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(b. Oct. 16, 1854, Dublin, Ire.--d.
Nov. 30, 1900, Paris, Fr.), Irish wit, poet, and dramatist whose reputation
rests on his comic masterpieces Lady
Windermere's Fan (1892) and The
Importance of Being Earnest (1895). He was a spokesman for the late
19th-century Aesthetic movement in England, which advocated art for art's
sake; and he was the object of celebrated civil and criminal suits involving
homosexuality and ending in his imprisonment (1895-97). (see also Irish literature, Aestheticism)
Wilde was born of professional and
literary parents. His father, Sir William Wilde, was Ireland's leading ear
and eye surgeon, who also published books on archaeology, folklore, and the
satirist Jonathan Swift; his mother was a revolutionary poet and an
authority on Celtic myth and folklore.
After attending Portora Royal
School, Enniskillen (1864-71), Wilde went, on successive scholarships, to
Trinity College, Dublin (1871-74), and Magdalen College, Oxford (1874-78),
which awarded him a degree with honours. During these four years, he
distinguished himself not only as a classical scholar, a poseur, and a wit
but also as a poet by winning the coveted Newdigate Prize in 1878 with a
long poem, Ravenna. He was deeply
impressed by the teachings of the English writers John
Ruskin and Walter Pater on the
central importance of art in life and particularly by the latter's stress on
the aesthetic intensity by which life should be lived. Like many in his
generation, Wilde was determined to follow Pater's urging "to burn
always with [a] hard, gemlike flame." But Wilde also delighted in
affecting an aesthetic pose; this, combined with rooms at Oxford decorated
with objets d'art, resulted in his famous remark: "Oh, would that I
could live up to my blue china!"
In the early 1880s, when
Aestheticism was the rage and despair of literary London, Wilde established
himself in social and artistic circles by his wit and flamboyance. Soon the
periodical Punch made him the
satiric object of its antagonism to the Aesthetes for what was considered
their unmasculine devotion to art; and in their comic opera Patience,
Gilbert and Sullivan based the character Bunthorne, a "fleshly
poet," partly on Wilde. Wishing to reinforce the association, Wilde
published, at his own expense, Poems (1881),
which echoed, too faithfully, his discipleship to the poets Algernon
Swinburne, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, and John Keats. Eager for further
acclaim, Wilde agreed to lecture in the United States and Canada in 1882,
announcing on his arrival in New York City that he had "nothing to
declare but his genius." Despite widespread hostility in the press to
his languid poses and aesthetic costume of velvet jacket, knee breeches, and
black silk stockings, Wilde for 12 months exhorted the Americans to love
beauty and art; then he returned to Great Britain to lecture on his
impressions of America.
In 1884 Wilde married Constance
Lloyd, daughter of a prominent Irish barrister; two children, Cyril and
Vyvyan, were born, in 1885 and 1886. Meanwhile, Wilde was a reviewer for the
Pall Mall Gazette and then became
editor of Woman's World (1887-89).
During this period of apprenticeship as a writer, he published The Happy Prince and Other Tales (1888), which reveals his gift for
romantic allegory in the form of the fairy tale.
In the final decade of his life,
Wilde wrote and published nearly all of his major work. In his only novel, The
Picture of Dorian Gray (published in Lippincott's
Magazine, 1890, and in book form, revised and expanded by six chapters,
1891), Wilde combined the supernatural elements of the Gothic novel with the
unspeakable sins of French decadent fiction. Critics charged immorality
despite Dorian's self-destruction; Wilde, however, insisted on the amoral
nature of art regardless of an apparently moral ending. Intentions
(1891), consisting of previously published essays, restated his
aesthetic attitude toward art by borrowing ideas from the French poets Théophile
Gautier and Charles Baudelaire and the American painter James McNeill
Whistler. In the same year, two volumes of stories and fairy tales also
appeared, testifying to his extraordinary creative inventiveness: Lord
Arthur Savile's Crime, and Other Stories and A House of Pomegranates.
But Wilde's greatest successes were
his society comedies. Within the conventions of the French " well-made
play" (with its social intrigues and artificial devices to
resolve conflict), he employed his paradoxical, epigrammatic wit to create a
form of comedy new to the 19th-century English theatre. His first success, Lady
Windermere's Fan, demonstrated that this wit could revitalize the rusty
machinery of French drama. In the same year, rehearsals of his macabre play Salomé,
written in French and designed, as he said, to make his audience shudder
by its depiction of unnatural passion, were halted by the censor because it
contained biblical characters. It was published in 1893, and an English
translation appeared in 1894 with Aubrey Beardsley's celebrated
illustrations.
A second society comedy, A
Woman of No Importance (produced 1893), convinced the critic William
Archer that Wilde's plays "must be taken on the very highest plane of
modern English drama." In rapid succession, Wilde's final plays, An
Ideal Husband and The
Importance of Being Earnest, were produced early in 1895. In the
latter, his greatest achievement, the conventional elements of farce are
transformed into satiric epigrams--seemingly trivial but mercilessly
exposing Victorian hypocrisies.
I suppose society is wonderfully
delightful. To be in it is merely a bore. But to be out of it simply a
tragedy.
I never travel without my diary.
One should always have something sensational to read in the train.
All women become like their
mothers. That is their tragedy. No man does. That's his.
I hope you have not been leading a
double life, pretending to be wicked and being really good all the time.
That would be hypocrisy.
In many of his works, exposure of a
secret sin or indiscretion and consequent disgrace is a central design. If
life imitated art, as Wilde insisted in his essay "The Decay of
Lying" (1889), he was himself approximating the pattern in his reckless
pursuit of pleasure. In addition, his close friendship with Lord
Alfred Douglas, whom he had met in 1891, infuriated the Marquess of
Queensberry, Douglas' father. Accused, finally, by the marquess of being a
sodomite, Wilde, urged by Douglas, sued for criminal libel. Wilde's case
collapsed, however, when the evidence went against him, and he dropped the
suit. Urged to flee to France by his friends, Wilde refused, unable to
believe that his world was at an end. He was arrested and ordered to stand
trial.
Wilde testified brilliantly, but the
jury failed to reach a verdict. In the retrial he was found guilty and
sentenced, in May 1895, to two years at hard labour. Most of his sentence
was served at Reading Gaol, where he wrote a long letter to Douglas
(published in 1905 in a drastically cut version as De
Profundis) filled with recriminations against the younger man for
encouraging him in dissipation and distracting him from his work.
In May 1897 Wilde was released, a
bankrupt, and immediately went to France, hoping to regenerate himself as a
writer. His only remaining work, however, was The
Ballad of Reading Gaol (1898), revealing his concern for inhumane prison
conditions. Despite constant money problems he maintained, as George Bernard
Shaw said, "an unconquerable gaiety of soul" that sustained him,
and he was visited by such loyal friends as Max Beerbohm and Robert Ross,
later his literary executor; he was also reunited with Douglas. He died
suddenly of acute meningitis brought on by an ear infection. In his
semiconscious final moments, he was received into the Roman Catholic church,
which he had long admired.
(K.Be.) |

(Wilde, 1882)
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