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International,
FIRST, formally INTERNATIONAL WORKING MEN'S
ASSOCIATION, federation of workers' groups that, despite ideological
divisions within its ranks, had a considerable influence as a unifying force
for labour in Europe during the latter part of the 19th century.
The First International was founded
under the name of International Working Men's Association at a mass meeting
in London on Sept. 28, 1864. Its founders were among the most powerful
British and French trade-union leaders of the time. Though Karl
Marx had no part in organizing the meeting, he was elected one of the
32 members of the provisional General Council and at once assumed its
leadership. The International came to assume the character of a highly
centralized party, based primarily on individual members, organized in local
groups, which were integrated in national federations, though some trade
unions and associations were affiliated to it collectively. Its supreme body
was the Congress, which met in a different city each year and formulated
principles and policies. A General Council elected by the Congress had its
seat in London and served as the executive committee, appointing
corresponding secretaries for each of the national federations; organizing
collections for the support of strikes in various countries; and, in
general, advancing the International's goals.
From its beginnings, the First
International was riven by conflicting schools of socialist
thought--Marxism, Proudhonism (after Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, who advocated
only the reform of capitalism), Blanquism (after Auguste Blanqui, who
advocated radical methods and a sweeping revolution), and Mikhail
Bakunin's version of anarchism, which dominated the International's
Italian, Spanish, and French-Swiss federations. The First International
split at its Hague Congress in 1872 over the clash between Marx's
centralized socialism and Bakunin's anarchism. In order to prevent the
Bakuninists from gaining control of the association, the General Council,
prompted by Marx, moved its headquarters to New York City, where it lingered
until it was formally disbanded at the Philadelphia Conference in July 1876.
The Bakuninists, assuming leadership of the International, held annual
congresses from 1873 to 1877. At the Ghent Socialist World Congress in 1877,
the Social Democrats broke away because their motion to restore the unity of
the First International was rejected by the anarchist majority. The
anarchists failed, however, to keep the International alive. After the
London anarchist Congress of 1881, it ceased to represent an organized
movement. The International was early proscribed in such countries as
Germany, Austria, France, and Spain. French and German proposals that it be
outlawed by concerted European action failed, however, because of British
reluctance to suppress the General Council in London. It should be noted
that the International's renown at the time as a formidable power with
millions of members and almost unlimited resources was out of proportion
with the association's actual strength; the hard core of its individual
members probably seldom exceeded 20,000. Although so accused, it did not
organize the wave of strikes that swept France, Belgium, and Switzerland in
1868, but its support and rumoured support of such strikes was very
influential. |
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