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Christian
Socialism, movement of the mid-19th century that
attempted to apply the social principles of Christianity
to modern industrial life. The term was generally associated with the
demands of Christian activists for a social program of political and
economic action on behalf of all individuals, impoverished or wealthy, and
the term was used in contradistinction to laissez-faire individualism.
Later, Christian Socialism
came to be applied in a general sense to any movement that attempted to
combine the fundamental aims of socialism with the religious and ethical
convictions of Christianity.
Early in the 19th century, the
French philosopher Henri de
Saint-Simon expounded a "new Christianity" primarily
concerned with the plight of the poor. Saint-Simonians believed that the
keynote of social development would be a spirit of association, with
religion as the dominating force, that would gradually supplant the
prevailing spirit of egotism and antagonism in society. They advocated
(among other things) that inheritance rights be abolished so that capital
could leave the hands of self-seeking capitalists and be placed at society's
disposal. The Saint-Simonians imagined this and other related actions would
effectively end the exploitation of the poor.
The term Christian Socialism was
first appropriated by a group of British men including Frederick Denison
Maurice, novelist Charles
Kingsley, John Malcolm Ludlow, and others, who founded a movement
that took shape in England immediately after the failure of the Chartist
agitation of 1848. Their general purpose was to vindicate for "the
Kingdom of Christ" its "true authority over the realms of industry
and trade," and "for socialism its true character as the great
Christian revolution of the 19th century." Four years after Karl Marx
characterized religion as "the opiate for the people," Kingsley
(probably unaware of Marx's phrase) asserted that the Bible had been wrongly
used as "an opium-dose for keeping beasts of burden patient while they
were being overloaded" and as a "mere book to keep the poor in
order" (in Politics for the People, 1848). (see also United Kingdom)
Inspired principally by the writings
of Philippe-Joseph-Benjamin Buchez, a disciple of Saint-Simon, and by the
emergence of cooperative societies in France,
Ludlow--who had been reared and educated in France--enlisted other churchmen
in an effort to promote the application of Christian principles in
industrial organization. Stirred by the sufferings of the poor and by
factory and workshop conditions, Ludlow's group vigorously criticized
socially conservative Christianity and laissez-faire attitudes within the
industrial sector. Urging, among other measures, that cooperation replace
competition, they joined forces with the cooperativist movement and financed
several small cooperative societies that favoured copartnership and profit
sharing in industry. They created the Council for Promoting Working Men's
Associations, and in 1854 they founded the Working Men's College in London.
The movement as such dissolved in the late 1850s. Some members of the
movement continued working for cooperativism, however, and numerous
Christian Socialist organizations were formed in the 1880s and '90s in
England.
In addition to the French Roman
Catholic social movement long in existence, movements similar to Ludlow's
took shape among French Protestants in the latter half of the 19th century.
The Protestant Association for the Practical Study of Social Questions,
founded in 1888, opposed bourgeois Protestantism while rejecting a strict,
egalitarian socialism. In Germany,
the movement for Christian social action in the late 19th century became
associated with violent anti-Semitic agitation. Adolf
Stoecker, a court preacher and a founder of the Christian Social
Workers' Party, took a leading role in the anti-Semitic drive. In the United
States, Henry James, Sr., the father of novelist Henry James and philosopher
William James, had argued
the identity of the aims of socialism and Christianity as early as 1849. The
Society of Christian Socialists was organized in 1889. The first years of
the 20th century witnessed the rise of the Social Gospel movement, which was
an outgrowth of Christian Socialism that stressed the social aspect of
salvation. |
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