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Sorel, Georges
(-Eugène) (b. Nov. 2, 1847, Cherbourg,
France--d. Aug. 30, 1922, Boulogne-sur-Seine), French Socialist and
revolutionary syndicalist who developed an original and provocative theory
on the positive, even creative, role of myth and violence in the historical
process.
Sorel was born of a middle-class
family and trained as a civil engineer. Not until he reached age 40 did he
become interested in social and economic questions. In 1892 he retired from
his civil-service engineering post and devoted himself to a life of
meditation and study. In 1893 he discovered Marxism and began writing the
analytical critiques that constitute his most original and valuable
achievement.
In 1897 Sorel was a passionate
defender of Alfred Dreyfus, the Jewish army officer who was wrongly
convicted of treason, but he became disgusted with the way the parties of
the left exploited "the Affair" for their own political
advancement. By 1902 he was denouncing the Socialist and Radical parties for
advocating democracy and constitutionalism as a road to Socialism. Instead,
he enthusiastically supported revolutionary
syndicalism, a movement with anarchistic leanings that stressed the
spontaneity of the class struggle. His best known work, Réflexions
sur la violence (1908; Reflections
on Violence), first appeared as a series of articles in Le
Mouvement Socialiste early in 1906 and has been widely translated. Here
Sorel developed his notions of myth (modeled on the syndicalist vision of
the general strike) and of violence. Violence for Sorel was the
revolutionary denial of the existing social order, and force was the state's
power of coercion. (His theory was later perverted and utilized by the
Italian Fascist dictator Benito Mussolini.)
Throughout Sorel's thought there
runs a moralistic hatred of social decadence and resignation. He attacked
the idea of inevitable progress, as developed by 18th-century philosophers,
in his work Les Illusions du progrès
(1908; "Illusions of Progress") and believed that the future was
what men chose to make it. Departing from the intellectual tradition of
European Socialism, Sorel held that human nature was not innately good; he
therefore concluded that a satisfactory social order was not likely to
evolve but would have to be brought about by revolutionary action. After
1909 Sorel became disenchanted with the syndicalist movement, and, with some
hesitation, he adhered, not without embarrassment and hesitation, to the
monarchist movement--Action Française--which
sought to reestablish a homogeneous and traditional moral order. With the
outbreak of the Russian Revolution in 1917, Sorel declared himself for the
Bolsheviks, who he thought might be capable of precipitating the moral
regeneration of mankind.
Sorel wrote on an extraordinarily
broad range of topics, including the Bible, Aristotle, and the decline of
Rome, in addition to his writings on Socialism. Among his chief works are L'Avenir
socialiste des syndicats (1898; "The Socialist Future of the
Syndicalists"), Les Illusions du progrès (1908; "Illusions of
Progress"), and La Révolution
dreyfusienne (1909; "The Dreyfusard Revolution"). |
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