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collectivism,
any of several types of social organization in which the individual is seen
as being subordinate to a social collectivity such as a state, a nation, a
race, or a social class. Collectivism may be contrasted with individualism
(q.v.), in which the rights and interests of the individual are
emphasized. (see also individualism)
The earliest modern, influential
expression of collectivist ideas in the West is in Jean-Jacques
Rousseau's Du contrat social,
of 1762 (see social
contract ), in which it is argued that the individual finds his true
being and freedom only in submission to the "general will" of the
community. In the early 19th century the German philosopher G.W.F.
Hegel argued that the individual realizes his true being and freedom
only in unqualified submission to the laws and institutions of the
nation-state, which to Hegel was the highest embodiment of social morality. Karl
Marx later provided the most succinct statement of the collectivist
view of the primacy of social interaction in the preface to his Contribution
to the Critique of Political Economy: "It is not men's
consciousness," he wrote, "which determines their being, but their
social being which determines their consciousness." (see also "Social
Contract, The," )
Collectivism has found varying
degrees of expression in the 20th century in such movements as socialism,
communism, and fascism. The least collectivist of these is social
democracy, which seeks to reduce the inequities of unrestrained
capitalism by government regulation, redistribution of income, and varying
degrees of planning and public ownership. In communist
systems collectivism is carried to its furthest extreme, with a minimum of
private ownership and a maximum of planned economy. |
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