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Philosophy
지혜의 탐구
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Philosophy
Index
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- » History of Philosophy
- » History of Western philosophy
- » Ancient Greek and Roman
philosophy
- » The beginnings of philosophy
In Greece: the Pre-Socratic philosophers
- » The maturity of Greek
philosophy
- • The ethical concerns and positions of Socrates: the Socratic method of teaching, the Influence of Socrates
- » The philosophy of Plato:
his Dialogues on Issues In politics, ethics, metaphysics,
epistemology, and cosmology, his emphasis on the relations
of mathematics to philosophy
- » The philosophy of
Aristotle: his criticism of Platonic metaphysics and
theory of knowledge, the corpus of his works on logic, his
teleological positions In biology, ethics, and politics, his
empirical researches In the natural sciences and on laws and
political Institutions
- • Megarian school
- » Hellenlstic and Roman
philosophy: developments from the time of Alexander III the
Great to the closing of the philosophical schools In Athens
- • Elea
- • logos
- » Philosophy In the Middle Ages
- » Early medieval philosophy
- » The patristic period:
Augustine's use of Neoplatonist thought In his theology and his
doctrine of man, the role of Boethius' translations and
commentaries, Anselm's proofs of the existence of God, the
methodology of Abelard
- • patristic literature
- • Ambrose, SAINT
- • Anselm OF CANTERBURY, SAINT
- • Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus
- • Gaunilo
- • Gilbert CRISPIN
- • Gregory OF NAZIANZUS, SAINT
- • Gregory OF NYSSA, SAINT
- • John OF DAMASCUS, SAINT
- • Nemesius OF EMESA
- • Philoponus, John
- • Pseudo-Dionysius THE AREOPAGITE
- » Philosophy and the liberal
arts In the schools of the Christian West from the 9th to the
11th century
- • Berengar OF TOURS
- • Erigena, John Scotus
- • Italus, John
- • William OF CHAMFEAUX
- • Psellus, Michael (Constantine)
- » The contribution of Arabic
and Jewish philosophy: the role of the Islamic philosophers In
Increasing the Influence of Aristotle In the West, the teaching'
of Solomon ibn Gabirol and Maimonides
- • Latin Averroism
- • Anatoli, Jacob
- • Averroes
- • Avicenna
- • Bar Hebraeus
- • Gundisalvo, Domingo
- • ibn Ezra, Abraham Gen Meir
- • ibn Gabirol
- • ibn Miskawayh
- • ibn Tibbon, Moses ben Samuel
- • Judah ha-Levi
- • Maimonides, Moses
- • Raimunao, Don
- • Razi, ar-
- • Scot, Michael
- • Tusi, Nasir ad-DIn at-
- » The age of the Schoolmen: the
attempt to reconcile philosophy and theology, the teaching of
Bonaventure and Alhertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas' synthesis of
Arlstotellanlsm. and Christian theology
- • scholasticism
- • Thomisrn
- • Abelard, Peter
- • Alain DE LILLE
- • Albertus MAGNUS, SAINT
- • Alexander OF HALES
- • Bacon, Roger
- • Bernard DE CHARTRES
- • Bonaventure, SAINT
- • Cyclones, Demethus :
- • Cyclones, Prochorus
- • Giles OF ROME
- • Godfrey OF FONTAINES
- • Henry OF GHENT
- • Hugh OF SAINT-VICTOR
- • Isaac OF STELLA
- • John OF PARIS
- • Siger DE BRABANT
- • William OF AUVERGNE
- • William OF AUXERRE
- » Philosophy In the late Middle
Ages: new styles of philosophy and theology that vied with
Thomisrn, the criticism of Aristotelian thought by Duns Scotus
and Ockham, the speculative mysticism of Eckehart, Nicholas of
Cusa's doctrine of the "coincidence of opposites"
- • Ockham's razor
- • Achilini, Alessandro
- • Baconthorpe, John
- • Biel, Gabriel
- • Bradwardine, Thomas
- • Bruno, Giordano
- • Cajetan
- • Capreolus, Jean'
- • Duns Scotus, John
- • Durandus OF SAINT-POURCAIN
- • Eckhart.MEISTER
- • Francis OF MEYRONNES
- • Gemistus Plethon, George I
- • Gennadios II SCHOLARIOS
- • Gregory OF RIMINI
- • James, Henry
- • John OFMIRECOURT
- • Llull, Ramon
- • Nicholas OF AUTRECOURT
- • Nicholas OF CUSA
- • Ockham, William of
- • Petrus AUREOLI
- • Suarez, Francisco
- • William DELA MARE
- • Aristotelianism
- • Peter LOMBARD
- • William OF MOERBEKE
- • William OF SAINT-THIERRY
- » Modern philosophy
- » Philosophy In the Renaissance
- » Political theory: the
views of Machiavellli, Bodin, Hobbes, Grotius, and
others on the nature and moral status of political power
- » Humanism: the influence
of the writings of Plato on moral theory and literary
endeavour, renewed Interest In Atomistic Materialism,
ancient Skepticism, and Stoicism
- » Philosophy of nature: the
pluralistic, machinelike, and mathematically ordered
character ascribed to the natural world, the Influence of
discoveries in anatomy, physics, and astronomy on philosophy
- • Alexandrist
- • Renaissance
- • Charron, Plerre
- • Ficino. Marsilio
- • John OF SAINT THOMAS
- • Nifo, Agostino
- » The early modem period: the
rise of Empiricism and Rationalism
- » Developments In the
Empiricist tradition: Bacon's attempt to formulate a new
scientific method, Hobbes' theory of knowledge
- » Developments in the
Rationalist tradition: the antiempirical character of
Descartes's metaphysics and the dualism of his doctrine of
man and the world, the speculative systems of philosophy
provided by the writings of Spinoza and Leibniz
- • best of all possible worlds
- • Cartesianism
- • cogito, ergo sum
- • methodic douot
- • rnind-body dualism
- • monad
- • rationalism
- • sufficient reason, principle of
- • Buffier, Claude .
- • Clarke, Samuel
- • Clauberg, Johann
- • GeulincK, Arnold
- • Herbert (of
Cherbury), Edward Herbert, 1st Baron
- • Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm
- • Malebranche, Nicolas
- • Spinoza, Benedict de
- • Wolff, Christian, Freiherr (Baron) von
- • Cudworth, Ralph
- • Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio
- • More, Henry
- • Morns, John
- » Philosophy in the period of
the Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason
- » Epistemological Issues:
the attempt of Locke and Berkeley to Inquire into the origin
and nature of reason, Hume's science of man, Kant's critical
examination of reason
- • Developments In the philosophy of science: Materialist views, the effect of scientific discoveries on philosophical thought
- » Social and political
philosophy: the concern of Locke and Rousseau with the
freedom and equality of citizens, developments in religious
philosophy
- • genera! will
- • social contract
- • theological liberalism
- • Ballanche, Pierre-Simon
- • Butler, Joseph
- • Chubb, Thomas
- • Collins, Anthony
- • Edwards, Jonathan
- • Gracian, Baltasar
- • Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brede et de
- • Paley, William
- • Priestley, Joseph
- • Reimarus, Hermann Samuel
- • Schleiermacher, Friedrich (Ernst Daniel)
- • Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of, BARONCOOPER OF PAWLETT, BARON ASHLEY QF WIMBORNE ST. OILES
- • Aufklarung
- • Enlightenment
- • philosophe
- • Alemoert, Jean Le Rond d'
- • Argens, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, marquis d'
- • Bayle, Pierre
- • Chatelet, Gabrielle-Emille Le Tonnelier de Breteuli, Marquise du
- • Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de
- • Helvetlus, Ciaude-Adrlen
- • Herder Johann Gottfried von
- • Holbach, Paul-Henri Dietrich, baron d'
- • Vauvenargues, Luc c!e Clapiers, Marquis de
- » Philosophy in the 19th
century
- » Philosophy in the 20th
century
- » Independent speculative
and social philosophies: Bergson's intuitionism,
Whitehead's speculative philosophy, William James's and
Dewey's Pragmatism
- • creative evolution
- • event
- • instrumentalism
- • pragmatism
- • process philosophy
- • radical empiricism
- • Abbott, Lyman
- • Bergson, Henri(-Louis)
- • Blondel, Maurice (Edouard)
- • Dewey, John
- • Hartshorne, Charles
- • Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawny
- • Keyserling, Hermann Alexander, Count (Graf) von
- • Maritain, Jacques
- • Rand, Ayn
- • Tanaka Odo
- • Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre
- • Tillich, Paul (Johannes) )
- • Well, Simone
- • Whitehead, Alfred North
- » Developments in Marxist
thought: Lenin's metaphysical Materialism and his theory of
knowledge, the continuing attempt to make theory-serve
practice
- • Frankfurt School
- • neo-Thomisrn
- • New Humanism
- • object language
- • Yale school
- • Adler, Mortimer J.
- • Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund
- • Alain
- • Ayer, Sir A.J.
- • Beauvoir, Simone (Lucie -Ernestine-Mane-Bertrand) de
- • Berayayev, Nikolay Aleksandrovlch
- • Berlin, Sir Isaiah
- • Braithwaite, R.B
- • Bulgakov, Sergey Nikolayevich
- • Bultmann, Rudolf (Karl)
- • Carnap, Rudolf
- • Cassirer, Ernst
- • Chomsky, Noam
- • Collingwood, R(obin) G(eorge)
- • Croce, Benedetto
- • Derrida, Jacques
- • Florensky, Pavel Alexandrovich
- • Frank, Ericn
- • Gadamer, Hans-Georg
- • Gilson, Etienne
- • Heidegger, Martin
- • Husserl, Edmund
- • James, William
- • Jaspers, Karl (Theador)
- • Marcel, Gabriel(-Honore)
- • Meinong, Alexius
- • Moore, G(eorge) E(dward)
- • Ors y Rovira, Eugenio d'
- • Russell, Bertrand
- • Santayana, George
- • Scheler, Max
- • Schlick, Moritz
- • Stein, Edith
- • Strawson Sir Peter (Frederick)
- • Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Josef Johann)
- • materialism
- • mathematicism
- • mechanism
- • Balfour, Robert
- • category
- • dialectic
- • microcosm
- • Alcmaeon
- • Alcott, Bronson
- • Arcesilaus
- • Aristoxenus
- • Azais, Pierre-Hyacinthe
- • Barth, Paul
- • Benda, Julien
- • Bilfinger, Georg Bernhard
- • Cameades
- • Cleitomachus
- • Crates OF MALLUS
- • Crates OF THEBES
- • Diodorus CRONUS
- • Diogenes LAERTIUS
- • Durant, Will and Ariel
- • Ehrenfels, Christian, Freiherr von
- • Eudemus OF RHODES
- • Ferguson, Adam
- • Forster-Nietzsche, Elisabeth
- • Fries, Jakob Friedrich
- • Giner de Los Rios, Francisco
- • Hempel, Carl Gustav
- • Hoffer, Eric
- • Huet, Pierre-Daniel
- • Joad, C(yrill) E(dwin) M(itchinson)
- • Langer, Susanne K(nauth)
- • Laromiguiere, Pierre
- • Lotze, Rudolf Hermann
- • Mansel, Henry Longueville
- • Menedemus OF ERETRIA
- • Mercier, Desire-Joseph
- • Monrad, Marcus Jakob
- • Olympiodorus THE YOUNGER
- • Ortega y Gasset, Jose
- • Phaedo
- • Price, RIchard
- • Prichard, H.A.
- • Quine, Willard Van Orman
- • Ramus, Petrus
- • Randall. John Herman, Jr.
- • Ravaisson-Mollien, Jean-Gaspard-FeIix Lacher
- • Reid, Thomas
- • Roscelin
- • Spengler, Oswald
- • Speusippus
- • Stanley, Thomas
- • Stilpon
- • Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf
- • Vair, Guillaume du
- • Voegelin, Eric (Herman-Wilhelm)
- • Weininger, Otto)
- » Non-Western philosophy
- » Indian philosophy
- » Early Indian philosophical
thought: the role of Hindu and Buddhist sacred literature in
presystematic philosophy, the concepts of Brahman and atman in
Hindu thought and of selflessness and Nirvana in early Buddhist
writings
- » The oeglnning of system
building In Indian'philosophy: the'rCile' of the' sutra,
metaphysical and epistemological concerns, ethical and political
thought, the teaching of the Ajivikas and Carvakas
- » The further developments of
systematic thought in India: Realism and Idealism In
metaphysical and epistemological thought, the relation of
pluralistic and monistic views to various linguistic
philosophies
- » The schools of Vedanta: the
contricution of Shankara and Ramanuja and their followers; the
schools of Nimbarka, Vallabha, and Caitanya
- » The Valsnava and Shalva
schools: philosophical systems based on the literature of
Vaisnavism and Shalvlsrn
- » Later Indian philosophical
thought:: the influence of Islamic thought and European
philosophy, recent trends
- • akriyavada
- • astika
- • bhasya
- • darshan
- • dharma
- • Hatha Yoga
- • Hinduism
- • Indian philosophy
- • indriya
- • jnana
- • karma
- • moksha
- • phala
- • samadhi
- • samsara
- • upadhi
- • Abhinavagupta
- • Aurobindo, Shri
- • Bhartrhari
- • Dasgupta, S(urendra) N(ath)
- • Kabir
- • Madhavacarya
- • Raghunatha Shromani
- • Vallabha
- • Vedantadeshika
- » Chinese philosophy
- » Japanese philosophy
- » Philosophies associated with religion
- » Hindu philosophy
- » Buddhist philosophy
- » Confucian philosophy
- » Taoist philosophy
- » Jewish phl!osophy
- • Abraham bar Hiyya'
- • Acosta, Uriel
- • AIbalag, Isaac
- • AIbo, Joseph
- • Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda
- • Buber, Martin
- • Crescas, Hasdai ben Abraham
- • Formstecher, Solomon
- • Heschel, Abraham Joshua
- • Hillel ben Samuel
- • Ibn Daud. Abraham ben David Halevi
- • Ibn Falaquera
- • Ibn Shem Tov, Joseph ben Shem Tov
- • Ibn Tibon, Samuel ben JJudah
- • Israeli, Isaac ben Solomon
- • Krochmal, Nachman
- • Lazarus, Moritz
- • Levi ben Gershom
- • Maimon, Salomon
- • Maimoniaes. Moses
- • Mendelssohn, Moses
- • Mukammas, David al-
- • Rosenzweig, Franz
- • Sa'adia ben Joseph
- » Islamic philosophy
- » Christian philosophy
- » The Nature and the
Divisions of Philosophy
- » The nature, scope, and methods of
philosophy
- » The divisions of philosophy
- » Metaphysics, or speculative
philosophy In general
- » The history, nature, and
scope of metaphysics
- • The relation of metaphysics to other parts of philosophy; e.g., ethics, logic, natural theology
- » Problems in metaphysics
- • metaphysics
- • spiritualism
- • Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz
- • Baxter, Andrew
- • Beneke, Friedrich Eduard
- • Brown, Thomas
- • Carlini, Armando
- • Deborin, Abram Moiseyevich
- • Duhem, Pierre(-Maurice-Marie)
- • Genovesi Antonio
- • Hamilton, Sir William, 9TH BARONET
- • Hartmann, (Karl Robert) Eduard von
- • Heidegger, Martin
- • Lavelle, Louis
- • Lossky, Nikolay Onufriyevich
- • Meyerson, Emile
- • Miura Baien
- • Paul OF VENICE
- • Plessner, Helmuth
- • Price, H.H.
- • Stace, W(alter) T(erence)
- • Warens, Louise-Eleanore de la Tour.du Pil, baronne de
- • Zubiri, Xavier
- » The philosophy of nature: the
philosophical problems concerning the phenomena, laws, and theories
of the natural sciences
- » Epistemology, or theory of
knowledge
- » The philosophy of mind, or
philosophical psychology
- » The philosophy of man or
philosophical anthropology
- » Ethics, or moral philosophy
- » The history, nature, and
types of ethics: the distinction between metaethics and
normative ethics
- • axiology
- • comparative ethics
- • deontological ethics
- • Ethical Culture
- • hubris
- • metaethics
- • moral theology
- • normative ethics
- • teleological ethics
- • Antoninus, SAINT
- • Bentham, Jeremy
- • Braithwaite, R.B.
- • Busenbaum, Hermann
- • Butler, Joseph
- • Charron, Pierre
- • Epicurus
- • Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio
- • Hall, Joseph
- • ibn Miskawayh
- • Law, William
- • Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapiers, Marquis de
- • The relation of ethics to other philosophical disciplines or to other branches of knowledge or experience
- » Problems In ethics
- • ethics
- • Aristippus
- • Austin, John Langshaw
- • Hutcheson, Francis
- • Mandeville, Bernard de
- • Ross, Sir David
- • Sidgwick, Henry
- • Toulmin, Stephen Edelston
- » Political philosophy
- » The nature and scope of
political philosophy: its relation to political science
- • The form of political statements and arguments
- » The history of political
philosophy
- • classless society
- • constitution
- • corporatism
- • divine right of kings
- • Federalist, The
- • Fourierism
- • general will
- • human rights
- • Ideology'
- • Kapital, Das
- • Marxism
- • nomos
- • philosophical radical
- • powers, separation of
- • revisionism
- • Silhak
- • social contract
- • syndicalism
- • Althusius, Johannes
- • Aron, Raymond (-Claude-Ferdinand)
- • Berlin, Sir Isaiah
- • Bodin, Jean
- • Bolingbroke, Henry Saint John, 1st Viscount, BARON SAINTJOHN ..OF LYDIARD TREEOOZE
- • Bonald, Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise, vicomte de
- • Ferrari, Giuseppe
- • Goshlicki Wawrzyniec
- • Han-fei-tzu
- • Harrington, James
- • Hobhous, , Leonard Trelawny
- • Kropotkin, Peter Alekseyevich.
- • Machiavelli, Niccolo
- • Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de la Brede et de
- • Niebuhr, Reinhold
- • Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich
- • Quinet, Edgar
- • Rodo, Jose Enrique
- • Saavedra Fajardo, Diego de
- • anarchism .
- • communism
- • conservatism
- • dialectical materialism
- • Frankfurt School
- • political philosophy
- • Utopia
- • Burke, Edmund
- • Chamberlain, Houston Stewart
- • Godwin, William
- • Grant, George (Parkin)
- • Jellinek, Georg
- • Maistre, Joseph de
- • Marcuse, Herbert
- • Marsllius OF PADUA
- • Paine, Thomas
- • Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul
- • Salmasius, Claudius
- • Strauss, Leo
- » Aesthetics
- » The philosophy of language
- » The philosophy of logic
- » The philosophy of mathematics
- • The philosophy of art
- » The philosophy of science
- » The philosophy of religion
- » The philosophy of law
- » The philosophy of education
- » The philosophy of history
- • teleology
- » Philosophical Schools and
Doctrines
- » Major philosophical schools in the
West
- » Philosophical schools in
antiquity and in the Middle Ages
- » Philosophical schools in the
modern period
- » Cartesianism
- » Empiricism
- » Rationalism
- » Materialism
- » Kantianism
- » Idealism
- • Absolute Idealism
- • idealism
- • personalism
- • solipsism
- • subjective idealism
- • transcendental ego
- • transcendental Idealism
- • Bradley, Francis) H(erbert)
- • Brunschvicg, Leon
- • Collier, Arthur
- • Creighton, James Edwin
- • Eucken, Rudolf Christoph
- • Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
- • Flewelling, Ralph Tyler
- • Forberg, Friedrich Karl
- • Gentile, Giovanni
- • Green, T(homas) H(ill)
- • Hams, William Torrey
- • Hartmann, Nicolai
- • Jacob, Friedrich Heinrich
- • Renouvier, Charles-Bernard
- • Royce, Josiah
- » Hegelianism
- » Utilitarianism
- » Positivism and Logical
Empiricism
- • constitution theory
- • event
- • Logical Positivism
- • positivism
- • protocol sentence
- • reductionism
- • unified science
- • Unity of Science movement
- • verifiability principle
- • Vienna Circle
- • Avenarius, Richard (Heinrich Ludwig)
- • Ayer, Sir A.J.
- • Carnap, Rudolf
- • Congreve, Richard
- • Duhrihg,(Karl) Eugen
- • Harrison, Fredric
- • Laffitte, Pierre
- • Lewes, George Henry
- • Reichenbach, Mans
- • Schlick, Moritz
- » Marxism
- » Realism
- » Pragmatism
- » Phenomenology
- » Existentialism
- » Analytic and Linguistic
philosophy
- • Moore, G(eorge) E(dward)
- » Theories of Being and existence
- » Different types of metaphysical
theory: Platonism; Aristotelianism; Thomism; Cartesianism; Idealism;
Materialism-dialectical Materialism, Atomism, and Naturalism;
Pythagoreanism; Organismic dynamism
- » Different views concerning the
existence, attributes, and knowledge of God: agnosticism, atheism,
Deism, fideism, humanism, pantheism, theism
- » Different conceptions of man as
knower, doer, and maker: Existentialism, humanism, Phenomenology,
Pragmatism, rationalism, Irrationalism
- » Different views concerning the
existence of the mind and its relation to the body: Materialism,
dualism, immaterialism
- • ontology
- • spiritualism
- » Theories of thought, knowledge, and
faculties of mind
- » Different conceptions of the
object of knowledge: sense-datum theory, Phenomenalism, idealism,
Realism
- » Different conceptions of the
validity of knowledge: Kantianism, positivism, pragmatism,
Skepticism
- » Different views of the sources or
foundations of knowledge: rationalism, Empiricism
- » Different views of the status of
the universal: realism, conceptualism, nominalism
- » Different views of the epistemic
status of scientific theories, e.g. realism, conventionalism, and
operationalism, the Unity of Science movement, reductionism
- • epistemology
- • realism
- » Theories of conduct
- • Philosophy
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