|
The term conservatism,
although it has had different implications in varying historical and
geographical contexts, is best reserved to denote a preference for institutions
and practices that have evolved historically and that are thus manifestations of
continuity and stability. Political thought, from its beginnings, contains many
strains that can be retrospectively labelled conservative, but it was not until
the late 18th century that conservatism began to develop as a political attitude
and movement reacting against the French Revolution
of 1789. The noun seems to have been first used after 1815 by French Bourbon
restorationists such as François-René, vicomte de Chateaubriand.
It was used to describe the British Tory Party in 1830 by John Wilson Croker,
the editor of The Quarterly Review; and
John Calhoun, a formulator of conservative minority rights against majority
dictatorship in the United States, also used the term in the 1830s. The
generally acknowledged originator of modern, articulated conservatism (although
he never employed the term) was the British parliamentarian and political writer
Edmund Burke in his essay Reflections
on the Revolution in France (1790). Pro-parliamentarian opponents of
the French Revolution, such as Burke, believed that the violent, untraditional,
and uprooting methods of the Revolution outweighed and corrupted its liberating
ideals. More authoritarian opponents, such as the polemicist and diplomat Joseph
de Maistre, also rejected the ideals themselves. The general revulsion against
the course of events in France provided conservatives with an opportunity for
restoring the pre-Revolutionary traditions, and a sudden flowering of more than
one brand of conservative philosophy followed. (see also Europe)
Because Burke's case against radicalism
and revolution has also influenced liberals, there is often no sharp distinction
between liberals and conservatives in action. In philosophy, however,
conservatism has maintained certain sharply nonliberal assumptions about human
nature.
Whether intentionally or unconsciously,
whether literally or metaphorically, for example, conservatives tend to assume
in politics the Christian doctrine of man's innate original
sin, and herein lies a key distinction between conservatives and
liberals. Men are not born naturally free or good (conservatives assume) but are
naturally prone to anarchy, evil, and mutual destruction. What the 18th-century
French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau
denounced as the "chains" that hinder man's "natural
goodness," are for Burkeans the props that make man good. These
"chains" (society's traditional restrictions on the ego) fit man into
a rooted, durable framework, without which ethical behaviour and responsible use
of liberty are impossible.
The conservative temperament may be, but
need not be, identical with conservative politics or right-wing economics; it
may sometimes accompany left-wing politics or economics. Regardless of a
conservative's politics or economics, however, it can be said that two
characteristics of the conservative temperament are: a distrust of human nature,
of rootlessness, of untested innovations; and a corresponding trust in unbroken
historical continuity and in traditional
frameworks within which human affairs may be conducted. Such a framework may be
religious or cultural or may be given no abstract or institutional expression at
all. In relation to the latter aspect, many authorities on conservatism--a
minority in France and a majority in England--consider conservatism an
inarticulate state of mind and not at all an ideology. Liberalism argues;
conservatism simply is. When
conservatism becomes ideologized, logical, and self-conscious, then it resembles
the liberal rationalism that it opposes. According to this British approach,
logical deductive reasoning is too doctrinaire, too 18th century. Whereas the
liberal and rationalist mind consciously articulates abstract blueprints, the
conservative mind unconsciously incarnates concrete traditions. And, because
conservatism embodies rather than argues, its best insights are almost never
developed into sustained theoretical works equal to those of liberalism and
radicalism.
Conservatism is often associated with
some traditional and established form of religion. After 1789, the appeal of
religion redoubled for those craving security in an age of chaos. The Roman
Catholic Church, because its roots are in the monarchic Middle Ages, has
appealed to more conservatives than any other religion. Himself a Church of
England Protestant, Burke praised Catholicism as "the most effectual
barrier" against radicalism. But conservatism has had no dearth of
Protestant and strongly anticlerical adherents also. (see also religion,
philosophy of)
Conservatives typically view society as
a single organism and condemn as "rationalist blueprints" the attempts
of progressives to plan society in advance from pure reason instead of letting
it evolve naturally and unconsciously, flowering from the deep roots of
tradition. They dismiss a liberal society as "atomistic," meaning
composed of disrupted elements held together merely mechanically. A society,
they argue, has to be rendered whole by religion, idealism, shared historical
experiences, commitment to its long-standing political institutions, and by the
emotions of reverence, cooperation, and loyalty; a society, they believe, can,
to the contrary, be rendered atomistic by materialism, class war, excessive
laissez-faire economics, greedy profiteering, overanalytical intellectuality,
subversion of shared institutions, insistence on rights above duties, and by the
emotions of skepticism and cynicism. Except for the German Romantic school,
conservatives do not carry their conceptions of the organic wholeness of society
to the extreme at which the individual becomes nothing, society everything, for
they recognize that, at that extreme, one no longer has conservatism but
totalitarian statism.
Burke did more than any other thinker to
turn the intellectual tide from a rationalist contempt for the past to a
traditionalist reverence for it. An Irishman, he loved England, including its
established Anglican Church and its nobility, with an outsider's passion. In
1765 he became private secretary to Charles
Watson-Wentworth, 2nd marquess of Rockingham, the head of the less
liberal wing of the Whig Party. Against the untraditional tyranny of George III,
Burke defended the American Revolution of 1776,
which he viewed as being in defense of traditional liberties, but attacked the
radical French Revolution of 1789 as tyranny by mobs and deracinated theorizers.
At a time (1790) when the French Revolution still seemed a bloodless utopia, he
predicted its later phase of terror and dictatorship, not by any lucky blind
guess but by an analysis of its devaluation of tradition and inherited values.
(see also United
Kingdom)
Indeed, the core of Burke's thought and
of conservatism is fear of rootlessness. Rousseau's Social Contract of 1762 had favoured a contract merely among the
living, to arrange government for their mutual benefit. Burke, instead, argued:
(see also "Social
Contract, The," , social contract)
Society is indeed a contract . . .
[but] as the ends of such a partnership cannot be obtained in many generations,
it becomes a partnership not only between those who are living, but between
those who are living, those who are dead, and those who are to be born. . . .
Changing the state as often as there are floating fancies, . . . no one
generation could link with the other. Men would be little better than the flies
of a summer.
Burke's veneration of the past may be
contrasted with the rationalist hostility of Karl Marx,
the most influential social critic of modern times: "The legacy of the dead
generations weighs like a nightmare upon the brains of the living." But for
Burke the contract is with "the future" as well as with the past, and
he thus urges improvement, as long as it is evolutionary: "A disposition to
preserve and an ability to improve, taken together, would be my standard of a
statesman."
Burke was defending not conservatism in
the abstract but, rather, one concrete instance of it, the unwritten British
constitution. His arguments, however, were not always consistent. Sometimes he
justified that constitution by "natural rights"; more often by
"prescriptive right." Natural rights meant a universal code external
to any given constitution; prescriptive right, a local code authoritative
(prescriptive) by virtue of its age and its links with the past, which are prima
facie evidence of its value. Sometimes he argued that natural rights preceded
the constitution and gave it "latent wisdom." But, when arguing
against French rationalists, who would justify their own revolutionary
constitution by natural rights, he argued instead, and more typically: (see also
human
rights)
Our constitution is a prescriptive
constitution . . . [whose] sole authority is that it has existed time out of
mind . . . without any reference whatever to any other more general or prior
right.
Burke shocked his century by his brutal
frankness in defending "illusions" and "prejudices" as
socially necessary. In doing so, however, he was, in fact, being not so much a
cynic as one of the few old-fashioned Christians among 18th-century
intellectuals. He was an old-fashioned Christian in the sense of believing man
innately depraved, innately steeped in original sin, and incapable of bettering
himself by his feeble reason. So defined, man could be tamed only by following
an ethically trained elite and by education in "prejudices," such as
family, religion, and aristocracy. He called landed aristocrats "the great
oaks" and "proper chieftains," provided they tempered their rule
by a spirit of timely reform from above and remained within the constitutional
framework. He defended the Church of England for its political as well as its
religious function, "To keep moral, civil, and political bonds, together
binding human understanding."
After Burke, the English poets Samuel
Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth were
significant figures in the formulation and expression of conservative sentiment.
They began, however, as utopian liberals supporting the French Revolution.
Wordsworth spoke for a whole generation of European intellectuals with his
famous salute to the new dawn in France: "Bliss was it in that dawn to be
alive, but to be young was very heaven." Disillusionment followed, and
Coleridge and Wordsworth reacted against liberalism and rationalism and turned
to traditional monarchy and the Church of England.
In 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly
published their book of poems, Lyrical
Ballads, marking the revolt of the human heart against abstract
18th-century rationalists and thereby helping to create a new philosophical
climate. Conservatism was permanently influenced by Coleridge's prose works: Lay
Sermons, 1816-17; Biographia
Literaria, 1817; Philosophical
Lectures, 1818-19; Aids to Reflection
in the Formation of a Manly Character, on the Several Grounds of Prudence,
Morality, and Religion, 1825; and his various Letters
and Specimens of Table Talk. His
public lectures exercised an indirect influence by molding the minds of
university students who later became national leaders.
According to Coleridge, society divided
its functions among different "class orders." Each class had its
valuable function, but this did not necessarily include the right to vote and
rule. That right was best left to an ethically trained aristocracy, functioning
within the strict lawful limits of Parliament. All classes, Coleridge argued,
must cooperate harmoniously within the organic unity of the constitution. His
greatest influence on practical politics was through his disciple Benjamin
Disraeli, later to be Conservative prime minister, and his disciple's
disciple, Sir Winston Churchill. Coleridge
considered businessmen often subversive, not conservative; they allegedly gnawed
at the foundations of Christian monarchy by substituting a newfangled,
un-Christian religion known as economic profit. Thus Coleridge, defining
"shopkeepers" as "the least patriotic and the least
conservative" class, fought against the Whig Reform Bill of 1832, which
made "hucksters" the dominant voting group.
It would convey an unbalanced picture of
conservatism to present only the moderate and British brand founded by Burke and
to omit the more extreme and Latin brand founded by Maistre (died 1821). Whereas Burkean conservatism is evolutionary,
the conservatism of Maistre is counterrevolutionary. Both favour tradition
against the innovations of 1789, but their traditions differ: the former fights
against 1789 for the sake of traditional liberties, the latter for the sake of
traditional authority. The former is not authoritarian
but constitutionalist--and often parliamentary--whereas the latter, in its
stress on the authority of some traditional elite, is often justifiably called
not conservative but reactionary. To call it totalitarian, however, would be to
go much too far, for its authority does not try to be "total," in the
sense of taking over the total personality, the total culture, but is restricted
to politics--and sometimes also religion. The distinction between the
authoritarian and the totalitarian separates even the most reactionary
conservative from the totalitarian Nazis and Communists. (see also reactionary
movement)
After the breakdown of the French
Revolution, Maistre became the most influential philosophical spokesman for the ancien
régime. Against the slogan "liberty, equality,
fraternity," he seemed almost personally to embody the slogan "throne
and altar." His program consisted of a restoration of hereditary monarchy,
but a more religious and less frivolous monarchy than before. He was an
international refugee after the French, during the Revolution, invaded his
native Savoy--then a French-speaking province of the Italian-speaking monarchy
of Piedmont-Sardinia. He became for 14 years Sardinian ambassador to Russia,
where his restorationist faith was strengthened
by the example of the absolute monarchy still functioning there.
Both restorationist and evolutionary
conservatives defended monarchy as a social cement needed to hold society
together, to keep it "organic," not "atomistic." But, while
the Maistre school (key source of conservative thought in Spain and Italy as
well as France) defends monarchy as absolute, the evolutionary British school
defends it merely as being "pragmatic"; that is, useful. Maistre and
many continental monarchists carried their belief in the monarchy to the extreme
of demanding "love" even for an "unjust" ruler, earthly or
heavenly:
We find ourselves in a realm whose
sovereign has proclaimed his laws. . . . Some . . . appear hard and even unjust
. . . What should be done? Leave the realm, perhaps? Impossible: the realm is
everywhere. . . . Since we start with the supposition that the master exists and
that we must serve him absolutely, is it not better to serve him, whatever his
nature, with love than without it?
This chain of authoritarian reasoning
reached its climax in a logical if inhuman paradox: "The more terrible God
appears to us . . . the more our prayers must become ardent. . . ." Cruel
as these arguments sound, the motive of the personally mild Maistre was humane:
revolts against cruel authority would inflict even crueler sufferings on
mankind. He drew from the French Revolution the lesson that submission to
traditional authority, though admittedly a bitter pill, was Europe's cure for a
still more bitter chaos.
Maistre's politics were a theological
drama in which "order" (his key concept) was angelic,
"chaos" diabolic, and "revolution" original sin. Seduced by
the glittering Social Contract of Rousseau,
giddy and inexperienced nations might lust after democracy or a plebeian
Bonapartist dictatorship. But they would come to a perfectly dreadful end, which
would serve them right for provoking the wages of sin: "Because she
[Europe] is guilty, she suffers" (1810). From suffering, Maistre argued,
Europe would learn that the purest order is a fatherly Christian monarchy. Even
kings must avoid rocking the boat of order with liberal "innovations":
Europe must "suspect" the word "reform." In Du
Pape (1817; "Concerning the Pope"), he analyzed "order"
further: its hierarchical pyramid logically required one supreme apex. That apex
must be no earthly monarch, of which there were so many, but the union of
earthly and spiritual power in the papacy.
The vast extent of the instability
following the French Revolution surprised even its supporters, and the problem
of how to restabilize society emerged as one of some practical importance.
According to Maistre's Soirées de
Saint-Pétersbourg (left unfinished 1821; "Evening Conversations
in St. Petersburg"), the solution was more faith and more police. That
combination he summed up in his own frank formula: "the pope and the
executioner." The pope was the positive bulwark of order: he gave faith.
The executioner was the negative bulwark: he suppressed disorder. Himself an
intellectual, Maistre indicted intellectuals as "rebellious" and
"insolent" fomenters of disorder.
Maistre, this very secular exalter of
clericalism, resembled not the Church Fathers but the very rationalists he
attacked. He arrived at his glorification of unreason and of divine authority
not by mystic intuition--not even by unthinking acceptance of traditional
authority--but by using his own mind independently, rationally, and with steps
of deductive logic. Though Maistre would never have admitted it, he might be
characterized as the last abstract rationalist of the whole Voltairean Age of
Reason. Even more than the rationalist Voltaire and as much as the rationalist
Jacobins, Maistre believed in pure and absolute ideas, although his idea was
absolute authority rather than absolute reason. In Maistre the destructive
deductive logic of the 18th century was carried so far that it destroyed even
itself--pure reason committing suicide for the sake of pure order.
This division into Burke and Maistre
wings does not mean both were equal in importance or influence. No work of
Maistre or any other anti-Jacobin has approached the influence of Burke's
classic essay. Burke, above all, was the first to formulate the rebuttal to the
French Revolution; his arguments were borrowed, sometimes word for word, by all
later conservatives, including the restorationists. Maistre's rigid hierarchical
conservatism is in the latter part of the 20th century dying out, whereas
Burke's more flexible brand is stronger than ever, permeating all parties of the
West, emphatically including democratic Socialists with their increasing stress,
in Great Britain and Germany, on what a Fabian Socialist has called, in good
Burkean language, "the inevitability of gradualness."
French conservatism after Maistre
presents a diversified range of views, from the thought of Charles
Maurras, the far-right editor of L'Action
Française who seemed more fascist than conservative and became a Nazi
collaborator, to the anti-authoritarian Alexis de
Tocqueville, author of Democracy in
America (1835-40) and the most Burkean French critic of the Revolution and
of plebiscitarian mass democracy. To some extent, however, Tocqueville, an
evolutionary parliamentarian, can also be regarded as a liberal thinker. In
between Maurras and Tocqueville come the great anti-Jacobin Hippolyte-Adolphe
Taine; the philosophical novelist Maurice Barrès,
more a nationalist than anything else but conservative in his stress on organic
roots; and Louis-François Veuillot, the
editor after 1843 of the newspaper L'Univers Réligieux and a clerical restorationist who ably
readapted Maistre to the industrial modern world. An influential right-wing
extremist, less clerical and more statist than Maistre and Veuillot, was Louis-Jacques-Maurice
de Bonald, the apologist for Napoleon's empire and then for the Bourbon
Restoration.
The problems posed by the widespread
social unrest of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods and their aftermath,
and the insecurity of governments in the face of demands for constitutions and
liberal reforms, provoked a reaction of more immediate and far-reaching
consequence than the writings of conservative theorists. During the period
1815-48, Prince Metternich, a major influence in Austria and in Europe
generally, devoted his energies to erecting an anti-revolutionary chain of
international alliances throughout Europe in order to protect the multinational
empire that he administered.
Metternich viewed the liberal
revolutions of the 1820s and 1830s in Italy, Spain, and Germany as being
unhistorical and unrealistic. Liberals were trying to transplant from England
free institutions, which had no historic roots on the Continent. He retorted
with Burkean arguments about the need for old roots and orderly organic
development. Hence, his sarcastic comments on the liberal revolutions in Naples
and elsewhere:
A people who can neither read nor
write, whose last word is the dagger--fine material for constitutional
principles! . . . The English constitution is the work of centuries. . . . There
is no universal recipe for constitutions.
Though his repressive Carlsbad Decrees
of 1819 infringed inexcusably on basic liberties, his attitude was not always so
negative. Just before his fall in 1848, he was at last winning acceptance from
the archdukes of his sincere, thoughtful, and practical plan (postponed too long
by the reactionary emperor Francis I) to convoke delegates from all the
provincial estates to a representative body in Vienna.
Metternich was a dominating figure at
the Congress of Vienna, the international peace
conference of 1815 after the Napoleonic Wars. The Vienna peace was based on
certain conservative principles shared by the Austrian delegate Metternich, the
British delegate Robert Castlereagh, the French delegate Talleyrand, and the
formerly liberal Russian tsar Alexander I. These principles were conservatism,
in reaction against Revolutionary France; traditionalism, in reaction against 25
years of rapid change; legitimism (the principle of hereditary monarchy as the
only lawful rule); and restoration (the principle of restoring the kings ousted
after 1789).
The European great powers also aimed at
the enforcement of peace by subsequent conferences between kings, and those
subsequent conferences gave rise to a period of international cooperation known
as the Concert of Europe. As liberal democrats
correctly pointed out, the weakness of that first successful attempt at a
"United Nations" was its narrowly aristocratic base. But it did
achieve the positive function--and important precedent--of peacefully
arbitrating several disputes. The debit of the conservative Concert of Europe
was its bigoted suppression of democratic social progress.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe was Germany's
greatest dramatist, poet, and personality. In his youthful "storm and
stress" period of the 1770s, Goethe went through a phase of revolt and of
nationalism. In his old age, however, he became Germany's greatest cultural
influence for classical balance and for antinationalist cosmopolitanism,
influencing many outside Germany, including, in England, Coleridge. In 1815
Goethe and Metternich both took pride in being "good Europeans," not
German nationalists. After a friendly personal conversation with Metternich,
Goethe wrote that Metternich "inspires with the assurance that reason,
reconciliation, and human understanding will lead us out of present chaos."
Later, in 1830, Goethe urged a mature synthesis between a conservative framework
and liberal goals:
The genuine liberal tries to achieve as
much good as he can with the available means to which he is limited; but he
would not use fire and sword to annihilate the often inevitable wrongs. Making
progress at a judicious pace, he strives to remove society's deficiencies
gradually without at the same time destroying an equal amount of good by violent
measures. In this ever-imperfect world he contents himself with what is good
until time and circumstances favor his attaining something better.
His rhymed credo "Nature and
Art" (1802) expressed his conservative and classic stress on voluntary
submission to law: "Only in self-restriction does the master reveal
himself. And only law can give us liberty." His political drama Die natürliche Tochter (1803; The
Natural Daughter) reflected his hostility to the French Revolution,
radicalism, and mass movements. Much quoted by classicists, such as the United
States' Irving Babbitt, was Goethe's definition: "The classical I call the
healthy and the romantic the diseased." Yet his Faust
drama (Part I published 1808, Part
II 1832) retained the liberal-minded stress of his younger days on constant
change, "constant striving," as salvation. His most unique achievement
consisted of his being, so to speak, self-invented. By sheer strength of
character, he remolded his naturally revolutionary and romantic temperament into
what the world accepted as a conservative and classicist temperament.
Perhaps Germany's most mature
conservative thought came from her great historians. Friedrich
Karl von Savigny (died 1861) and Leopold von
Ranke (died 1886) were outstanding as pupils of Burke in their reverence
for history as organic growth. Savigny stressed that custom, operating over
centuries, creates its own framework. On custom, Savigny founded an entire
science of historical jurisprudence, denying the abstract, liberal "rights
of man." Similarly, Ranke saw every society in terms of its own unique
evolution. He opposed the universal generalizations of the 18th-century
Enlightenment; every people, he wrote, "is related directly to God" in
its own concrete way.
Whereas Western conservatism arose from
reactions to the French Revolution, Russian tsarist conservatism had different
and older origins. The practice of the absolute Tatar khans and the theory of
Byzantine caesarism combined to produce an un-Western elephantiasis of
autocracy. Nevertheless, two antiliberal traditionalists of Russia
made such an impact on the West--the first by politics, the second by art--that
their mention is indispensable: Konstantin
Pobedonostsev and Fyodor Dostoyevsky. The
former was the tutor and chief ideologist of two tsars (Alexander III and, until
the Revolution of 1905, Nicholas II). His book Reflections
of a Russian Statesman (1898) denounced free press, trial by jury,
parliamentary government, secular education, skepticism toward the divine
mission of tsars, and, above all, intellectuals.
Dostoyevsky's disillusionment with his
youthful radicalism resembled Coleridge's in its psychological as well as
literary consequences. Both turned to an organic, religious, and monarchic
society, to which they paid more homage via literature than via politics.
Dostoyevsky attacked Socialism, liberalism, materialism, and atheism. He
preached Greek Orthodox tsarism, Slavic traditionalism, and the redemption of
mankind by "Holy Russia." His novel The Possessed (1871-72) pictured the
idealistic ends of Socialists as corrupted by their terroristic means, and he
boasted somewhat fawningly to Alexander III about the book's effectiveness
against radicals. His novel The
Brothers Karamazov (1880) contrasted a dry Western rationalism with a
more deeply moving Russian mysticism. To the end he retained from his young
Socialist days his characteristic compassion for what he called "the
insulted and injured"; only now he expressed this in the more spiritual
creed of Christian love. What influences many modern readers so compellingly is
not his political but his cultural conservatism, exalting vision beyond external
material progress.
The American
Revolution owed many of its ideals to Burke's interpretation of the
British heritage of 1688, the heritage of mature self-government. Burke favoured
the Revolution as defending the traditional rights of freeborn Englishmen
against newfangled royal usurpations. In that sense, one might describe it not
as the Revolution but as the "Conservation" of 1776.
In The
Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved (1764) the American
spokesman James Otis typically argued that the
demand for no taxation without representation was an old British tradition.
America, he said, was conserving "the British Constitution, the most free
one on earth." "We claim nothing," added George Mason of
Virginia, "but the liberty and privileges of Englishmen." Almost all
other revolutions, colonial or otherwise, have been radical in the sense of
demanding new or increased liberties and a new order. In contrast, the American
demand of July 6, 1775 (Declaration of the
Causes & Necessity of Taking Up Arms), was for conserving old liberties
and the old order: "in defence of the freedom that is our birth right and
which we ever enjoyed until the late violation of it." Such words
promulgated no democracy, no abstract "Rights of Man"; rather, they
promulgated what Burke called "prescriptive right. . . . considering our
liberties in the light of an inheritance." Despite important exceptions,
which should not be minimized, it was not until the election of the more truly
"revolutionary" Andrew Jackson (1828) that the democratic doctrines of
the pamphleteer Thomas Paine gained solid roots in the United States, dividing
the nation between conservative and progressive traditions. Paine was the man
whom the Burkean John Adams (president
1797-1801) came to loathe most--for eternally sloganizing about apriorist
utopias. A leading historian, Daniel Boorstin, has observed in The
Genius of American Politics (1953):
The ablest defender of the
Revolution--in fact, the greatest political theorist of the American
Revolution--was also the great theorist of British conservatism, Edmund Burke. .
. . Ours was one of the few conservative colonial rebellions of modern times.
The spirit of the United States was
partly molded by two masterpieces of Burkean conservatism, both published in
1787-88: The
Federalist, by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, and Defence
of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, by
John Adams. The achievements attributed by historians to the Federalist papers exceed those of any other series of newspaper
articles in history, for they helped forge national unity during a separatist
crisis. In the context of Shays's Rebellion of 1786 against the judiciary, they
saved government by law from government by mob and established minority rights
against majority dictatorship. They based American liberty on the Burkean
principle of historical roots, prescriptive right, and judicial precedent
instead of on vague grand rhetoric about democratic utopias and the masses.
Similar in thought and richer in historical background was the Defence
by Adams, one of the most penetrating analyses of self-government ever
written.
The U.S. Constitution was drawn up in
Philadelphia by the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787. The objectives of
many liberal democrats were: easy amendment; facilities for mass pressure and
rapid change; unchecked popular sovereignty; universal manhood suffrage; a
single parliamentary body; and the basing of liberty on a long list of universal
a priori abstractions, such as Burke later criticized in the French Declaration
of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. But in the Constitution of 1787 the
Federalists foiled each of these objectives. They made amendments slow and
difficult, greatly reduced the number of voters by property restrictions,
created a congress of two parliamentary bodies, and based liberty primarily,
though not entirely, on the concrete, inherited precedents of British tradition.
Except for the House of Representatives (a sop to democrats), the main cogs of
government--president, Senate, justices--were not to be chosen directly by the
people but, respectively, by the electoral college, state legislatures, and
appointment, and not until 1913 did an amendment eliminate this intentionally
undemocratic election of senators. The judicial branch (Supreme Court) continues
to be a nonelective, nonremovable elite not responsible to democratic
majorities. Yet it can veto as unconstitutional measures passed by a democratic
majority of the two elective, removable branches of Congress. (see also Constitution
of the United States of America )
The American Founding Fathers adopted a
conservative constitution in reaction against current mob excesses and against
the democratic-utopian rhetoric of the earlier Declaration
of Independence (drawn up by Thomas Jefferson) with its grand
abstractions about "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." Yet
the Constitution was the Burkean, not the reactionary brand of conservatism.
Thus it defeated not only the liberal objectives but also the more extreme
conservative ones, including a hereditary, titled aristocracy and Hamilton's
notion of a president for life with absolute veto power.
The United States' only consistently
conservative party was the Federalist Party of John Adams and Alexander
Hamilton. Hamilton was perhaps too much the reckless commercial adventurer to be
classified under conservative or any other principles, but Adams remains the
closest New World equivalent to Burke. After the death of the Federalist Party
in the early 1800s, two mutually hostile kinds of political conservatism
emerged: that of the urban New England Brahmins and that of the Southern
semi-feudal landowners. The latter received their most persuasive defense in the
famous A Disquisition on Government and
Discourse on the Constitution and Government of the United States of Calhoun,
the closest New World equivalent to Maistre. This more extreme, very regional
Calhoun conservatism is still influential in much of the American south,
typically cutting across Democrat or Republican party lines, and is still alien
to New England conservatism.
Modern U.S. political parties, being
pragmatic alliances of geographic patronage groups rather than matters of
doctrine, cannot realistically be classified under "isms." It is
nearer to reality to look for conservatism, instead, in the indirect
diffusion--cutting across all party lines--of the above described restraining
principles of the Constitution.
The 19th and, particularly, the 20th
century (that is, the period since the 18th-century Enlightenment) have in many
ways been antithetical to conservatism, both as a political philosophy and as a
program of particular parties identified with conservative interests. As
described above, the consciously articulated conservatism of Burke
was formulated in reaction to the French Revolution;
similarly, the anti-liberal, anti-revolutionary policy that was a major factor
in European international relations during the Metternich
period (1809-48) was a reaction to the political discontent aroused by demands
for liberal reforms and constitutions. The Enlightenment,
in fact, had resulted in the propagation of certain attitudes and ideas that
were to have far-reaching political consequences during the succeeding
centuries, the most significant of which were a belief in the possibility of
improvement in the human condition--a belief, that is, in the idea of
progress--and a concomitant disposition to tamper with or discard existing
institutions or practices in pursuit of progress, a disposition that has been
characterized as "rationalist." Such rationalist politics embrace a
broad segment of the political spectrum, including much of liberal reformism,
socialism of the welfare-state or mixed-economy variety characteristic of
western Europe, and Marxist socialism. The changes that have been wrought under
the banner of rationalist politics have thus been immense and point to what has
been described as a dilemma of modern conservatism--the extent to which, in face
of constant rationalist innovation, conservatives may be forced to adopt a
merely defensive role, so that the political initiative lies always in the other
camp.
The responses of conservatives to this
predicament have naturally varied considerably in differing political contexts;
an account of some of these responses is given below. An analysis of the role of
conservatism in contemporary politics, however, cannot be confined merely to an
account of the programs of political parties identified with the conservative
cause, for conservatism makes its influence felt in a variety of ways less
direct than through expression in party platforms. Conservatism in the 20th
century has in fact been a pervasive force in the political life of those
parliamentary democracies in which rationalist politics have seemed to hold
sway, as well, of course, as in less liberal political climates.
Conservative influences operate
indirectly (i.e., other than via the
programs of political parties) largely by virtue of the fact that, while man is
undeniably a persistent innovator, there is also much in the human temperament
that is naturally or instinctively conservative: among such conservative traits
are the tendency to fear and avoid sudden change and the tendency to act
according to habit. While these are traits of the individual, they may find
collective expression in, for example, resistance to imposed political change
and in a whole cluster of value preferences that contribute to the formation and
stability of a particular culture. The tendency for value preferences to find
expression in cultural forms and political institutions (the so-called
pragmatism of the British, for example, in their unwritten constitution)
constitutes a profound conservative influence in political life over and above
any explicit articulation of particular conservative interests that may be
undertaken by a political party, for it gives rise to practices and institutions
that are products of a long process of social and political evolution and are
closely related to other culture-related factors, such as religion and property
relationships. The existence of such cultural restraints on political innovation
constitutes in all societies a fundamental conservative bias, the implications
of which have been aphoristically expressed by an English commentator, F.J.C.
Hearnshaw: "It is commonly sufficient for practical purposes if
conservatives, without saying anything, just sit and think, or even if they
merely sit." Mere inertia, however, has rarely sufficed to protect
conservative values in an age dominated by rationalist dogma and by social
change related to continuous technological developments. The conservative
reaction, however, is best analyzed in specific political contexts. Historians,
it may be noted, cannot safely agree on there being more than four great
political parties of the 20th century deserving of the name: the Conservative
Party of England, the Christian Democrats of Italy and of Germany, and the
Liberal Democrats of Japan.
In England, Disraeli's successor, Lord
Salisbury, was prime minister in 1885, from 1886 to 1892, and from 1895 to 1902;
Arthur Balfour succeeding him from 1902 to 1905. This longest era of
Conservative rule was characterized by imperialism, high tariffs, and the
gradual erosion of the party's working-class
vote, which Disraeli had so far-sightedly
nurtured by extending the franchise to the workers in 1867. The party had
thereby broadened its original class basis (landed aristocracy and established
church) to outflank from below and above the new commercial class and its
Liberal Party. It may be said that conservatism in Great Britain since
Disraeli's time has veered between a passive and largely resigned acceptance of
changes introduced by its Liberal and, later, Labour opponents and a more
positive conservatism, the aim of which has been to foster a social environment
in which the individual is encouraged to advance his own interests without undue
hindrance from, or reliance on, the state--a policy descended from the liberal
individualism of the 19th century, associated particularly with the Liberal
Party. This positive conservatism of liberal individualism tinged with a strong
sense of social conscience was given its earliest formulation by Disraeli, who
combined a desire to mitigate harsh conditions suffered by the working class
under conditions of unrestrained capitalism with a belief in the value of
existing institutions such as the monarchy, the church, and the class system.
Disraeli's foreign policy, which emphasized the need for Britain to act
constructively as a "moderating and mediatorial" power and to maintain
its interest in its empire, also reflected the view that conservatism must be a
force shaping events rather than merely reacting to them. These three
elements--the improvement of material conditions by both encouragement of
individual initiative and timely reform of abuses, emphasis on the value of
traditional institutions, and belief in the need for an active foreign
policy--have been recurring themes of British conservatism in the 20th century.
Later conservative thinkers have elaborated on the value of divergency of
personality and attitudes, the role of property as an expression of
individuality, and the central role of the family in providing a stable
environment in which the individual may develop. (see also Conservative
Party)
In its less positive periods (as, for
example, during the interwar period), conservatism in Britain has been
identified with the defense of class privileges and of the status quo, an
unconstructive opposition to socialism, and, during the 1930s, a deal-making
commercialist approach to the rising Nazi menace. Faced, however, with the
introduction of a mixed economy and the vast extension of state welfare services
by the Labour Party after 1945, the Conservatives, when returned to power in
1951, reversed very few of their socialist predecessors' innovations,
emphasizing instead their claim to be more able to administer the welfare state
efficiently and to some extent outbidding their opponents, especially in areas
of social policy related to their fundamental beliefs--the encouragement of a
heavy program of house building being an example. The Conservative resurgence
that resulted in the election of Margaret Thatcher as prime minister in 1979
inspired a more activist, if not doctrinaire, spirit, particularly in the fields
of economic and fiscal policy (including, for example, the
"privatization" of a number of industries nationalized under Labour
governments).
It is of significance that the British
Conservative Party has been the more ardent of the two major British parties in
championing British membership in the European Economic
Community (EEC), reflecting an internationalism voiced by Sir
Winston Churchill when, in 1940, he appealed for a Franco-British union
and, in 1946, for a European union. Originally conceived as a means by which the
economies in the European countries might be integrated--so that war between
them would be impossible--the nascent community assumed significance during and
after the Cold War as a means of strengthening western Europe against the threat
of external Communist aggression and internal subversion. Together with the
military North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance, it thus assumed a role as
a bulwark of parliamentary democracy and capitalism.
In the arena of party politics,
conservatism in western Europe is generally represented by two or more parties,
ranging from the liberal centre to the moderate and extreme right. Three types
of party may be discerned: agrarian parties (particularly in Scandinavia),
Christian democratic parties, and conservative parties linked strongly with big
business interests and sometimes with a markedly nationalistic outlook. Such
categories are very general and are not mutually exclusive.
Among parties of the right, the
Christian democratic tradition has the longest continuity, the predecessors of
contemporary parties having emerged during the first half of the 19th century to
represent supporters of the church and the monarchy against liberal elements.
Especially after World War I, business interests became a third important
element. The clerical interest is strongest in the Democrazia Cristiana (DC;
the Christian Democrat Party) of Italy, which
has dominated government since 1945. Through this party, Catholicism has set
limits on policy concerning such church-related matters as divorce and
contraception; in regard to other social questions, however, the party has never
presented a coherent policy, largely because it comprises little more than an
alliance of disparate and often conflicting interest groups. (see also Roman
Catholicism)
In Germany,
a country divided between Catholics and Protestants, the church plays a far less
significant role in the main conservative party, the Christlich-Demokratische
Union (CDU; the Christian Democratic Union). After 1950, following debate
within the party over economic and social questions, advocacy of a
free-enterprise economy coupled with a strong commitment to maintain and improve
social insurance and other welfare provisions became established policy. The
conservative temper of the political climate in Germany since the beginning of
economic recovery may be judged from the fact that since the early 1950s the
main opposition party, the Sozialdemokratische Partei
Deutschlands (SPD; the Social Democrats), has progressively eliminated
the socialist content of its program, a congress at Bad Godesberg (1959) in fact
going so far as to champion the profit motive.
France
provides an exception to the general pattern of the representation of moderate
conservative opinion by a Christian democratic party; the closest equivalent has
been the Catholic, right-wing Mouvement Républicain
Populaire, which by the late 1960s had become little more than a
political club. Instead, a large proportion of conservatives in France has
supported Gaullist groups such as the Union pour la Défense de la République.
Gaullist conservatism has been markedly nationalistic, involving assumptions
concerning French leadership of a united Europe and emphasizing tradition,
order, and the regeneration of France. Gaullists
espouse divergent views on domestic social issues, however, as do non-Gaullist
groups such as the Centre National des Indepéndants et Paysans. The
number of conservative groups, their lack of stability, and their tendency to be
identified with local issues defy simple categorization. Conservatism in France,
however, as in Italy and Germany, has been the dominant political force since
World War II.
Conservatism in Europe
is thus revealed as a dominating political influence in the major states,
finding expression in parties of very different character. These parties
represent traditional bourgeois values and oppose unnecessary state involvement
in economic affairs and any radical attempts at income redistribution. They are
also characterized by an absence of ideology and often of even a
well-articulated political philosophy, but this tends to be of little
consequence in terms of their influence since they give political expression to
the conservatism of temperament mentioned above as an important underlying bias
in political conflict, as well as to persistent culture-related values that are
of great importance in terms of continuity and stability.
The relationship between conservatism as
an underlying bias related to psychological factors and cultural values and
conservatism as an articulated political credo is illustrated by the history of
party politics in Japan since its opening to Western influence in the middle of
the 19th century. The political and social changes that took place following the
Meiji Restoration (1868) were of major proportions, involving the abolition of
feudal institutions and the introduction of such Western political ideas as
constitutional government. But despite institutional innovations and the
dislocations resulting from rapid industrialization, traditional loyalties and
attitudes proved to be more important factors in shaping political developments.
Except for the period of intervention by
the militarists during the 1930s and 1940s, Japan has been ruled by
conservatives since the beginning of party politics in the 1880s. The
conservative parties (the two most important of which merged to form the Liberal-Democratic
Party in 1955) have been dominated by personalities rather than by
ideology and dogma; and personal loyalties to leaders of groups within the party
(factions) rather than commitment to policy have determined the allegiance of
conservative members of the Diet. As one American scholar, Nathaniel B. Thayer,
has described it, the factions
have adopted the social values,
customs, and relationships of an older Japan. . . . The old concepts of loyalty,
hierarchy, and duty hold sway in them. And the Dietman (or any other Japanese)
feels very comfortable when he steps into this world.
The Liberal-Democratic Party is
intimately linked with big business interests, and its policies are guided
primarily by the objective of fostering a stable environment for the development
of Japan's free-enterprise economy; to this end, the party functions as a broker
of conflicting business interests. Policy toward other Asian countries, national
defense, and internal security are other conservative preoccupations.
It may be argued that the United States
has no nationwide conservative or liberal parties but instead only two
fluctuating, all-inclusive coalitions. Both the Democrat and Republican
coalitions have included interest groups labelled conservative--for example,
segregationists among southern Democrats, such Republican offshoots as the local
New York Conservative Party, and religious fundamentalists of both parties. On a
journalistic level the word conservative has been used loosely for a segment of
the Republican party associated with Sen. Barry Goldwater and Pres. Ronald
Reagan. (see also Democratic
Party, Republican Party)
Modern American conservatism has been
highly influential in the literary and religious realm in such masterpieces of
conservative outlook as Irving Babbitt's Democracy
and Leadership (1924) or the aristocratic traditionalism of the Nobel
Prize-winning novelist William Faulkner. Indeed, such figures as the novelist
Herman Melville and the theologian Reinhold Niebuhr, usually independent of each
other and eschewing conservative labels, have performed the nation's spiritual
arithmetic, calculating the spiritual price of material progress and of a
robotizing technology. Unconsciously conservative in this sense, even when under
radical slogans, is the impulse among young people in the 1970s and after to
conserve ecology and environment against what Melville called "the
impieties of progress." These unconscious young conservers sublimate the
old class-based elitism into a new value-based elitism, open to all, thereby
rescuing quality (the cultural as well as physical ecology) from the parvenu
plutocrats of quantity (mass culture and robot technology). (see also American
literature)
The impact of the horrors allowed at
Auschwitz has purged--in effect conservatized--many modern liberals out of their
most unconservative axiom: the Rousseauist doctrine of the "natural
goodness" of man and the masses. For many, the real battle for the future
now seems to be an alliance of such chastened liberals with conservatives in
jointly defending their shared constitutional and ethical framework against
extremist destroyers from a mirror-image right and left.
It is arguable that conservatism,
whether its influence operates through political parties or through
psychological, cultural, and institutional factors, is a far more persuasive
influence in democratic societies than the rate of social and economic change
and the welter of rationalist dogma would suggest. That it is often lacking in
articulation and that, as critics of conservatism point out, there is a
comparative lack of persuasive presentations of the conservative cause compared
with the abundant literature of rationalist politics is in part a consequence of
its underlying strength and in part a result of a certain coyness among the best
conservative thinkers deriving from the fear that a conservatism that needs to
present itself in the same terms as the doctrines it opposes is no longer
conservatism or is a conservatism in retreat. In the late 20th century, however,
many would say that it may be argued that the predilection of governments to
extend their role in social life is so strong as to necessitate a more
articulate, even aggressive, conservatism. One particularly important task of
conservatives will be to emphasize that the social sciences, particularly
anthropology and psychology, so long enlisted in the cause of social engineering
and liberal utopianism, also reveal much about the role of tradition, custom,
and evolution in the survival of societies. (Pe.V.)
|
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ (ÜÁáúñ«ëù, conservatism)
¿À·£ ½Ã°£À» ÅëÇØ ¹ßÀüµÇ¾î¿Â ¿¬¼Ó¼º°ú ¾ÈÁ¤¼ºÀ» ´ãº¸ÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ Á¦µµ¿Í °ü½ÀÀ» ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ¿©±â´Â ŵµ.
Á¤Ä¡»ç»óÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ »ìÆìº¸¸é º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀûÀ̶ó°í ºÐ·ùÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â Çм³¡¤À̳äµéÀÌ ÀûÁö ¾ÊÀº ºÎºÐÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸³ª
º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ »çÁ¶ ¹× ¿îµ¿À¸·Î¼ ²ÉÀ» ÇÇ¿ì±â
½ÃÀÛÇÑ °ÍÀº 1789³âÀÇ ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀ» °è±â·Î ÇØ¼¿´´Ù. 'º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ'¶ó´Â
¿ë¾î´Â »þÅäºê¸®¾Ó
ÀÚÀÛ ÇÁ¶û¼ö¾Æ ¸£³×¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ºÎ¸£ºÀ ¿ÕÁ¤º¹°íÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ
1815³â óÀ½ »ç¿ëÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÃøµÇ¸ç, 1830³â¿¡´Â ¡´ÄõÅи®
¸®ºä The Quarterly Review¡µÀÇ ÆíÁýÀ» ´ã´çÇÏ´ø ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Á¸ Àª½¼
Å©·ÎÄ¿°¡ Å丮 ´çÀ» ÁöĪÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÌ ¸»À» »ç¿ëÇß´Ù´Â ±â·ÏÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¹Û¿¡µµ 1830³â´ë¿¡ ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼´Â ´Ù¼ö µ¶ÀçÀÇ È¾Æ÷¿¡
¸Â¼ ³²ºÎ ¼Ò¼ö¼¼·ÂÀÇ ±ÇÀÍÀ» ¿ËÈ£Çß´ø Á¸ ÄÃÈÆÀÌ
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÓÀ» ÀÚóÇϱ⵵ ÇßÀ¸³ª ±Ù´ëÀûÀ̰í ü°è¸¦ °®Ãá
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ À̳äÀÇ ±âÃʰ¡ µÈ °ÍÀº ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ÀÇȸÁÖÀÇÀÚÀ̸ç
Á¤Ä¡»ç»ó°¡ÀÎ ¿¡µå¸Õµå ¹öÅ©ÀÇ
¡´ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í·Ð Reflections on the Revolution in France¡µ(1790)ÀÓ¿¡
Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù(»ç½Ç ±×´Â ÇÑ ¹øµµ 'º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ'¶ó´Â ¿ë¾î¸¦ ±¸»çÇÑ
ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ½) (¹öÅ©). ¹öÅ©¿Í °°Àº ¹ÝÇõ¸í ÀÇȸÁß½ÉÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº
´ëÇõ¸íÀÇ °ú°ÝÇϰí Çõ½ÅÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀÌ Àΰ£ÇعæÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ»
Èñ¼®¡¤Å¸¶ô½Ã۰í ÀÖÀ½À» ÁöÀûÇßÀ¸¸ç, Á¤Ä¡Æò·Ð°¡ÀÌÀÚ
¿Ü±³°üÀÎ Á¶Á¦ÇÁ µå ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£
µîÀÇ º¸´Ù ±ÇÀ§ÁöÇâÀûÀÎ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ Áø¿µ¿¡¼´Â Çõ¸íÀÇ À̳ä
±× ÀÚü¸¦ °ÅºÎÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù (¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£). ´ëÇõ¸íÀÇ °úÁ¤À» ÁöÄѺ¸´Â À¯·´ÀεéÀÇ
º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¹Ý°¨Àº º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡µé¿¡°Ô °ú°Å ÀüÅëÀ»
ȸº¹ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ ȣ±â¸¦ Á¦°øÇß°í, ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ
Á¤Ä¡Ã¶ÇÐÀº °©ÀÛ½º·± Àü¼º±â¸¦ ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
º¸¼öÀûÀΠŵµ
±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇ¿Í Çõ¸í¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ¹öÅ©ÀÇ ÀÔÀåÀº ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ
Áø¿µ¿¡ ½ÉµµÀÖ´Â ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡±âµµ ÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿ÜÇüÀûÀÎ
Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿Í º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ¸¦ °¡·Á³»´Â µ¥´Â »ó´çÇÑ
¾î·Á¿òÀÌ µû¸£Áö¸¸, º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ º»¼º¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀǿʹ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ÀüÁ¦·ÎºÎÅÍ Ãâ¹ßÇϰí
ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀǽÄÀû¡¤Á÷¼³ÀûÀÌµç ¹«ÀǽÄÀû¡¤¾Ï¹¬ÀûÀ̵ç
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ Àå¿¡ '±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ¿øÁ˼³'À»
²ø¾îµéÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù. Àΰ£Àº ¾Ö´çÃÊ ÀÚÀ¯·ÓÁöµµ ¼±ÇÏÁöµµ
¸øÇÏ¸ç ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¹«Áú¼¿Í »ç¾ÇÇÔ, »óÈ£ÆÄ¸ê·Î ³ª¾Æ°¡±â°¡
½¬¿î Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù. 18¼¼±âÀÇ ÇÁ¶û½º öÇÐÀÚ Àå ÀÚÅ© ·ç¼Ò°¡
'Àΰ£ÀÇ ¼±ÇÑ º»¼ºÀ» ¾ô¾î¸Å´Â »ç½½'À̶ó°í ´ÜÁ¤Çß´ø °Í(Àھƿ¡
´ëÇÑ »çȸÀû Á¦¾àÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ÀνÀ)Àº ¹öÅ© µî¿¡ À־Â
Àΰ£À» ¼±À¸·Î À̲ô´Â ´Ù¸®¿Í °°Àº ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇß´Ù. Á¤Åë°ú
ÀνÀÀÇ »ç½½Àº °³°³ÀÇ Àΰ£À» »Ñ¸®±í°í ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀÎ »çȸ±¸Á¶
¼Ó¿¡ ¼øÀÀ½Ã۸ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áú¼¿Í üÁ¦ ¼Ó¿¡¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸é
À±¸®ÀûÀÎ ÇൿÀ̳ª Ã¥ÀÓÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯¿Í ±Ç¸®ÀÇ Çà»ç´Â
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ µÇ°í ¸¸´Ù. º¸¼öÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇâÀº º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ
Á¤Ã¥³ë¼±À̳ª ¿ìÆÄ °æÁ¦Çаú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¹Ýµå½Ã
±×·± °Í¸¸Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. »ç½Ç ±×°ÍÀº ÁÂÆÄ Á¤Ä¡ ¹× °æÁ¦ ³ë¼±À»
¼ö¹ÝÇÏ´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀûÁö ¾Ê´Ù. º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡¿Í °æÁ¦°¡
¹«¾ùÀ̵簣¿¡ º¸¼öÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇâÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº 2°¡Áö ƯÁúÀ»
°¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Çϳª´Â Àΰ£º»¼º°ú
»Ñ¸®¾øÀ½, ½ÃÇèÀ» °ÅÄ¡Áö ¾ÊÀº Çõ½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ½ÅÀ̸ç, ´Ù¸¥
Çϳª´Â À̷κÎÅÍÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ±Í°áÀÌÁö¸¸ Áߴܾø´Â ¿ª»ç¿Í
¿ª»ç ¼ÓÀÇ ÁøÈ°úÁ¤, ±×¸®°í Àΰ£»ç¸¦ À̲ø¾î°¡´Â
±âº»Æ²·Î¼ÀÇ ÀüÅë»çȸüÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å·Ú°¨ÀÌ´Ù. »Ñ¸®±íÀº
»çȸüÁ¦¶õ ¹®ÈÀû¡¤Á¾±³ÀûÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Ãß»óÀû¡¤½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î
Ç¥ÇöµÈ ¹Ù°¡ ÀüÇô ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÈÄÀÚÀÇ
Ãø¸é°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© ¸¹Àº º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡µéÀº(ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼´Â
¼Ò¼öÀÌ°í ¿µ±¹¿¡¼´Â ´Ù¼öÆÄÀÓ) º¸¼öÁÖÀǸ¦ ¾î¶²
À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â ¾ð¾îÇ¥ÇöÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ
Á¤½Å»óÅ·ΠÆÄ¾ÇÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀǰ¡ ¿¶í ³íÀïÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î
ÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Á¸ÀçÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡
À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âÈÇÏ°í ³í¸®°¡ ºÎ¿©µÇ¸ç, ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ »ç»ó¿îµ¿À¸·Î
¹ßµ¸¿òÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÒ ¶§ ±×°ÍÀº °ð¹Ù·Î ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °æ¸êÇØ¿Â
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀǸ¦ ´à¾Æ°¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀûÀÎ
Á¢±Ù¹æ½Ä¿¡ µû¸£ÀÚ¸é ¿¬¿ª³í¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Ã߷йæ½ÄÀ̶õ
Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô °ø·ÐÀûÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³Ê¹«³ªµµ 18¼¼±âÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû¡¤ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀû Á¤½ÅÀÌ °ü³äÈµÈ Ã»»çÁøÀ»
ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ð»öÇÏ´Â °Í°ú´Â ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ À̼ºÀº
¹«ÀǽÄÀÇ Àúº¯¿¡¼ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ÀüÅë°ú °ü·ÊµéÀ»
Çü»óȽÃÄѳª°£´Ù. ¹Ì·¡¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â ½ÇÁúÀÇ ±¸Çö¿¡
ÃÊÁ¡ÀÌ ¸ÂÃß¾îÁø º»Áú·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ±× ÃÖ°íÀÇ
ÅëÂû·Â¿¡ À̸£·¯¼µµ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀdzª ±ÞÁøÁÖÀǸ¸ÅÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÈ
ÀÛ¾÷À» ÁøÇà½ÃŲ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ±âÁ¸ Á¾±³¿Í »óÈ£¿¬°üÀ» ¸Î±âµµ
ÇÑ´Ù. 1789³â ÀÌÈÄ Á¾±³°èÀÇ È£¼Ò´Â È¥µ·ÀÇ ½Ã±â¿¡ ÆòÈ¿Í
¾ÈÁ¤À» Èñ±¸ÇÏ´Â À¯·´ÀεéÀÇ ¿¸ÁÀ» ¹è°¡½ÃÄ×´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ±×
±â¿øÀ» ±ºÁÖÁ¦ÀûÀÎ Áß¼¼±â¿¡ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Â ·Î¸¶ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸´Â
´Ù¸¥ ¾î´À Á¾±³º¸´Ùµµ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ À̼º¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â ¹Ù°¡
ÄÇ´Ù. ±¹±³È¸ÀÇ ½ÅºÀÀÚ¿´´ø ¿¡µå¸Õµå ¹öÅ© ¿ª½Ã ±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇÀÇ
¼¼·ÂÈ®ÀåÀ» ÀúÁöÇÏ´Â °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æº®À¸·Î¼ °¡Å縯
±³È¸ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» μÛÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÁÖ·ù¸¦ Çü¼ºÇß´ø ¼¼·ÂÀº
ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®±³µµµéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç µ¿½Ã¿¡ °·ÂÇÑ
¹Ý±³±ÇÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ̾ú´Ù.
»çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ÇϳªÀÇ À¯±âÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷ü·Î Á¶¸íÇϰí ÀÖ´Â
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Áøº¸ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¡¤ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ
û»çÁøÀ», ½É¿øÇÑ ÀüÅë¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÐ »çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼°¡
ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°í ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÁøÈÇØ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ³»¹ö·ÁµÎÁö
¾Ê°í ¼ø¼öÀ̼º¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ¹«Ã¥ÀÓÇÏ°Ô °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ Àå·¡
¸ð½ÀÀ» Àç´ÜÇØ³»´Â ¼º±ÞÇÑ ±âµµ¶ó°í Èú³ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ºÐ¿µÈ Àâ´ÙÇÑ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ´ÜÁö
±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î °áÇյǾî ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÎ ¿øÀÚÈµÈ »çȸ·Î
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í ÀÖ´Ù. °øµ¿Ã¼»çȸ´Â Á¾±³¿Í ÀÌ»óÁÖÀÇ, °øÅëÀÇ
¿ª»çÀû üÇè, ¿À·£ ±â°£À» µÎ°í ±â´ÉÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇØ¿Â Á¤Ä¡Á¦µµ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½, °æ¾Ö¡¤»óÈ£Çù·Â¡¤¼º½Ç µîÀÇ Á¤¼¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ
°ÍÀ̶ó¾ß Çϸç, À¯¹°»ç°ü, °è±ÞÅõÀï, °úµµÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯¹æÀÓ°æÁ¦,
Ž¿å½º·± ºÎ´çÀÌÀÍÀÇ Ãß±¸, Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ºÐ¼®ÀûÀÎ Àΰ£Áö¼º,
ÇÔ²² °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â »çȸÁ¦µµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ×°¨, Àǹ«º¸´Ù ¾Õ¼±
±Ç¸®ÀÇ ÁÖÀå, ȸÀÇ¿Í ³Ã¼ÒÀÇ ±âÁú µîÀº Àΰ£°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ
¿øÀÚȸ¦ °¡¼Ó½Ãų µû¸§ÀÌ´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ³¶¸¸ÁÖÀÇ ÇÐÆÄ¸¦
Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº À¯±âÀû ÅëÀϼºÀ̶ó´Â
»çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ °ü³äÀ» »çȸ´Â ÀüºÎÀÌ°í °³ÀÎÀº ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ
¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â ½ÄÀÇ ±Ø´Ü·Ð¿¡±îÁö ¸ô°í°¡Áö´Â ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±¹¸éÀÌ ´õÀÌ»ó º¸¼öÁÖÀǶó°í´Â ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÀüüÁÖÀÇ
±¹°¡À̷п¡ ºÒ°úÇÔÀ» °£ÆÄÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿©·¯ ¾çÅÂ
¹öÅ©ÁÖÀÇÀÇ Åä´ë
¿¡µå¸Õµå ¹öÅ©(1729~97)´Â 18¼¼±â¸» À¯·´ÀÇ ÁöÀû Åä¾çÀ»
±¸Ã¼Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °è¸ùÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ °æ¸ê·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀüÅë°ú ÀνÀ¿¡
´ëÇÑ Á¸ÁßÀ¸·Î º¯Ãµ½ÃŲ °¡Àå ¿µÇâ·Â ÀÖ´Â »ç»ó°¡¿´´Ù.
¾ÆÀÏ·£µå Ãâ½ÅÀ̾ú´ø ±×´Â °üÁ¶ÀÚÀÇ ¿Á¤À» °¡Áö°í
À×±Û·£µå¿Í ±¹±³È¸ ±×¸®°í ±× ±ÍÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ÀüÅëÀ»
»ç¶ûÇß´Ù. 1765³â ¹öÅ©´Â ÈÖ±× ´ç ÁßµµÆÄÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀÎ ·ÎÅ·¾ö
ÈÄÀÛ 2¼¼ Âû½º À½¼ À¢Æ®¿ö½ºÀÇ °³Àκñ¼°¡ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç Á¶Áö 3¼¼ÀÇ
±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ ¹«´ÜÅëÄ¡¿¡ ´ëÇ×, ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÀÚÀ¯±ÇÀÇ ½ÇÇöÀ»
ÁÖÀåÇÏ¸é¼ ¹Ì±¹ µ¶¸³Çõ¸í(1776)À» ¿ËÈ£ÇßÀ¸³ª ¾ó¸¶ µÚ
ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼ Çõ¸íÀÌ Ã˹ߵǾúÀ» ¶§´Â À̸¦ ¾î¸®¼®Àº ±ºÁß°ú
ÀüÅëÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â ¹«Ã¥ÀÓÇÑ À̷а¡µéÀÇ Æø°Å·Î¼ ±ÔÁ¤Áö¾ú´Ù.
1790³â ´ëÇõ¸íÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¹«Ç÷ÀÇ À¯ÅäÇÇ¾Æ ¸ð½ÀÀ» À¯ÁöÇϰí ÀÖÀ»
¶§ ¹öÅ©´Â ¿ì¿¬¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÁüÀÛÀ¸·Î¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼±´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ
¹°·Á¹ÞÀº °¡Ä¡µéÀ» µµ¿Ü½ÃÇÏ´Â Çõ¸í±â¿îÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
°ðÀÌ¾î ´Ù°¡¿Ã Å×·¯¸®Áò°ú ÀÚÄÚ¹ðÁÖÀÇ µ¶À縦 Á¤È®ÇϰÔ
¿¹ÃøÇس´Ù. ½Ç·Î ¹öÅ©ÀÇ »ç»ó°ú ±×°¡ ¼ÒÁßÈ÷ ¿©°å´ø
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â »Ñ¸®¾øÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÆ÷°¨À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºñ·ÔµÈ
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¿¡°Ô Àå ÀÚÅ© ·ç¼ÒÀÇ ¡´»çȸ°è¾à·Ð Social Contrat¡µ(1762)Àº
´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÇöÀçÀÎÀÇ °è¾àÀ» ¹®Á¦·Î »ï¾Æ ÇöÀçÀÎÀÇ »óÈ£ ÀÌÇØ¿¡
µû¶ó ±¹°¡Åëġü°è¸¦ º¯¸ð½ÃŰ·Á´Â ±¸µµ À̿ܿ¡´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ
¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ¹öÅ©ÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÏ´Ù.
"»çȸ´Â ½Ç·Î ±× ±¸¼º¿øµé »çÀÌÀÇ °è¾àÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù¡¦¡¦
±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °øµ¿Çù·Â°ü°èÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥´Â ´Ü½ÃÀÏ ³»¿¡
´Þ¼ºµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±× °øÁ¶°ü°è¶ó´Â °Íµµ
ÇöÀçÀÎÀÇ °è¾à°ü°èÀÏ »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á¶»óµé°ú Àå·¡¿¡
ž ÈļյéÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °è¾à°ü°èÀ̱⵵ ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù ¡¦¡¦¶°µµ´Â
ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ ±âºÐ¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏ¿© »çȸ±¸Á¶¿¡ º¯ÇõÀ» °¡ÇÏ·Á
ÇÑ´Ù¸é ¼¼´ë¿Í ¼¼´ë »çÀ̸¦ À̾îÁÖ´Â ¿ª»çÀÇ ¿¬°á°í¸®´Â ´õ
ÀÌ»ó Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£Àº ÇÑ¿©¸§ÀÇ ÆÄ¸®º¸´Ù
³ªÀ» °ÍÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù."
°ú°Å ¿ª»ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹öÅ©ÀÇ ÁýÂøÀº "Á×Àº ¼¼´ëÀÇ ÇØ ¹¬Àº
À¯»êÀÌ »ê ÀÚÀÇ µÎ³ú¸¦ ¾Ç¸ùÀ¸·Î Áþ´©¸£°í ÀÖ´Ù"´Â Ä«¸¦ ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÀÇ
ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀû Àû°³½É°ú ÁÁÀº ´ëÁ¶¸¦ º¸À̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸
¿¡µå¸Õµå ¹öÅ©¿¡°Ô »çȸ°è¾àÀ̶õ °ú°Å¿¡ °üÇÑ °Í»Ó¸¸
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ¾à¼ÓÀ̱⵵ ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©
ÁøÈÀûÀÎ ¼Ó¼º¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇÑ ÇÑ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °³¼±ÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦
¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù. ±×´Â °ú°ÅÀÇ °æÇèÀ» º¸Á¸ÇÒ ÁÙ ¾Æ´Â Àμº°ú
Çö½ÇÀÇ ¾ÇÆó¸¦ ±³Á¤ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀ» °âºñÇÑ Àι°¸¸ÀÌ
¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡°¡°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½À» ¹Ï¾î ÀǽÉÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
¹öÅ©´Â Ãß»óÈµÈ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ °ü³äÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ½Ç·Ê,
Áï ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ºÒ¹®Çå¹ýÀ» ¿ËÈ£Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº
ÇѰᰰÀº Àϰü¼ºÀ» Áö´Ñ °Í¸¸Àº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Âµ¥, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é
ÀÚ¿¬±Ç(õºÎÀαÇ)¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÏ¿© Çå¹ýÀÇ Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϱ⵵
ÇßÁö¸¸ ÀÌ¿Í µ¿½Ã¿¡ À̸¥¹Ù '±Ô¹ü±Ç'¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÏ¿© ºÒ¹®Çå¹ýÀ»
Á¤´çȽÃŰ·Á Ç߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ¿¬¹ýÀÌ ±âÁö(Ѩòª)ÀÇ Çå¹ý
¿ÜºÎ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¸¸¹°ÀÇ ¿ø¸®ÀÎ µ¥ ºñÇÏ¿© ±Ô¹üÀûÀÎ ¹ý±Ô´Â
¿À·£ ¿ª»ç¿ÍÀÇ ¿¬°è¼ºÀ» ÅëÇØ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ °®Ãß°Ô µÈ ±¹ºÎÀûÀÎ
¹ý·ÉÀ̸ç, °æÇè°ú ÀüÅëÀ¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ 1Â÷ÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦
ºÎ¿©¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹ý±ÔÀÌ´Ù. ¶§¶§·Î ¹öÅ©´Â ÀÚ¿¬¹ýÀÌ Çå¹ý
ÀÌÀü¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿© ¿ª»ç¿Í È£ÈíÀ» °°ÀÌÇÏ´Â Çå¹ý¿¡ ¼ûÀº
ÁöÇý¸¦ ÀüÇØÁØ´Ù°í ¼¼úÇϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸ ÀÚ¿¬¹ý°ú
õºÎÀαǻç»óÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »õ·Î¿î Çõ¸íÁ¤ºÎ¸¦ Á¤´çÈÇÏ·Á´Â
ÇÁ¶û½º ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°úÀÇ ³íÀï ¼Ó¿¡¼´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº
»óÅõÀûÀÎ º¯·ÐÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ½Å³äÀ» Åä·ÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
"¿ì¸®ÀÇ Çå¹ýÀº ±Ô¹üÀûÀÎ ÀǹÌÀÇ Çå¹ýÀ̸ç ÀÌ Çå¹ýÀÌ
ÀÇÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ±ÇÀ§´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ Çì¾Æ¸± ¼öµµ ¾øÀÌ
¾ÆµæÇÑ °ú°Å·ÎºÎÅÍ Á¸ÀçÇØ¿Ô´Ù´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù. º¸´Ù º¸ÆíÀûÀ̰í
º¸´Ù ¿ì¼±ÀûÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¾î¶°ÇÑ Áذŵµ Çå¹ýÀÌ °®´Â ¿¬·û°ú
°æÇèÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ Àüµµ½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù."
¹öÅ©´Â ¹Ì¸Á(Ú»ØÍ)°ú Æí°ßÀÇ »çȸÀûÀÎ Çʿ伺À»
°Å¸®³¦¾øÀÌ ³»¼¼¿òÀ¸·Î½á µ¿½Ã´ëÀε鿡°Ô Å©³ªÅ« Ãæ°ÝÀ»
Áֱ⵵ ÇßÁö¸¸ ±×·¸´Ù°í ÇØ¼ 18¼¼±âÀÇ ±¸ÅÂÀÇ¿¬ÇÑ
±×¸®½ºµµ±³ Áö¼ºÀε鸸Š³Ã¼ÒÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â
Àΰ£ÀÌ »ý·¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿øÁË¿¡ ¹°µé¾î ÀÖ°í Ÿ¶ôÇϱ⠽¬¿ì¸ç
½º½º·Î¸¦ °³¼±½ÃŰ±â¿¡´Â ³Ê¹«³ªµµ ¹Ú¾àÇÑ À̼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í
ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´ø Á¡¿¡¼ ±¸½Ã´ë ±×¸®½ºµµ±³µµÀÇ ÇÑ
»ç¶÷À̾úÀ¸¸ç, Àΰ£ÀÌ ±³ÈµÇ±â À§Çؼ´Â °¡Á·¡¤Á¾±³¡¤±ÍÁ·Á¤Ä¡¿Í
°°Àº »çȸÀû Æí°ßµé ¼Ó¿¡¼ ±³À°À» ¹Þ°í À±¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î Àß
´Ü·ÃµÈ ¿¤¸®Æ®µéÀ» º»º¸±â·Î µû¶ó¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿ª¼³Çß´Ù.
¹öÅ©´Â ÅäÁö±ÍÁ·µéÀÌ ½Ã±âÀûÀýÇÑ À§·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ °³ÇõÀ»
½ÇõÇÏ°í ±ÇÇÑÀÇ ³²¿ë¾øÀÌ ºÒ¹®Çå¹ýÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ÁؼöÇÑ´Ù¸é
¾ðÁ¦±îÁö³ª '°ÀÎÇÑ Âü³ª¹«'¿Í °°Àº ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ Áöµµ·ÂÀ»
¹ßÈÖÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ³»´Ùº¸¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±¹±³È¸¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ
ÃÑüÀûÀÎ Àΰ£»ó½ÄÀ» ±¸ÇöÇÏ´Â ½Ã¹ÎÀ±¸®ÀÇ º¸·ç·Î¼ ±×
Á¾±³Àû¡¤Á¤Ä¡Àû ±â´É¿¡ ±íÀº Âù»ç¸¦ º¸³Â´Ù.
Äݸ®Áö¿Í ¿öÁî¿ö½º
¿µ±¹ÀÇ ½ÃÀÎ »õ¹Â¾ó Å×ÀÏ·¯ Äݸ®Áö¿Í
Àª¸®¾ö ¿öÁî¿ö½º´Â
¹öÅ© ÀÌÈÄ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ Á¤¼ÀÇ Çü»óÈ¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ ºñÁßÀÖ´Â
Àι°µé·Î ¼Õ²ÅÈ÷°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¾ÖÃÊ¿¡´Â 1789³âÀÇ ´ëÇõ¸íÀ»
¿·ÄÈ÷ Âù¹ÌÇß´ø ÀÌ»óÀû ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ̾ú´Ù (¡æ
»öÀÎ : Äݸ®Áö). "»õº®ÀÌ ¹à¾Æ¿Â´Ù´Â °Í, ´Ù½Ã
»õ·Î¿öÁø´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ´õ¾ø´Â ±â»ÝÀ̾î¶ó!"
À̰ÍÀº À¯·´ÀÇ ¸ðµç Áö¼ºÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© °è°ü½ÃÀÎ ¿öÁî¿ö½º°¡
½ñ¾Æ³õÀº ȯÈñÀÇ ¾ð¾îµéÀÌÁö¸¸ ÇØ³Ê¸ÓÀÇ »çÅÂÁøÀüÀº
ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ¿©¸íÀ» ÇâÇÑ À¯·´ÀÇ ºÎǬ ±â´ë°¨À» ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ
ºÎ¼ö¾î³õ°í ¸»¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¹Ì¸ùÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
±ú¾î³ µÎ »ç¶÷Àº ±ºÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ ÀüÅë°ú ¿µ±¹ ±¹±³È¸¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â
ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÅÍÀüÀ¸·Î ¹ß±æÀ» µÇµ¹¸®°Ô µÈ´Ù.
1788³â ¿öÁî¿ö½º¿Í Äݸ®Áö´Â ½ÃÁý ¡´¼Á¤ ¹Î¿äÁý Lyrical
Ballads¡µÀ» °øµ¿Ãâ°£, 18¼¼±âÀÇ Ãß»óÀû ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àΰ£
°¨¼ºÀÇ ¹Ý¶õÀ» °øÇ¥ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·Î½á »õ·Î¿î Â÷¿øÀÇ
»ç»ó°æÇâÀ» µµÃâÇØ³»´Â °øÀûÀ» ³²°å´Ù. ¡´Æò½ÅµµÀÇ ¼³±³ Lay
Sermons¡µ(1816~17)¡¤¡´ÀÏ´ë±â Biographia Literaria¡µ(1817)¡¤¡´Ã¶ÇаÀÇ
Philosophical Lectures¡µ(1818~19)¡¤¡´ÀΰÝÀÇ Çü¼º, ºÐº°·Â¡¤µµ´ö¼º¡¤Á¾±³
Aids to Reflection in the Formation of a Manly Character, on the Several Grounds
of Prudence, Morality, and Religion¡µ (1825), ±×¸®°í ¸î ÆíÀÇ ¡´¼°£Áý
Letters¡µ¡¤¡´ÇÑ´ã¼± ùØÓÈàÔ Specimens of Table Talk¡µÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©
»õ¹Â¾ó Å×ÀÏ·¯ Äݸ®Áö´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ À̳ä°ú Á¤¼ÀÇ
´ëº¯Àڷμ ¿À·£ ±â°£ ¸·´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇßÀ¸¸ç,
´ëÇп¡¼ÀÇ ±×ÀÇ °¿¬ Ȱµ¿Àº Èʳ¯ ¿µ±¹ Á¤°èÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚ·Î
¶°¿À¸£°Ô µÇ´Â ÀþÀº ÀÎÀçµéÀÇ °¡½¿¼Ó¿¡ ÀØÇôÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â
¿µ°¨À» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù.
Äݸ®Áö¿¡ µû¸£¸é »çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼´Â µ¶ÀÚÀûÀÎ °è±Þ±¸Á¶¸¦
ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿©·¯ ±â´ÉµéÀ» ºÐ¹èÇÑ´Ù. °¢ °è±ÞÀº
³ª¸§´ë·ÎÀÇ °¡Ä¡·Î¿î ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çà»çÇÏ°Ô µÇÁö¸¸ À̰ÍÀÌ °ð
»çȸ ³»ÀÇ ¸ðµç °è±Þ¿¡ ÅõÇ¥±Ç(ÂüÁ¤±Ç)À̳ª ÅëÄ¡±ÇÀ» ºÐ¸®,
À§ÀÓÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÂüÁ¤±ÇÀº ¾ö°ÝÇÑ
ÀÇȸ±ÔÄ¢ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ±â´ÉÇÏ´Â ´ö¼º°ú ±³¾çÀ» °®Ãá ±ÍÁ·°è±ÞÀÌ
´ã´çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. ¸ðµç °èÃþÀº Çå¹ý°ú ±¹°¡Ã¼°èÀÇ
À¯±âÀû ÅëÀϼº ¾È¿¡¼ »óÈ£Çù·Â°ú Á¶È¸¦ ÀÌ·ç¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Äݸ®ÁöÀÇ À̳äÀº µÚ¿¡ º¸¼ö´ç ÃѸ®¿¡ ¿À¸£°Ô µÇ´Â º¥Àú¹Î µðÁî·¹Àϸ®¸¦
ÅëÇÏ¿© ¹ßÇöµÊÀ¸·Î½á ½ÇÁú Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ Àå¿¡ Áß´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ»
Çà»çÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÈξÀ µÚ¿¡´Â À©½ºÅÏ Ã³Ä¥
°æÀÌ µðÁî·¹Àϸ®ÀÇ »çµµ·Î¼ ÀüÅë º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÇ ¸é¸ð¸¦
À¯°¨¾øÀÌ µå·¯³Â´Ù. »õ¹Â¾ó Äݸ®Áö´Â ±â¾÷°¡¸¦
º¸¼öÁÖÀǿʹ °Å¸®°¡ ¸Õ »çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ¹Ýµµ(ÚäÓù) Á¤µµ·Î
°£ÁÖÇß´Ù. ±â¾÷ÀεéÀº 'ÀÌÀ±'À̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â »õ·Î¿î Á¾±³¸¦
ÆÄ±Þ½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±ºÁÖ±¹ÀÇ ±â¹ÝÀ» °¦¾Æ¸Ô´Â´Ù.
¼Ò¸Å»óÀεéÀ» °¡Àå ºñ¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÌ°í ºñº¸¼öÀûÀÎ °èÃþÀ¸·Î
±ÔÁ¤Çß´ø Äݸ®Áö´Â 'Àå»ç²Û'À» ¿µ±¹ ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¤Ä¡¼¼·ÂÀ¸·Î
µîÀå½ÃŰ°Ô µÉ ÈÖ±× ´çÀÇ ¼±°Å¹ý °³Á¤¾È(1832)À» Àû±Ø
¹Ý´ëÇß´Ù.
¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£¿Í ÁßÀ¯·´
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ ¿¡µå¸Õµå ¹öÅ©¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ÁÖµµµÈ ¿Â°ÇÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ
º¸¼öÁÖÀǸ¸À» ¼Ò°³Çϰí Á¶Á¦ÇÁ µå ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£(1753~1821)°¡
½ÃÁ¶°¡ µÈ ÁßÀ¯·´ º¸¼öÁÖÀǸ¦ ºü¶ß¸°´Ù¸é º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀÇ
Àüü Á¶°¨µµ´Â ±ÕÇüÀ» ÀÒ°í ¸» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹öÅ©ÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡
¿ª»ç¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ÁøÈ¸¦ ¿ËÈ£Çß´ø ¹Ý¸é, ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£ÀÇ ±Ø´Ü
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â °æÇèÀ» Åä´ë·Î ÇÑ ÁøÈ¿Í °³¼±À» °ÅºÎÇß´Ù. µÎ
»ç¶÷ ¸ðµÎ 1789³âÀÇ Çõ½Å³ë¼±¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ÀüÅë°ú °ü½ÀÀ»
°í¼öÇÏ·Á ÇßÁö¸¸ ¼öÈ£ÇÏ·Á´Â ÀüÅëÀº °¢°¢ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¼º°ÝÀ»
´Þ¸®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. °ð ÀüÀÚ°¡ õºÎÀûÀÎ Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦
À§ÇÏ¿© ´ëÇõ¸íÀÇ À̳䱸µµ¸¦ °ø¹ÚÇÑ °Í°ú´Â ´ëÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î,
ÈÄÀÚ´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ±ÇÀ§¿¡ ½Ã°¢À» ¸ÂÃß¾î ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ Çõ¸íÀ»
Âü´ãÇÑ ¹®¸íÆÄ±«ÀÇ Æø°Å·Î ´ÜÁ¤Áö¾ú´Ù. ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£ÀÇ
ÃßÁ¾¼¼·ÂÀº ¹öÅ©ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÔÇåÁÖÀÇ ³»Áö ÀÇȸÁß½ÉÁÖÀÇ¿Í
µ¿¶³¾îÁø ÀüÅë ¿¤¸®Æ®ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» µÎ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç
»ç½Ç»ó ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Åµµ´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÇѰ踦 ³Ñ¾î¼ ¹Ýµ¿ÀûÀÎ
¸Á»óÀ¸·Î ¸ÅµµµÉ ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¶óƾ
º¸¼öÁÖÀǸ¦ ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´ÜÆíÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤ÇÒ ¶§, ±×°ÍÀº Áö³ªÄ£
´À³¦À» ¶³ÃĹö¸®±â ¾î·Á¿îµ¥ ±×µéÀÌ °Á¶ÇÏ´Â ÀüÅëÀÇ
±ÇÀ§°¡ °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀμºÀ̳ª ¹®ÈÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡±îÁö È®ÀåµÈ °ÍÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¸ Á¾±³¿Í Á¤Ä¡ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀÇ »óÀ̼ºÀ¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ ¿ì¸®´Â °¡Àå
¹Ýµ¿ÀûÀÎ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÁ¶Â÷µµ ÀüüÁÖÀÇ ³ªÄ¡´ç¿øÀ̳ª
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ¸®Çس¾ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸íÀÌ ÁÂÀýµÈ ÈÄ Á¶Á¦ÇÁ µå ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£´Â ´ç´ë¿¡
°¡Àå ¼³µæ·Â ÀÖ´Â ¾Ó½Ã¾Þ ·¹Áü(±¸Ã¼Á¦)ÀÇ ´ëº¯ÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÚÀ¯¡¤Æòµî¡¤¹Ú¾ÖÀÇ Çõ¸íÀ̳äÀ» ´ë½ÅÇÏ¿© ±×´Â °ÅÀÇ È¥ÀÚ
ÈûÀ¸·Î '¿ÕÁÂ¿Í Á¦´ÜÀ¸·Î'¶ó´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ ½½·Î°ÇÀ» ±¸Ã¼ÈÇÑ
°ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£´Â ¼¼½À±ºÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ º¹¿øÀ»
±âµµÇßÀ¸³ª ±×°ÍÀº ±¸Ã¼Á¦¿Í´Â ´Ù¸¥, º¸´Ù Á¾±³ÀûÀÌ°í ´ú
°æ¸Á½º·¯¿î »ö並 ¶ì¾ú´Ù. Çõ¸í°úÁ¤¿¡¼ ÇÁ¶û½º±ºÀÌ
»çº¸ÀÌ(ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¾î¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ÇÇ¿¡¸óÅ׻縣µ¥³ÄÀÇ
ÇÁ¶û½º¾î±Ç Áö¿ª)¸¦ ħ°øÇÏÀÚ ¸Á¸í»ýȰÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç, ÇâÈÄ
14³â µ¿¾È ¸ð½ºÅ©¹Ù ÁÖÀç »ç¸£µ¥³Ä ´ë»ç¸¦ Áö³»¸é¼ Â÷¸£
Àý´ë±ºÁÖÁ¦ÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸¸ç ¿ÕÁ¤º¹°íÁÖÀÇÀڷμÀÇ ½Å³äÀ»
±»Çô°¬´Ù.
º¹°íÀûÀ̵ç ÁøÈÀûÀÌµç °£¿¡ ¸ðµç º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº
°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ºÐ¿À» ¸·°í À¯±âüÀû ÅëÀϼºÀ» ´ãº¸ÇÏ´Â
±ºÁÖÁ¤Ä¡ÀÇ ±â´ÉÀ» ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ
°¡Ä¡ÀÇ Ãø¸é¿¡¼ ±ºÁÖÁ¦¸¦ Àý´ëÈÇÑ °Í°ú´Â ´Þ¸® ¿µ±¹ÀÇ
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ±× ½ÇÁúÀû ÇÊ¿ä, Áï È¿¿ë¼ºÀ» ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡Çß´Ù.
¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£¿Í ´ë·úÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ±ºÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀڽŵéÀÇ
¹ÏÀ½À» "õ»óÀÇ ½ÅÀ̳ª Áö»óÀÇ ±¹¿ÕÀÌ ¼³·É
À߸øµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÇÏ¿©µµ Àΰ£Àº ±×µéÀ» ¸¶À½¼Ó ±íÀÌ
»ç¶ûÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù"´Â ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ Â÷¿øÀ¸·Î±îÁö ²ø¾î¿Ã¸®°Ô
µÈ´Ù.
"¿ì¸®´Â ÁÖ±ÇÀÚ°¡ ¹ý±Ô·Î¼ ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â Áö¿ª¹üÀ§ ¼Ó¿¡¼
»îÀ» ¿µÀ§Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù¡¦¡¦ÅëÄ¡ÀÚÀÇ ¹ýÀº ´Ù¼Ò °¡È¤Çϰí
ºÎ´çÇÏ°Ô ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù¡¦¡¦±×·¯¸é ¾î¶»°Ô
ÇØ¾ß Çϰڴ°¡? ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ ºüÁ®³ª¿Í¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? ±×·¯³ª
±×·± °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ¿µ¿ªÀº À̰÷ ¸»°íµµ µµÃ³¿¡
¸¶·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î¡¦¡¦¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¡Á¤ÀÌ, ÁÖÀÎÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϰí
¿ì¸®´Â Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¿¡ ¼ø¸íÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̶ó¸é ÁÖÀÎÀÇ
º»¼ºÀÌ ¾î¶°ÇÏµç °£¿¡ ±×¸¦ Àú¹ö¸®´Â °Íº¸´Ù »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î
¼¶±â´Â ÆíÀÌ ³´Áö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡?"
±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ Ã߷аúÁ¤Àº "¸¸À¯ÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀÌ
°¡È¤ÇÏ¸é °¡È¤ÇÒ¼ö·Ï ¾î¸°¾çÀÇ ±âµµ´Â ´õ¿í °£ÀýÇØÁ®¾ß¸¸
ÇÑ´Ù"´Â ¿ª¼³ÀûÀÎ ³í¸®ÀÇ Á¤Á¡¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
º¹°íÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀÌ ÀÜÀÎÇϱâ ¦ÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ µé¸±Áöµµ
¸ð¸£Áö¸¸ ¿ÂÈÇÑ ¼ºÇ°ÀÇ ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£°¡ °¡Á³´ø µ¿±â´Â
³Ê¹«³ªµµ Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÜȤÇÑ ±ÇÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÇ×Àº
´õ¿í´õ ÀÜȤÇÑ °íÅëÀ» ¸ô°í ¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£´Â ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ
Çõ¸íÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´çÀå ¸Ô±â¿¡´Â ¾´ ¾àÀ¸·Î ´À²¸ÁöÁö¸¸
ÀüÅë±ÇÀ§¿¡ º¹Á¾ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ À¯·´À» º¸´Ù ½É°¢ÇÑ
È¥¶õÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸Á¦Çϴ ó¹æÀüÀ̶ó´Â ±³ÈÆÀ» ¾ò¾î³»°Ô
µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Á¶Á¦ÇÁ µå ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°üÀº Áú¼¸¦ õ»ç·Î, È¥µ·À»
¾Ç¸¶·Î, Çõ¸íÀ» ¿øÁË·Î ´ëÄ¡½ÃŲ ÇÑÆíÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀû µå¶ó¸¶¿´´Ù.
·ç¼ÒÀÇ °è¾à °ü³ä¿¡ ÇöȤµÈ °æ¹ÚÇÏ°í ¹Ì¼÷ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀdzª »ó½º·¯¿î ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë½ÄÀÇ µ¶ÀçüÁ¦¸¦ ¿¸ÁÇÏÁö¸¸
°á±¹ ÁËÀÇ ´ë°¡¿¡ ÇÕ´çÇÑ ²ûÂïÇÑ Á¾¸»À» ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
Á˸¦ ¹üÇÑ À¯·´¿¡´Â °íÅ븸ÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù(1810). ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ
¼ö³À» ÅëÇÏ¿© À¯·´Àº °¡ºÎÀåÀûÀÎ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¿Õ±¹À̾߸»·Î
°¡Àå ¼øµµ ³ôÀº Áú¼ÀÓÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î
±ºÁÖµéÁ¶Â÷µµ Áú¼¶ó´Â ¹è¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû Çõ½ÅÀ¸·Î
µ¿¿ä½ÃŰÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï À¯ÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À¯·´Àº '°³Çõ'À̶ó´Â
¸»À» µé¸ÔÀÌ´Â ¼¼·ÂÀ» ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÀǽÉÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¡´±³È²¿¡
°üÇÏ¿© Du Pape¡µ(1817)¿¡¼ ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£ÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼ Áú¼°üÀº
½Éµµ¸¦ ´õÇØ°£´Ù. °èÃþ±¸Á¶Àû ÇǶó¹ÌµåÀÇ Áú¼´Â
ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇϳªÀÇ Á¤Á¡À» ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¤Á¡¿¡ ³õ¿©¾ß
ÇÒ °ÍÀº Àâ´ÙÇÏ°Ô ¸¹Àº ¼¼¼Ó ±ºÁÖµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ·Î¸¶ ±³È²ÀÇ
½Å¼ºÇÑ ±ÇÀ§ ¼Ó¿¡¼ °áÇÕÀ» ÀÌ·é ¼¼¼ÓÀû¡¤¿µÀû ±Ç·ÂÀÌ´Ù.
Çõ¸í ÀÌÈÄÀÇ »çȸȥ¶õÀº Çõ¸íÀ̳äÀÇ ÁöÁöÀڵ鸶Àúµµ
´çȤ½Ãų Á¤µµÀÇ ½É°¢¼ºÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó
»çȸ¾ÈÁ¤À» À§ÇÑ Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ ´ëÃ¥ÀÌ ½Ã±ÞÇÏ°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ°í
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸®´Â ¡´»óÆ®ÆäÅ׸£ºÎ¸£Å©ÀÇ ¸¸Âù´ãÈ Soirées
de Saint-Petersbourg¡µ(1821, ¹Ì¿Ï¼º)¿¡¼ º¸´Ù È®°íÇÑ ½Å¾Ó°ú
°·ÂÇÑ Ä¡¾È·ÂÀ» ÇØ°áÃ¥À¸·Î Á¦½ÃÇϰí Àִµ¥ '±³È²°ú
¹ý±ÔÁýÇàÀÎ'À̶ó´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ø½ÄÀ» ´Ù¸¥
¾ð¾î¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î Áý¾à½ÃŲ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¿¡°Ô ½Å¾ÓÀ» º£Çª´Â
±³È²Àº °øµ¿Áú¼ÀÇ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ º¸·çÀÓÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇßÀ¸¸ç ¼Ò¿ä¸¦
Áø¾ÐÇÏ´Â ÁýÇà°üÀº ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ º¸·çÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½º½º·Î°¡ Áö½ÄÀÎÀ̾ú´ø ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£´Â »çȸ ³»
ÀÎÅÚ¸®°ÕÄ¡¾Æ¸¦ ¸ð¹ÝÀûÀÌ°í ¿À¸¸¹«·ÊÇÑ ¹«Áú¼ÀÇ ¼±µ¿°¡·Î
±ÔÁ¤Áö¾ú´Ù.
¼¼¼Ó ¾È¿¡¼ ±³±ÇÁÖÀǸ¦ μÛÇßÁö¸¸ Á¶Á¦ÇÁ µå
¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£´Â Áß¼¼±³È¸ÀÇ ±³ºÎµéº¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ
°æ¸êÇß´ø ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¡ ´õ °¡±î¿ü´Ù. ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£´Â ¿µÀûÀÎ
ÅëÂû·ÂÀ̳ª ¸Í¸ñÀûÀÎ ÀüÅëÀÇ ¼ö±à¿¡¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
À̼ºÀ» ¿¬¿ª³í¸®ÀÇ ´Ü°è¿¡ µû¶ó µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ̰í ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î
Ȱ¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ºÎÁ¶¸®¿Í âÁ¶ÁÖÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
±× ÀÚ½ÅÀº °áÄÚ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾øÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸®´Â Á¶Á¦ÇÁ µå
¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£¸¦ º¼Å׸£Àû °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ ÃÖÈÄÀÇ °ü³ä·ÐÀڷμ
Ư¡ÁöÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. º¼Å׸£ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ȤÀº
ÀÚÄÚ¹ðÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú ºñ°ßµÉ Á¤µµ·Î ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£´Â ¼ø¼öÇϰí
¼±ÇèÀûÀÎ Àý´ëÀ̼ºÀ» ½ÅºÀÇϰí ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, 18¼¼±âÀÇ ÆÄ±«ÀûÀÎ
¿¬¿ª³í¸®´Â ¸¶Ä§³» ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£¿¡ À̸£·¯ ÀÚ±âºÎÁ¤ÀÇ Á¾Âø¿ª¿¡
´Ù´Ù¸£°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¼ø¼öÀ̼ºÀº ¼±ÇèÀûÀÎ ±ÇÀ§¿Í Áú¼¸¦
È®ÀÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹Ù¾ßÈå·Î ÀÚ¸êÀÇ ±æÀ» ÅÃÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ À̳äÀ» ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ¹öÅ©¿Í ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£¸¦
±âÁØÀ¸·Î ´ëº°ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇØ¼ ¾çÀÚÀÇ Á߿伺À̳ª
¿µÇâ·ÂÀÌ µ¿µîÇÑ À§»óÀ» Á¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¼³¸íÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. »ç½Ç
Á¶Á¦ÇÁ µå ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£³ª ¹ÝÀÚÄÚ¹ðÁÖÀÇ ÀúÀÛµéÀº °áÄÚ
¿¡µå¸Õµå ¹öÅ©ÀÇ °íÀüÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â À§·ÂÀ» µû¶óÀâÀ» ¼ö
¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¸ÕÀú ¿¡µå¸Õµå ¹öÅ©´Â ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ Çõ¸í¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¹Ý·ÐÀ» °ø½ÄÈÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Àι°À̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ ³í¸®´Â
º¹°íÁÖÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡°Ô ¿À·£
±â°£ µ¿¾È ½ÉÁö¾î ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·Î Â÷¿ëµÇ¾îÁ³´Ù. ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£ÀÇ
°æÁ÷µÈ À§°èÀû º¸¼öÁú¼°¡ 20¼¼±â Áß¹ÝÀ» Áö³ª¸é¼ ºûÀÌ
¹Ù·¡±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ ¹Ý¸é ¹öÅ©ÀÇ º¸´Ù À¶Å뼺 ÀÖ´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ
À̳äÀº ¼À¯·´ Á¦ Á¤´çµéÀÇ ÇàÅ¿¡ ±í¼÷ÀÌ ½º¸çµé±â
½ÃÀÛÇß°í, ƯÈ÷ ¿µ±¹°ú µ¶ÀÏÀÇ »çȸ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǿ¿¡¼ 'Á¡ÁøÁÖÀÇ
ÇÊ¿¬¼º'À̶ó´Â ÆäÀ̺ñ¾ðÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ¾ð¸íÀ¸·Î Å©°Ô
ºÎ°¢µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Á¶Á¦ÇÁ µå ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£
ÀÌÈÄ ÇÁ¶û½º º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ¡´¾Ç½Ã¿Ë ÇÁ¶û¼¼Áî L'Action Francaise¡µÀÇ
ÆíÁýÁÖ°£À¸·Î¼ ÀüüÁÖÀÇÀû »öä°¡ ³óÈÄÇß°í °á±¹ ³ªÄ¡
µ¶ÀÏ¿¡ Çù·ÂÇß´ø »þ¸¦ ¸ð¶ó½º·ÎºÎÅÍ
¡´¹Ì±¹ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ·Ð Democracy in America¡µÀÇ ÀúÀڷμ °¡Àå
¹öÅ©ÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀå¿¡¼ ´ëÇõ¸í°ú ÀιÎÅõÇ¥Àû ´ëÁß¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǸ¦
ºñÆÇÇß´ø ¾Ë·º½Ã½º µå ÅäÅ©ºô¿¡
À̸£±â±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÑ À¯ÆÄ¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Áï ¸ð¶ó½º¿Í
ÅäÅ©ºô »çÀÌ¿¡´Â ¹ÝÀÚÄÚ¹ðÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´ëºÎ ÀÌÆú¸®Æ® ¾Æµ¹ÇÁ ÅÙ°ú
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ±Ù»çÇÏÁö¸¸ À¯±âüÀû ±Ù¿øÀ» °Á¶Çß´ø ¼Ò¼³°¡
¸ð¸®½º ¹Ù·¹½º°¡
ÀÖ°í, 1843³â ÀÌÈÄ ¡´Á¾±³°è L'Univers Reglieux¡µÀÇ ÆíÁýÀ»
´ã´çÇß°í ±Ù´ë »ê¾÷»çȸÀÇ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸®ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§Àû
Áú¼¸¦ Àû¿ëÇß´ø ±³±ÇÁÖÀÇÀÚ¡¤º¹°íÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÎ ·çÀÌ ÇÁ¶û¼ö¾Æ ºÆÀ̿䰡
ÀÖ´Ù. ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£¿Í ºÆÀ̿亸´Ù ±³±ÇÁÖÀÇ ¼ºÇâÀÌ ¾àÇÏÁö¸¸
´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ ±Ø¿ìÁÖÀÇÀڷμ ±¹°¡Ã¼Á¦¸¦ °Á¶Çß´ø ¸ð¸®½º µå
º¸³¯µå´Â ³ªÆú·¹¿ËÀÇ Á¦±¹°ú ºÎ¸£ºÀ °¡ÀÇ ¿ÕÁ¤º¹°í¸¦
»ç»óÀûÀ¸·Î µÞ¹ÞħÇÑ Àι°À̾ú´Ù.
¸ÞÅ׸£´ÏÈ÷¿Í
À¯·´ÇùÁ¶Ã¼Á¦
Çõ¸í, ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë ½Ã´ë, ±× ÀÌÈÄ·Î À̾îÁø ¾öû³ »çȸµ¿¿ä
¹× Çå¹ý°ú ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû °³Çõ ¿ä±¸¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ, Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¹«´ÉÀÌ
ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å² ¹®Á¦´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ À̷а¡ÀÇ ÀúÀÛº¸´Ù ´õ
Áï°¢ÀûÀÌ°í ±¤¹üÇÑ °á°ú¸¦ ³º¾Ò´Ù. 1815~48³â¿¡ ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ¿Í
À¯·´¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£ ¸ÞÅ׸£´ÏÈ÷ °ø(Íë)Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ
´Ù½º¸®´Â ´Ù¹ÎÁ· Á¦±¹À» º¸È£Çϱâ À§ÇØ À¯·´ Àüü¿¡¼ ¹Ý(Úã)Çõ¸íÀÇ
±¹Á¦Àû µ¿¸Í°í¸®¸¦ ¿«´Â µ¥ ¸ö¹ÙÃÆ´Ù. ¸ÞÅ׸£´ÏÈ÷´Â 1820³â´ë¿Í
1830³â´ë¿¡ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¡¤½ºÆäÀΡ¤µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼ ÀÏ¾î³ ÀÚÀ¯Çõ¸íÀ»
ºñ¿ª»çÀû¡¤ºñÇö½ÇÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¾Ò´Ù. ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº À¯·´
´ë·ú¿¡¼´Â ¿ª»çÀû »Ñ¸®¸¦ ³»¸®Áö ¸øÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ
ÀÚÀ¯Á¦µµµéÀ» À̽ÄÇÏ·Á Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ¿¾ ±Ù¿ø°ú Áú¼ ÀÖ´Â
À¯±âÀû ¹ßÀüÀÇ Çʿ伺À̶ó´Â ¹öÅ©ÀÇ ³íÁõÀ» ÅëÇØ
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇß´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ±×´Â ³ªÆú¸®¿Í ±×¹ÛÀÇ
Áö¿ª¿¡¼ ÀÏ¾î³ ÀÚÀ¯Çõ¸í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ºóÁ¤´ë¸ç
³íÆòÇß´Ù.
"ÀÐÁöµµ ¾²Áöµµ ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ¸»Àº
´Ü°ËÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ÇåÁ¤ ¿øÄ¢À» À§ÇØ ÁÁÀº Àç·áÀÌ´Ù¡¦¡¦ ¿µ±¹
Çå¹ýÀº ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù¡¦¡¦ Çå¹ý¿¡´Â º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ºñ°áÀÌ
¾ø´Ù."
¸ÞÅ׸£´ÏÈ÷´Â ±âº»Àû ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ Ä§ÇØÇÑ ¾ï¾ÐÀûÀÎ 'Ä«¸¦½º¹ÙÆ®
Ä¢·É'(1819)À» ¼±Æ÷ÇßÁö¸¸ ±×ÀÇ Åµµ°¡ Ç×»ó ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº
¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. 1848³â ¸ô¶ôÇϱâ Á÷Àü ±×´Â ÁøÁöÇÏ°í »ç·Á ±í°í
½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °èȹ(ÀÌ °èȹÀº ¹Ýµ¿ÀûÀΠȲÁ¦ ÇÁ¶õÃ÷ 1¼¼¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ³Ê¹«³ª ¿À·§µ¿¾È ½ÃÇàÀÌ ¿¬±âµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾úÀ½)À» ´ë°øµéÀÌ
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ºó¿¡¼ ÇϳªÀÇ ´ëÇ¥±â±¸¸¦ °á¼ºÇϱâ
À§ÇØ ¸ðµç °ø±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ëÇ¥¸¦ ¼ÒÁýÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë
ÀüÀï µÚ¿¡ ¿¸° ±¹Á¦ÀûÀÎ ÆòÈȸ´ãÀÎ ºó ȸÀÇ(1815)¸¦
ÁÖµµÇß´Ù. ºó ÆòÈȸÀÇ´Â ºÐ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÇ À§±â µ¿¾È ÅëÀÏ
¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ ´ëÇ¥°¡ °øÀ¯Çß´ø º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À» Åä´ë·Î
»ï¾Ò´Ù. »ç¹ýÁ¦µµ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ ÀÏ¾î³ ¼ÎÀ̽º ¹Ý¶õ(1786)ÀÇ
¸Æ¶ô¿¡¼ ±×µéÀº Æøµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
Á¤ºÎ¸¦ ±¸Çس°í, ´Ù¼öÀÇ µ¶Àç¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦
È®¸³½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¹ÎÁÖÀû À¯ÅäÇÇ¾Æ¿Í ´ëÁß¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ
¿õº¯¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ª»çÀû »Ñ¸®, ±Ô¹üÀû ±Ç¸®, ¹ýÀû ÆÇ·Ê¶ó´Â
¹öÅ©Àû ¿ø¸® À§¿¡ ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ ÀÚ¸®¸Å±èÇß´Ù.
»ç»ó¸é¿¡¼´Â ºñ½ÁÇÏÁö¸¸ ´õ dzºÎÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû ¹è°æÀ» Áö´Ñ
¾Ö´ý½ºÀÇ Àú¼ ¡´º¯È£ Defence¡µ´Â ÀÚÄ¡¿¡ °üÇÑ °¡Àå ÅëÂû·Â
ÀÖ´Â Àú¼ÀÇ Çϳª·Î ²ÅÈù´Ù.
¹Ì±¹ Çå¹ýÀº
1787³â ¹Ì±¹ Á¦ÇåÀÇȸ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Çʶóµ¨ÇǾƿ¡¼ äÅõǾú´Ù.
ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥´Â ¼Õ½¬¿î °³Á¤, ´ëÁßÀÇ ÆíÀǷοî
¾Ð·Â°ú ºü¸¥ º¯È, ¾ïÁ¦¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´Â ÀιÎÀÇ ÁÖ±Ç, ³²¼ºÀÇ
º¸Åë¼±°Å±Ç, ´Ü¿øÁ¦ ÀÇȸ±â±¸, ¿À·§µ¿¾ÈÀÇ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¼±ÇèÀû
Ãß»ó¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯ µî ¹öÅ©°¡ 'ÇÁ¶û½º Àαǰú ½Ã¹Î±Ç ¼±¾ð'¿¡
´ëÇØ ºñÆÇÇÑ °Í°ú °°Àº ³»¿ëÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 1787³â Çå¹ý¿¡¼
¿¬¹æÆÄ´Â ÀÌ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÇϳªÇϳª ÀúÁö½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×µéÀº ´À¸®°í
¾î·Æ°Ô °³Á¤¾ÈÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú°í, Àç»ê±ÇÀÇ ÇѰè·Î ÅõÇ¥±ÇÀÚÀÇ
¼ö¸¦ °¨¼Ò½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç ÀÇȸ¸¦ ¾ç¿øÁ¦ÈÇß°í, ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î°¡
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÁÖ·Î ¿µ±¹ ÀüÅëÀÌ ¹°·ÁÁØ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ¼±·Ê¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ
±Ù°Å¸¦ µÎ¾ú´Ù. ÇÏ¿ø(¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ú¹°)À» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ±â°üÀÎ ´ëÅë·É¡¤»ó¿ø¡¤»ç¹ýºÎ´Â ±¹¹ÎÀÇ
Á÷Á¢¼±ÅÃÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °¢°¢ ¼±°ÅÀδܡ¤ÁÖÀÇȸ¡¤ÀÓ¸í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ
±¸¼ºµÇ¾ú°í, 1913³â¿¡ À̸£·¯¼¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò °³Á¤¾ÈÀÌ Åë°úµÇ¾î
ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ¹ÎÁÖÀûÀÎ »ó¿øÀÇ¿ø ¼±°Å°¡ »ç¶óÁ³´Ù. »ç¹ýºÎ(´ë¹ý¿ø)´Â
¹ÎÁÖÀû ´Ù¼ö¿¡°Ô Ã¥ÀÓÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â ºñ¼±°ÅÀûÀÌ°í ¸éÁ÷µÇÁö
¾Ê´Â ¿¤¸®Æ®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °è¼Ó À¯ÁöµÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »ç¹ýºÎ´Â
¼±°Å¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ÌÈ÷°í ¸éÁ÷µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ó¡¤ÇÏ¿øÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÀû
´Ù¼ö°¡ Åë°ú½ÃŲ À§ÇåÀû ÀǾÈÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ
°Ç±¹½ÃÁ¶µéÀº "»ý¸í¡¤ÀÚÀ¯¡¤ÇູÃß±¸"¶ó´Â ½ÄÀÇ ¸Å¿ì
Ãß»óÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ Ãʱ⠵¶¸³¼±¾ð(Åä¸Ó½º Á¦ÆÛ½¼ÀÌ ±âÃÊÇÔ)ÀÇ
¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ À¯ÅäÇǾÆÀû ¿õº¯¼ú°ú ´ç½Ã ÆøµµµéÀÇ ³ÆøÇÔ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î º¸¼öÀû Çå¹ýÀ» äÅÃÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ Çå¹ýÀº
¹Ýµ¿ÀûÀÎ º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹öÅ©ÀûÀÎ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ¿´´Ù.
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ Çå¹ýÀº ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÁÂÀý½ÃÄ×À» »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó
¼¼½ÀÀû ±ÍÁ·Á¤Ä¡¿Í ´ëÅë·É¿¡°Ô Æò»ý µ¿¾È Àý´ëÀû °ÅºÎ±ÇÀ»
ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â ÇØ¹ÐÅÏÀÇ »ý°¢°ú °°Àº º¸´Ù ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ
¸ñÇ¥µµ ÁÂÀý½ÃÄ×´Ù.
¹Ì±¹ À¯ÀÏÀÇ ÀϰüµÈ º¸¼öÀû Á¤´çÀº Á¸ ¾Ö´ý½º¿Í ¾Ë·º»ê´õ
ÇØ¹ÐÅÏÀÌ À̲ö ¿¬¹æÆÄ¿´´Ù. ÇØ¹ÐÅÏÀº Áö³ªÄ¥ Á¤µµ·Î ¹«¸ðÇÑ
»ó¾÷Åõ±â²ÛÀ̾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ³ª ±âŸÀÇ ´Ù¸¥
ÁÖÀÇÀÚ·Î ºÐ·ùÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸, ¾Ö´ý½º´Â ½Å´ë·ú¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¹öÅ©¿¡
°¡±î¿î »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. 1800³â´ë Ãʱ⿡ ¿¬¹æÆÄ°¡ ¼Ò¸êÇÑ µÚ 2°³ÀÇ
»óÈ£ Àû´ëÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡Àû º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡ ³ª¿Ô´Ù. Çϳª´Â
´ºÀ×±Û·£µå µµ½Ã Ãâ½ÅÀÇ °í°íÇÑ Áö½ÄÀεéÀÌ°í ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â
³²ºÎÀÇ ¹Ý(Úâ)¿¬¹æ ÅäÁö¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù. ³²ºÎÀÇ ¹Ý¿¬¹æ
ÅäÁö¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚµéÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû º¸¼öÁÖÀǸ¦ °¡Àå ¼³µæÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ËÈ£ÇÑ
°ÍÀº ½Å´ë·ú¿¡¼ °¡Àå ¸Þ½ºÆ®¸£ÀûÀÎ Àι°·Î ²ÅÈ÷´Â Ä¶ÈÆÀÇ
À¯¸íÇÑ Àú¼ ¡´Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³í¼³, ¹Ì±¹ Çå¹ý°ú ¹Ì±¹ Á¤ºÎ ¿¡
´ëÇÑ ´ãÈ A Disquisition on Government and Discourse on the Constitution and
Government of the United States¡µÀÌ´Ù. º¸´Ù ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÌ¸ç ¸Å¿ì
Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ Ä¶ÈÆÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ¹ÎÁÖ´ç°ú °øÈ´çÀÇ ³ë¼±¿¡
¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡¸é¼ Áö±Ýµµ ¹Ì±¹ ³²ºÎÁö¿ª¿¡¼ ¼¼·ÂÀ» ¶³Ä¡°í
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´ºÀ×±Û·£µå º¸¼öÁÖÀǿʹ »ó¹ÝµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ
ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î¶² ±³ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼º¸´Ù´Â Áö¿ªÀû ÈÄ¿øÁý´ÜÀÇ
½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ µ¿¸ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø Çö´ë ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Á¤´çµéÀ»
Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² 'ÁÖÀÇ'¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î ºÐ·ùÇϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ´Ù.
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ Á¤´çµéÀº Çå¹ýÀÇ Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¿øÄ¢À» °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î
È®»ê½Ã۸é¼(¸ðµç Á¤´ç ³ë¼±¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡¸é¼)
º¸¼öÁÖÀǸ¦ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °Í °°´Ù.
20¼¼±âÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ
19¼¼±â¿Í 20¼¼±â, Áï 18¼¼±â °è¸ùÁÖÀÇ ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ½Ã±â¿¡´Â
Á¤Ä¡Ã¶Çаú º¸¼öÀû ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ÇÕÄ¡µÇ´Â ƯÁ¤ Á¤´çÀÇ
°·ÉÀ̶ó´Â 2°¡Áö Á¡¿¡¼ ¸ðµÎ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤¹Ý´ëÀÇ
±æ·Î ³ª¾Æ°¬´Ù. ¹öÅ©ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ¸í¹éÇÑ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â
ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú°í, ¸ÞÅ׸£´ÏÈ÷
½Ã´ë(1809~48)¿¡ À¯·´ÀÇ ±¹Á¦°ü°è¸¦ Áö¹èÇß´ø ¹ÝÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû¡¤¹ÝÇõ¸íÀû
Á¤Ã¥Àº ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû °³Çõ°ú ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû Çå¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ä±¸°¡
ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å² Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÒ¸¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÛ¿ëÀ̾ú´Ù. »ç½Ç»ó
°è¸ùÁÖÀǴ ƯÁ¤ ŵµ¿Í À̳äÀ» º¸±Þ½ÃÄ×°í ÀÌ Åµµ¿Í
À̳äÀº ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ¼¼±â µ¿¾È ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû °á°ú¸¦ ³º¾Ò´Ù.
ÀÌ·± ŵµ¿Í ÀÌ³ä °¡¿îµ¥ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº Àΰ£Á¶°ÇÀÇ °³¼±
°¡´É¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½, Áï 'ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ'·Î Ư¡Áö¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
°æÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ä¡´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû
°³ÇõÁÖÀÇ, ¼±¸ À¯·´¿¡¼ ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â º¹Áö±¹°¡
»çȸÁÖÀdzª È¥ÇÕ°æÁ¦ »çȸÁÖÀÇ, ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÁÖÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇ µî
Á¤Ä¡ ½ºÆåÆ®·³ÀÇ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÑ ºÐ¾ß¸¦ Æ÷°ýÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î
ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ±ê¹ß ¾Æ·¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®¿Â º¯ÈµéÀº ¸·´ëÇÑ
°ÍÀ̸ç, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±Ù´ë º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ µô·¹¸¶°¡ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö¸¦
º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÇ °è¼ÓµÈ Çõ½Å¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÏ¿©
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¹æ¾îÀûÀÎ ¿ªÇÒ¸¸ ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â µíÇϸç,
±×·¡¼ Á¤Ä¡¸¦ ¼±µµÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ´Ù¸¥ ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù.
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ï°æ¿¡ Á÷¸éÇØ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ´Â ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸Æ¶ô
¼Ó¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô ¹ÝÀÀÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çö´ëÁ¤Ä¡¿¡¼ÀÇ
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ¼®Àº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ º¸¼öÀûÀÎ ¸íºÐÀ»
³»¼¼¿ì´Â Á¤´çµéÀÇ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸í¿¡¸¸ ±¹ÇѵǾ ¾È
µÈ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â Á¤´çÀÇ °·É¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ °Íº¸´Ù´Â
´ú Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ»
¸¸µé¾î°¡±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 20¼¼±âÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ä¡°¡
Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ÀÇȸ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦¿Í ´ú ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡Ç³Åä
¼Ó¿¡ ½º¸çµé¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀº Á¤´çÁ¤Ã¥À» ÅëÇØ¼º¸´Ù´Â ÁÖ·Î
Àΰ£ÀÌ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â °³Çõ°¡ÀÓÀº ºÎÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸ Àΰ£ÀÇ ±âÁú
¼Ó¿¡´Â ¼±ÃµÀû¡¤º»´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î º¸¼ö¼ºµµ ¸¹´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î
ÇÏ¿© °£Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Çü¼ºµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ º¸¼ö¼ºÀ¸·Î´Â
°©ÀÛ½º·¯¿î º¯È¸¦ µÎ·Á¿öÇϰí À̸¦ ÇÇÇÏ·Á´Â °æÇâ, °ü½À¿¡
µû¶ó ÇൿÇÏ·Á´Â °æÇâ µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °æÇâµéÀº °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ
±âÁúÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸ °¿äµÈ Á¤Ä¡º¯È¿¡
ÀúÇ×ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ±×¸®°í ƯÁ¤ ¹®ÈÀÇ Çü¼º°ú ¾ÈÁ¤È¿¡
À̹ÙÁöÇÏ´Â Àüü °¡Ä¡¼±È£ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÁýÇÕÀûÀΠǥÇö¹æ½ÄÀ»
ã´Â´Ù. ¹®ÈÇüųª Á¤Ä¡Á¦µµ ¼Ó¿¡¼ °¡Ä¡¼±È£¸¦
Ç¥ÇöÇÏ·Á´Â °æÇâ(¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ºÒ¹®Çå¹ý ¼Ó¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿µ±¹
½Ç¿ëÁÖÀÇ)Àº Á¤´çÀÌ Ã¥ÀÓÁö´Â ƯÁ¤ º¸¼öÀû ÀÌÀÍÀÇ ¸í¹éÇÑ
Ç¥¸íÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î Á¤Ä¡»ýȰ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ½É¿ÀÇÑ º¸¼öÀû ÀÌÀÍÀ»
±¸ÃàÇÑ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¿À·£ »çȸÀû¡¤Á¤Ä¡Àû ÁøÈ°úÁ¤ÀÇ
»ê¹°ÀÌ¸é¼ Á¾±³¡¤¼ÒÀ¯ °ü°è µî ´Ù¸¥ ¹®ÈÀû ¿äÀΰú ¹ÐÁ¢È÷
°ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °üÇà°ú Á¦µµ¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
Á¤Ä¡Çõ½Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®ÈÀû ¾ïÁ¦¿ä¼ÒÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â ¸ðµç »çȸ¿¡¼
±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ Æí°ßÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ Æí°ßÀÇ
Àǹ̴ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ºñÆò°¡ F. J.C.Çå¼ÒÀÇ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¸»¿¡
°æ±¸ÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. "¸»ÇÒ Çʿ䵵 ¾øÀÌ
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ±×Àú ¾É¾Æ¼ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ½ÉÁö¾î
±×µéÀÌ ´ÜÁö ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °Í¸¸À¸·Îµµ ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀûÀ»
À§Çؼ´Â ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù." ±×·¯³ª °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ±â¼ú¹ßÀüÀ¸·Î
ÀÎÇÑ »çȸº¯È¿Í ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ½Ã´ë¿¡¼
´Ü¼øÇÑ Å¸¼ºÀ¸·Î´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ÁöÄѳª°¥ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù.
º¸¼öÀû ¹ÝÀÀÀº ƯÁ¤ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¸Æ¶ô¿¡¼ °¡Àå Àß ºÐ¼®µÈ´Ù.
¿ª»ç°¡µéÀº 20¼¼±â¿¡ °Å·ÐÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¤´çÀ¸·Î¼ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ
º¸¼ö´ç, ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ ±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖ´ç, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖ´ç,
ÀϺ»ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖ´çÀ̶ó´Â 4°³ Á¤´çÀ» ÁöÀûÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
´ÙÀ½¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ Á¤´çµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿© ¿µ±¹¡¤¼À¯·´¡¤ÀϺ»¡¤¹Ì±¹
µîÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ °æÇâÀ» »ìÆìº¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.
¿µ±¹¿¡¼´Â µðÁî·¹Àϸ® ÈÄÀÓÀ¸·Î ¼ÖÁ¸® °æÀÌ 1885³â¿¡
ÃѸ®°¡ µÇ¾î 1886~92³â°ú 1895~1902³â¿¡ ÀçÁ÷Çß´Ù. ¼ÖÁ¸®¸¦
µÚÀÌÀº ¾Æ¼ ¹ëǪ¾î´Â 1902 ~05³â¿¡ ÃѸ®¸¦ Áö³Â´Ù. ÀÌó·³
°¡Àå ¿À·§µ¿¾È Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´ø º¸¼ö´ç Áö¹è½Ã´ë´Â Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ,
°íÀ²ÀÇ °ü¼¼, º¸¼ö´çÀÇ ³ëµ¿°è±Þ Ç¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¡ÁøÀû Àá½Ä(µðÁî·¹Àϸ®´Â
¼±°ßÁö¸íÀ» °¡Áö°í 1867³â ³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÇ ¼±°Å±ÇÀ» È®´ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
ÀÌ·± »óȲÀ» Á¶ÀåÇßÀ½) µîÀ¸·Î Ư¡ÁöÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼
º¸¼ö´çÀº ¿ø·¡ÀÇ °è±Þ±â¹Ý(ÅäÁö±ÍÁ·°ú ±¹±³È¸)À» È®´ëÇß°í
»õ·Î¿î »ó¾÷°è±Þ°ú À̵éÀÌ À̲ô´Â ÀÚÀ¯´çÀ» ¾ÕÁö¸¦ ¼ö
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. µðÁî·¹Àϸ® ½Ã´ë ÀÌÈÄ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ¾ß´çÀÎ
ÀÚÀ¯´ç(³ªÁß¿¡´Â ³ëµ¿´ç)ÀÌ µµÀÔÇÑ º¯È¸¦ ´ëºÎºÐ
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â ¼Ò±ØÀûÀÎ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ¿Í, ƯÈ÷ 19¼¼±âÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû
°³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ¿¡¼ ¹°·Á¹ÞÀº ÀÚÀ¯´çÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À» Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô
¹«½ÃÇϰųª °³ÀÎÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
»çȸȯ°æÀ» Á¶¼ºÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ µÎ¾ú´ø º¸´Ù Àû±ØÀûÀÎ
º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡ ¹ø°¥¾Æ°¡¸é¼ ¿ì¼¼Çß´Ù. °·ÂÇÑ »çȸÀû ¾ç½ÉÀ»
dz±â´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ Àû±ØÀû º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â
µðÁî·¹Àϸ®¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÃÖÃÊ·Î Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×´Â ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀÇ
ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »óÅ¿¡¼ ³ëµ¿°è±ÞÀÌ °ÞÀº °¡È¤ÇÑ »óŸ¦
¿ÏÈÇÏ·Á´Â ¹Ù¶÷°ú ±ºÁÖÁ¦¡¤±³È¸¡¤°è±Þü°è µî ±âÁ¸ Á¦µµÀÇ
°¡Ä¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À» °áÇÕÇß´Ù. ¿µ±¹ÀÌ '¿Â°ÇÇϰí ÁßÀçÀûÀÎ'
¼¼·ÂÀ¸·Î¼ °Ç¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇÒ Çʿ伺°ú Á¦±¹ ¼Ó¿¡¼
ÀÌÀÍÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ Çʿ伺À» °Á¶ÇÑ µðÁî·¹Àϸ®ÀÇ ¿Ü±³Á¤Ã¥
¿ª½Ã º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡ ´ÜÁö »ç°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¹ÝÀÀÇϱ⺸´Ù´Â »ç°ÇÀ»
Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ÈûÀÌ µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ßÇØ¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. 20¼¼±â¿¡
¿µ±¹ÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡ È£¼ÒÇÑ 3°¡Áö ÁÖÁ¦´Â ¨ç °³ÀÎÀÇ ÁÖµµ¿Í
¾Ç½ÀÀÇ ½Ã±âÀûÀýÇÑ °³Çõ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹°ÁúÀû Á¶°ÇÀÇ °³¼±, ¨è
ÀüÅëÀû Á¦µµ°¡ °¡Áø °¡Ä¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Á¶, ¨é Àû±ØÀûÀÎ
¿Ü±³Á¤Ã¥ÀÇ Çʿ伺¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌÈÄÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ
»ç»ó°¡µéÀº ¼º°Ý°ú ŵµÀÇ ¹ß»ê°¡Ä¡, °³¼º Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ
Àç»êÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ, °³ÀÎÀÌ ¹ßÀüÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ ȯ°æÀ»
Á¦°øÇØÁÖ´Â °¡Á·ÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀû ¿ªÇÒ µî¿¡ °üÇØ ´õ¿í Á¤±³ÇÑ
°ßÇØ¸¦ ÆîÃÆ´Ù.
Á¦1¡¤2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü »çÀÌÀÇ º¸´Ù ¼Ò±ØÀûÀÎ ½Ã±â¿¡ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â °è±ÞƯ±Ç°ú Çö»óÀ¯ÁöÀÇ ¿ËÈ£, »çȸÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ºñ°Ç¼³ÀûÀÎ ¹Ý´ë, ±×¸®°í Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ³ªÄ¡ÀÇ À§Çù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
°Å·¡»óÀÎÀÇ Á¢±Ù(1930³â´ë)À¸·Î Ư¡Áö¿öÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 1945³â
ÀÌÈÄ ³ëµ¿´çÀÌ µµÀÔÇÑ È¥ÇÕ°æÁ¦¿Í º¹Áö±¹°¡ÀÇ È®´ë¿¡
Á÷¸éÇÏ¿© 1951³â¿¡ ´Ù½Ã ±Ç·ÂÀ» ÀâÀº º¸¼ö´çÀº ÀüÀÓ ³ëµ¿´çÀÇ
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀû Çõ½ÅÀ» °ÅÀÇ ¹ö¸®Áö ¾Ê°í ¿ÀÈ÷·Á º¹Áö±¹°¡¸¦
º¸´Ù È¿À²ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿î¿µÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀ» °Á¶ÇßÀ¸¸ç,
ƯÈ÷ ÁÖÅðǼ³°èȹÀÇ Àå·Á¿Í °°ÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ±Ùº» ¹ÏÀ½°ú
°ü·ÃµÈ »çȸÁ¤Ã¥ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼´Â ³ëµ¿´çÀÇ Á¤Ã¥À» ³ôÀÌ
Æò°¡Çß´Ù. 1979³â ¸¶°Å¸´ ´ëó¸¦ ÃѸ®·Î ¼±ÃâÇÏ¸é¼ ºÎȰÇÑ
º¸¼ö´çÀº ƯÈ÷ °æÁ¦Á¤Ã¥°ú ÀçÁ¤Á¤Ã¥ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ °ø·Ð°¡
Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ Çൿ°¡ Á¤½ÅÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´Ù(¿¹¸¦ µé¸é
º¸¼ö´çÀº ³ëµ¿´ç Á¤ºÎ°¡ ±¹À¯ÈÇß´ø ¸¹Àº »ê¾÷À» '»çÀ¯È'ÇßÀ½).
¿µ±¹ º¸¼ö´çÀÌ
À¯·´ °æÁ¦°øµ¿Ã¼(EEC)¸¦ ¿µ±¹ÀÌ ÁÖµµÇϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼
³ëµ¿´çº¸´Ù ´õ ¿½ÉÈ÷ ³ë·ÂÇß´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. À¯·´
°æÁ¦°øµ¿Ã¼´Â À©½ºÅÏ Ã³Ä¥ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÑ ±¹Á¦ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÑ
°ÍÀ¸·Î, ±×´Â 1940³â¿¡´Â ÇÁ¶û½º-¿µ±¹ ÅëÀÏÀ», 1946³â¿¡´Â
À¯·´ÀÇ ÅëÀÏÀ» ÁÖâÇß´Ù. ¿ø·¡ ÀÌ °øµ¿Ã¼´Â À¯·´ ±¹°¡µéÀÇ
°æÁ¦ÅëÇÕ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×µé »çÀÌÀÇ ÀüÀïÀ» ¾ø¾Ö´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î
â¾ÈµÇ¾ú°í, ÃʱâÀÇ ³ÃÀü½Ã´ë µ¿¾È°ú ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ¿ÜºÎÀÇ
°ø»êÁÖÀÇ Ä§·«°ú ³»ºÎÀÇ Ã¼Á¦ Ÿµµ¶ó´Â À§Çù¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ
¼À¯·´À» °ÈÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ Áß¿äÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Á³´Ù.
±×·¯¹Ç·Î À¯·´ °æÁ¦°øµ¿Ã¼´Â ±º»çµ¿¸ÍÀÎ
ºÏ´ë¼¾çÁ¶¾à±â±¸¿Í ÇÔ²² ÀÇȸ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¿Í ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀÇ
º¸·ç·Î¼ ±â´ÉÇß´Ù. Á¤´çÁ¤Ä¡ÀÇ ¹«´ë¿¡¼ ¼À¯·´ÀÇ
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ÁßµµÆÄ·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿Â°Ç¿ìÆÄ¿Í ±Ø¿ìÆÄ¿¡
À̸£±â±îÁö 2°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ Á¤´çÀ¸·Î ´ëÇ¥µÇ¸ç, 3°¡Áö À¯ÇüÀÇ
Á¤´çÀ» ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ³ó¾÷Á¤´ç(ƯÈ÷ ½ºÄµð³ªºñ¾Æ),
±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖ´ç, ±×¸®°í ´ë±â¾÷ÀÇ ÀÌÀͰú °áŹÇÏ°í ¶§·Î´Â
¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀû °ßÇØ¿Í ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â º¸¼ö´çÀÌ ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¿ìÆÄ Á¤´çµéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» °¡Àå ¿À·§µ¿¾È
Áö¼Ó½ÃÄѿԴµ¥, ±Ù´ë ¿ìÆÄ Á¤´çÀÇ ¼±±¸ÀÚ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ¿¡
´ëÇ×ÇØ ±³È¸¿Í ±ºÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ÁöÁöÇß´ø »ç¶÷µé·Î¼ 19¼¼±â
Àü¹Ý±â¿¡ ÃâÇöÇß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ±â¾÷ÀÇ
ÀÌÀÍÀÌ Á¦3ÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±³±ÇÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀº 1945³â
ÀÌ·¡ Á¤ºÎ¸¦ Áö¹èÇØ¿Â ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ
±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖ´ç(Democrazia Cristiana/DC)¿¡¼ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖ´çÀ» ÅëÇØ °¡Å縯 ±³È¸´Â ÀÌÈ¥¡¤ÇÇÀÓ°ú
°°Àº ±³È¸¿Í °ü·ÃµÈ Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ´çÀº
´Ù¸¥ »çȸ¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇØ¼´Â ÀϰüµÈ Á¤Ã¥À» Æî ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Âµ¥,
±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖ´ç ÀÚü°¡ º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ¼·Î ´Ù¸£¸ç
ÀÚÁÖ °¥µîÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ÀÌÀÍÁý´ÜÀÇ µ¿¸ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ®
ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
°¡Å縯°ú ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®·Î ³ª´©¾îÁø ¼µ¶¿¡¼ ±³È¸´Â
Áֿ亸¼ö´çÀÎ ±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖµ¿¸Í(Christlich-Demokratische Union/CDU)¿¡¼
±×´ÙÁö Áß¿äÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. 1950³â ÀÌÈÄ ÀϾî³
°æÁ¦¿Í »çȸ ¹®Á¦¿¡ °üÇÑ ´ç³» ³íÀïÀÇ °á°ú
±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖµ¿¸ÍÀº »çȸº¸ÀåÀÇ À¯Áö¡¤°³¼±À» ºñ·ÔÇÑ
º¹ÁöÁ¤Ã¥°ú ÀÚÀ¯±â¾÷°æÁ¦¸¦ Á¤Ã¥À¸·Î È®¸³Çß´Ù. 1950³â´ë
Ãʱ⿡ °æÁ¦°¡ ȸº¹µÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÑ µÚ µ¶ÀÏ ³»ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ ºÐÀ§±â°¡
º¸¼öȵʿ¡ µû¶ó ÁÖ¿ä¾ß´çÀÎ »çȸ¹ÎÁÖ´ç(Sozialdemokratische
Partei Deutschlands/SPD)Àº Á¡Â÷ »çȸÁÖÀÇ »ö並 ¶í °·ÉÀ»
¹ö·È°í ¹ÙÆ®°íµ¥½ºº£¸£Å© ȸÀÇ(1959)¿¡¼´Â ½ÇÁúÀûÀÎ
ÀÌÀ±µ¿±â¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇϱâ±îÁö Çß´Ù.
ÇÁ¶û½º´Â ±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖ´ç Áß½ÉÀÇ ¿Â°ÇÇÑ º¸¼öÁÖÀǶó´Â ÀϹÝ
ÇüÅ¿¡¼ ¿¹¿Ü·Î ²ÅÈù´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼ ±âµ¶±³¹ÎÁÖ´ç°ú °¡Àå
ºñ½ÁÇÑ Áý´ÜÀº °¡Å縯 ±³È¸, ¿ìÆÄ, ±×¸®°í 1960³â´ë ÈĹݿ¡
À̸£·¯¼¾ß Á¤Ä¡Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¸®ÀâÀº '°øÈÁÖÀÇ Àιο'(Mouvement
Républicain Populaire)ÀÌ´Ù. ´ë½Å ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ´Â '°øÈ±¹À» Áö۱â À§ÇÑ ¿¬¸Í'(Union pour la Dé
fense de la République)°ú °°Àº µå°ñÁÖÀÇÀÚ Áý´ÜÀ» ÁöÁöÇß´Ù.
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ »öä°¡ ¶Ñ·ÇÇÑ µå°ñÁÖÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ÇÁ¶û½º°¡
ÅëÀÏ À¯·´¿¡¼ ÁÖµµ±ÇÀ» Àâ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç ÀüÅë, Áú¼,
ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ Àç°ÇÀ» °Á¶Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª µå°ñÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº 'µ¶¸³ÆÄ¿Í
³ó¹ÎÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·Áß½É'(Centre National des Indepéndents et Paysans)°ú
°°Àº ºñµå°ñÁÖÀÇÀÚ Áý´Ü°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±¹³» »çȸ¹®Á¦¿¡
°üÇØ¼´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ °üÁ¡À» ÁöÁöÇß´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀǸ¦
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ Áý´ÜÀÇ ¼ö, ±×µéÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤¼º ºÎÁ·, Áö¿ª¹®Á¦¿Í
ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °æÇâ µîÀ¸·Î ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¹üÁÖÈÇϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ, µ¶Àϰú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ ¿ª½Ã Á¦2Â÷
¼¼°è´ëÀü ÀÌÈÄ Áö¹èÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡¼¼·ÂÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÀÌó·³ ¼À¯·´ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä±¹°¡¿¡¼ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ
¼º°ÝÀ» °¡Áø Á¤´çÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ¸é¼ À¯·ÂÇÑ Á¤Ä¡¼¼·ÂÀ¸·Î
µå·¯³µ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¤´çµéÀº ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾ÆÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦
´ëº¯Çϸç, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ °æÁ¦°ü¿©¿Í ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ
¼öÀÔÀçºÐ¹è ½Ãµµ¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇØ¿Ô´Ù. ¶Ç ÀÌ Á¤´çµéÀº À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â
°á¿©¿Í ºÐ¸íÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ºÎÀç·Î Ư¡Áö¾îÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
ÀÌ·± À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â¿Í Á¤Ä¡Ã¶ÇÐÀº º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ Á¤´çµéÀÇ ¿µÇâ·Â
Ãø¸é¿¡¼´Â º°·Î Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº Á¤Ä¡°¥µî
¼Ó¿¡ ³»ÀçÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ Æí°ß»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °è¼Ó¼º°ú ¾ÈÁ¤¼º¿¡
¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µ¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¹®È°¡Ä¡¸¦ ÅëÇØ º¸¼öÁÖÀǸ¦
Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ½É¸®Àû ¿äÀÎ ¹× ¹®È°¡Ä¡¿Í
°ü·ÃµÈ ±âº»Àû Æí°ßÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¸í¹éÇÑ
Á¤Ä¡½ÅÁ¶·Î¼ÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°è´Â 19¼¼±â Áß¿± ¼±¸¿¡
¹®È£¸¦ °³¹æÇÑ ÀÌÈÄÀÇ ÀϺ» Á¤´çÁ¤Ä¡»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ÞÀÌÁö À¯½Å(1868)¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Àû¡¤»çȸÀû º¯È´Â
ºÀ°ÇÁ¦µµÀÇ ÆóÁö ¹× ÀÔÇåÁ¤ºÎ¿Í °°Àº ¼±¸ Á¤Ä¡À̳äÀÇ
µµÀÔÀ¸·Î Ư¡Áö¾îÁø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¦µµ°³Çõ°ú ±Þ¼ÓÇÑ
»ê¾÷Ȱ¡ ÀÏÀ¸Å² È¥¶õ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí ÀϺ»¿¡¼´Â ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ
Ãæ¼º½É°ú ŵµ°¡ Á¤Ä¡¹ßÀüÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼ ´õ Áß¿äÇÑ
¿ä¼Ò¶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. 1930³â´ë¿Í 1940³â´ë ±º±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÇ
°³ÀԽñ⸦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí 1880³â´ë Á¤´çÁ¤Ä¡°¡ ½ÃÀÛµÈ ÀÌ·¡
ÀϺ»À» Áö¹èÇÑ °ÍÀº º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿´´Ù. º¸¼ö´ç(°¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ 2°³
º¸¼ö´çÀÌ ÇÕº´ÇÏ¿© 1955³â ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖ´çÀ» °á¼ºÇÔ)Àº
À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â¿Í ±³¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àι°ÀÇ Áö¹è¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç,
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ ±¹È¸ÀÇ¿øÀÇ Ãæ¼º½ÉÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀº Á¤Ã¥°ø¾àÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´ç³» ÆÄ¹úÁöµµÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎÀû Ãæ¼ºÀ̾ú´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ
ÇÐÀÚ ³Ê»õ´Ï¾ó B. ŸÀ̾î´Â ÆÄ¹ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ
¹¦»çÇß´Ù.
"¿¾ ÀϺ»ÀÇ »çȸÀû °¡Ä¡¡¤°ü½À¡¤°ü°è¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù¡¦¡¦
Ãæ¼º½É¡¤À§°è±¸Á¶¡¤Àǹ«¶ó´Â ¿¾ °ü³äÀÌ ±×µéÀ» Á¿ìÇß´Ù.
±¹È¸ÀÇ¿ø(¶Ç´Â ¸ðµç ÀϺ»ÀÎ)Àº ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ¹ßÀ» ³»µðµð°í
ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ¸Å¿ì Æí¾ÈÇÔÀ» ´À³¤´Ù."
ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖ´çÀº ´ë±â¾÷ÀÇ ÀÌÀͰú ¸Å¿ì ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô °ü·ÃµÇ¾î
ÀÖ°í, ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖ´çÀÇ Á¤Ã¥Àº ÀϺ»ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯±â¾÷°æÁ¦°¡
¹ßÀüÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¾ÈÁ¤µÈ ȯ°æÀ» Á¶¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â ¸ñÇ¥¸¦
¿ì¼±ÀûÀ¸·Î Ãß±¸ÇÑ´Ù. À̸¦ À§ÇØ Á¤´çÀº ¼·Î °¥µîÇÏ´Â
±â¾÷ÀÌÀÍÀÇ Á߸ÅÀÎÀ¸·Î ±â´ÉÇÑ´Ù. ±×¹Û¿¡ ÀÚÀ¯¹ÎÁÖ´çÀº
´Ù¸¥ ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤Ã¥, ±¹°¡¹æÀ§, ±¹³»¾Èº¸ µî¿¡
°ü½ÉÀ» µÐ´Ù.
¹Ì±¹¿¡¼´Â Àü±¹ÀûÀÎ ±Ô¸ðÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ Á¤´çÀ̳ª ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ
Á¤´çÀ» ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸ Á¤±Ç±³Ã¼°¡ ÀæÀº 2°³ÀÇ Æ÷°ýÀûÀÎ
¿¬ÇÕÁ¤´çÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÎÁÖ´ç°ú °øÈ´çÀº ¶§·Î º¸¼öÁÖÀǶó
À̸§ºÙÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÌÀÍÁý´ÜÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ³²ºÎ
¹ÎÁÖ´ç¿¡´Â ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º°ÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °øÈ´çÀÇ
ºÐÆÄ¿¡´Â Áö¿ªÀûÀÎ '´º¿å º¸¼ö´ç'ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ½Å¹®¡¤ÀâÁö µîÀÇ
¾ð·Ð¿¡¼´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀǶó´Â ¸»À» »ó¿øÀÇ¿ø ¹è¸® °ñµå¿öÅÍ¿Í
·Î³Îµå ·¹À̰Ç(Àü ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ ÁÖÁö»ç·Î¼ 1980³â ´ëÅë·É¿¡
´ç¼±µÊ)°ú ¿¬°üµÈ °øÈ´ç ºÐÆÄ¸¦ ÁöĪÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸·¿¬ÇϰÔ
»ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Çö´ë ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â ¾îºù ¹èºøÀÇ
¡´¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ¿Í Áöµµ·Â Democracy and Leadership¡µ(1924) ¶Ç´Â
³ëº§¹®ÇлóÀ» ¹ÞÀº ¼Ò¼³°¡ Àª¸®¾ö Æ÷Å©³ÊÀÇ ±ÍÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀû
ÀüÅëÁÖÀÇ¿Í °°ÀÌ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ ½Ã°¢À» µå·¯³»´Â °ÉÀÛµéÀ» ÅëÇØ
¹®Çаú Á¾±³ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼ Å« ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¾î¶²
ÁÖÀÇ¿¡µµ ¼ÓÇØ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í º¸¼öÁÖÀǶó´Â µüÁöµµ ºÙ¾î ÀÖÁö
¾ÊÀº ¼Ò¼³°¡ Çã¸Õ ¸áºô°ú ½ÅÇÐÀÚ ¶óÀÎȦƮ ´ÏºÎ¾î µîÀº
¹°ÁúÀû Áøº¸¿Í ÀÚµ¿ÈÇÑ ±â¼úÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀû °¡°ÝÀ» °è»êÇϸé¼
±¹°¡ÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀ» »ê¼úÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·± Àǹ̿¡¼ ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ¶ó ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À̵éÀº ±ÞÁøÀû ±¸È£°¡ Áö¹èÇßÀ»
¶§µµ 1970³â´ë¿Í ±× ÀÌÈÄ ÀþÀºÀ̵鿡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ°í,
¸áºôÀÌ "Áøº¸ÀÇ ºÒ¼ÕÇÔ"À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´ø °Í¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇØ
ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ »ýÅÂ¿Í È¯°æÀ» Áö۵µ·Ï °í¹«Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ
¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀÎ ÀþÀº º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº °è±Þ¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ¿¾
¿¤¸®Æ®ÁÖÀǸ¦ °¡Ä¡¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¿¤¸®Æ®ÁÖÀÇ·Î ½ÂȽÃÄÑ
À̸¦ ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô °³¹æÇß°í, ±×·³À¸·Î½á ¾ç(´ëÁß¹®È¿Í ·Îº¿
±â¼ú)À» °¡Áø º¶ôºÎÀڷκÎÅÍ Áú(¹®ÈÀû ȯ°æ°ú ¹°¸®Àû ȯ°æ)À»
±¸Çس´Ù. ¾Æ¿ì½´ºñÃ÷¿¡¼ °æÇèÇÑ °øÆ÷´Â Çö´ë
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀÇ °¡Àå ºñ(Þª)º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ
¿ø¸®, Áï Àΰ£°ú ´ëÁßÀÇ 'º»·¡ ¼±'À̶ó´Â ·ç¼Ò ½ÄÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦
Á¦°Å(»ç½Ç»ó º¸¼öÈ)ÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ ½Î¿òÀº
ÀÌó·³ ´©±×·¯Áø ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚ°¡ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿Í ¿¬ÇÕÇØ ±×µéÀÇ
°øÅëµÈ ÀÔÇåÀû¡¤À±¸®Àû ƲÀ» ÇÔ²² Áö۱â À§ÇØ ÁÂÆÄ¿Í
¿ìÆÄÀÇ °Å¿ï»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±Ø´ÜÀû ÆÄ±«ÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ´Â
¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î ÀϾ °Í °°´Ù.
º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡ Á¤´çÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÏµç ½É¸®Àû¡¤¹®ÈÀû¡¤Á¦µµÀû
¿äÀÎÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇϵç, º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â »çȸÀû¡¤°æÁ¦Àû
º¯ÈÀÇ ºñÀ² ¶Ç´Â ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù
¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ »çȸ¿¡¼ ´õ ¼³µæÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í
¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ ºñÆÇ°¡°¡ ÁöÀûÇÏµí º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ¿¡°Ô
¸í·áȰ¡ ºÎÁ·Çϰí, ÇÕ¸®ÁÖÀÇ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ Ç³ºÎÇÑ ¹®Çå°ú
ºñ±³µÇ´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ ¸íºÐÀÇ ¼³µæÀû Ç¥Çö¹°ÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ °ÍÀº
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÇ ±â¹ÝÀÌ µÇ´Â ÈûÀÇ °á°úÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ 'º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ´Â
±³¸®¿Í ¶È°°ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³¯ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ ±³¸®¸¦ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº ´õÀÌ»ó º¸¼öÁÖÀǰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í µµ¸Á°¡´Â º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÌ´Ù'¶ó´Â
½ÄÀÇ µÎ·Á¿ò ¶§¹®¿¡ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ º¸¼öÁÖÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µéÀÌ
ºÎ²ô·¯¿òÀ» ´À³¤ °á°úÀ̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 20¼¼±â ÈĹݿ¡
¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº »çȸ»ýȰ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» È®´ëÇÏ·Á´Â
Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¿å±¸°¡ ³Ê¹«³ª °ÇϹǷΠº¸´Ù ¸í·áÇϰí
°ø°ÝÀûÀ̱â±îÁö ÇÑ º¸¼öÁÖÀǸ¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
º¸¼öÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ °úÁ¦ÀÇ Çϳª´Â »çȸ°úÇÐ(ƯÈ÷
ÀηùÇаú ½É¸®ÇÐ)ÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ¿À·§µ¿¾È »çȸÀû ±â°èÈ¿Í
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû À¯ÅäÇǾÆÁÖÀÇ¿¡ Çù·ÂÇßÀ¸¸ç »çȸÀÇ »ýÁ¸¿¡¼
ÀüÅ롤°ü½À¡¤ÁøÈÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª µå·¯³½´Ù´Â Á¡À»
°Á¶ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù.
P. Viereck ±Û
¡¡ |