|
Nationalism
may be defined as a state of mind in which the individual feels that everyone
owes his supreme secular loyalty to the nation-state. Nationalism is a modern
movement. Throughout history men have been attached to their native soil, to the
traditions of their parents, and to established territorial authorities; but it
was not until the end of the 18th century that nationalism began to be a
generally recognized sentiment molding public and private life and one of the
great, if not the greatest, single determining factors of modern history.
Because of its dynamic vitality and its all-pervading character, nationalism is
often thought to be very old; sometimes it is mistakenly regarded as a permanent
factor in political behaviour. Actually, the American and French revolutions may
be regarded as its first powerful manifestations. After penetrating the new
countries of Latin America it spread in the early 19th century to central Europe
and from there, toward the middle of the century, to eastern and southeastern
Europe. At the beginning of the 20th century nationalism flowered in the ancient
lands of Asia and Africa. Thus the 19th century has been called the age of
nationalism in Europe, while the 20th century has witnessed the rise and
struggle of powerful national movements throughout Asia and Africa. (see also United
States War of Independence)
Nationalism, translated into world
politics, implies the identification of the state or nation with the people--or
at least the desirability of determining the extent of the state
according to ethnographic principles. In the age of nationalism, but only in the
age of nationalism, the principle was generally recognized that each nationality
should form a state--its state--and that the state should include all members of
that nationality. Formerly states, or territories under one administration, were
not delineated by nationality. Men did not give their loyalty to the
nation-state but to other, different forms of political organization: the
city-state, the feudal fief and its lord, the dynastic state, the religious
group, or the sect. The nation-state was nonexistent during the greater part of
history, and for a very long time it was not even regarded as an ideal. In the
first 15 centuries of the Christian Era, the ideal was the universal
world-state, not loyalty to any separate political entity. The Roman Empire had
set the great example, which survived not only in the Holy
Roman Empire of the Middle Ages but also
in the concept of the res publica
christiana ("Christian republic" or community) and in its later
secularized form of a united world civilization. (see also Roman
Republic and Empire)
As political allegiance, before the age
of nationalism, was not determined by nationality, so civilization was not
thought of as nationally determined. During the Middle Ages civilization was
looked upon as determined religiously; for all the different nationalities of
Christendom as well as for those of Islam there was but one
civilization--Christian or Muslim--and but one language of culture--Latin (or
Greek) or Arabic (or Persian). Later, in the periods of the Renaissance and of
Classicism, it was the ancient Greek and Roman civilizations that became a
universal norm, valid for all peoples and all times. Still later, French
civilization was accepted throughout Europe as the valid civilization for
educated people of all nationalities. It was only at the end of the 18th century
that, for the first time, civilization was considered to be determined by
nationality. It was then that the principle was put forward that a man could be
educated only in his own mother tongue, not in languages of other civilizations
and other times, whether they were classical languages or the literary creations
of other peoples who had reached a high degree of civilization. (see also education, history of )
From the end of the 18th century on, the
nationalization of education and public life went hand in hand with the
nationalization of states and political loyalties. Poets and scholars began to
emphasize cultural nationalism first. They reformed the mother tongue, elevated
it to the rank of a literary language, and delved deep into the national past.
Thus they prepared the foundations for the political claims for national
statehood soon to be raised by the people in whom they had kindled the spirit.
Before the 18th century there had been
evidences of national feeling among certain groups at certain periods,
especially in times of stress and conflict. The rise of national feeling to
major political importance was encouraged by a number of complex developments:
the creation of large, centralized states ruled by absolute monarchs who
destroyed the old feudal allegiances; the secularization of life and of
education, which fostered the vernacular languages and weakened the ties of
church and sect; the growth of commerce, which demanded larger territorial units
to allow scope for the dynamic spirit of the rising middle classes and their
capitalistic enterprise. This large, unified territorial state, with its
political and economic centralization, became imbued in the 18th century with a
new spirit--an emotional fervour similar to that of religious movements in
earlier periods. Under the influence of the new theories of the sovereignty
of the people and the rights of man, the people replaced the king as the centre
of the nation. No longer was the king the nation or the state; the state had
become the people's state, a national state, a fatherland. State became
identified with nation, as civilization became identified with national
civilization.
That development ran counter to the
conceptions that had dominated political thought for the preceding 2,000 years.
Hitherto man had commonly stressed the general and the universal and had
regarded unity as the desirable goal. Nationalism stressed the particular and
parochial, the differences, and the national individualities. Those tendencies
became more pronounced as nationalism developed. Its less attractive
characteristics were not at first apparent. In the 17th and 18th centuries the
common standards of Western civilization, the regard for the universally human,
the faith in reason (one and the same everywhere) as well as in common sense,
the survival of Christian and Stoic traditions--all of these were still too
strong to allow nationalism to develop fully and to disrupt society. Thus
nationalism in its beginning was thought to be compatible with cosmopolitan
convictions and with a general love of mankind, especially in western Europe and
North America.
The first full manifestation of modern
nationalism occurred in 17th-century England, in
the Puritan revolution. England had become the leading nation in scientific
spirit, in commercial enterprise, in political thought and activity. Swelled by
an immense confidence in the new age, the English people felt upon their
shoulders the mission of history, a sense that they were at a great turning
point from which a new true reformation and a new liberty would start. In the
English revolution an optimistic humanism merged with Calvinist ethics; the
influence of the Old Testament gave form to the new nationalism by identifying
the English people with ancient Israel.
The new message, carried by the new
people not only for England but for all mankind, was expressed in the writings
of John Milton, in whose famous vision the idea
of liberty was seen spreading from Britain, "celebrated for endless ages as
a soil most genial to the growth of liberty" to all the corners of the
earth.
Surrounded by congregated multitudes, I
now imagine that . . . I behold the nations of the earth recovering that liberty
which they so long had lost; and that the people of this island are . . .
disseminating the blessings of civilization and freedom among cities, kingdoms
and nations.
English nationalism then was thus much
nearer to its religious matrix than later nationalisms that rose after
secularization had made greater progress. The nationalism of the 18th century
shared with it, however, its enthusiasm for liberty, its humanitarian character,
its emphasis upon the individual and his rights and upon the human community as
above all national divisions. The rise of English nationalism coincided with the
rise of the English trading middle classes. It found its final expression in John
Locke's political philosophy, and it was in that form that it influenced American
and French nationalism in the following century. (see also French
Revolution)
American nationalism was a typical
product of the 18th century. British settlers in North America were influenced
partly by the traditions of the Puritan revolution and the ideas of Locke and
partly by the new rational interpretation given to English liberty by
contemporary French philosophers. American settlers became a nation engaged in a
fight for liberty and individual rights. They based that fight on current
political thought, especially as expressed by Thomas Jefferson and Thomas Paine.
It was a liberal and humanitarian nationalism that regarded America as in the
vanguard of mankind on its march to greater liberty, equality, and happiness for
all. The ideas of the 18th century found their first political realization in
the Declaration of Independence and in the birth of the American nation. Their
deep influence was felt in the French Revolution.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
had prepared the soil for the growth of French nationalism by his stress on
popular sovereignty and the general cooperation of all in forming the national
will, and also by his regard for the common people as the true depository of
civilization.
The nationalism of the French Revolution
was more than that: it was the triumphant expression of a rational faith in
common humanity and liberal progress. The famous slogan "liberty, equality,
fraternity" and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
were thought valid not only for the French people but for all peoples.
Individual liberty, human equality, fraternity of all peoples: these were the
common cornerstones of all liberal and democratic nationalism. Under their
inspiration new rituals were developed that
partly took the place of the old religious feast days, rites, and ceremonies:
festivals and flags, music and poetry, national holidays and patriotic sermons.
In the most varied forms, nationalism permeated all manifestations of life. As
in America, the rise of French nationalism produced a new phenomenon in the art
of warfare: the nation in arms. In America and in France, citizen armies,
untrained but filled with a new fervour, proved superior to highly trained
professional armies that fought without the incentive of nationalism. The
revolutionary French nationalism stressed free individual decision in the
formation of nations. Nations were constituted by an act of self-determination
of their members. The plebiscite became the instrument whereby the will of the
nation was expressed. In America as well as in revolutionary France, nationalism
meant the adherence to a universal progressive idea, looking toward a common
future of freedom and equality, not toward a past characterized by
authoritarianism and inequality.
Napoleon's armies spread the spirit of
nationalism throughout Europe and even into the Near East, while at the same
time, across the Atlantic, it aroused the Latin Americans. But Napoleon's yoke
of conquest turned the nationalism of the Europeans against France. In Germany
the struggle was led by writers and intellectuals, who rejected all the
principles upon which the American and the French revolutions had been based as
well as the liberal and humanitarian aspects of nationalism. (see also Napoleonic
Wars)
German nationalism began to stress
instinct against reason; the power of historical tradition against rational
attempts at progress and a more just order; the historical differences between
nations rather than their common aspirations. The French Revolution, liberalism,
and equality were regarded as a brief aberration, against which the eternal
foundations of societal order would prevail.
That German interpretation was shown to
be false by the developments of the 19th century. Liberal nationalism reasserted
itself and affected more and more people: the rising middle class and the new
proletariat. The revolutionary wave of 1848, the year of "the spring of the
peoples," seemed to realize the hopes of nationalists such as Giuseppe
Mazzini, who had devoted his life to the unification of the Italian
nation by democratic means and to the brotherhood of all free nations. Though
his immediate hopes were disappointed, the 12 years from 1859 to 1871 brought
the unification of Italy and Romania, both with the help of Napoleon III, and of
Germany; at the same time the 1860s saw great progress in liberalism, even in
Russia and Spain. The victorious trend of liberal nationalism, however, was
reversed in Germany by Bismarck. He unified
Germany on a conservative and authoritarian basis and defeated German
liberalism. The German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine against the will of the
inhabitants was contrary to the idea of nationalism as based upon the free will
of man. The people of Alsace-Lorraine were held to be German by objective
factors, by race, independent of their will or of their allegiance to any
nationality of their choice.
In the second half of the 19th century,
nationalism disintegrated the supranational states of the Habsburgs and the
Ottoman sultans, both of which were based upon prenational loyalties. In Russia,
the penetration of nationalism produced two opposing schools of thought. Some
nationalists proposed a westernized Russia, associated with the progressive,
liberal forces of the rest of Europe. Others stressed the distinctive character
of Russia and Russianism, its independent and different destiny based upon its
autocratic and orthodox past. These Slavophiles,
similar to and influenced by German romantic thinkers, saw Russia as a future
saviour of a West undermined by liberalism and the heritage of the American and
French revolutions.
One of the consequences of World
War I was the triumph of nationalism in central and eastern Europe. From
the ruins of the Habsburg and Romanov empires emerged the new nation-states of
Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Yugoslavia and Romania. Those states
in turn, however, were to be strained and ravaged by their own internal
nationality conflicts and by nationalistic disputes over territory with their
neighbours.
Russian nationalism was in part
suppressed after Lenin's victory in 1917, when the Bolsheviks took over the old
empire of the tsars. But the Bolsheviks also claimed the leadership of the world
Communist movement, which was to become an
instrument of the national policies of the Russians.
During World War II Stalin appealed to
nationalism and patriotism in rallying the Russians against foreign invaders.
After the war he found nationalism one of the strongest obstacles to the
expansion of Soviet power in eastern Europe. National
communism, as it was called, became a divisive force in the Soviet bloc.
In 1948 Tito, the Communist leader of Yugoslavia, was denounced by Moscow as a
nationalist and a renegade; nationalism was a strong factor in the rebellious
movements in Poland and Hungary in the fall of 1956; and subsequently its
influence was also felt in Romania and Czechoslovakia and again in Poland in
1980.
Nationalism began to appear in Asia
and Africa after World War I. It produced such
leaders as Kemal Atatürk in Turkey, Sa'd
Pasha Zaghul in Egypt, Ibn Sa'ud in the Arabian peninsula, Mahatma
Gandhi in India, and Sun Yat-sen in China. Atatürk succeeded in replacing
the medieval structure of the Islamic monarchy with a revitalized and
modernized secular republic in 1923. Demands for Arab unity were frustrated in
Africa and Asia by British imperialism and in Africa by French imperialism. Yet
Britain may have shown a gift for accommodation with the new forces by helping
to create an independent Egypt (1922; completely, 1936) and Iraq (1932) and
displayed a similar spirit in India, where the Indian National Congress, founded
in 1885 to promote a liberal nationalism inspired by the British model, became
more radical after 1918. Japan, influenced by Germany, used modern industrial
techniques in the service of a more authoritarian nationalism.
The progress of nationalism in Asia and
Africa is reflected in the histories of the League of Nations after World War I
and of the United Nations after World War II. The Treaty of Versailles, which
provided for the constitution of the League of Nations,
also reduced the empires of the defeated Central Powers, mainly Germany and
Turkey. The league distributed Germany's African colonies as mandates to Great
Britain, France, Belgium, and South Africa, and its Pacific possessions to
Japan, Australia, and New Zealand under various classifications according to
their expectations of achieving independence. Among the League's original
members, there were only five Asian countries (China, India, Japan, Thailand,
and Iran) and two African countries (Liberia and South Africa), and it added
only three Asian countries (Afghanistan, Iraq, and Turkey) and two African
countries (Egypt and Ethiopia) before it was dissolved in 1946. Of the mandated
territories under the League's control, only Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria achieved
independence during its lifetime.
Of the original 51 members of the United
Nations in 1945, eight were Asian (China, India, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon,
Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Turkey) and four were African (the same as in the
League). By 1980, 35 years after its founding, the United Nations had added more
than 100 member nations, most of them Asian and African. Whereas Asian and
African nations had never totalled even one-third of the membership in the
League, they came to represent more than one-half of the membership of the
United Nations. Of these new Asian and African nations, several had been
created, entirely or in part, from mandated territories.
After World War
II, India, Pakistan, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma, and Malaya (Malaysia) in
Asia, and Ghana in Africa achieved independence peacefully from the British
Commonwealth, as did the Philippines from the United States. Other territories
had to fight hard for their independence in bitter colonial wars, as in French
Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) and French North Africa (Tunisia, Algeria).
Communism recruited supporters from within the ranks of the new nationalist
movements in Asia and Africa, first by helping them in their struggles against
Western capitalist powers, and later, after independence was achieved, by
competing with Western capitalism in extending financial and technical aid. Chinese
nationalism under Chiang Kai-shek during World War II was diminished with the
takeover of the Chinese Communists. But Chinese Communism soon began to drift
away from supranational Communism, as the European Communist countries had
earlier. By the late 1960s Russian and Chinese mutual recriminations revealed a
Chinese nationalism in which Mao Tse-tung had risen to share the place of honour
with Lenin. As Chinese Communism turned further and further inward, its
influence on new Asian and African nations waned.
Ambitions among new Asian and African
nations clashed. The complex politics of the United Nations illustrated the
problems of the new nationalism. The struggle with Dutch colonialism that
brought the establishment of Indonesia continued with the UN mediation of the
dispute over West Irian (Irian Jaya). In the Suez crisis of 1956, UN forces
intervened between those of Egypt and Israel. Continuing troubles in the Middle
East, beginning with the establishment of Israel and including inter-Arab state
disputes brought on by the establishment of the United Arab Republic, concerned
the UN. Other crises involving the UN included: the India-Pakistan dispute over
Jammu and Kashmir; the Korean partition and subsequent war; the four-year
intervention in the Congo; the struggle of Greece and Turkey over newly
independent Cyprus; and Indonesian and Philippine objection to the inclusion of
Sarawak and Sabah (North Borneo) in newly formed Malaysia.
Many new nations, all sharing the same
pride in independence, faced difficulties. As a result of inadequate preparation
for self-rule, the first five years of independence in the Congo passed with no
semblance of a stable government. The problem of widely different peoples and
languages was exemplified in Nigeria, where an uncounted population included an
uncounted number of tribes (at least 150, with three major divisions) that used
an uncounted number of languages (more than 100 language and dialect clusters).
The question of whether the predominantly Muslim state of Jammu and Kashmir
should go with Muslim Pakistan or Hindu India lasted for more than 20 years
after the India Independence Act became effective in 1949. Desperate economic
competition caused trouble, as in Israel where the much-needed waters of the
Jordan River kept it in constant dispute with its water-hungry Arab neighbours.
In Europe the spirit of nationalism
appeared to wane after World War II with the establishment of international
economic, military, and political organizations such as NATO, the European Coal
and Steel Community, Euratom, and the Common Market. But the policies pursued by
France under Pres. Charles de Gaulle and the problem of a divided Germany showed
that the appeal of the nation-state was still very much alive. (
H.K./Ed.)
|
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ (ÚÅðéñ«ëù, nationalism)
»ç¶÷µéÀº ´©±¸³ª ¹ÎÁ·±¹°¡(±¹¹Î±¹°¡)¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÃÖ°íÀÇ
Ãæ¼º½ÉÀ» ǰ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â ½ÅÁ¶.
±¹°¡°¡ ±¹Á¦Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿øÄ¢À̳ª °³ÀÎ ¼öÁØÀÇ ÀÌÇØ°ü°èº¸´Ùµµ
´õ¿í Å« Á߿伺À» °®´Â´Ù´Â ÁÖÀǷμ Á¤Ã¥À̳ª
»ç»óü°è¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû °ßÇØ¶ó°í ÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù.
¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î´Â Àڱ⠹ÎÁ·À» ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·À̳ª ±¹°¡¿Í ±¸º°Çϰí
±× ÅëÀÏ¡¤µ¶¸³¡¤¹ßÀüÀ» ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â »ç»ó ȤÀº ¿îµ¿À̸ç,
Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¹ÎÁ·À» »çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ±âº»´ÜÀ§·Î º¸°í ±×
ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ±¹°¡Àû ¼Ò¼ÓÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ·Á´Â ÀÔÀåÀ̶ó°í
¿ä¾àÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϹÎÁ·(ìéÚÅðé) Àϱ¹°¡(ìéÏÐÊ«)ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¸¦
ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â ÀÚ°¢Àû ¹ÎÁ·ÀǽÄÀÌ ¼º¸³ÇÑ
±Ù´ë ÀÌÈÄÀÇ Çö»óÀ¸·Î¼ ½Ã¹ÎÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ±Ë¸¦ °°ÀÌÇÑ´Ù.
Àå ÀÚÅ© ·ç¼Ò¿Í
¿äÇÑ °íÆ®ÇÁ¸®Æ® Ç츣´õ´Â
ÃʱâÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ »ç»ó°¡·Î À¯¸íÇÏ´Ù. °í´ë ±×¸®½º
µµ½Ã±¹°¡¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ°í ±íÀÌ ÀÚ±ØµÈ ·ç¼Ò´Â
Àΰ£ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡¼ºÇâ°ú Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Ãß±¸ »çÀÌÀÇ ±«¸®¸¦ ¸Þ²Ù±â
À§Çؼ Á¤Ä¡Àû °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ¸ðµç »ýȰ¾çÅÂÀÇ ±Ù°£À» ÀÌ·ç¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù°í º¸°í, Àü½Ã¹ÎÀÌ ÀϹÝÀÇÁö(volonté générale)ÀÇ
Çü¼º¿¡ Âü¿©ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç µ¿½Ã¿¡ Á¤Ä¡Ã¼Á¦´Â °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿©
Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ Æ¯¼ö¼ºÀ» ¿ÂÀüÈ÷ ¹Ý¿µÇؾß
ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. Ç츣´õ´Â »çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ¹®È°øµ¿Ã¼·Î¼
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ µÚ, °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ Á¤Ã¼¼ºÀ» ±ÔÁ¤Áþ´Â ÇÙ½É ¿ä¼Ò·Î¼
¹Î°£Àü½Â°ú ¹ÎÁ·Àû ÀüÅëÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» °Á¶Çß´Ù. ÇÑÆí ÈÄ´ëÀÇ M.
Ç츣Ã÷´Â °íÀüÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ '³ªÄ¡¿À´Ï½º¹«½º'(Nationismus),
È®ÀåÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ '³ªÄ¡¿À³¯¸®½º¹«½º'(Nationalismus)·Î
±¸ºÐÇÑ ¹Ù Àִµ¥, 20¼¼±â ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¡¤¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Áö¿ªÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â ÀüÀÚ¸¦, Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ¿°ÀÇ ¼¼°è ºÐÇÒÁ¤Ã¥Àº
ÈÄÀÚ¸¦ ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù.
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â ±Ù´ëÀûÀÎ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. ±× »ý¸í·Â°ú ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ
¿µÇâ·ÂÀ¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ À¯¼±íÀº »çÁ¶À̰í Á¤Ä¡ÇàÅÂÀÇ ºÒº¯Àû
¿ä¼Ò¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ßÇØµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹Ì±¹ µ¶¸³Çõ¸í°ú
ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀ» ±âÇÏ¿© ºñ·Î¼Ò ¸¸°³Çß´Ù. 19¼¼±â´Â À¯·´¿¡¼
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ½Ã´ë·Î ºÒ¸®¾ú´Ù. ³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ½Å»ý±¹µéÀÌ
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ µÚ 19¼¼±â ÃÊ¿±¿¡´Â ÁߺΠÀ¯·´À¸·Î
ÀüÆÄµÇ¾ú°í Á߹ݱ⿡´Â ³²¡¤µ¿À¯·´À¸·Î ¹øÁ®³ª°¬´Ù. 20¼¼±âÀÇ
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¡¤¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Áö¿ª¿¡¼ Ä¡¿ÇÑ
ÅõÀï¾ç»óÀ» º¸¿´´Ù. 18¼¼±â°¡ µÇ±â±îÁö ±¹°¡³ª ¿µÅä´Â
¹ÎÁ·¼º¿¡ µû¶ó¼ ±ÔÁ¤µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò°í »ç¶÷µéÀº µµ½Ã±¹°¡, ºÀÅ䡤¿µÁÖ¡¤¿ÕÁ¶±¹°¡¡¤Á¾±³´Üü¡¤±³ÆÄ
µî¿¡ ¹¿© ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹ÎÁ·±¹°¡ÀÇ °³³äÀº ¿ª»ç»ó ´ë´ÜÈ÷ »õ·Î¿î
°ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, °ú°Å¿¡´Â ÀÌ»óÀû ±¹°¡ÇüÅ·Π¼¼úµÇÁöµµ
¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. 15¼¼±â¿¡ °ÉÄ£ Áß¼¼ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¼¼°è¿¡¼ ÀÌ»óÀÇ
¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ºÎ°¢µÇ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¼¼°è±¹°¡¿´Áö ºÐÇÒµÈ
Á¤Ä¡´ÜÀ§°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹Àº Áß¼¼¿¡ ½Å¼º ·Î¸¶
Á¦±¹À¸·Î ¸í¸ÆÀ» À¯ÁöÇßÀ» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó '·¹½º Ǫºí¸®Ä«
Å©¸®½ºÆ¼¾Æ³ª'(±×¸®½ºµµ±³ °øÈ±¹ ȤÀº °øµ¿Ã¼)ÀÇ °³³ä ¼Ó¿¡
»ì¾Æ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¼¼¼ÓȰ¡ ÁøÇàµÈ µÚ¿¡´Â 'ÀÏÄ¡µÈ ¼¼°è¹®¸í'ÀÇ
¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡´ÜÀ§°¡ ¹ÎÁ·¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø °Íó·³
¹®¸íÀÇ Ãø¸é¿¡µµ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·¼ºÀÌ ¹ßÇöµÉ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
Áß¼¼¿¡´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¼¼°è³ª À̽½¶÷ ¼¼°è¿¡¼³ª ¿ÀÁ÷
ÇѰ¡Áö »ö±òÀ» °¡Áø ¹®¸íÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÒ µû¸§À̾ú´Ù. ³»¿ëÀÌ
°í´ëÀÇ ±×¸®½º ·Î¸¶ ¹®¸íÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾úÀ» »Ó ¸£³×»ó½º¿Í
°íÀüÁÖÀǽô뿡µµ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÏ¿ø¼ºÀº º¯ÇÔÀÌ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç,
ÀÌÈķδ ÇÁ¶û½º
¹®È°¡ Áö¼ºÀε鿡°Ô ÀϹÝÀûÀΠȣ¼Ò·ÂÀ» °¡Áø ½Ã´ëµµ
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 18¼¼±â·Î Á¢¾îµé¸é¼ ±³À°Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸ð±¹¾î·Î¸¸
°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. °íÀü¾î³ª °íµµÀÇ ¹®¸íÀ»
ÀÌ·ç¾ú´ø ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¹®¿¹Àû »ê¹°Àº ±×´ÙÁö ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. 18¼¼±â°¡ ³¡³¯ ¹«·Æ ±³À° ¹× °ø°ø»ýȰÀÇ
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÈ °æÇâÀº Á¤Ä¡Àû Ãæ¼ºÀÇ ¹üÀ§¸¦ ³Ñ¾î ¹ÎÁ·Àû
Â÷¿øÀ¸·Î ³ª¾Æ°¬´Ù. ¹®ÈÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ óÀ½À¸·Î ÀÔ¿¡
´ã¾Ò´ø ½ÃÀΡ¤ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ÀÚ±¹¾î(¼Ó¾î)¸¦ °³Ã´ÇÏ¿© ¹®¾îüÀÇ
¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î¿Ã·ÈÀ¸¸ç ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÀüÅëµéÀ» ÇϳªÇϳª ޱ¸Çϱâ
½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. À̵éÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ» ¹°·Á¹ÞÀº ¹ÎÁßµéÀº ÀåÂ÷
¹ÎÁ·±¹°¡ÀÇ Çü¼ºÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. 18¼¼±â ÀÌÀü ÀϺΠ¼¼·Âµé
»çÀÌ¿¡¼´Â ¹ÎÁ·Àû °¨Á¤ÀÌ »ý¼ºµÇ¾ú°í ƯÈ÷ °¥µîÀÌ
ºú¾îÁ³À» ¶§ µÎµå·¯Á³´Ù. Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î Á߿伺À» ¶ì´Â
¹ÎÁ·°¨Á¤ÀÇ ¹ßÈï¿¡´Â º¹Àâ´Ù´ÜÇÑ »çÅÂÀÇ ÁøÀüÀÌ ¹è°æÀ»
ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ù°, Àý´ë±ºÁÖ°¡ µîÀåÇÏ¿© Áß¼¼
ºÀ°Ç»çȸÀÇ Áö¹æ ºÐ±ÇÁÖÀÇ(ÝÂÏíñ«ëù)¸¦ ŸÆÄÇϰí
¿µÅäÈ®Àå°ú ÇÔ²² Áß¾ÓÁý±ÇÀû ±¹°¡¸¦ ź»ý½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç, µÑ°,
»ýȰ ¹× ±³À°ÀÇ ¼¼¼ÓȰ¡ ÁøÇàµÊ¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÚ±¹¾î°¡ À¯ÇàÇϰí
±³È¸¿Í Á¾´ÜÀÇ ±¸¼Ó·ÂÀÌ ¾àÇØÁ³À¸¸ç, ¼Â°, »ó¾÷ÀÌ
¹ßÀüµÊÀ¸·Î½á Áß»ê ½Ã¹Î°èÃþ°ú ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀû ±â¾÷ÇüŸ¦
âÃâÇØ³Â´Ù. Á¤Ä¡Àû¡¤°æÁ¦Àû Áß¾ÓÁý±ÇȰ¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¿µÅäÀû
ÅëÀϱ¹°¡¿¡´Â Áß¼¼ÀÇ Á¾±³¿îµ¿¿¡ °ßÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿Á¤ÀÌ
½º¸çµé¾î ÀÖ¾ú°í ±¹°¡ÀÇ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÀÚóÇϰí ÀÖ´ø ±ºÁÖ´Â
±¹¹ÎÁÖ±Ç À̷аú Àαǻç»ó¿¡ ¹Ð·Á³µ´Ù. ±ºÁÖ´Â ´õÀÌ»ó
¹ÎÁ·À̳ª ±¹°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú°í ±¹°¡´Â ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ±¹°¡, ¹ÎÁ·Àû ±¹°¡,
Á¶±¹À̾î¾ß Çß´Ù. ±¹°¡´Â ¹ÎÁ·°ú µ¿ÀϽõǾúÀ¸¸ç ¹®¸íÀº
¹ÎÁ·Àû ¹®¸íÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ßÀü¾ç»óÀº 2,000³â ÀÌ»ó Á¤Ä¡»ç»óÀ» Áö¹èÇØ¿Ô´ø
±âº»Àû °ü³äµé¿¡ ¹èÄ¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÌ Åë»ó º¸Æí¼ºÀ»
°Á¶Çϰí ÀÏÄ¡¿Í ÈÇÕÀ» ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ ¸ñÇ¥·Î »óÁ¤ÇؿԴø ¹Ý¸é,
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǴ Ưº°ÇÏ°í ±¹ÁöÀûÀÎ °Íµé°úÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ, ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ
°³Ã¼¼º µîÀ» ³»¼¼¿ü´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÃʱâÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â ÁÁÁö ¾ÊÀº
¸éµéÀ» º°·Î µå·¯³»Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. º¸ÆíÀû Àΰ£¼º, Àΰ£ Å뼺(÷×àõ)À¸·Î¼ÀÇ
À̼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å·Ú, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿Í ½ºÅ侯 öÇÐÀÇ ÀüÅë µî
¼À¯·´ ¹®¸íÀÇ °øÅëµÈ ±âÁصéÀº 17~18¼¼±â¿¡ È®½ÇÇÏ°Ô »ì¾Æ
³²¾Ò°í ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ·Î ÀÎÇØ »çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼¿¡ È¥¶õÀ» °¡Á®¿À´Â
»óȲÀ» ¸·¾Æ³Â´Ù. ƯÈ÷ À¯·´°ú ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼ '°íÀüÀû
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ'´Â ¼¼°è½Ã¹ÎÀû ½Å³äÀ̳ª Àηù¾Ö¿Í ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î ÆÄ¾ÇµÇ¾ú´Ù.
À¯·´ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ
±Ù´ë ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â 17¼¼±â ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã»±³µµÇõ¸í¿¡¼ óÀ½
¹ßÇöµÈ´Ù. ¿µ±¹Àº °úÇÐÁ¤½Å¡¤ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¡¤Á¤Ä¡»ç»ó ¹×
Çö½ÇÁ¤Ä¡ÀÇ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ¼±µÎÀûÀÎ ÁöÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
Çõ¸íÀ̳信´Â ³«°üÀûÀÎ Àι®ÁÖÀÇ(ìÑÙþñ«ëù)¿Í Ä®¹ðÁÖÀÇ
À±¸®ÇÐÀÌ µÚ¼¯¿© ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¡´±¸¾à¼º¼¡µÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ
¿µ±¹ ±¹¹ÎÀ» °í´ë À̽º¶ó¿¤ ¹ÎÁ·°ú µ¿ÀϽÃÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼º¸³½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¿µ±¹»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿Â Àηù¿¡°Ô »õ·Î¿î
°ÍÀ̾ú´ø Çõ¸íÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö´Â Á¸ ¹ÐÅÏÀÇ
ÀúÀÛÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹ÐÅÏÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯°üÀº "ÀÚÀ¯°¡
²ÉÀ» ÇÇ¿î °÷À¸·Î ¿µ¿øÈ÷ À̸§À» ¶³Ä¥" ¿µ±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
¼¼°èÀÇ ±¸¼®±¸¼®±îÁö ÆÛÁ®³ª°¬´Ù. 17¼¼±â ¿µ±¹ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â
ÈÄ´ë¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ¼¼¼ÓÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǺ¸´Ù Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀÌ
£¾úÀ¸¸ç »ó¾÷¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â Áß»ê°èÃþÀÇ ¼ºÀå¿¡ È£ÀÀÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Á¸ ·ÎÅ©´Â
¿µ±¹ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Ã¶ÇÐÀ» Áý´ë¼ºÇß°í 18¼¼±â ¹Ì±¹ ¹×
ÇÁ¶û½º ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡ Á¤ÂøÇÑ
¿µ±¹ À̹εéÀº û±³µµÇõ¸íÀÇ ÀüÅë°ú ·ÎÅ© »ç»ó ¹× ÇÁ¶û½º
öÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀǸ¦ ÇØ¼®ÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëÇÑ
°è¸ùÁÖÀÇ(ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ)ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ½Ä¹ÎÁöÀεéÀº ÀÚÀ¯¿Í
ÀαÇÀ» À§ÇÑ ÅõÀïÀÇ °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¹ÎÁ·(±¹¹Î)ÀǽÄÀ» °øÀ¯ÇϰÔ
µÈ´Ù. ÇÑÆí À̵éÀÇ °íÅõ´Â ´ç½ÃÀÇ Á¤Ä¡»ç»ó¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ
°ÍÀ̱⵵ Çߴµ¥, ƯÈ÷ Åä¸Ó½º Á¦ÆÛ½¼À̳ª
Åä¸Ó½º ÆäÀÎÀÇ
¿ªÇÒÀÌ ÄÇ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÌ ÀÚÀ¯¡¤Æòµî¡¤ÇູÀ» ÁöÇâÇß´ø ¼±ºÀÀ¸·Î
Æò°¡µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ±× ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû¡¤ÀεµÁÖÀÇÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 18¼¼±âÀÇ ½Ã´ëÁ¤½ÅÀº ¹Ì±¹ µ¶¸³¼±¾ð°ú ¹ÌÇÕÁß±¹ÀÇ
ź»ýÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÎ¾ú´Ù.
Àå ÀÚÅ© ·ç¼Ò´Â ±¹¹ÎÁֱǰú ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇÁö¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ±¸¼º¿ø
ÀüüÀÇ Çù·ÂÀ» °Á¶Çϰí ÀÏ¹Ý ´ëÁßÀ» ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¹®¸íÀÇ ÁÖü·Î
°£ÁÖÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇÁ¶û½º ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ¹ÙÅÁÀ» Á¦°øÇßÁö¸¸,
ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í¿¡¼
µå·¯³ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â º¸ÆíÀû Àΰ£¼º°ú ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Áøº¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
À̼ºÀû ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ Ç¥ÃâÀº ·ç¼ÒÀÇ ¿¹»óÀ» ¶Ù¾î³Ñ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁø 'ÀÚÀ¯¡¤Æòµî¡¤¹Ú¾Ö'ÀÇ Çõ¸íÀÌ³ä ¹× 'Àΰ£°ú
½Ã¹ÎÀÇ ±Ç¸®¼±¾ð'Àº ÇÁ¶û½º ±¹¹Î»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àηù Àüü¿¡
´ëÇÏ¿© È£¼Ò·ÂÀ» Áö´Ï´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀû
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ °øÅëºÐ¸ð°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÃàÁ¦¿Í ±ê¹ßµé, À½¾Ç, ½Ã,
±¹°æÀÏ, ¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÎ ¼³±³µéÀÌ ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÎÀÇ »î °÷°÷¿¡¼
ÇǾ´Ù. Çõ¸íÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â ¹ÎÁ·ÀǽÄÀÇ Çü¼º¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼
°³ÀÎÀÇ Àǻ縦 °Á¶Çß´Ù. ±¹¹Î±¹°¡¶õ ±¸¼º¿øµéÀÇ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤
ÇàÀ§¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ºñ·Î¼Ò ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â °ÍÀ̾ú°í ±¹¹ÎÅõÇ¥°¡
±¹¹ÎÀÇ»çÀÇ Ç¥Çö¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î äÅõǾú´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼¿Í
¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â »çȸÁøÈ»ç»óÀ»
¹Ý¿µÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ºÒÆòµîÇÏ°í ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ
°ú°Å¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª ÀÚÀ¯¿Í ÆòµîÀÇ ¼¼°è°øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ Ãß±¸Çß´Ù.
³ªÆú·¹¿ËÀÇ ±º´ë´Â ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ» À¯·´ Àü¿ª°ú
±Ùµ¿Áö¿ª¿¡±îÁö ÆÄ±Þ½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç, À̹«·Æ ´ë¼¾ç °Ç³ÊÆí¿¡¼´Â
³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« ¿©·¯ ±¹°¡µéÀÌ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´«À» ¶ß°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ³ªÆú·¹¿ËÀÇ Á¤º¹¿åÀº ÁÖº¯ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÇ ¹Ý¹ßÀ» »ç±âµµ
Çߴµ¥, ƯÈ÷ µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Áö¼ºÀεéÀº ¹Ì±¹ µ¶¸³Çõ¸í°ú ÇÁ¶û½º
Çõ¸íÀÇ ¿ø¸® ¹× ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ ÀÚüÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀûÀ̰í
ÀεµÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ» °ÅºÎÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
µ¶ÀÏ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â À̼ºº¸´Ù º»´É¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇß°í, Á¤ÀǷοî
Áú¼¸¦ ÇâÇÑ À̼ºÀûÀÎ Ãß±¸¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© ¿ª»çÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÀüÅëÀÇ
ÈûÀ» °Á¶Çß´Ù. ±×µéÀº Àηù°øÅëÀÇ ¼Ò¸Áº¸´Ù´Â ¹ÎÁ·°£ÀÇ
Â÷ÀÌ¿¡ ÁÖ¸ñÇß°í ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ¡¤ÆòµîÁÖÀÇ´Â
±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ »çȸÁú¼°¡ ÀÚ¸®Àâ±â Àü Àá½Ã °Þ°Ô µÇ´Â µµÂøÁõ¼¼
Á¤µµ·Î °£ÁֵǾú´Ù. 19¼¼±âÀÇ ¼¼°è»ç Àü°³°úÁ¤Àº µ¶ÀÏÀûÀÎ
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ ÇØ¼®ÀÌ ¿À·ù¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù.
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ »öä´Â ´õ¿í È®¿¬ÇØÁ³°í Áß»ê°èÃþ,
ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ °è±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇß´Ù.
1848³â 2¿ùÇõ¸íÀÇ ¿©ÆÄ·Î ÁÖ¼¼Æä ¸¶Ä¡´Ï¸¦
ºñ·ÔÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿°¡µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» ½ÇÇöÇÏ´Â µíÀÌ
º¸¿´´Ù. ¸¶Ä¡´Ï´Â ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó Á¶±¹
ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ ÅëÀÏÀ» ÀÌ·èÇÏ°í ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÌ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö·Î
°á¼ÓµÇ±â¸¦ ¿°¿øÇß´Ù. ºñ·Ï ´çÀåÀÇ °á½ÇÀ» º¸Áö´Â ¸øÇßÁö¸¸
1859~71³âÀÇ 12³â »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¿Í ·ç¸¶´Ï¾ÆÀÇ ÅëÀÏÀÌ
¼ºÃëµÇ¾ú°í 1860³â´ë¿¡´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í ½ºÆäÀο¡¼±îÁö
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Áøº¸°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ºñ½º¸¶¸£Å©´Â
ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î È帧À» µÇµ¹·Á³õÀº Àι°À̾ú´Ù.
ºñ½º¸¶¸£Å©ÀÇ µ¶ÀÏ ÅëÀϰú¾÷Àº º¸¼ö¡¤±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ
°ÍÀ¸·Î µ¶ÀÏ ³» ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ» ¸»»ì½ÃÄ×´Ù. 19¼¼±â ÈĹÝ
ÇÕ½ººÎ¸£Å© ¿Õ°¡ÀÇ ´Ù¹ÎÁ· Á¦±¹(¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ Á¦±¹)°ú ¼úźÀÌ
Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ¿À½º¸¸ Á¦±¹ÀÌ ¿ÍÇØµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ÇÑÆí ·¯½Ã¾Æ
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â 2°¥·¡·Î ³ª´µ¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ
ÀÚÀ¯Àû¡¤Áøº¸ÀûÀÎ À¯·´ ±¹°¡µé°ú Á¦ÈÞÇÏ¿© ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ
¼±¸È¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇÑ ¹Ý¸é, ´Ù¸¥ ¼¼·ÂÀº ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀÚÁÖ¼º°ú ±×
ÀüüÀû¡¤Á¤±³È¸Àû(ïáÎçüåîÜ) ÀüÅë¿¡ ±âÀÎÇϴ Ư¼öÇÑ ¿î¸íÀ»
°Á¶Çß´Ù. µ¶ÀÏ ³¶¸¸ÁÖÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡ ÈûÀÔÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
Ä£½½¶óºêÆÄ´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¹Ì±¹¡¤ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀ¸·Î
Àá½Ä´çÇÑ ¼À¯·´ ¼¼°èÀÇ ±¸¿øÀÚ·Î Á¶¸íÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 19¼¼±â¸»
Á¦±¹ÁÖÀǽôëÀÇ
°³¸·°ú ´õºÒ¾î ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹Ýµ¿È(ÚãÔÑûù)´Â Á¡Â÷
½ÉȵǾ´Ù. 1870³â´ë¿¡¼ Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ Á¾¸»À» °íÇß´ø
1914³â±îÁö´Â À¯·´ÀÇ °¢ ¹ÎÁ·±¹°¡°¡ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
¼¼°è¹ßÀüÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ¿© Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀû ¿µÅäºÐÇÒ°ú ½Ä¹ÎÁö °æ·«¿¡
Ä¡ÁßÇß´ø ±â°£À̾ú´Ù. Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ´Â
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ºÎÁ¤ÀÓ°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±× ¹ßÀüÀ̶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
¹ÎÁ·±¹°¡ÀÇ Å׵θ®¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼ Ÿ¹ÎÁ·À» Áö¹èÇÏ·Á´Â ¸é¿¡¼´Â
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ºÎÁ¤ÀÓ¿¡ Ʋ¸²¾ø¾úÀ¸³ª, ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÈûÀ» °ú½ÃÇϰí
±ÇÀ§¸¦ ³ôÀÌ·Á´Â °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¹ßÀüÀ̶ó°íµµ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÁö´Â ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ ÃÖ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ¿ëÇß´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Ô
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â ´ë¿Üħ·«°ú Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ÀüÀïÀ» ¹ÌÈÇϰí
¾à¼Ò¹ÎÁ·¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÐÁ¦¸¦ ÇÕ¸®ÈÇÏ¸ç ½Ä¹ÎÁö Áֹο¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÂøÃ븦 Á¤´çÈÇϱâ À§ÇÑ »ç»óÀûÀÎ ±Ù°Å·Î »ý°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù.
¹Ýµ¿È´Â 20¼¼±âÀÇ 1920~30³â´ë¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ÆÄ½ÃÁòÀÌ ´ëµÎÇϸé¼
ÀýÁ¤¿¡ ´ÞÇß´Ù. ³ªÄ¡ µ¶Àϰú ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ ÆÄ½ÃÁò
üÁ¦ÇÏ¿¡¼´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¡¤Æòµî¡¤Àΰ£¼ºÀÇ °¡Ä¡°¡ ºÎÁ¤µÈ
¹Ý¸é ±¹°¡³ª ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ Àý´ë½ÃµÇ°í ¹ÎÁ·Àû À̱âÁÖÀÇ¿Í
ħ·«ÀüÀïÀÌ ½Å¼ºÈµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¹Ýµ¿Àû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ ³ª¶ó´Â
ÀϺ»À̾ú´Ù. ÀϺ»Àº ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾°ú ºñ½º¸¶¸£Å©ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ
õȲÁ¦(ô¸üÕð¤)¶ó´Â Àý´ëÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦¸¦ È®¸³Çϰí õȲ¡¤±ÍÁ·¡¤ÁöÁÖ
Áß½ÉÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǸ¦ Àü°³Çß´Ù. ÀϺ»Àº ûÀÏÀüÀï, ·¯ÀÏÀüÀï,
Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü¿¡¼ ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÎÀÚ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀǸ¦ ºñ¾àÀûÀ¸·Î
¹ßÀü½ÃÅ´°ú µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´ë±Ô¸ð ħ·«ÀüÀï¿¡ ³ª¼¹´Ù. '¸¸¼¼Àϰè(Ø¿á¦ìéͧ)ÀÇ
ȲÅë(üÕ÷Ö)'ÀÌ´Ï '¼¼°è¹«ºñ(á¦Í£ÙíÝï)ÀÇ ±¹Á¦(ÏÐð¤)'´Ï
ÇÏ¸é¼ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöŲ´Ù´Â ±¸½Ç ¾Æ·¡ ±¹¹ÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯°¡
¾ï¾ÐµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ħ·«ÀüÀï¿¡´Â À̸¥¹Ù ¼ºÀü(á¡îú)À̶ó´Â
À̸§ÀÌ ºÙ¿©Á³´Ù.
Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀ¸·Î ºñ·ÔµÈ Áß¿äÇÑ °á°ú °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª´Â Áß¡¤µ¿ºÎ
À¯·´¿¡¼ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǰ¡ ½Â¸®¸¦ °ÅµÐ ÀÏÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇÕ½ººÎ¸£Å©¡¤·Î¸¶³ëÇÁ
¿ÕÁ¶ÀÇ Á¦±¹ÀÌ ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ¡¤Çë°¡¸®¡¤Ã¼ÄÚ½½·Î¹ÙŰ¾Æ¡¤Æú¶õµå
µî »õ·Î¿î ¹ÎÁ·±¹°¡·Î ÀçÆíµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̵é
½Å»ý±¹°¡¿¡¼´Â ¼Ò¼ö¹ÎÁ·°£ÀÇ °¥µîÀÌ ÃÊ·¡µÇ°í ¹ÛÀ¸·Î´Â
¿µÅä¹®Á¦¸¦ µÑ·¯½Î°í ¿ÜºÎ¹ÎÁ·µé°ú ºÐÀïÀ» °Þ°Ô µÇ´Â µî
³»¿ì¿Üȯ¿¡ ½Ã´Þ·È´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â 1917³â ·¹´ÑÀÌ
º¼¼Îºñ۸¦ À̲ø°í Â÷¸£ üÁ¦¸¦ Àüº¹½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î
ź¾ÐÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸³ª °ð ±¹Á¦°ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ±âÄ¡ ¾Æ·¡
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À» Àü°³Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÁß
ÃßÃà±¹¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¹ÎÁ·¡¤¾Ö±¹ÁÖÀǸ¦ È£¼ÒÇß´ø
½ºÅ»¸°Àº ÀüÀïÀÌ Á¾½ÄµÇÀÚ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǰ¡ µ¿À¯·´¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
°ø»ê¼¼·ÂÀÇ È®Àå¿¡ °¡Àå Å« Àå¾Ö¹°ÀÌ µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ»
±ú´Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¼ÒÀ§ ¹ÎÁ·°ø»êÁÖÀÇ´Â
¼Òºñ¿¡Æ® ºí·Ï¿¡ ±Õ¿À» °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù. 1948³â Å©·½¸°Àº
À¯°í½½¶óºñ¾ÆÀÇ Æ¼Å並
º¯ÀýÀÚ¶ó°í ºñ³Çß´Ù. 1956³â °¡À» Æú¶õµå¡¤Çë°¡¸®ÀÇ
¹Ý¼ÒÆøµ¿¿¡¼ ¹ßÇöµÈ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǿÀº À̳» ·ç¸¶´Ï¾Æ¡¤Ã¼ÄÚ½½·Î¹ÙŰ¾Æ·Î
À̾îÁ³À¸¸ç 1980³â¿¡´Â Æú¶õµåÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯³ëÁ¶¿îµ¿À¸·Î ²ÉÀ»
ÇÇ¿ü´Ù.
¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¡¤
¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ½Ä¹ÎÁö
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǰ¡ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ Àû¿¡°Ô ºÀ»çÇÏ¸ç ¹Ýµ¿ÈµÇ¾î°¡°í ÀÖÀ»
¶§, Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Ç̹ÚÀ» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´ø ½Ä¹ÎÁö¡¤¹Ý½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡¼´Â
»õ·Î¿î ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǰ¡ Çõ¸íÀû Á¤½ÅÀÇ ±â¼ö·Î¼ ¼ºÀåÇϰí
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½Ä¹ÎÁö ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â 19¼¼±â¸»¿¡¼ 20¼¼±âÃÊ¿¡ °ÉÃÄ
µ¿¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¼³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ·Î, ¼³²¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¡¤³²¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«·Î
½Ä¹ÎÁö ¼¼°èÀÇ Àü¿ª¿¡ ÆÛÁ®³ª°¬´Ù. ½Ä¹ÎÁö ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â
°íÀüÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÀçÇöÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. °íÀüÀû
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â ÀÚº»ÁÖÀǰ¡ ºÀ°Ç¼¼·ÂÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð¿¡ Ç×°ÅÇÏ¿©
¼ºÀåÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ź»ýµÈ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿´À¸¹Ç·Î ÇѰᰰÀÌ
¹ÝºÀ°ÇÀû ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ½Ä¹ÎÁö ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ °æ¿ì´Â
º¸´Ù º¹ÀâÇÑ ¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÚº»ÁÖÀǰ¡ ¹«¸£À;î
Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´Ü°è·Î Á¢¾îµç ½Ã±â¿¡ Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¾ÐÁ¦·Î
½ÅÀ½ÇÏ´ø ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿¡¼ ÀÏ¾î³ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´ë°³ ½Ä¹ÎÁö
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿¡´Â ¹ÝÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀû ¼ºÇâÀÌ °Çß´Ù. °ú°Å
ÀÏÁ¦ÇÏ¿¡¼ ÀϾ´ø Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µ¶¸³¿îµ¿ÀÌ ¹ÝÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀû
¼º°ÝÀ» ¶ì°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½Ä¹ÎÁö ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Àü°³°úÁ¤Àº Á¦1Â÷
¼¼°è´ëÀü ÈÄÀÇ ±¹Á¦¿¬¸Í°ú Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÈÄÀÇ ±¹Á¦¿¬ÇÕ(UN)
¿ª»ç ¼Ó¿¡ ¶Ñ·ÇÀÌ ¹Ý¿µµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±¹Á¦¿¬¸Í ±Ô¾àÀÌ
äÅõǾú´ø º£¸£»çÀ¯ Á¶¾àÀº ÆÐÀü µ¿¸Í±¹µéÀ» ÇØÃ¼½Ã۱⵵
Çß´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Áö¹è ¾Æ·¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ½Ä¹ÎÁö´Â ¿µ±¹,
ÇÁ¶û½º, º§±â¿¡, ³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ¿¬¹æ°øÈ±¹ÀÇ À§ÀÓÅëÄ¡·ÉÀÌ
µÇ¾ú°í, ÅÂÆò¾ç Á¦µµ´Â ÀϺ»¡¤¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ¡¤´ºÁú·£µå
µîÀÇ °üÇÒÇÏ¿¡ ³õ¿´´Ù. ±¹Á¦¿¬¸ÍÀÇ Ãʱâ ȸ¿ø±¹ °¡¿îµ¥´Â
¾Æ½Ã¾Æ Áö¿ªÀÇ 5°³±¹°ú ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ 2°³±¹ÀÌ Æ÷ÇԵǾî
ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 1946³â ¿¬¸ÍÀÌ ºØ±«µÇ±â Á÷Àü±îÁö 3°³ÀÇ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ
±¹°¡¿Í 2°³ÀÇ ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±¹°¡°¡ ÇÕ·ùµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À§ÀÓÅëÄ¡¸¦
¹Þ°í ÀÖ´ø Áö¿ª °¡¿îµ¥ À̶óÅ©¡¤·¹¹Ù³í¡¤½Ã¸®¾Æ¸¸ÀÌ
±¹Á¦¿¬¸ÍÀÇ Á¸¼Ó±â°£Áß¿¡ µ¶¸³À» ¼ºÃëÇß´Ù. 1945³â Á¾Àü
ÈĺÎÅÍ 1950³â´ë±îÁöÀÇ µ¿¼³ÃÀü ½Ã±â´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº
½Å»ý±¹°¡µéÀÌ Ãâ¹üÇØ¼ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǰ¡ ÆØ¹èÇß´ø ±â°£À̾ú´Ù.
ºñ(Þª)¼À¯·´ ½Ä¹ÎÁö ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÝÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀû
ºñµ¿¸Í Á߸³³ë¼±¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Áֱǵ¶¸³±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» Ãß±¸Çß°í,
°æÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¹ÝÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀû ¹ÎÁ·°æÁ¦Ã¼Á¦ÀÇ ¼ö¸³¿¡
Ä¡ÁßÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¹®ÈÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¹Ý¹éÀÎÀû¡¤¹Ý±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ
ÀüÅë¹®ÈÀÇ ½Â°è¡¤¹ßÀü¿¡ ¿ªÁ¡À» µÎ¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀº
¿À´Ã³¯±îÁöµµ ¸í¸ÆÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ¿© Á¦3¼¼°è¿Í ¼±Áø ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ
±¹°¡ »çÀÌÀÇ °æÁ¦Àû °¥µîÀ̶ó´Â ¾ç»óÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌÀü¿¡ ½Ä¹ÎÁö¿´´ø Á¦3¼¼°è¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡´Â
±×µéÀÌ ½Ä¹ÎÁö½Ã´ëºÎÅÍ ±¸ÃàÇØ¿Ô´ø ¸ÅÆÇÀû Áö¹è¼¼·ÂÀ»
Áö¿øÇؼ ½Å½Ä¹ÎÁÖÀÇÀû ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Áö¼ÓÇÏ·Á Çϸç ÀÌ¿¡ ¸Â¼
Á¦3¼¼°è¿¡¼´Â '¹ÎÁÖÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ'°¡ ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô ´ëµÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
±¹Á¦¿¬ÇÕÀº â¼³ ´ç½ÃÀÇ 51°³ ȸ¿ø±¹ Áß¿¡ 8°³±¹ÀÌ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ
±¹°¡¿´°í ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±¹°¡´Â 4°³±¹¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´ø °ÍÀÌ 35³âÀÌ
Áö³ 1980³â¿¡´Â ÃÑȸ¿ø±¹¼ö°¡ 150¿© °³±¹À¸·Î ´Ã¾úÀ¸¸ç
´ëºÎºÐÀÌ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¡¤¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« Áö¿ªÀÇ ½Å»ý±¹µé·Î Ãæ¿øµÇ¾ú´Ù.
±¹Á¦¿¬¸ÍÀÇ °æ¿ì ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¡¤¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä« ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¼ö´Â 1/3¿¡µµ
¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸øÇßÁö¸¸ Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÈÄÀÇ ±¹Á¦¿¬ÇÕ¿¡¼´Â
°ú¹Ý¼ö¸¦ Á¡À¯ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÇÑÆí ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ¡¤¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀǿ¿¡
°ø»êÁÖÀÇ À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â°¡ ħÅõÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇߴµ¥, ¸ÕÀú ¼±¸
ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ¿°¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·Çعæ ÅõÀïÀ» µ½°í, ÀÏ´Ü µ¶¸³ÀÌ
¼ºÃëµÈ ÈÄ¿¡´Â ÀçÁ¤¡¤±â¼ú ¿øÁ¶¸¦ Á¦°øÇؼ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ»
°ßÁ¦ÇÏ´Â Àü·«ÀÌ ¾²¿´´Ù. Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ±â°£ µ¿¾È ÀåÁ¦½º[íøË¿à´]¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ ÃßÁøµÇ¾ú´ø Áß±¹ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â °ø»ê´çÀÌ º»Å並
¼®±ÇÇÏ°Ô µÇÀÚ ¼èÅðÇßÀ¸³ª, µ¿À¯·´ °ø»ê±¹°¡µéÀÌ ±×·¨´ø
°Íó·³ Á¡Â÷ Ãʱ¹°¡ÀûÀÎ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
ÀÌÅ»µÇ¾î°¬´Ù. 1960³â´ë¸» Áß¡¤¼ÒºÐÀïÀÌ ÀϾÀ» ¶§ Áß±¹
°ø»ê´çÀº ±× ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀû ¼ºÇâÀ» ³ëÃâ½ÃÄ×°í ¸¶¿À¼µÕ[Ù¾÷ÊÔÔ]Àº
·¹´Ñ¿¡ ºñ°ßÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ À§Ä¡·Î ºÎ»óÇß´Ù. Áß±¹ÀÇ °ø»êÁÖÀǰ¡
Æó¼â¼ºÀ» ´õÇØ°¨¿¡ µû¶ó Á¦3¼¼°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâ·Âµµ ÁÙ¾îµé°Ô
µÇ¾ú´Ù. °¢°¢ÀÇ ±¹¹ÎÀû(±¹°¡Àû) ÀÌÀÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© ½Å»ý±¹µé
»çÀÌ¿¡´Â Ãæµ¹ÀÌ ²÷ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. UNÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ Á¤Ä¡ÇàÅ´ ÀÌ
»õ·Î¿î ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ Àß º¸¿©ÁÖ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ´Â
µ¶¸³µÈ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ¼(à¤)À̸®¾È(À̸®¾È¹Ù¶óÆ®) ÁÖ¸¦ µÑ·¯½Î°í
³×´ú¶õµå¿Í ¿µÅä±Ç ºÐÀïÀ» °è¼ÓÇß°í UN±ºÀº 1956³â
À̽º¶ó¿¤°ú ÀÌÁýÆ® °£ÀÇ ¼ö¿¡Áî À§±â¿¡ °³ÀÔÇß´Ù.
À̽º¶ó¿¤ÀÇ °Ç±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß´ÜÀÌ µÇ¾î ÅëÀÏ ¾Æ¶ø °øÈ±¹(UAR)ÀÇ
Ãâ¹ü µî ¾Æ¶ø±Ç ³»ºÎÀÇ ºÒȸ¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â Áßµ¿¹®Á¦´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷
UNÀÇ °ñÄ©°Å¸®·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. À̹ۿ¡µµ UNÀÌ °³ÀÔµÈ ±¹Á¦Àû
À§±â¿¡´Â Àεµ¿Í Ä«½´¹Ì¸£ °£ÀÇ Àṫī½´¹Ì¸£ ºÐÀï, Çѱ¹
ºÐ´Ü°ú 6¡¤25ÀüÀï, Äá°í ¹®Á¦, ½Å»ý±¹ ŰÇÁ·Î½º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
±×¸®½º¿Í ÅÍŰ »çÀÌÀÇ ¾Ë·Â, »ç¹Ù ÁÖ(ºÏº¸¸£³×¿À)ÀÇ
¸»·¹ÀÌ½Ã¾Æ ÆíÀÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àεµ³×½Ã¾Æ¿Í Çʸ®ÇÉÀÇ ¹Ý¹ß µî
º¹Àâ´Ù´ÜÇÏ´Ù. ½Å»ý±¹µéÀº µ¶¸³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ÇѰᰰÀÌ
ÀںνÉÀ» ´À³¢Áö¸¸ ½¢ÇÑ ³°ü¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØ ÀÖ´Ù. Äá°í´Â µ¶¸³µÈ
Áö 5³âÀÌ Áö³µ¾îµµ ÀÚÄ¡ ¿ª·®ÀÇ ºÎÁ·À¸·Î ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ Á¤ºÎÁ¶Â÷
¸¶·ÃÇÏÁö ¸øÇß°í, ³ªÀÌÁö¸®¾Æ¿¡¼´Â ³Ê¹«³ªµµ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾Á·
¹× ¾ð¾î ±¸¼ºÀÌ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. À̽½¶÷±³¸¦ ½ÅºÀÇÏ´Â
Àṫī½´¹Ì¸£ ÁÖ°¡ À̽½¶÷±³ ±¹°¡ÀÎ ÆÄŰ½ºÅº¿¡ ÆíÀԵǾî¾ß
ÇÒÁö, ÈùµÎ±³ ±¹°¡ÀÎ Àεµ·Î ÆíÀԵǾî¾ß ÇÒÁöÀÇ ¿©ºÎ´Â 1949³â
Àεµµ¶¸³¹ýÀÌ ¹ßÈ¿µÈ ÀÌÈÄ 20³âÀÌ Áö³ªµµ·Ï ¹ÌÇØ°áÀΠä
³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. °æÁ¦Àû ÀÌÇØ°ü°èµµ ¹ÎÁ·°£¡¤±¹°¡°£ÀÇ °¥µîÀ»
ÃÊ·¡Çß´Ù. À̽º¶ó¿¤Àº ¿ä¸£´Ü °ÀÇ ¼ö¿ø(â©ê¹)À» È®º¸Çϱâ
À§ÇØ ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ Â÷¿ø¿¡¼ ÀÎÁ¢ ¾Æ¶ø±¹µé°ú ÅõÀïÀ» ¹úÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù.
ºÏ´ë¼¾çÁ¶¾à±â±¸(NATO), À¯·´ ¼®ÅºÃ¶°°øµ¿Ã¼, À¯·´
¿øÀڷ°øµ¿Ã¼(Euratom), À¯·´ °øµ¿½ÃÀå µîÀ¸·Î ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµíÀÌ
À¯·´ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ´Â ¼èÅðÇÏ´Â Ãß¼¼¿¡ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ µ¶ÀÏ
ÅëÀÏÀ̳ª µ¿À¯·´ ¹× ¼Ò·ÃÀÇ ´ëº¯Çõ°úÁ¤Àº °íÀüÀû ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ
¿ä¼Ò¸¦ ´Ù¼Ò°£ ÇÔÃàÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ.
¡¡ |