¼'À̶ó°í
¹¦»çÇß´Ù. |
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In the autumn of 1851 Hawthorne moved
his family to another temporary residence, this time in West Newton, near
Boston. There he quickly wrote The
Blithedale Romance, which was based on his disenchantment with Brook
Farm. Then he purchased and redecorated Bronson Alcott's house in Concord, the
Wayside. Blithedale was
disappointingly received and did not produce the income Hawthorne had expected.
He was hoping for a lucrative political appointment that would bolster his
finances; in the meantime, he wrote a campaign biography of his old friend
Franklin Pierce. When Pierce won the presidency, Hawthorne was in 1853 rewarded
with the consulship in Liverpool, Lancashire, a position he hoped would enable
him in a few years to leave his family financially secure. |
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¿þ½ºÆ®´ºÅÏ¿¡ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Àâ¾Ò´Ù. °Å±â¿¡¼ ±×´Â ºê·è ³óÀåÀ»
¶°³ ½ÉÁ¤¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÐ ¡´ºí¸®½ºµ¥ÀÏ ·Î¸Ç½º The Blithedale
Romance¡µ¸¦ ¼µÑ·¯ ½è´Ù. ±×¹«·Æ ±×´Â ÄáÄڵ忡 ÀÖ´Â ºê·Ð½¼
¿ÃÄÆÀÇ ÁýÀÎ '¿þÀÌ»çÀ̵å'¸¦ »çµé¿© »õ·Ó°Ô ²Ù¸ì´Ù.
¡´ºí¸®½ºµ¥ÀÏ ·Î¸Ç½º¡µ´Â ÁÁÀº Æò°¡¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇßÀ¸¸ç
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ÀçÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¾ÈÁ¤À» °¡Á®´ÙÁÖ¾ú´Ù. |
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The remaining 11 years of Hawthorne's
life were, from a creative point of view, largely anticlimactic. He performed
his consular duties faithfully and effectively until his position was terminated
in 1857, and then he spent a year and a half sight-seeing in Italy. Determined
to produce yet another romance, he finally retreated to a seaside town in
England and quickly produced The Marble
Faun. In writing it, he drew heavily upon the experiences and impressions he
had recorded in a notebook kept during his Italian tour to give substance to an
allegory of the Fall of man, a theme that had usually been assumed in his
earlier works but that now received direct and philosophic treatment.
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ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¿¡¼ °ü±¤À» ÇÏ¸ç º¸³Â´Ù. ±×´Â ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ·Î¸Ç½º¸¦
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¸ñ½Å»ó The Marble Faun¡µÀ» ½è´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÛǰÀ» ¾µ ¶§ ±×´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ
Ÿ¶ô¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿ìȸ¦ ±íÀÌ ÀÖ°Ô ´Ù·ç±â À§ÇØ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¸¦
¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È °¡Áö°í ´Ù´Ï´ø °øÃ¥¿¡ ±â·ÏÇÑ °æÇè°ú
ÀλóµéÀ» ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦´Â ±×ÀÇ ¿¹Àü
ÀÛǰµé¿¡¼µµ Àº±ÙÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö¸¸ ¿©±â¿¡¼´Â Á÷Á¢Àû¡¤Ã¶ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î
´Ù·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. |
|
Back in the Wayside once more in 1860,
Hawthorne devoted himself entirely to his writing but was unable to make any
progress with his plans for a new novel. The drafts of unfinished works he left
are mostly incoherent and show many signs of a psychic regression, already
foreshadowed by his increasing restlessness and discontent of the preceding half
dozen years. Some two years before his death he began to age very suddenly. His
hair turned white, his handwriting changed, he suffered frequent nosebleeds, and
he took to writing the figure "64" compulsively on scraps of paper. He
died in his sleep on a trip in search of health with his friend Pierce. |
1860³â ´Ù½Ã ¿þÀÌ»çÀ̵å·Î µ¹¾Æ°£ È£¼ÕÀº
±Û¾²±â¿¡ Àü³äÇßÁö¸¸, »õ·Î¿î ¼Ò¼³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °èȹÀ» ÀüÇô
ÁøÃ´½Ãų ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×°¡ ³²±ä ¹Ì¿Ï¼º ÀÛǰµéÀÇ Ãʰí´Â
´ëºÎºÐ ¾ÕµÚ°¡ ¸ÂÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Õ¼ 6³â µ¿¾È ºÒ¾È°ú
ºÒ¸¸ÀÌ ´Ã¾î³ª¸é¼ ³ªÅ¸³ª±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ ÅðÇàÇö»óÀÇ
¸¹Àº ¡ÈĵéÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×´Â Á×±â 2³â ÀüºÎÅÍ ¸Å¿ì
±Þ¼ÓÈ÷ ´Ä±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¸Ó¸®´Â ¹é¹ßÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í ÇÊÀûµµ
º¯ÇßÀ¸¸ç ÀÚÁÖ ÄÚÇǰ¡ ³µ°í, °¹Ú°¨¿¡ »ç·ÎÀâÇô Á¾ÀÌÁ¶°¢¿¡
'64'¶ó´Â ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ¾²°ï Çß´Ù. ±×´Â Ä£±¸ÀÎ ÇǾ¿Í ÇÔ²²
°Ç°À» ȸº¹ÇÏ·Á°í ¿©ÇàÀ» ÇÏ´ø µµÁß Àáµç »óÅ¿¡¼ Á×¾ú´Ù. |
|
The main character of The Scarlet Letter is Hester Prynne, a young married woman who has
borne an illegitimate child while living away from her husband in a village in
Puritan New England. The husband, Roger Chillingworth, arrives in New England to
find his wife pilloried and made to wear the letter A (meaning adulteress) in
scarlet on her dress as a punishment for her illicit affair and for her refusal
to reveal the name of the child's father. Chillingworth becomes obsessed with
finding the identity of his wife's former lover. He learns that Hester's
paramour is a saintly young minister, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth then
proceeds to revenge himself by mentally tormenting the guilt-stricken young man.
Hester herself is revealed to be a compassionate and splendidly self-reliant
heroine who is never truly repentant for the act of adultery committed with the
minister; she feels that their act was consecrated by their deep love for each
other. In the end Chillingworth is morally degraded by his monomaniac pursuit of
revenge, and Dimmesdale is broken by his own sense of guilt and publicly
confesses his adultery before dying in Hester's arms. Only Hester can face the
future optimistically, as she plans to ensure the future of her beloved little
girl by taking her to Europe. |
ÀÛǰ
¡´ÁÖÈ«±Û¾¾¡µÀÇ ÁÖÀΰøÀº û±³µµµéÀÌ »ì´ø ´ºÀ×±Û·£µåÀÇ
ÇÑ ¸¶À»¿¡¼ ³²Æí°ú ¶³¾îÁ® »ç´Â µ¿¾È »ç»ý¾Æ¸¦ ³ºÀº ÀþÀº
±âÈ¥¿©¼ºÀÎ Ç콺ÅÍ ÇÁ¸°ÀÌ´Ù.³²ÆíÀÎ ·ÎÀú Ä¥¸µ¿ö½º´Â
´ºÀ×±Û·£µå¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ¿© Àڱ⠾Ƴ»°¡ ºÒ·ûÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¸Î°í
¾ÆÀÌ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ À̸§À» ¹àÈ÷Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î ó¹úÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ
ÁÖÈ«»ö AÀÚ(°£ÅëÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ±ÛÀÚ)¸¦ »õ±ä ¿ÊÀ» ÀÔ°í
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¶·Õ°Å¸®°¡ µÈ °ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù. Ä¥¸µ¿ö½º´Â ¾Æ³»ÀÇ
Àü ¾ÖÀÎÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¸¦ ¹àÈ÷±â À§ÇØ Áý¿äÇÏ°Ô ÃßÀûÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â
Ç콺ÅÍÀÇ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ½Å¾Ó½É ±íÀº ÀþÀº ¸ñ»ç ¾Æ¼
µõ½ºµ¥ÀÏÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ³ª¼ ÁËÀǽĿ¡ ½Ã´Þ¸®´Â ±×
ÀþÀºÀ̸¦ Á¤½ÅÀûÀ¸·Î ±«·ÓÈûÀ¸·Î½á º¹¼öÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.
Ç콺ÅÍ´Â ±× ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ¿Í °£ÅëÇÑ °ÍÀ» Å©°Ô ÈÄȸÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â,
µ¿Á¤½É ¸¹°í Àڽۨ ³ÑÄ¡´Â ¿©¼ºÀε¥, ±×³à´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§°¡
¼·Î ±íÀº »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ¼º½º·´°Ô ¸Î¾îÁ³´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. °á±¹
Ä¥¸µ¿ö½º´Â º¹¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆíÁý±¤ÀûÀÎ ÁýÂøÀ¸·Î µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î
Ÿ¶ôÇϰí, µõ½ºµ¥ÀÏÀº ½º½º·Î ÁËÀǽĿ¡ ¹«³ÊÁ® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °£Åë
ÇàÀ§¸¦ °ø°³ÀûÀ¸·Î °í¹éÇÑ µÚ Ç콺ÅÍÀÇ Ç°¾È¿¡¼ Á״´Ù.
´ÜÁö Ç콺Å͸¸ »ç¶û½º·¯¿î ¾î¸° µþÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ Áö۱â À§ÇØ
µþÀ» À¯·´À¸·Î µ¥¸®°í °¨À¸·Î½á ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ³«°üÀûÀ¸·Î
Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. |
|
The
House of the Seven Gables is a sombre study in
hereditary sin based on the legend of a curse pronounced on Hawthorne's own
family by a woman condemned to death during the witchcraft trials. The greed and
arrogant pride of the novel's Pyncheon family down the generations is mirrored
in the gloomy decay of their seven-gabled mansion, in which the family's
enfeebled and impoverished poor relations live. At the book's end the descendant
of a family long ago defrauded by the Pyncheons lifts his ancestors' curse on
the mansion and marries a young niece of the family. |
¡´Àϰö ¹Ú°øÀÇ
Áý¡µÀº ¸¶³àÀçÆÇ¿¡¼ »çÇü¼±°í¸¦ ¹ÞÀº ÇÑ ¿©ÀÚ°¡ È£¼ÕÀÇ
°¡¹®¿¡ ³»¸° ÀúÁÖ¿¡ °üÇÑ Àü¼³¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ ¼¼½ÀµÈ Á˸¦
ÁÖÁ¦·Î ÇÑ Ä§¿ïÇÑ ½ÇÇèÀÛÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ¸î ´ë¿¡
°ÉÄ£ ÇÉõ°¡ÀÇ Å½¿å°ú °Å¸¸ÇÑ ÀÚÁ¸½ÉÀº ¼èÅðÇÏ°í °¡³ÇØÁø
ÀÌ °¡¹®ÀÇ Ä£Ã´µéÀÌ ¸ð¿© »ç´Â, 7°³ÀÇ ¹Ú°øº®À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø
¾îµÒħħÇÏ°í ´Ù ¾²·¯Á®°¡´Â ÀúÅÿ¡ ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ
¼Ò¼³Àº ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ÇÉõ°¡¿¡°Ô »ç±â¸¦ ´çÇÑ ÇÑ °¡¹®ÀÇ ÀÚ¼ÕÀÌ
ÀÚ±â Á¶»óµéÀÌ ÀÌ ÀúÅÿ¡ ³»¸° ÀúÁÖ¸¦ Ç®°í ÇÉõ°¡ÀÇ ÀþÀº
Á¶Ä«µþ°ú °áÈ¥ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³¡³´Ù. |
|
In The
Marble Faun a trio of expatriate American art students in Italy become
peripherally involved to varying degrees in the murder of an unknown man; their
contact with sin transforms two of them from innocents into adults now possessed
of a mature and critical awareness of life's complexity and possibilities. |
¡´´ë¸®¼® ¸ñ½Å»ó¡µ¿¡¼´Â ±¹¿Ü·Î Ãß¹æµÈ ¹Ì±¹ Å»ýÀÇ
¹Ì¼úÇеµ 3¸íÀÌ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¿¡¼ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ³²ÀÚ¸¦ Á×ÀÌ´Â µ¥
´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô °ü¿©Çϴµ¥, ±×µé Áß µÎ »ç¶÷Àº ÁË¿Í Á¢ÃËÇϸé¼
¼øÁøÇÑ Àΰ£¿¡¼ ÀλýÀÇ º¹À⼺°ú °¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º¼÷Çϰí
ºñÆÇÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ¼ºÀÎÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾î°£´Ù. |
|
Hawthorne's high rank among American
fiction writers is the result of at least three considerations. First, he was a
skillful craftsman with an impressive arthitectonic sense of form. The structure
of The Scarlet Letter, for example, is
so tightly integrated that no chapter, no paragraph, even, could be omitted
without doing violence to the whole. The book's four characters are inextricably
bound together in the tangled web of a life situation that seems to have no
solution, and the tightly woven plot has a unity of action that rises slowly but
inexorably to the climactic scene of Dimmesdale's public confession. The same
tight construction is found in Hawthorne's other writings also, especially in
the shorter pieces, or "tales." Hawthorne was also the master of a
classic literary style that is remarkable for its directness, its clarity, its
firmness, and its sureness of idiom.
¡¡ |
È£¼ÕÀÌ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ ÀÛ°¡ Áß¿¡¼ ³ôÀº Æò°¡¸¦ ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀº
Àû¾îµµ 3°¡Áö Á¡À» °í·ÁÇÑ °á°úÀÌ´Ù. ù°, ±×´Â Çü½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÀλóÀûÀÌ°í ±¸¼ºÀûÀÎ °¨°¢À» Áö´Ñ ¼÷·ÃµÈ ÀåÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù. ¿¹¸¦
µé¸é ¡´ÁÖÈ«±Û¾¾¡µÀÇ ±¸¼ºÀº ¸Å¿ì ±ä¹ÐÇÑ ÅëÀϼºÀ» Áö´Ï°í
ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾î¶² ÀåÀ̳ª ÀýÀÌ ºüÁö¸é ÀüüÀÇ ±¸¼ºÀÌ ±úÁö°í ¸¸´Ù.
ÀÌ ¼Ò¼³ÀÇ ³× Àι°Àº °Å¹ÌÁÙó·³ ¾ôÈù Àλý»ç¿¡¼ Ç® ¼ö
¾øÀ» Á¤µµ·Î ¼·Î º¹ÀâÇÏ°Ô ¾ôÇô ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Àß Â¥ÀÎ Ç÷ÔÀº
ÀϰüµÈ ºÐÀ§±â¿¡¼ µõ½ºµ¥ÀÏÀÌ °ø°³ÀûÀÎ °í¹éÀ» ÇÏ´Â
Ŭ¶óÀ̸ƽºÀÇ Àå¸éÀ¸·Î õõÈ÷ ±×·¯³ª ³ÃȤÇÏ°Ô ¹ßÀüÇØ°£´Ù.
È£¼ÕÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÛǰµé, ƯÈ÷ 'À̾߱â'¸¦ ´Ù·é
´ÜÆí¼Ò¼³µé¿¡¼µµ ÀÌ¿Í ¶È°°ÀÌ ¿Ïº®ÇÏ°Ô Â¥ÀÎ ±¸¼ºÀ»
ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ È£¼ÕÀº Á÷Á¢¼º¡¤¸íÄèÇÔ¡¤È®°íÇÔ¡¤Á¤È®ÇÔÀ»
Ç¥ÇöÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °íÀü¹®ÇÐ ¾ç½ÄÀÇ ´ë°¡¿´´Ù. |
|
A second reason for Hawthorne's
greatness is his moral insight. He inherited the Puritan tradition of moral
earnestness, and he was deeply concerned with the concepts of original sin and
guilt and the claims of law and conscience. Hawthorne rejected what he saw as
the Transcendentalists' transparent optimism about the potentialities of human
nature. Instead he looked more deeply and perhaps more honestly into life,
finding in it much suffering and conflict but also finding the redeeming power
of love. There is no Romantic escape in his works, but rather a firm and
resolute scrutiny of the psychological and moral facts of the human condition. |
µÑ°, ±×ÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÅëÂû·ÂÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â û±³µµ ÀüÅëÀ»
À̾î¹Þ¾Æ µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÁöÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿øÁË¿Í ÁËÀǽÄÀÇ °³³ä,
¹ý°ú ¾ç½ÉÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡ ±íÀº °ü½ÉÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù. È£¼ÕÀº
ÃÊÀýÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ Àΰ£ º»¼ºÀÇ ÀáÀç·Â¿¡ ´ëÇØ ²Ù¹Ò¾ø´Â
³«ÃµÁÖÀÇ·Î½á »ç¹°À» º¸´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇß´Ù. ´ë½Å ±×´Â ÀλýÀ»
±í°í Á¤Á÷ÇÏ°Ô µé¿©´Ùº¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±× ¼Ó¿¡¼ ¸¹Àº °íÅë°ú °¥µî,
°áÇÔÀ» ¸Þ²Ù¾îÁÖ´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ ÈûÀ» ¹ß°ßÇß´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰ¿¡´Â
³¶¸¸ÀûÀÎ µµÇǰ¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¶°Ç¿¡¼ ½É¸®Àû¡¤µµ´öÀû
»ç½ÇµéÀ» È®°íÇÏ°í °á¿¬ÇÏ°Ô À½¹ÌÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
A third reason for Hawthorne's eminence
is his mastery of allegory and symbolism. His fictional characters' actions and
dilemmas fairly obviously express larger generalizations about the problems of
human existence. But with Hawthorne this leads not to unconvincing pasteboard
figures with explanatory labels attached but to a sombre, concentrated emotional
involvement with his characters that has the power, the gravity, and the
inevitability of true tragedy. |
¼Â°, ±×´Â ºñÀ¯¿Í »ó¡¿¡ Á¤ÅëÇÏ´Ù. ±×´Â ¼Ò¼³¿¡
µîÀåÇÏ´Â Àι°µéÀÇ Çൿ°ú µô·¹¸¶¸¦ Àΰ£ Á¸ÀçÀÇ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÈµÈ °³³äµé·Î ºÐ¸íÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
È£¼ÕÀº À̰Ϳ¡ ÇØ¼³ÀûÀΠǥÇöÀ» µ¡ºÙ¿© ¼³µæ·Âµµ ¾Ë¸ÍÀ̵µ
¾ø´Â Àι°µéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³½ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó µîÀåÀι°µéÀ»
ħ¿ïÇÏ°í ¾ÐÃàµÈ ºÐÀ§±â¿¡¼ ´Ù·ëÀ¸·Î½á Èû°ú ¹«°Ô¿Í
ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ºñ±ØÀÇ ÇÊ¿¬¼ºÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³»°í ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷
¡´ÁÖÈ«±Û¾¾¡µ¿¡¼ »ó¡À» È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇϰí Àִµ¥,
ÁÖÈ«±Û¾¾ ±× ÀÚü´Â ¾ö¹ÐÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼ ´Ü¼øÇÑ
õÁ¶°¢À¸·Î¸¸Àº º¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Æø³ÐÀº ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í ±³ÈÆÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
|
His use of symbolism in The Scarlet Letter is particularly effective, and the scarlet letter
itself takes on a wider significance and application that is out of all
proportion to its literal character as a scrap of cloth. |
È£¼ÕÀÇ ÀÛǰÀº ÁËÀÇ º¸Æí¼º°ú Àΰ£ÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ Áö´Ñ º¹À⼺¡¤¸ðÈ£¼ºÀ»
´Ù·é ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ »ó¡¼Ò¼³¿¡ °¡Àå Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ
¶Ù¾î³ ´ÜÆí¼Ò¼³µé°ú ¡´ÁÖÈ«±Û¾¾¡µ´Â ½É¸®Àû¡¤µµ´öÀû
ÅëÂû·Â¿¡¼ ¾î¶² ¹Ì±¹ ÀÛ°¡µµ ´É°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±íÀ̸¦
º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
H. H. Waggoner ±Û |
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Hawthorne's work initiated the most
durable tradition in American fiction, that of the symbolic romance that assumes
the universality of guilt and explores the complexities and ambiguities of man's
choices. His greatest short stories and The
Scarlet Letter are marked by a depth of psychological and moral insight
seldom equaled and never surpassed by any American writer.
MAJOR WORKS. Novels. Fanshawe, a Tale (1828); The Scarlet Letter (1850); The
House of the Seven Gables (1851); The
Blithedale Romance (1852); The Marble
Faun: Or, the Romance of Monte Beni (British title, Transformation, 1860). (Unfinished novels): Septimius Felton (1872); The
Dolliver Romance, and Other Pieces (1876); Doctor Grimshawe's Secret (1883); The Ancestral Footstep (1883).
Stories.
Twice-Told Tales, including "The
Gray Champion," "The Gentle Boy," "A Rill from the Town
Pump," "The Great Carbuncle," "Sights from a Steeple,"
and "Dr. Heidegger's Experiment" (1837); 2nd enl. ed., including also
"The Celestial Railroad" (1842); Mosses from an Old Manse (1846); The Snow-Image, and Other Tales (1851; also published as The
Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales, 1852). (Stories for Children): Grandfather's
Chair (1841); Famous Old People
(1841); Liberty Tree (1841); Biographical
Stories for Children (1842); A Wonder
Book for Girls and Boys (1851); Tanglewood
Tales for Girls and Boys (1853).
Biography.
Life of Franklin Pierce (1852).
Autobiographical.
Our Old Home: A Series of English Sketches (1863);
Passages from the American Note-Books of
Nathaniel Hawthorne (1868); Passages
from the English Note-Books of Nathaniel Hawthorne (1870); Passages
from the French and Italian Note-Books of Nathaniel Hawthorne (1871). |
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Nina E. Browne, A Bibliography of Nathaniel Hawthorne (1905, reprinted 1967); C.E.
Frazer Clark, Jr., Nathaniel Hawthorne: A
Descriptive Bibliography (1978); Buford Jones, A Checklist of Hawthorne Criticism, 1951-1966 (1967); Hawthorne's
Works, "Riverside Edition," 12 vol. (1904); The
Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, 14 vol. (1963-80);
N.H. Pearson (ed.), The Complete Novels
and Selected Tales of Nathaniel Hawthorne (1937); Henry James, Hawthorne
(1879), the earliest critical study, still valuable; Randall Stewart, Nathaniel
Hawthorne: A Biography (1948), still definitive, though it lacks insight
into Hawthorne's inner life; Arlin Turner, Nathaniel
Hawthorne: A Biography (1980), a
thorough account of Hawthorne's reactions to the world in which he lived but
also lacking on Hawthorne's inner life; Hyatt H. Waggoner, Hawthorne: A Critical Study, rev. ed. (1963); R.H. Pearce (ed.), Hawthorne
Centenary Essays (1964); Frederick C. Crews, The
Sins of the Fathers: Hawthorne's Psychological Themes (1966); B. Bernard
Cohen (ed.), The Recognition of Nathaniel
Hawthorne (1969), a collection of representative critical responses from the
earliest to the present century. |
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Âü°í¹®Çå (È£¼Õ)
- Àú¼
- The Centenary Edition of the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, 14 vol.
Nathaniel Hawthorne : Roy H. Pearce (et al. ed.), Ohio State Univ. Press.,
1968
- ÁÖÈ«±Û¾¾(¼¼°è¹®ÇдëÀüÁý
A ¼¼Æ® 30) : N.
È£¼Õ, ÀÌÁ¤±â ¿ª,
±Ý¼ºÃâÆÇ»ç, 1990
- Å«¹ÙÀ§ ¾ó±¼(ÇѱÇÀÇ Ã¥ 7) : N.
È£¼Õ, ±è½ÂÈñ ¿ª,
Çпø»ç,
1986
- ÀÌ»óÇÑ ¾ê±âÃ¥ : N. È£¼Õ,
ÀÌ¿µÃ¶ ¿ª, ±Û¹þÁý, 1954
- ÇÏÀ̵¥°Å ¹Ú»çÀÇ ½ÇÇè : N. È£¼Õ,
ä°ü¼® ¿ª, À»À¯¹®È»ç,
1950
- ¿¬±¸¼
- 19¼¼±â ¹Ì±¹¼Ò¼³ÀÇ ÀÌÇØ :
±ÇÁ¾ÁØ ¿Ü, Çü¼³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1993
- ³Ê»õ´Ï¾ó È£¼Õ ¿¬±¸ : ³ëâ½Ä,
ÇѽŹ®È»ç, 1992
- °³°í ¹Ì±¹¹®Çлç : ±èº´Ã¶,
ÇѽŹ®È»ç, 1992
- È£¼Õ : ±è¿µÃ¶,
Çü¼³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1983
- ³Ê»õ´Ï¾ó È£¼Õ(¿µ¹Ì¹®ÇÐÀÛ°¡³íÃÑ
1) : ¹Ú¿µÀÇ,
Çѱ¹¿µ¾î¿µ¹®ÇÐȸ Æí, Çü¼³ÃâÆÇ»ç, 1982
- ´Ù¾çÀ» À§ÇÑ º¯¸ð-È£¼ÕÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀû ¿ø¸®¿Í ½ÇÁ¦
: ¹ÚÀ͵Î,
ÇѽŹ®È»ç, 1982
- 19¼¼±â ¹Ì±¹¼Ò¼³¿¬±¸ :
À̺´ÁÖ, ¹ÎÀ½»ç, 1979
- È£¼ÕÀÇ ½ÅÈ¿Í ºñ±Ø : À̺´ÁÖ,
¼þÀü´ëÇб³ ¹Ú»çÇÐÀ§³í¹®,
1983
- È£¼Õ°ú Æ÷Å©³Ê ¿¬±¸ ¡´¿µ¾î¿µ¹®Çבּ¸¡µ 17 :
¹Ú¿µÀÇ,
Çѱ¹¿µ¾î¿µ¹®ÇÐȸ ÃæÃ»ÁöºÎ, 1980
- The Scarlett Letter¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ÁË¿Í ±¸¿øÀÇ ¹®Á¦
¡´ÀÌÈ¿©ÀÚ´ëÇб³ ´ëÇпø ¿¬±¸³íÁý¡µ 7 :
À±¹Ì°æ,
ÀÌÈ¿©ÀÚ´ëÇб³, 1977
- È£¼ÕÀÇ Night Journey Motif ¡´¼þÀü´ëÇб³ ³í¹®Áý¡µ
3 :
±è¿µÃ¶, ¼þÀü´ëÇб³, 1971
- The Scarlet Letter-ÁËÀǽÄÀÇ ¹®Á¦ ¡´¿Ü±¹¾î´ëÇб³ Çк¸¡µ
10
: °ºÀ½Ä, Çѱ¹¿Ü±¹¾î´ëÇб³, 1956
- Nathaniel Hawthorne£ºA Biography : Arlin Turner, 1980
- Hawthorne, Melville, Stephen Crane£ºA Critical Bibliography :
Theodore L. Gross¡¤Stanley Wertheim, Free Press, 1971
- The Recognition of Nathaniel Hawthorne : B. Bernard Cohen (ed.),
1969
- Hawthorne Centenary Essays : R. H. Pearce (ed.), 1964
- Hawthorne£ºA Critical Study, rev. ed. : Hyatt H. Waggoner, 1963
- Nathaniel Hawthorne : Randall Stewart, Yale Univ. Press, 1948
- Hawthorne : Henry James, 1879
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