|
property,
an object of legal rights, which embraces possessions or wealth
collectively, frequently with strong connotations of individual ownership.
In law the term refers to the complex of jural relationships between and
among persons with respect to things. The things may be tangible, such as
land or goods, or intangible, such as stocks and bonds, a patent, or a
copyright.
Every known legal system has rules
that deal with the relations among persons with respect to (at least)
tangible things. The extraordinary diversity of the property systems of
non-Western societies, however, suggests that any concept of property other
than the descriptive one is dependent on the culture in which it is found.
Because property law deals with the allocation, use, and transfer of wealth
and objects of wealth, it must reflect the economy, family structure, and
politics of the society in which it is found. (see also tangible property)
Very few, if any, non-Western
societies generalize about property in the way that Western legal systems
do. What distinguishes the Western property system from the systems of most,
if not all, other societies is that its category of private
property is a default category. Western legal systems regard
individual ownership as the norm, derogations from which must be explained.
The legal concept of property in the West is characterized by a tendency to
agglomerate in a single legal person, preferably the one who is currently in
possession of the thing in question, the exclusive right to possess,
privilege to use, and power to convey the thing.
In classical Roman
law (c. AD 1-250), the sum
of rights, privileges, and powers that a legal person could have in a thing
was called dominium,
or proprietas (ownership). The
classical Roman jurists do not state that their system tends to ascribe proprietas
to the current possessor of the thing but that it did so is clear enough.
Once the Roman system had identified the proprietarius
(the owner), it was loath to let him convey anything less than all the
rights, privileges, and powers that he had in the thing.
The medieval English legal system
similarly showed the tendency at critical points to agglomerate property
rights in a single individual. A notion of property in land emerged at the
end of the 12th century in England from a mass of partly discretionary,
partly customary, feudal rights and obligations. What began as essentially
an appellate jurisdiction, offered by the king in his court to ensure that a
feudal lord did right by his men, ended with the free tenant being the owner
of the land, in a quite modern sense, with the lord's rights limited to
receipt of money payments. (see also English
law, feudalism)
The fundamental tendency in Western
property law to agglomerate property rights in a single individual is
probably not the product of the influence of a particular philosophical idea
or the dominance of one social group over another or even of a balancing of
social interests. As the need arose for a category to describe the sum of
the rights, privileges, and powers that an individual could have with
respect to a thing, the Romans, followed by the English, chose a noun
derived from an adjective that means "own." The category at once
described the concept and also the tendency. As time went on, the tendency
took on an independent life. Western law excluded from the category
"property" certain rights, privileges, and powers with respect to
a thing because they existed in someone other than the property holder. In
modern legal systems, though not in the Roman, property came to represent
one of the rights of the individual against the state, perhaps originally
because property had come to rest in the freeholder and not in his lord, and
the king was the lord of all. (see also ownership)
In Western law today, most tangible
things may be the object of property, although certain kinds of natural
resources, such as wild animals, water, and minerals, may be the
object of special rules, particularly as to how they are to be acquired.
Because Western law gives great emphasis to the concept of possession,
it has had considerable difficulty in making intangible things the object of
property. Some Western legal systems still deny the possibility of property
in intangibles. In all Western legal systems, however, the great increase of
wealth in the form of intangibles (stocks, bonds, bank accounts) has meant
that property or property-like treatment must be given to such intangibles.
Certain government-created rights such as patents and copyrights have
traditionally been treated as property. Others, such as the right to receive
social-insurance payments, have not normally been so treated, although there
appears to be some tendency to treat these rights as property also. (This is
the "new property" of recent writing.) (see also intangible
property)
The use of property, particularly
property in land, is extensively regulated
throughout the West. Neighbours injured by adjoining land
uses may sue in nuisance in the Anglo-American
countries. Similar actions exist in the civil-law countries. Throughout the
West, landowners may agree to allow others to use their land in ways that
would otherwise be actionable, and such agreements may be made to bind those
to whom the land is conveyed. Anglo-American law tends to divide these
grants of use rights into categories that reflect their common-law origins: easements
(such as rights of way), profits (such as
the right to take minerals or timber), real
covenants (such as a promise to pay a homeowners' association fee),
and equitable servitudes (such as a promise
to use the property for residential purposes only). The civil
law does not have as many categories, the category of
"servitudes" tending to cover for them all, and the civil law is a
bit more restrictive. Most of the same practical results, however, can be
achieved in civil-law countries as in Anglo-American.
Throughout the West, public
regulation of land use has increased dramatically in the 20th century. Most
familiar is zoning, the division of a given
area into districts with limitations on the types of land use (such as
residential, commercial, or industrial). Extensive regulation of types of
building (such as height or density) and of materials and methods of
construction (building codes) is also very common. When public authorities
cannot achieve their purposes through regulation, they may "expropriate"
the land. This occurs, for example, when land is acquired by government for
construction of a highway or by a utility company for creation of a
reservoir. Such expropriation may not be a voluntary exchange between the
parties, but compensation for property value is commonly provided.
Throughout the West, property may be
acquired by various "original modes" of acquisition. For instance,
"occupancy" is a means of original acquisition when the thing
possessed belonged to no one formerly. A thing can also be acquired if
someone possesses it for a certain period of time as if he were the owner.
This is called "acquisitive prescription" in civil-law countries, "adverse
possession" in Anglo-American countries. The privileges
conferred by public authorities, such as rights to mineral resources in the
public domain or to exclusive use of an invention, can be viewed as types of
original acquisitions.
A far more common means of acquiring
property is by transfer from the previous owner or owners ("derivative
acquisition"). Most forms of such transfer are voluntary on the part of
the previous owner. "Sale," the
voluntary exchange of property for money, is the most common of these. A
"donation," or gift, is another
voluntary form. Succession to property upon
death of the previous owner is a central concept in nearly all property
systems and falls into the category of derivative acquisition. In the West,
succession may by dictated by a will made by
the deceased or by the laws of intestacy,
statutes that determine the distribution of property in the event the
deceased left no will. Other instances of derivative acquisition are
involuntary. A bankrupt person, for example,
may have property sold by judicial sale to pay his debts. |
Àç»ê (î¯ß§, property). °³ÀÎÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¹°.
¹ý·ü¿¡¼ Àç»êÀ̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î°¡ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ½Ã»çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
¾î¶² °´Ã¼¿¡ °üÇØ¼ °³ÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ°¡
ÀÎÁ¤Ç߰ųª Á¦Á¤ÇÑ ÀÏüÀÇ °ü°èÀÌ´Ù. °´Ã¼´Â ÅäÁöó·³
À¯ÇüÀûÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í, ƯÇã±ÇÀ̳ª ÀúÀÛ±Çó·³ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ýÀÇ
ÀÇÁ¦(ëôð¤)ÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. Àç»êÀº °ü½À»óÀ¸·Î³ª ¹ý·ü»óÀ¸·Î³ª
À¯°¡¹°ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ÀǹÌÇϰí, µû¶ó¼ »çȸÀÇ ¿©Å¸ »ç¶÷µé°úÀÇ
°ü°è¿¡¼ ±× À¯°¡¹°¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â ±Ç¸®¡¤Àǹ«¡¤ÇѰ踦
ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¹ýü°è¿¡¼ Àç»êÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯´Â Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ̰í Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ ÅëÁ¦±ÇÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ´ë·ú¹ý°è¿¡¼³ª
¿µ¹Ì¹ý°è¿¡¼³ª ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÅäÁö¡¤°Ç¹° µîÀÇ ºÎµ¿»ê°ú »óǰ¡¤µ¿¹°
µîÀÇ µ¿»êÀ» ±¸º°ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ñÀû¹°À» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®´Â
°æÁ¦Àû¡¤»çȸÀû üÁ¦¿¡ µû¶ó ´Ù¸£´Ù. Áï °ÅÀÇ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ
¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼±¸ ±¹°¡¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ ¸ðµç
ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÌ ±¹°¡¿¡ ±Í¼ÓµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¼ ±ØÈ÷ Á¦ÇѵÈ
¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â »çȸÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ±× ¾çŰ¡
´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ±¹°¡¿¡¼ ¸í¹éÇÑ °ø°øÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ
°³ÀÎ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ÅäÁö¸¦ ¼ö¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸î °¡Áö ¹ý·üÀ»
±ÔÁ¤Çϰí Àִµ¥, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ '°ø¿ë¼ö¿ë'(ÍëéÄâ¥éÄ eminent domain)ÀÇ
¿ø¸®°¡ Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ±Ç¸®¸¦ Á¦ÇÑÇÑ´Ù.
Àç»ê±ÇÀº Àηù ¹®¸í Ãʱ⿡ ±â¿øÇÑ´Ù. ¿ø½Ã»çȸ¿¡¼
Àç»ê»óÅ´ »çȸ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ º¹À⼺¿¡ µû¶ó ÇѰèÁö¾îÁ³´Ù. ´ë°³
¹«±â¡¤ÀǺ¹¡¤Àå½Å±¸ µî¿¡ °üÇÑ °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ´ç½Ã¿¡µµ
°³ÀμÒÀ¯±Ç °³³äÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °¡ÃàÀ̳ª ÁöÁ¤µÈ
»ç³ÉÁö¿ª µî°ú °°Àº »ó´çÈ÷ Áß¿äÇÑ ¸ñÀû¹°µéÀº °øµ¿Ã¼°¡
°ü¸®Çß´Ù. À¯¸ñ¹ÎÁ·¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯Ã¼°è´Â
ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ó¾÷¹ßÀü°ú ´õºÒ¾î ÅäÁö´Â
Á¾Á¾ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ÇÕÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºÐÇҵǾú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ÅäÁö»ç¿ëÀº
Çö´ë¿¡±îÁö °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ°í, ƯÈ÷ ÀϺΠÀ¯·´ ±¹°¡¿¡¼´Â
»çȸ±¸¼º¿øµéÀÌ ÀÏÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÏÁ¤ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ º¸ÀåÇϱâ
À§ÇØ °øµ¿ ÇØ¹æ°æÁöÁ¦µµ(open-field system)¸¦ ½Ç½ÃÇß´Ù. À̵é
ÀϺΠ±¹°¡¿Í Àεµ¿¡¼´Â ¾¾Á·µé »çÀÌ¿¡ À¯»çÇÑ ÇùÁ¤ÀÌ
Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù. Áï ¾¾Á· ¼¿¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ °øµ¿¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸ðµç
¾¾Á· ±¸¼º¿øµé¿¡°Ô ÅäÁö¸¦ Á¦°øÇß´Ù.
±×¸®½º ¹ý°ú ·Î¸¶ ¹ýÀº µµ½Ã¹®¸íÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ÀüÈ(ï®ûù)¸¦
¹Ý¿µÇÏ¿© Àç»ê¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ °³ÀÎÀÇ ¹èŸÀûÀÎ ±Ç¸®¸¦
Çã¿ëÇß´Ù. ·Î¸¶ÀÇ Áö¹è±Ç °³³äÀº ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡ ÁÖÀåµÇ´Â
Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ̰í Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» °¡Á¤Çϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
·Î¸¶ Á¦±¹ÀÇ ¸ê¸Á°ú ´õºÒ¾î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯°³³äÀº ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È
»ç¶óÁ³´Ù. Áß¼¼ À¯·´ÀÇ Àç»ê±Ç ü°è´Â ºÀ°ÇÁ¦µµ¿´´Ù. ºÀ°Ç
¿µÁÖ´Â ±¹¿ÕÀÇ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ Áö¹è±ÇÇÏ¿¡¼ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ»
°¡Á³Áö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î Á¡À¯ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ´ë½Å¿¡
¿µÁÖ´Â ±¤´ëÇÑ ÅäÁö¸¦ ³ó³ë¿¡°Ô ÀÓ´ëÇØÁÖ¾ú°í, ³ó³ëµéÀº
¼ÒÀÛ°ü°è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¿µÁÖ¿¡°Ô ÀÏÁ¤·®ÀÇ ³óÀÛ¹°À»
¹ÙÃÆ´Ù. ³ó³ë°¡ Á×À¸¸é ÅäÁö´Â ¿µÁÖÀÇ ¼±Åÿ¡ µû¶ó ¿ÏÀüÈ÷
´Ù¸¥ ³ó³ë¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù. 9¡10¼¼±â¿¡ À̸£·¯ ºñ·Ï ¿ÏÀüÇÑ
¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ ¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î Â÷Áö(ó¨ò¢)¸¦ Èļտ¡°Ô ¹°·ÁÁÙ
¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿µ±¸ÀÓÂ÷±Ç(çµÎùìüó¨Ïí)ÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù. 12¡13¼¼±â¿¡
À̸£·¯ ¼ÒÀÛÀεéÀº ¸¶Ä§³» ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ºÀ°ÇÁ¦µµ´Â ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È ÅðÈµÈ ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¸¼ÓÇߴµ¥ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ
°æ¿ì 1925³â±îÁö À̾îÁ³´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º¿Í ÇÁ·ÎÀ̼¾À» ÇʵηΠÇÏ¿©
¸¹Àº ³ª¶ó¿¡¼ Çõ¸í°ú »çȸÀûÀÎ °Ýº¯À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ Àç»ê±ÇÀÇ
Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ±âÃʰ¡ º¯ÈµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ·Î¸¶ ¹ý»óÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯±Ç ¿ø¸®°¡
ºÎȰÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æÇâÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü´Â ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ»
¹ÞÀº »çȸÁÖÀÇ ±¹°¡µéÀ̾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌµé ±¹°¡¿¡¼´Â ¸ðµç
Àç»êÀ» »ý»êÀç¿Í ¼ÒºñÀçÀÇ 2°¡Áö ¹üÁÖ·Î ³ª´©¾úÀ¸¸ç,
»çÀ¯Àç»êÀ» ±ØÈ÷ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤Çß´Ù.
°³ÀÎÀÇ Àç»ê¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
±Ç¸®ÃëµæÀÇ 2°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ù¹øÂ°´Â ½Â°èÃëµæ(ã¯Í©ö¢Ôð
: Àü·¡ÃëµæÀ̶ó°íµµ ÇÔ)À¸·Î¼, Àç»ê°ú ±Ç¸®°¡ ÇÑ
¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¿¡°Ô¼ ´Ù¸¥ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¿¡°Ô·Î ÀÌÀüµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
½Â°èÃëµæÀÇ °¡Àå ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ÇüÅ´ Àç»êÀ» ÃëµæÇϱâ À§ÇÑ
ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ ÈÆó±³È¯ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â '¸Å¸Å'(ØãØâ)ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇϳªÀÇ
ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ ÇüÅÂÀÇ ½Â°èÃëµæÀº 'Áõ¿©'(ñüæ¨)ÀÌ´Ù. »ó¼ÓÀº °ÅÀÇ
¸ðµç Àç»ê¹ýÀÇ Á߽ɰ³³äÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ À¯¾ð¿¡¼Ã³·³
ÁöÁ¤À¯Áõ(ò¦ïÒë¶ñü)ÀÇ °á°ú·Î ¹ß»ýÇϵç, À¯¾ðÀÌ ¾ø´Â °æ¿ì
¹ý·É¿¡ µû¶ó Àç»êÀ» ¹èºÐÇÏ´Â ¹ýÁ¤»ó¼Ó(ÛöïÒßÓáÙ :
¹«À¯¾ð»ó¼ÓÀ̶ó°íµµ ÇÔ)À» ±ÔÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ý·ü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ýÇϵç
°£¿¡ ÀÌ ½Â°èÃëµæÀÇ ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ °æ¿ìÀÇ ½Â°èÃëµæÀº
ºñÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹ÄÁ´ë ÆÄ»êÀڴ ä¹«º¯Á¦¸¦ À§ÇØ
ÀçÆÇ»óÀÇ ¸Å°¢À» ÅëÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àç»êÀ» óºÐÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÃëµæÀÇ
2¹øÂ° À¯ÇüÀº ¿ø½ÃÃëµæ(ê«ã·ö¢Ôð)À¸·Î, Àç»ê¿¡
´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ±Ç¸®°¡ â¼³µÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î
³óºÎ´Â °æÀÛ¹°°ú »õ·Î ÅÂ¾î³ °¡ÃàÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ¾çµµµÇÁö
¾Ê¾Æµµ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ±Ç¸®¸¦ °®´Âµ¥, À̸¦ 'ºÎÇÕ'(ݾùê
accession)À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ñÀû¹°ÀÌ ´©±¸ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¹°µµ ¾Æ´Ñ
°æ¿ì¿¡´Â '¹«ÁÖ¹°¼±Á¡'(Ùíñ«Úªà»ï¿)ÀÌ ¿ø½ÃÃëµæÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ´Ù.
¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ Àǵµ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÏÁ¤±â°£ µ¿¾È ¸ñÀû¹°À» Á¡À¯ÇÑ
°æ¿ì¿¡´Â ±× ¸ñÀû¹°À» ÃëµæÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ´ë·ú¹ý¿¡¼´Â
Ãëµæ½ÃÈ¿(ö¢ÔðãÁüù acquisitive prescription)¶ó°í Çϰí,
¿µ¹Ì¹ý¿¡¼´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¡À¯»óŸ¦ ¹«±Ç¿øÁ¡À¯(adverse possession
: ºÒ¹ýÁ¡À¯¶ó°íµµ ÇÔ)¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. Á¤ºÎ´Â °³Àο¡°Ô ÁöÇÏÀÇ
±¤¹°ÀÚ¿ø ÀÌ¿ë, ¼ö·Â¹ßÀü, ¹ß¸íǰÀÇ µ¶Á¡Àû »ç¿ë(¡æÆ¯Çã±Ç)
µî¿¡ ´ëÇÑ 'Ư±Ç'À» ºÎ¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î À§¿¡¼
¾ð±ÞÇÑ ÅäÁöÀÇ '¼ö¿ë'ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. Á¤ºÎ°¡ °í¼Óµµ·ÎÀÇ °Ç¼³À»
À§ÇØ, ¶Ç´Â °ø±â¾÷ÀÌ Àú¼öÁö¸¦ ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ ÅäÁö¸¦ ÃëµæÇÏ´Â
°æ¿ì°¡ ÀÌ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇϴµ¥, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼ö¿ëÀº ´ç»çÀÚ°£ÀÇ
ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ °Å·¡´Â ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¿ëÀç»êÀÇ °¡Ä¡¿¡
´ëÇÑ º¸»óÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù.
Àç»ê°ü°è¹ýÀÇ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀϸéÀº °³Àΰú ¸ñÀû¹° °£¿¡
¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¹«ÇüÀÇ °ü°èÀε¥, ÀÌ¿¡´Â ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯Çà»ç¸¸ÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ°ú ÇѰ赵 Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. ´ë·ú¹ý¿¡¼´Â
¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÅäÁö¿¡ ÅëÇà·Î³ª ¹è¼ö·Î¸¦ ³»±â À§ÇØ ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±Ç¸®ÀÎ 'Áö¿ª±Ç'(ò¢æµÏí servitude)ÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¿µ¹Ì¹ý¿¡µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ Å¸ÀÎÀÇ ÅäÁö ÀÌ¿ë±ÇÀ»
ÁöĪÇÏ´Â 'Áö¿ª±Ç'(easement) °³³äÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ŸÀÎÀÇ Àç»ê¿¡¼
ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ÀÚ¿ø(¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ¾ß»ýµ¿¹°À̳ª ±¤¹°)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á
¼öÀÍÀ» ¾ò°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±Ç¸®´Â ¹ý·ü¼Ò¼Û¿¡¼
Ç¥ÃâµÈ´Ù. Àç»êÀÌ °¡Áö´Â ¿©Å¸ÀÇ ¹«ÇüÀû Ãø¸éÀº ´ë´ë·Î
ÀüÇØÁö´Â '¹«Ã¼»ó¼ÓÀç»ê±Ç'(Ùíô÷ßÓáÙî¯ß§Ïí incorporeal
hereditaments right)À̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ýü°è¿¡¼ Àç»êÀº
°³ÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡ °øµ¿¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ
Á¦µµÈµÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿À´Ã³¯ °¡Àå ÈçÈ÷ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í ÁßÀÇ
Çϳª°¡ °³ÀεéÀÌ È¸»çÀÇ ÀÌÀ±°ú ÁÖ½ÄÀ» ³ª´©¾î °¡Áö´Â
¹ýÀμÒÀ¯Á¦(ÛöìÑá¶êóð¤)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àç»êÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ÀåÁ¡Àº
ÁÖÁֵ鰣ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ¼Õ½ÇÀÌ ¹ýÀÎ ÀÚü¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê°í,
¹ýÀÎüÀÇ ¼Õ½ÇÀÌ °³°³ ÁÖÁÖÀÇ ÁֽĿ¡ Àû¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿µ¹Ì¹ý¿¡´Â ƯÀ¯ÇÑ °øÀ¯ÇüÅÂÀÎ '½ÅŹ'(ãáöþ trust)ÀÌ
ÀÖ´Ù. ½Åʰü°è¿¡¼ ¼öŹÀÚ(áôöþíº trustee)´Â ¿À·ÎÁö ŸÀÎ(¼öÀÍÀÚ)ÀÇ
ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àç»ê°ü¸®±ÇÀ» °®´Â´Ù. ¾ç ´ç»çÀÚ°¡
Àç»êÀ» '¼ÒÀ¯'ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àç»êÀÇ ÅëÀÏµÈ °ü¸®±Ç°ú
ÀÌÀÍ ÇâÀ¯´Â ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.
°ú°Å¿¡´Â ºÎµ¿»êÀÌ ÈξÀ ´õ Áß¿äÇßÀ¸³ª ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡´Â
±¹Á¦°Å·¡¸¦ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î µ¿»êÀÇ °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ Á߿伺ÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷
Áõ°¡Çß´Ù. ±¹Á¦°Å·¡¿¡¼ Àç»êÀº Á¾Á¾ ¹ýÀû ºÐÀï¿¡ °ü·ÃµÇ¸ç,
À̰ÍÀº ¾î´À ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý·üÀ» Àû¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ÀÇ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÈ´Ù.
ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¿øÄ¢¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹ýÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦´Â ºÐÀïÀÌ
¹ß»ýÇÑ ´ç½Ã¿¡ ´çÇØ Àç»êÀÌ À§Ä¡ÇÑ '¼ÒÀçÁö'(á¶î¤ò¢ situs)ÀÇ
¹ý·ü¿¡ µû¶ó ÇØ°áÇÑ´Ù. ·Î¸¶ ¹ýÀÇ Áö¹è±Ç °³³äÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ
Çö´ë Àç»ê¹ýÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ÀÌ·ç¾úÁö¸¸, Àç»êÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» Á¦ÇÑÇÏ´Â
¸¹Àº ¹ý·üµé ¶ÇÇÑ Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. °¡Àå ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº
Áö¿ª±ÔÁ¦(zoning)ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¤ºÎ´Â ÇØ´ç ¼ÒÀ¯Áö¸¦
»ó¾÷¿ëÀ̳ª ÁÖ°Å¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö, ¶Ç´Â °ø°øº¹Áö¿¡
¿µÇâÀ» ³¢Ä¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Ù.
Âü°í¹®Çå (Àç»ê)
- Àç»ê¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹ý·ü»ó´ã : ±è¼÷ÀÚ, Çѱ¹°¡Á¤¹ý·ü»ó´ã¼Ò,
1984
- Àç»ê±ÇÁ¦µµÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû °íÂû ¡´¹Î¹ý°ú ¹ýÇÐÀÇ Á߿乮Á¦¡µ
: °ÆòÄ¡, 1987
- Àç»ê±ÇÀÇ »çȸÀû º¸Àå¹ý¸® ¡´°üºÀ ÇѼ®µ¿ ¹Ú»ç
°íÈñ±â³ä³íÃÑ¡µ : À°Á¾¼ö, 1982
¡¡ |