|
Anarchism
describes a cluster of doctrines and attitudes united in the belief that
government is both harmful and unnecessary. Derived from a Greek root signifying
"without a rule," anarchism, anarchist, and anarchy are used to
express both approval and disapproval. In early contexts all these terms were
used pejoratively: during the English Civil Wars of the 17th century the
opponents of the radical Levellers referred to them as "Switzerising
anarchists," and during the French Revolution the Girondin leader Jacques-Pierre
Brissot accused his most extreme rivals, the Enragés, of being the
advocates of "anarchy."
Laws that are not carried into effect,
authorities without force and despised, crime unpunished, property attacked, the
safety of the individual violated, the morality of the people corrupted, no
constitution, no government, no justice, these are the features of anarchy.
These words uttered by the leader of the
French Revolutionary moderates in 1793 could serve as a model for the
denunciations delivered by all opponents of the anarchists. The latter, for
their part, would admit many of Brissot's points. They deny man-made laws,
regard property as a means of tyranny, and
believe that crime is merely the product of a society based on property and
authority. But they would argue that their denial of constitutions and
governments leads not to "no justice" but to the real justice inherent
in the free development of man's sociality, his natural inclination, when
unfettered by laws, to live according to the principles and practice of mutual
aid. (see also law,
philosophy of)
The first man who willingly called
himself an Anarchist was the French political writer and pioneer Socialist Pierre-Joseph
Proudhon. In 1840, writing his controversial study of the economic bases
of society, Qu'est ce que la propriété? (What
Is Property? ), Proudhon set out to
shock his readers into attention by declaring: "I am an anarchist!" He
went on to explain that in his view the real laws of society have nothing to do
with authority but stem from the nature of society itself; he foresaw the
eventual dissolution of authority and the emergence of a natural social order.
As man seeks justice in equality, so
society seeks order in anarchy. Anarchy--the absence of a sovereign--such is the
form of government to which we are every day approximating.
The essential elements of the philosophy
to which Proudhon in 1840 gave the name of Anarchism had already been developed
by various earlier thinkers. There is a tradition of the rejection of political
authority going back to classical antiquity, to the Stoics and the Cynics, and
recurring throughout Christian history in dissenting sects such as the medieval
Catharists and certain factions of Anabaptists during the Reformation. With such
groups--often mistakenly claimed as ancestors by modern anarchist writers--the
rejection of political government is merely one aspect of a retreat from the
material world into a realm of spiritual grace; it becomes part of the search
for individual salvation and as such is hardly compatible with the
sociopolitical doctrine of Anarchism that in all its forms consists of (1) a
fundamental criticism of the existing power-based order of society, (2) a vision
of an alternative libertarian society based on cooperation as opposed to
coercion, and (3) a method of proceeding from one order to the other. (see also Christianity)
The first sketch of an anarchist
commonwealth in this sense was developed in the years immediately following the
English Civil Wars by Gerrard Winstanley, a
dissenting Christian who identified God with reason and founded the minute Digger
movement. In his pamphlet of 1649, Truth
Lifting Up Its Head Above Scandals, Winstanley laid down what later became
basic principles among the anarchists: that power corrupts; that property is
incompatible with freedom; that authority and property are between them the
begetters of crime; and that only in a society without rulers, where work and
its products are shared, can men be free and happy, acting not according to laws
imposed from above but according to their consciences. Winstanley was not only
the pioneer of anarchist theory but also the forerunner of anarchist activism.
He held that only by their own deeds can the people bring an end to social
injustice, and in 1649, calling upon the people "to manure and work upon
the common lands," he led a band of his followers in occupying a hillside
in southern England, where they set about cultivation, established free
communism among themselves, and offered passive resistance to the hostile
landlords. (see also utopia)
The Digger experiment was destroyed by
local opposition, and Winstanley himself vanished into such obscurity that the
place and date of his death are unknown. But the principles he defended lingered
on in the traditions of English Protestant sects and reached their ultimate
flowering in the masterpiece of a former dissenting minister, William
Godwin, who in 1793 published his Political
Justice--of which Sir Alexander Gray said that in it "Godwin sums up,
as no one else does, the sum and substance of anarchism, and thus embodies a
whole tradition" (The Socialist
Tradition, 1946, p. 134). This is essentially true, since Godwin not only
presents the classic anarchist argument that authority is against nature and
that social evils exist because men are not free to act according to reason, but
he also sketches out a decentralized society in which the small autonomous
community (the parish) is the essential unit. In his community, democratic
political procedures are dispensed with as far as possible, because even the
rule of the majority is a form of tyranny, and such procedures as voting dilute
the responsibility of the individual. Godwin also condemns "accumulated
property" as a source of power over others and envisages a loose economic
system in which men will give and take according to their needs. Godwin was a
prophet of technological progress; he believed that industrial development would
eventually reduce the necessary working time to half an hour a day, provided men
lived simply, and that this would facilitate the transition to a society without
authority. (see also "Political
Justice")
Godwin enjoyed great celebrity in the
1790s and influenced such varied writers as Percy Bysshe Shelley (whose Queen
Mab and Prometheus Unbound are virtually anarchist poems), William
Wordsworth, William Hazlitt, and Robert Owen,
but he was almost forgotten by the time of his death in 1836. Though his ideas
were to have, through Owen, a subterranean influence on the British labour
movement, it is only recently that professed Anarchists have recognized his
affinities with them. His Political
Justice had virtually no effect on the quasi-political movement on the
continent of Europe during the mid-19th century.
It was Pierre-Joseph Proudhon who laid
the theoretical foundations of this movement. A brewer's son of peasant stock
from the Franche-Comté, he started life (like many later anarchists) as a
printer, but by the revolutionary year of 1848 he had already become a
polemicist and a radical journalist with two books to his credit, Qu'est ce que la propriété? and Système
des contradictions économiques (System
of Economic Contradictions). These
established him among the leading theoreticians of Socialism,
a term that in the early 19th century embraced a wide spectrum of attitudes. In
Paris during the 1840s, Proudhon associated with Karl Marx and the Russian Mikhail
Bakunin, and, out of the experiences of the Revolutions of 1848 (when he
served in the Constituent Assembly and voted against the constitution
"because it is a constitution"), he developed the libertarian theories
that he discussed in later works such as Du
principe fédératif (The
Federal Principle) and De la capacité
politique des classes ouvrières (The
Political Capability of the Working Classes). (see also libertarianism)
Proudhon was a complex and voluminous
writer who remained obstinately independent, refusing to consider himself the
founder of either a system or a party. Yet he was justly regarded by Bakunin,
Peter Kropotkin, and other leaders of organized Anarchism as their true
ancestor, for he had adumbrated their philosophy.
Mutualism,
federalism, and direct action were the essential
doctrines Proudhon taught. By mutualism he meant the organization of society on
an egalitarian basis. He declared that "property is theft," but this
did not mean that he advocated communism. He
attacked the use of property as a means of exploiting the labour of others, but
he regarded "possession"--the right of a worker or group of workers to
control the land or tools necessary for production--as an essential bulwark of
liberty. He therefore envisaged a society formed of independent peasants and
artisans, with factories and utilities run by associations of workers, all
united by a system of mutual credit founded on people's banks. In place of the
centralized state--the enemy of all Anarchists--Proudhon suggested a federal
system of autonomous local communities and industrial associations, bound by
contract and mutual interest rather than by laws, with arbitration replacing
courts of justice, workers' management replacing bureaucracy, and integrated
education replacing academic education. Out of such a network would emerge a
natural social unity compared with which the existing order would appear as
"nothing but chaos, serving as a basis for endless tyranny."
Proudhon remained all his life an
independent polemicist, but in his final, posthumously published work, De
la capacité politique des classes ouvrières, with its
insistence that the liberation of the workers must be the task of the workers
themselves organized in industrial associations, he laid the intellectual
foundations of a movement that would reject democratic and parliamentary
politics in favour of various forms of direct action. Unlike their master,
Proudhon's working-class followers of the 1860s did not accept the title
Anarchist (though in 1850 an independent revolutionary, Anselme Bellegarrigue,
had founded a short-lived magazine entitled L'Anarchie);
they preferred to call themselves Mutualists, after a working-class secret
society bearing the same name to which Proudhon had belonged in Lyons during the
1830s. In 1864, shortly before Proudhon's death, a group of them joined with
British trade unionists and European Socialists exiled in London to found the
International Workingmen's Association (the First
International). The Mutualists became the first opposition within the
International to Karl Marx and his followers, who advocated political action and
the seizure of the state in order to create a proletarian dictatorship. Marx's
most formidable opponents, however, were not the Mutualists but the followers of
Mikhail Bakunin, a Russian nobleman turned revolutionary who entered the
International in 1868 after a long career as a political conspirator.
Bakunin had begun as a supporter of
nationalist revolutionary movements in various Slav countries. In the 1840s he
had come under the influence of Proudhon, and by the 1860s, when he entered the
International, he had not only founded his own proto-Anarchist organization, the
Social Democratic Alliance, with a considerable following in Italy, Spain,
Switzerland, and the Rhône Valley, but had modified the Proudhonian
teachings into the doctrine that became known as collectivism.
Bakunin accepted Proudhon's federalism and his insistence on the need for
working-class direct action, but he argued that the modified property rights
Proudhon allowed were impractical and instead suggested that the means of
production should be owned collectively, though he still held that each worker
should be remunerated only according to the amount of work he actually
performed. The second important difference between Bakunin and Proudhon lay in
their concepts of revolutionary method. Proudhon believed it was possible to
create within existing society the mutualist associations that could replace it;
he therefore opposed violent revolutionary action. Bakunin, declaring that
"the passion for destruction is also a creative urge," refused to
accept the piecemeal approach; a violent revolution,
sweeping away all existing institutions, was in his view the necessary prelude
to the construction of a free and peaceful society.
Though the individualism and nonviolence
implicit in Proudhon's vision have survived in the peripheral currents of the
anarchist tradition, it was Bakunin's stress on collectivism and violent
revolutionary action that dominated the mainstream from the days of the First
International down to the destruction of anarchism as a mass movement at the end
of the Spanish Civil War in 1939.
The First International was itself
destroyed by the conflict between Marx and Bakunin, a conflict rooted as much in
the contradictory personalities of the two leaders as in their rival
doctrines--revolution by a disciplined party versus revolution by the
spontaneous insurgence of the working class. When the international finally
broke apart at the Hague congress in 1872, Bakunin's followers were left in
control of the working-class movements in the Latin countries--Spain, Italy,
southern France, and French-speaking Switzerland--and these were to remain the
principal bases of Anarchism in Europe. In 1873 the Bakuninists set up their own
International, which lasted as an active body until 1877; during this period its
members finally accepted the title of Anarchist rather than collectivist.
Bakunin died in 1876. His ideas had been
developed in action rather than in writing, for he was the hero of many
barricades, prisons, and meetings. His successor as the ideological leader, Peter
Kropotkin (who renounced the title of prince when he became a
revolutionary in 1876), is more celebrated for his writing than for his actions,
though in his early years he led an eventful career as a revolutionary militant,
which he described in a fine autobiography, Memoirs
of a Revolutionist (1899). Under the influence of the French geographer Elisée
Reclus (a former disciple of the Utopian Socialist Charles Fourier), Kropotkin
developed the variant of anarchist theory known as anarchist communism.
Kropotkin and his followers went beyond Bakunin's collectivism, since they
argued not only that the means of production should be owned cooperatively but
also that there should be complete communism in terms of distribution; this
revived the scheme Sir Thomas More had sketched out in his 16th-century Utopia
of common storehouses from which everyone should be allowed to take whatever
he wished on the basis of "From each according to his means, to each
according to his needs." In La Conquête
du pain (The Conquest of Bread, 1892)
Kropotkin sketched the vision of a revolutionary society organized as a
federation of free communist groups. He reinforced the vision by writing Mutual
Aid: A Factor in Evolution (1902), in which he endeavoured to prove
by means of biological and sociological evidence that cooperation is more
natural and usual among both animals and men than competition. In his Fields,
Factories and Workshops (1899) he put forward ideas on the decentralization
of industry appropriate to a nongovernmental society.
Kropotkin's writings completed the
theoretical vision of the Anarchist future, and little new has been added since
his time. But this work was of less immediate importance than the emergence
among the Italian anarchists of the theory of
"propaganda of the deed." In 1876 Errico
Malatesta expressed the belief of the Italian Anarchists that "the insurrectionary
deed, destined to affirm socialist principles by acts, is the most
efficacious means of propaganda." The first acts were rural insurrections,
intended to arouse the illiterate masses of the Italian countryside. After the
insurrections failed, Anarchist activism tended to take the form of individual
deeds of protest by terrorists, who would
attempt to kill ruling figures in the hope of demonstrating the vulnerability of
the structure of authority and inspiring the masses by their self-sacrifice. In
this way, between 1890 and 1901, a series of symbolic murders was enacted; the
victims included King Umberto I of Italy, the empress Elizabeth of Austria,
President Carnot of France, President McKinley of the United States, and Antonio
Cánovas del Castillo, the prime minister of Spain. This brief but
dramatic series of terrorist acts established the image of the Anarchist as a
mindless destroyer; after 1901, however, the Anarchists continued to practice
widespread terrorism only in such countries as Spain and Russia, where the
general political atmosphere was conducive to violence.
During the 1890s, especially in France,
Anarchism was adopted as a philosophy by avant-garde painters and writers.
Gustave Courbet had already been a disciple of Proudhon; among those who in the
1890s accepted an Anarchist philosophy were Camille Pissarro, Georges Seurat,
Paul Signac, Paul Adam, Octave Mirbeau, Laurent Tailhade, and, at least as a
strong sympathizer, Stéphane Mallarmé. At the same time in
England, Oscar Wilde declared himself an
Anarchist and, under Kropotkin's inspiration, wrote his libertarian essay,
"The Soul of Man Under Socialism" (1891).
The artists were attracted by the
individualist spirit of Anarchism. By the mid-1890s, however, the more militant
Anarchists in France began to realize that an excess of individualism had tended
to detach them from the workers they sought to liberate. Anarchists, indeed,
have always found it difficult to reconcile the claims of general human
solidarity with the demands--equally insistent--of the individual who desires
freedom. Some Anarchist thinkers, such as the German Max
Stirner, who published Der Einzige
und sein Eigentum (The Ego and His Own)
in 1845, have refused to recognize any limitation on the individual's right to
do as he will or any obligation to act socially; and even those who accepted
Kropotkin's socially oriented doctrines of Anarchist communism have in practice
been reluctant to create forms of organization that threatened their freedom of
action or seemed likely to harden into institutions.
In consequence, although a number of
international Anarchist congresses were held (the most celebrated being those of
London in 1881 and of Amsterdam in 1907), no effective worldwide organization
was created, even though by the end of the century the Anarchist movement had
spread to all continents and was united by informal links of correspondence and
friendship between the leading figures. National federations were weak even in
countries where there were many Anarchists, such as France
and Italy, and the typical unit of organization was the small group dedicated to
propaganda by deed or word. Such groups engaged in a wide variety of activities;
in the 1890s many of them concentrated on setting up experimental schools and
communities that attempted to live out Anarchist principles.
In France, where individualist trends
had been most pronounced and public reaction to terrorist acts had imperilled
the very existence of the movement, an effort was made to acquire a mass
following. The Anarchists infiltrated the trade unions. They were particularly
active in the bourses du travail ("labour
exchanges"), local groupings of unions, originally set up to find work for
their members, that appealed to the Anarchist ideal of decentralization. In 1892
a national confederation of bourses du
travail was formed, and by 1895 the Anarchists, led by Fernand Pelloutier,
Émile Pouget, and Paul Delesalle, had gained effective control and were
developing the theory and practice of working-class activism that became known
as Anarcho-Syndicalism, or Revolutionary Syndicalism.
The Anarcho-Syndicalists argued that the
traditional function of trade unions--to
struggle for better wages and working conditions--was not enough. The unions
should become militant organizations dedicated to the destruction of capitalism
and the state. They should aim to take over factories and utilities, which would
then be operated by the workers. In this way the union or syndicate would have a
double function--as an organ of struggle under the present dispensation and as
an organ of administration after the revolution. To sustain militancy, an
atmosphere of incessant conflict should be induced, and the culmination of this
strategy should be the general strike. Many of
the Syndicalists believed that such a massive act of noncooperation would bring
about what they called "the revolution of folded arms," resulting in
the collapse of the state and the capitalist system. But, although partial
general strikes, with limited objectives, were undertaken in France and
elsewhere with varying success, the millennial general strike aimed at
overthrowing the social order in a single blow was never attempted. The
Anarcho-Syndicalists acquired great prestige among the workers of France and,
later, of Spain and Italy, because of their generally tough-minded attitude at a
time when working conditions were bad and employers tended to respond brutally
to union activity. After the great French trade-union organization, the Confédération
Générale du Travail (CGT), was founded in 1902, their militancy
enabled the Anarchists to retain control of the organization until 1908 and to
wield considerable influence on its activities until after World War I.
Like Anarchism, Revolutionary
Syndicalism proved attractive to certain intellectuals, notably Georges
Sorel, whose Réflexions sur
la violence (1908; Eng. trans., Reflections
on Violence, 1914 and 1950) was the most important literary work to emerge
from the movement. He argued the importance of the general strike as a social
myth. The more purist Anarchist theoreticians were disturbed by the monolithic
character of Syndicalist organizations, which they feared might create powerful
interest structures in a revolutionary society. At the International Anarchist
Congress at Amsterdam in 1907, a crucial debate on this issue took place between
the young Revolutionary Syndicalist Pierre Monatte and the veteran Anarchist
Errico Malatesta. It defined a division of outlook that still lingers in what
remains of the historic Anarchist movement, which has always included
individualist attitudes too extreme to admit any kind of large-scale
organization.
Revolutionary Syndicalism did transform
Anarchism, for a time at least, from a tiny minority current into a movement
with considerable mass support, even though most members of Syndicalist unions
were sympathizers and fellow travellers rather than committed Anarchists. In
1922 the Syndicalists set up their own International with its headquarters in
Berlin, taking the historic name of the International
Workingmen's Association; it still survives, with headquarters in
Stockholm. When it was established the organizations that formed it could still
boast considerable followings. The Unione Sindicale Italiana had 500,000
members; the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina, 200,000 members; the
Portuguese Confederatio
General de Trabalho, 150,000 members; and the German Freie Arbeiter Union,
120,000 members. There were smaller organizations in Chile, Uruguay, Denmark,
Norway, Holland, Mexico, and Sweden. In Britain the influence of Syndicalism was
shown most clearly in the Guild Socialist movement that flourished briefly in
the early years of the present century. In the United States, Revolutionary
Syndicalist ideas were manifested in the Industrial
Workers of the World (IWW), which in the years immediately before and
after World War I played a vital part in organizing American miners, loggers,
and unskilled workers; but only a small minority of the IWW militants were ever
avowed Anarchists.
The reconciliation of Anarchism and
Syndicalism was most complete and most successful in Spain;
for a long period the Anarchist movement in that country remained the most
numerous and the most powerful in the world. The first known Spanish Anarchist,
Ramón de la Sagra, a disciple of Proudhon, founded the world's first
Anarchist journal, El Porvenir, in La
Coruña in 1845; it was quickly suppressed. Mutualist ideas were later
publicized by Pi y Margall, a federalist leader
and the translator of many Proudhon books; during the Spanish revolution of
1873, Pi y Margall attempted to establish a decentralist, or
"cantonalist," political system on Proudhonian lines. In the end,
however, the influence of Bakunin was stronger. In 1868 his Italian disciple,
Giuseppe Fanelli, visited Barcelona and Madrid, where he established branches of
the International. By 1870 they had 40,000 members, and in 1873 the movement
numbered about 60,000, organized mainly in working men's associations. In 1874
the Anarchist movement in Spain was forced underground, a phenomenon recurring
often in subsequent decades. It flourished, nevertheless, and Anarchism became
the favoured type of radicalism among two very different groups, the factory
workers of Barcelona and other Catalan towns and the impoverished peasants who
toiled on the absentee-owned estates of Andalusia.
As in France and Italy, the movement in
Spain during the 1880s and 1890s was inclined toward insurrection (in Andalusia)
and terrorism (in Catalonia). It retained its strength in working-class
organizations because the courageous and even ruthless Anarchist militants were
often the only leaders who would stand up against the army and the employers,
who hired squads of gunmen to engage in guerrilla warfare with the Anarchists in
the streets of Barcelona. The workers of Barcelona were finally inspired by the
success of the French CGT to set up a Syndicalist organization, Solidaridad
Obrera (Workers' Solidarity). Established in 1907, Solidaridad Obrera quickly
spread throughout Catalonia, and in 1909, when the Spanish army tried to
conscript Catalan reservists to fight against the Riffs in Morocco, it called a
general strike. "La Semana Tragica," "the Tragic Week" of
largely spontaneous violence that followed (with hundreds dead and 50 churches
and monasteries destroyed), ended in violent repression. Tortures of Anarchists
in the fortress of Montjuich and the execution of the internationally celebrated
advocate of free education Francisco Ferrer led to worldwide protests and the
resignation of the conservative government in Madrid. These events also resulted
in a congress of Spanish trade unionists at Seville in 1910, which founded the Confederación
Nacional del Trabajo (CNT).
The CNT, which included the majority of
organized Spanish workers, was dominated throughout its existence by the
Anarchist militants; these in 1927 founded their own activist organization, the Federación
Anarquista Iberica (FAI). While there was recurrent conflict within the
CNT between moderates and FAI activists, the atmosphere of violence and urgency
in which radical activities were carried on in Spain ensured that the more
extreme leaders, such as Garcia Oliver and Buenaventura Durutti, tended to wield
the decisive influence. The CNT was a model of Anarchist decentralism and
antibureaucratism: its basic organizations were not national unions but sindicatos
únicos, which brought together the workers of all trades and crafts
in a certain locality; the national committee was elected each year from a
different locality to ensure that no individual served more than one term; and
all delegates were subject to immediate recall by the members. This enormous
organization, which claimed 700,000 members in 1919, 1,600,000 in 1936, and more
than 2,000,000 during the civil war, employed only one paid secretary. Its
day-to-day work was carried on in their spare time by workers chosen by their
fellows. This meant that the Spanish Anarchist movement was not dominated by the
déclassé intellectuals
and self-taught printers and shoemakers who were so influential in other
countries. One consequence was that the Spanish movement contributed nothing
original to the ideological literature of Anarchism; like Bakunin, whom they
favoured most among the classic libertarian thinkers, the Spanish Anarchists
developed their attitudes in action rather than in writing.
The CNT and the FAI, which remained
clandestine organizations under the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, emerged
into the open with the abdication of King Alfonso XIII in 1931. Their
antipolitical philosophy led them to reject the republic as much as the monarchy
it had replaced, and between 1931 and the military rebellion led by Francisco
Franco in 1936 there were several unsuccessful Anarchist risings. In 1936 the
Anarchists, who over the decades had become expert urban guerrillas, were mainly
responsible for the defeat of the rebel generals in both Barcelona and Valencia,
as well as in country areas of Catalonia and Aragon; and for many early months
of the Civil War they were in virtual control of eastern Spain, where they
regarded the crisis as an opportunity to carry through the social revolution of
which they had long dreamed. Factories and railways in Catalonia were taken over
by workers' committees, and in hundreds of villages in Catalonia, Levante, and
Andalusia the peasants seized the land and established libertarian communes like
those described by Kropotkin in La Conquête du pain. The internal use of money was abolished,
the land was tilled in common, and village products were sold or exchanged on
behalf of the community in general, with each family receiving an equitable
share of food and other necessities. An idealistic Spartan fervour characterized
these communities, which often consisted of illiterate labourers; intoxicants,
tobacco, and sometimes even coffee were renounced; and millenarian enthusiasm
took the place of religion, as it has often done in Spain. The reports of
critical observers suggest that at least some of these communes were efficiently
run and more productive agriculturally than the villages had been previously.
(see also Spanish
Civil War)
The Spanish Anarchists failed during the
Civil War largely because, expert though they were in spontaneous street
fighting, they did not have the discipline necessary to carry on sustained
warfare; the columns they sent to various fronts were unsuccessful in comparison
with the Communist-led International Brigades. In December 1936 four leading
Anarchists took posts in the Cabinet of Francisco Largo Caballero, radically
compromising their antigovernmental principles. They were unable to halt the
trend toward left-wing totalitarianism encouraged by their enemies the
Communists, who were numerically far fewer but politically more influential. In
May 1937 bitter fighting broke out in Barcelona between Communists and
Anarchists. The CNT held its own on this occasion, but its influence quickly
waned. The collectivized factories were taken over by the central government,
and many agricultural communes were destroyed by Franco's advance into Andalusia
and by the hostile action of General Lister's Communist army in Aragon. In
January 1939 the Spanish Anarchists were so demoralized by the compromises of
the Civil War that they were unable to mount a resistance when Franco's forces
marched into Barcelona; the CNT and FAI became phantom organizations in exile.
By this time the movement outside Spain
had been either destroyed or greatly diminished as a result of two developments:
the Russian Revolution and the rise of right-wing totalitarian regimes. Though
the most famous Anarchist leaders, Bakunin and Kropotkin, had been Russian, the
Anarchist movement had never been strong in Russia, partly because the more
numerous Socialist Revolutionary Party (the Narodniki) had adopted Bakuninist
ideas while remaining essentially a constitutional party. After the 1917
revolution the small anarchist groups that emerged in Petrograd (now Leningrad)
and Moscow were powerless against the Bolsheviks, and Kropotkin, who returned
from exile, found himself without influence. Only in the south did N.I. Makhno,
a peasant Anarchist, raise an insurrectionary army that by brilliant guerrilla
tactics held a large part of the Ukraine from both the Red and the White armies;
but the social experiments developed under Makhno's protection were rudimentary,
and when he was driven into exile in 1921 the Anarchist movement became extinct
in Russia.
In other countries, the prestige of the
Russian revolution enabled the new Communist parties to win much of the support
formerly given to the Anarchists, particularly in France, where the CGT passed
permanently into Communist control. The large Italian
Anarchist movement was destroyed by Benito Mussolini's Fascist government in the
1920s, and the small German Anarchist movement was smashed by the Nazis in the
1930s. In Japan, Anarchism had emerged during
the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05, when the Socialist leader Shusui
Kotoku became converted by reading Kropotkin in prison; Kotoku and other
Anarchists were executed in 1911 for their involvement in a plot against the
Emperor, but, after World War I, new Anarchist organizations appeared, including
a Black Federation and a Syndicalist federation. After the Japanese invasion of
Manchuria in 1931, the imperial government began to suppress all left-wing
groups, and the Anarchist movement was finally destroyed in 1935 after a secret
society, the Anarchist Communist Party, had been accused of plotting armed
insurrection.
Anarchism in the Americas suffered
similar reverses. In the United States, a native and mainly nonviolent tradition
developed during the 19th century in the writings of Henry David Thoreau, Josiah
Warren, Lysander Spooner, and Benjamin Tucker (editor of Liberty,
an anarchist journal published in Boston and later in New York City, 1881-1908).
Activist Anarchism in the U.S. was mainly sustained by immigrants from Europe,
including Johann Most (editor of Die
Freiheit), Alexander Berkman (who attempted
to assassinate steel magnate Henry Clay Frick in 1892), and Emma
Goldman, whose Living My Life gives
a picture of radical activity in the United States at the turn of the century.
Anarchism appeared as a dramatic element in American life in 1886, when seven
policemen were killed in the Haymarket bombing in Chicago and four Anarchist
leaders were executed--unjustly, as later investigations revealed. In 1901 a
Polish Anarchist, Leon Czolgosz, assassinated President McKinley. In 1903 the
U.S. congress passed a law to bar foreign Anarchists from the country and to
deport alien Anarchists found within it. In the repressive mood that followed
World War I the Anarchists, like the IWW, were suppressed; Alexander Berkman,
Emma Goldman, and many others were imprisoned and deported.
In Latin America strong Anarchist
elements were involved in the Mexican Revolution.
The Syndicalist teachings of Ricardo Flores Magon influenced the peasant
revolutionism of Emiliano Zapata. After the deaths of Zapata in 1919 and Flores
Magon in 1922, the revolutionary image in Mexico, as elsewhere, was taken over
by the Communists. In Argentina and Uruguay considerable Anarcho-Syndicalist
movements existed early in the 20th century, but they too were greatly reduced
by the end of the 1930s through intermittent repression and the competition of
Communism.
In the 1970s the theories of Anarchism
aroused more interest and sympathy than at any time since the Russian
revolution. The same cannot be said of the Anarchist movement itself. After
World War II, Anarchist groups and federations re-emerged in almost all
countries where they had formerly flourished--the notable exceptions being Spain
and the Soviet Union--but these organizations wielded little influence compared
to that of the broader movement inspired by libertarian ideas.
Such a development is not inappropriate,
since Anarchists have never stressed the need for organizational continuity, and
the cluster of social and moral ideas that are identifiable as Anarchism has
always spread beyond any clearly definable movement. The Russian writer Count Leo
Tolstoy refused to call himself an Anarchist because those who used the
title at that time in Russia were terrorists;
nevertheless, he had developed out of his rational Christianity a form of
pacifist radicalism that rejected the state and all forms of government, called
for the simplification of life in the name of moral regeneration, and sought to
replace property by free communism. An impressive example of the breadth of
Anarchist influence is Mahatma Gandhi, who based
his strategy of nonviolent civil disobedience in
South Africa and India on the teachings of nonviolent Anarchists such as Tolstoy
and Thoreau and who remembered his reading of Kropotkin
when he devised for India the plan of a decentralized society based on
autonomous village communes. Gandhi's village India has not come into being, but
the movement known as Sardovaya, led by Vinoba Bhave and Jaya Prakash Narayan,
has been working toward it through gramdan--community
ownership of land. By 1969 a fifth of the villages of India had declared for gramdan, and, while this remained largely a matter of unrealized
gestures, it represented perhaps the most extensive commitment to basic
Anarchist ideas in the contemporary world.
In the West the appeal of Anarchism has
been strongest, at least since 1917, among the intellectuals. Kropotkin's
arguments for decentralization have wielded their strongest influence among
writers on social planning such as Patrick Geddes, Lewis Mumford, and Paul
Goodman--himself a declared Anarchist. Anarchist treatises from Godwin onward
have contributed to the progressive movement in education, and the most
influential of the many books written by the libertarian critic Sir
Herbert Read was his Education Through Art (1943). But in the 1960s and 1970s Anarchism
became popular among rebellious students and the left in general because of the
values it opposed to those of the increasingly technological cultures of western
Europe, North America, and Japan. (see also libertarianism)
Here the mediating thinker was
undoubtedly Aldous Huxley, who anticipated many
elements of the "counter culture" of the 1960s and 1970s. In Brave New World (1932) Huxley had
presented a warning vision of the kind of mindless, materialistic existence a
society dominated by technology might produce. In his "Foreword" to
the 1946 edition, he stated his belief that only by radical decentralization and
simplification and by a politics that was "Kropotkinesque and
co-operative" could the dangers implicit in modern society be avoided. In
his later writings he explicitly accepted the validity of the Anarchist critique
of existing society.
The emergence of Anarchist ideas in a
wider frame of reference began in the American civil rights movements in the
1950s, with their recognition of the need to resist injustice through other than
legal channels in the name of a morality different from that recognized by
constituted authority. By the end of the 1950s the new radicalism in the United
States, Europe, and Japan had begun to take a course separating it from the
narrower issues of the civil rights movement; it shifted toward a general
criticism of the elitist structure and materialist goals of modern industrial
societies-- Communist as well as capitalist.
Within this movement there was a limited revival of traditional
Anarchism--exemplified in the sudden popularity of the American writer Paul
Goodman and the emergence in Britain of a sophisticated monthly, Anarchy,
that applied Anarchist ideas to the whole spectrum of modern life.
In all of this, however, Anarchism was
only one strand in what can be described as a climate of rebellion rather than
an ideology. Anarchist ideas were mingled with strains of Leninism, early
Marxism, unorthodox psychology, and often with elements of mysticism,
neo-Buddhism, and Tolstoyan Christianity. None
of the leaders of the student rebellions in the United States and Germany or the
militants of Zengakuren in Japan could be called in any literal and complete
sense an Anarchist, although they had read Bakunin
as well as Marx and "Che" Guevara. In Paris, the leaders of the
Anarchist Federation admitted that they had no influence at all on the strikes
and street fighting in 1968 that seemed to threaten the very existence of the
French state.
To all these movements, which rejected
the old parties of the left as strongly as they did the existing political
structure, the appeal of Anarchism was strong and understandable. The Anarchist
outlook, in its insistence on spontaneity, on theoretical flexibility, on
simplicity of life, on love and anger as complementary and necessary components
in both social and individual action, appeals to those who reject the
impersonality of institutions and the calculations of political parties. The
Anarchist rejection of the state, the insistence on decentralism and local
autonomy, found strong echoes among those who talked of participatory democracy.
The recurrence of the theme of workers' control of industry in so many
manifestos of the 1960s, notably during the Paris insurrection of 1968, showed
the enduring relevance of Anarcho-Syndicalist ideas.
The Anarchist insistence on direct
action had an almost universal appeal to the radicals of the 1960s and 1970s,
who advocated extraparliamentary action and confrontation. Some student groups
in France, the United States, and Japan accepted Bakunin's pan-destructionism,
holding that existing society was so corrupt that it had to be swept completely
away. They were fond of quoting a sentence of Bakunin:
There will be a qualitative
transformation, a new living, life-giving revelation, a new heaven and a new
earth, a young and mighty world in which all our present dissonances will be
resolved into a harmonious whole.
This kind of secular apocalypticism,
which envisaged total violence as the paradoxical way to total reconciliation,
linked many of the radicals with the Anarchists who took to terrorism in the
1880s and 1890s. Now, as then, violence proceeded from theory to action, as the
upsurge of terrorist bombings and urban-guerrilla activity demonstrated at the
end of the 1960s.
But there were others who believed with
Tolstoy and Gandhi that a moral change must come first and who sought revolution
by evolution. Paul Goodman, with his proposals for urban reform as a step toward
a freer society, was one of them. Some turned to the creation of models of a
different kind of society in the form of utopian communities. This has been a
recurrent feature of radical movements, appearing in the United States during
the mid-19th century, in Britain as a form of constructive pacifist protest
during World War II, and in the United States in the 1970s as a way of
manifesting one's rejection of normal life-styles.
Experience suggests that utopian
experiments and radical actions are not likely to achieve that wholly
nongovernment society of which libertarians have dreamed. The true value of
their vision was stated by the Anarchist poet Herbert Read in his last book, The Cult of Sincerity (1968):
My understanding of the history of
culture has convinced me that the ideal society is a point on a receding
horizon. We move steadily towards it but can never reach it. Nevertheless we
must engage with passion in the immediate strife . . .
It is precisely as an ideal, as a
touchstone to judge the existing world, that the Anarchist vision is useful. It
corresponds to a recurrent and necessary strain in human thought--the revulsion
against regimentation, against large organizations, against complexity and
luxury. The insights of the Anarchist are likely to find their maximum
usefulness in urban and rural planning, in the development of community
relations based on full participation, in integrated education, and perhaps most
of all in encouraging what Read calls a "process of individuation,
accomplished by general education and personal discipline." Anarchism is a
moral and social doctrine before it is a political one; it stands as a permanent
reminder of the perils of national and corporate giantism and of the virtues of
local interests and loyalties. It teaches the vigilance by which man may be able
to avoid such bleak utopias as those of Aldous Huxley and George Orwell. (G.W.)
¡¡ |
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ (ÙíïÙݤñ«ëù, anarchism)
Á¶Á÷ÈµÈ Á¤Ä¡Àû °è±ÞÅõÀï»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç
Á¤Ä¡Àû Á¶Á÷¡¤±ÔÀ²¡¤±ÇÀ§¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ°í ±¹°¡±Ç·Â±â°üÀÇ
°Á¦¼ö´ÜÀÇ Ã¶Æó¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÚÀ¯¿Í Æòµî, Á¤ÀÇ, ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¸¦
½ÇÇöÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â À¯ÅäÇǾÆÀû À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â ¹× ¿îµ¿.
±¹°¡³ª Á¤ºÎ±â±¸´Â º»·¡°¡ ÇØ·Ó°í »ç¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç Àΰ£Àº
±×°Íµé ¾øÀ̵µ ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°í Á¶È·Î¿î »îÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â
½Å³äÀÌ ±Ù°£À» ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖ´Ù.
Á¤ºÎ³ª ÅëÄ¡ÀÇ ºÎÀç(Üôî¤)¸¦ ¶æÇÏ´Â °í´ë ±×¸®½º¾î 'an
archos'¿¡¼ ¿¬À¯ÇÑ ÀÌ ¸»Àº ÀÏÂïÀÌ ¿µ±¹ û±³µµ Çõ¸í¿¡¼ÀÇ
¼öÆòÆÄ(â©øÁ÷ï Levellers)³ª ÇÁ¶û½º Çõ¸í±âÀÇ ¾Ó¶óÁ¦(Enragés£ºÀüÅõÀû
±ÞÁøÆÄ)¸¦ ºñ³ÇÏ´Â °æ¸êÀûÀÎ Àǹ̷Π»ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î³½ ¹ý±Ô¸¦ ºÎÀÎÇϰí Àç»êÀ»
¾ÐÁ¦ÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇϸç Á˶õ »çÀ¯Àç»ê°ú ±Ç·Â¿¡ µû¸£´Â
»çȸÀû »ê¹°ÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸¸¾à Àΰ£ÀÌ ¹ý°ú
»çȸü°èÀÇ ¸Û¿¡·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³ª »óÈ£ºÎÁ¶(ßÓû»Ý¦ð¾)ÀÇ
¿ø¸®¸¦ ½ÇõÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù¸é, »çȸ¼º°ú Ÿ°í³ ±âÁúÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î
¹ßÀü¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÏ´Â ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÀǹÌÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»
°ÍÀ̶ó°í ¿ª¼³ÇؿԴÙ. ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº »ç»ó°¡¿¡ µû¶ó
°¢¾ç°¢»öÀÌÁö¸¸ ÁÖ¿äÇÑ Â÷À̴ ù°, ÀÌ»ó»çȸ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼
Áý´ÜÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡, µÑ°, »çÀû ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦
±àÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ ºÎÁ¤ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡, ¼Â°, ÀÌ»ó»çȸ ½ÇÇöÀ» À§ÇÑ
¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î Æø·ÂÀ» ¿ëÀÎÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡ ¸» °ÍÀΰ¡ÀÇ 3°¡Áö °üÁ¡¿¡¼
¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡´Â Àª¸®¾ö °íµåÀ©,
ÇÇ¿¡¸£ Á¶Á¦ÇÁ ÇÁ·çµ¿,
¸·½º ½´Æ¼¸£³Ê,
·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ,
Æú ±Â¸Õ, Çã¹öÆ® ¸®µåµîÀÇ
°³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¹ÌÇÏÀÏ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀ¸·Î
´ëÇ¥µÇ´Â Áý»êÁÖÀÇÀû(ó¢ß§ñ«ëùîÜ) ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ±×¸®°í
ÆäÅ׸£ Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀÇ
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǰ¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÙÄí´Ñ°ú Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀ»
°æ°è·Î ÇØ °ø»óÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í °úÇÐÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ·Î
³ª´©±âµµ Çϸç, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î´Â À̷п¡ Ä¡ÁߵǾî Àִ öÇÐÀû
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í Á¤Ä¡¡¤»çȸÀûÀÎ ½Çõ¹æ¹ý±îÁö ±¸»óÇϰí ÀÖ´Â
Çõ¸íÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ·Î ´ëº°µÈ´Ù. À̹ۿ¡ 19¼¼±â¸»ÀÇ Çõ¸íÀû »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ÀÌ
Àִµ¥, ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÇൿÀ» ÅëÇØ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ »çȸ¸¦
°Ç¼³ÇÏ·Á´Â ¿îµ¿À¸·Î ¶óƾ Á¦±¹°ú ÀϺ»¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ »ç»ó°¡
Á¤Ä¡±Ç·Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÎÀÎÀÇ ÀüÅëÀº °í´ë Çï·¹´ÏÁò ¼¼°èÀÇ
½ºÅ侯 ÇÐÆÄ¿Í Äû´Ð ÇÐÆÄ¿¡±îÁö ¼Ò±ÞµÇ¸ç Áß¼¼ÀÇ Ä«´Ù¸®ÆÄ
µî ÀÌ´Ü ¼¼·ÂÀ̳ª Á¾±³°³Çõ±âÀÇ Àç¼¼·ÊÆÄ(î¢á©ÖÉ÷ï)¿¡¼µµ
ã¾Æº¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °£È¤ Çö´ëÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ÀÛ°¡µéÀº À̵éÀ»
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿øÁ¶·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¹°ÁúÀû
¼¼¼ÓÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µÀû ÀºÃÑ¿¡·ÎÀÇ ÇÇÁ¤(ùð¡)À» ÅëÇØ °³ÀÎÀÇ
±¸¿øÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â Á¾±³Àû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǰ¡ ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ»
°øÅëºÐ¸ð·Î ÇÏ´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû¡¤»çȸÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö´Â
¾ø´Ù. Á¤Ä¡Àû¡¤»çȸÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ³í¸®´Â ù°, ±Ç·ÂÀ»
±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î »ï´Â ÇöÁ¸ »çȸÁú¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ ºñÆÇÀ̸ç
µÑ°, °Á¦·ÂÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ Çù·Â¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû
»çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ´ë¾ÈÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃÇÏ¸ç ¼Â°, »õ·Î¿î »çȸÁú¼¸¦
À¯µµÇس»´Â ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ À±°ûÀÌ ÃÖÃÊ·Î µå·¯³ °ÍÀº ¿µ±¹ÀÇ
û±³µµÇõ¸í Á÷ÈÄ Á¦·¯µå À©½ºÅϸ®¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼¿´´Ù . ½ÅÀ» °ð À̼ºÀ¸·Î ÆÄ¾ÇÇÑ ±×´Â
¡´Áø½ÇÀº µå·¯³ª±â ¸¶·ÃÀÌ´Ù Truth Lifting Up Its Head Above Scandals¡µ(1649)¿¡¼
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ±âº»¿øÄ¢µéÀ» Á¤¸³Çß´Ù. ±Ç·ÂÀº ºÎÆÐÇÏ°í ºÎ(Ý£)´Â
ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ÀÌ»ó°ú ¹èÄ¡µÈ´Ù. ±Ç·Â°ú ºÎ¸¦ ¸ðÅ·ΠÁ˾ÇÀÌ
À×ŵȴÙ. Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ ¾ø°í »ý»ê°ú ºÐ¹è°¡ °øµ¿À¸·Î
ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö¸ç ±¸¼º¿øµéÀÌ À§·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¹ý±Ô°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½º½º·ÎÀÇ
¾ç½É¿¡ µû¶ó »îÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÏ´Â »çȸ¿¡¼¸¸ÀÌ Àΰ£Àº ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í
Çàº¹ÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. À©½ºÅϸ®´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °³Ã´ÀÚÀÎ
µ¿½Ã¿¡ ¼±±¸Àû ½Çõ°¡À̱⵵ Çß´Ù. »çȸÀû ºÒÀÇ´Â ´ëÁßµé
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇàÀ§·Î½á¸¸ÀÌ Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ ±×´Â 1649³â
µð°Å½º(Diggers) ¿îµ¿¿¡ Âø¼öÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀ»
À̲ø°í À×±Û·£µå ³²ºÎÀÇ »ê±â½¾À» Á¡·ÉÇØ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû
°ø»ê»çȸ¸¦ Çü¼ºÇß°í ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ °ø°Ý¿¡ ¼Ò±ØÀûÀÎ ÀúÇ×À»
°í¼öÇß´Ù. À̵éÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ Áö¿ªÁֹεéÀÇ ¹Ý¹ß·Î ¿ÍÇØµÈ ÈÄ
À©½ºÅϸ®´Â »ý»ç°¡ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ä »ç¶óÁ³À¸³ª ±×ÀÇ
ÀÌ·ÐÀº ¿µ±¹ ÇÁ·ÎÅ×½ºÅºÆ®ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾úÀ¸¸ç Èʳ¯
Àª¸®¾ö °íµåÀ©ÀÇ ÀúÀÛ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ²ÉÀ» ÇÇ¿ì°Ô µÈ´Ù.
°íµåÀ©Àº
¾Ë·º»ê´õ ±×·¹ÀÌ °æ(ÌÏ)ÀÌ "¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ º»ÁúÀ» °¡Àå
¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô Áý¾àÇß´Ù"°í Æò°¡ÇÑ ¹Ù ÀÖ´Â ¡´Á¤Ä¡Àû Á¤ÀÇ
Political justice¡µ(1793)¿¡¼ ±Ç·ÂÀ̶õ ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ¿ªÇàµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç
»çȸ¾ÇÀº Àΰ£ÀÌ À̼º¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇൿÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â
¶§¹®¿¡ »ý°Ü³´Ù°í ÀüÁ¦ÇÑ µÚ, ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ÀÚÄ¡°øµ¿Ã¼(parish)¸¦
±âº»´ÜÀ§·Î ÇÏ´Â Áö¹æºÐ±ÇÀû »çȸ¸¦ ¼³°èÇß´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº
°øµ¿Ã¼¿¡¼´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ÀýÂ÷°¡ ÃÖ´ëÇÑ ¹èÁ¦µÇ´Âµ¥, ´Ù¼ö¿¡
ÀÇÇÑ Áö¹èµµ ¾ï¾ÐÀÇ ÀÏÁ¾¿¡ ºÒ°úÇϸç ÅõÇ¥³ª ¼±°Å¹æ½ÄÀº
°³ÀÎÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓ°¨À» Èñ¼®½Ã۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ Å¸ÀÎ À§¿¡
±º¸²ÇÏ´Â ±Ç·ÂÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿© ºÎÀÇ ÃàÀûÀ» ºñ³Çß°í
Çʿ信 µû¶ó ¹°¹°±³È¯ÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â ´À½¼ÇÑ °æÁ¦Ã¼Á¦¸¦
±¸»óÇß´Ù. °íµåÀ©Àº ±â¼úÀû Áøº¸¸¦ ¿¹°ßÇÑ Àι°À̱⵵ Çß´Ù.
»ê¾÷ÀÇ ¹ß´ÞÀº ±Ù·Î½Ã°£À» ´ÜÃà½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
´Ü¼øÈµÈ »îÀ» ¿µÀ§ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ¸¸µé °ÍÀÌ°í °á±¹ ±ÇÀ§¾ø´Â
»çȸ·ÎÀÇ ÀüÀÌ(ï®ì¹)¿¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àª¸®¾ö ¿öÁî¿ö½º,
Àª¸®¾ö ÇØÁñ¸®Æ® µî ¼ö¸¹Àº ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ °íµåÀ©ÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡ ºúÀ»
Á³À¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ ÆÛ½Ã ºñ½Ã ¼Ð¸®ÀÇ
¡´¸Åºê ¿©¿Õ Queen Mab¡µ¡¤¡´»ç½½¿¡¼ Ç®·Á³ ÇÁ·Î¸ÞÅ׿콺
Prometheus Unbound¡µ´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ½Ã¶ó°í ÇÒ ¸¸ÇÏ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ
°³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â ·Î¹öÆ® ¿À¾ðÀ» Áß°³ÀÚ·Î ¿µ±¹
³ëµ¿¿îµ¿ÀÇ ±â¹ÝÀ» Çü¼ºÇßÀ¸³ª ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ
°íµåÀ©¿¡°Ô¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀº ÃÖ±Ù¿¡
µé¾î¼ÀÌ´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ±âÃʸ¦ Á¦°øÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ÇÇ¿¡¸£
Á¶Á¦ÇÁ ÇÁ·çµ¿À̾ú´Ù.
ÀÌ¹Ì 2¿ùÇõ¸í(1848) ¹«·Æ¿¡ ±ÞÁøÀû ¾ð·ÐÀÎÀ¸·Î Ȱ¾àÇϰí
ÀÖ¾ú´ø ±×´Â ¡´¼ÒÀ¯¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? Qu'est ce que la propriété?¡µ¿Í
¡´°æÁ¦Àû ¸ð¼øÀÇ Ã¼°è, ºó°ïÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ Système des
contradictions économiques ou Philosophie de la misère¡µÀ»
ÁýÇÊÇØ »çȸÁÖÀÇ À̷а¡·Î¼ÀÇ ÀÔÁö¸¦ ±»Çû´Ù. ¡´¼ÒÀ¯¶õ
¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?¡µ¿¡¼ µ¹¿¬ "³ª´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í
¼±¾ðÇÑ ÇÁ·çµ¿Àº ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǸ¦ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¿ëÇÑ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ
Àι°ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ÆÄ¸®¿¡¼ Ä«¸¦ ¸¶¸£Å©½º,
¹ÌÇÏÀÏ ¹ÙÄí´Ñ µî°ú ±³·ùÇß°í 2¿ùÇõ¸íÀÇ Ã¼ÇèÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» µµÃâÇØ ¡´¿¬¹æÁ¦ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© Du principe
fédératif¡µ¿Í ¡´³ëµ¿ÀÚ °è±ÞÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿ª·® De la
capacité politique des classes ouvrières¡µÀ» Àú¼úÇß´Ù.
¹æ´ëÇÏ°í ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀúÀÛÀ» ³²±ä ÇÁ·çµ¿Àº ¾î¶°ÇÑ Á¤Ä¡Ã¼°è³ª
Á¤´çÀ¸·ÎºÎÅ͵µ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó±â¸¦ ¹Ù·¨Áö¸¸ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀ̳ª
Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲ µî ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ±×µéÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ºñÁ¶(Þ¬ðÓ)·Î
Æò°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÌ ¼³ÆÄÇÑ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ °ñÀÚ´Â »óÈ£ÁÖÀÇ¡¤¿¬¹æÁÖÀÇ¡¤Á÷Á¢ÇൿÁÖÀÇ·Î
¿ä¾àµÈ´Ù. ¸ÕÀú »óÈ£ÁÖÀǶõ ÆòµîÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ
»çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ °Ç¼³À» ¶æÇß´Ù. ºÎ(Ý£)¸¦ µµµÏÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ ±×ÀÇ
¾ð¸íÀº °áÄÚ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¿ËÈ£°¡ µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç Àç»êÀÌ Å¸ÀÎÀÇ
³ëµ¿·ÂÀ» ÂøÃëÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼ ³²¿ëµÇ´Â ¼¼Å¸¦ ºñÆÇÇÑ
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇÁ·çµ¿Àº »ý»ê¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÅäÁö¿Í µµ±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Áö¹è±ÇÀÎ '¼ÒÀ¯'¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ À§ÇØ ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÑ ÇϳªÀÇ º¸·ç·Î
°£ÁÖÇß´Ù. ±×°¡ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ ±×¸° »çȸ´Â ÀÚ¿µ³ó¹Î°ú µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ
ÀåÀεé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ°í, ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¿¬ÇÕü°¡ °øÀå°ú °ø°ø½Ã¼³À»
¿î¿µÇϸç, ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ÀιÎÀºÇàÀÇ »óÈ£½Å¿ëü°è¿¡
ÀÇÇØ Á¶È¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â °æÁ¦°øµ¿Ã¼¿´´Ù. ÇÁ·çµ¿Àº
Áß¾ÓÁý±ÇÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡¸¦ ´ë½ÅÇØ °è¾à°ú ÀÌÇØ°ü°è°¡ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â
ÀÚÄ¡Àû Áö¿ª»çȸ ¹× »ê¾÷¿¬ÇÕüµéÀÇ ¿¬¹æÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇß´Ù.
¿¬¹æÃ¼Á¦ÇÏ¿¡¼´Â ¹ý¿øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÁßÀçÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ Ã¤ÅõÉ
°ÍÀ̸ç, ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ °ü¸®¡¤°æ¿µÀÌ °ü·áÁ¦¸¦ ´ëü½Ã۰í
ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀÎ ±³À°¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª Àΰݱ³À°À» ½Ç½ÃÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÇöÁ¸ÇÏ´Â »çȸÁú¼°¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â ¾ÐÁ¦ÀÇ ¸ðŰ¡ µÇ´Â È¥µ·¿¡
ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù¸é, ±×°¡ ¼³°èÇÑ Ã¼°è´Â ÀÚ¿¬ ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ
»çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ ÀǹÌÇß´Ù.
ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÇ ³ë¼±¿¡ µ¿Á¶ÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚ ¼¼·ÂÀº 1830³â´ë¿¡ ±×°¡
¸®¿ë¿¡¼ °¡ÀÔÇß´ø ºñ¹Ð°á»çÀÇ À̸§À» º»µû ½º½º·Î¸¦ '»óÈ£ÁÖÀÇÀÚ'¶ó°í
ºÒ·¶´Ù. 1864³â ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÌ »ç¸ÁÇÑ Á÷ÈÄ ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ »óÈ£ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ
¿µ±¹ÀÇ ³ëµ¿Á¶Çտ ¼¼·Â ¹× ·±´ø¿¡¼ ¸Á¸í»ýȰÀ» Çϰí
ÀÖ´ø »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú Á¦ÈÞÇØ ±¹Á¦³ëµ¿ÀÚÇùȸ(Á¦1ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³Î)¸¦
â¼³ÇÑ´Ù. »óÈ£ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³Î ³»ºÎ¿¡¼ Ä«¸¦
¸¶¸£Å©½º Áø¿µ°ú Àû´ë°ü°è¿¡ ¼°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, ½Ç»ó
¸¶¸£Å©½º°¡ °æ°èÇØ¾ß Çß´ø ´ë»óÀº ¹ÌÇÏÀÏ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ
ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸¶¸£Å©½º´Â ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ µ¶À縦
À̲ø¾î³»±â À§Çؼ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ±¹°¡Àüº¹È°µ¿À» Æì¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í
ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.
¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº
Çõ¸í°¡·Î ÀüÇâÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ±ÍÁ·À¸·Î ÀÏÂïÀÌ ½½¶óºê °¢±¹ÀÇ
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿À» ÁöÁöÇØ¿À´Ù°¡ 1840³â´ë¿¡ ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÇ »ç»óÀ»
Èí¼öÇß´Ù. 1868³â ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³Î¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ÁîÀ½¿¡´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ Á¶Á÷ÀÎ '»çȸ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ µ¿¸Í'À» °á¼ºÇϰí
ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¡¤½ºÆäÀΡ¤½ºÀ§½º ±×¸®°í ·Ð °è°î¿¡¼ ´ë´ÜÇÑ
¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇßÀ¸¸ç ÇÁ·çµ¿ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼öÁ¤ÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Áý»êÁÖÀÇ
ÀÌ·ÐÀ» âÃâÇØ³Â´Ù. ±×´Â ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÇ ¿¬¹æÁÖÀÇ¿Í
³ëµ¿ÀÚ°è±ÞÀÇ Á÷Á¢Çൿ¿øÄ¢À» ¼ö±àÇÏ°í ³ë·Â¿¡ »óÀÀÇÏ´Â
ºÐ¹è¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇßÁö¸¸, Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀÇ °³³äÀº
ºñÇö½ÇÀûÀ̹ǷΠ»ý»ê¼ö´ÜÀÇ °øÀ¯È¸¦ ÀÌ·ç¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í
¿ª¼³Çß´Ù. µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡Àº Çõ¸í ¹æ¹ý·Ð¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
±â¼º »çȸ ³»¿¡¼ À̸¦ ´ëüÇÒ »óÈ£ÁÖÀÇÀû ¿¬ÇÕü¸¦
Çü¼º½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í º» ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÌ Çõ¸íÀû Æø·Â¼ö´ÜÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ
¹Ý¸é, ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº "ÆÄ±«ÀÇ ¿Á¤Àº °ð âÁ¶ÀÇ ¿Á¤À̱⵵
ÇÏ´Ù"¶ó°í ´Ü¾ðÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¼±¹è À̷а¡ÀÇ ¼Ò±ØÀûÀ̰í
´ÜÆíÀûÀÎ °³Çõ³ë¼±¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇß´Ù. ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÇ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í
ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀǰ¡ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ÀüÅëÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ÀÌ·ç¾î¿Â °ÍÀº
»ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸, Á¦1ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³Î ½ÃÀýºÎÅÍ 1939³â ½ºÆäÀÎ ³»¶õÀÇ
Á¾½Ä°ú ÇÔ²² ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ Á¾¸»¿¡ À̸¦ ¶§±îÁö ±×
ÁÖ·ù¸¦ Çü¼ºÇß´ø °ÍÀº ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ Áý»êÁÖÀÇ¿Í Çõ¸íÀû
Æø·ÂÀÌ·ÐÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸¶¸£Å©½º¿Í ¹ÙÄí´Ñ »çÀÌÀÇ ¹Ý¸ñÀº Á¦1ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³ÎÀ»
ºØ±«½ÃŰ´Â ¿äÀÎÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ºÒÈ´Â ¾ö°ÝÇÑ
±ÔÀ²À» °¡Áø °ø»ê´ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Çõ¸í°ú ³ëµ¿ÀÚ°è±ÞÀÇ ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ
ºÀ±â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Çõ¸íÀ̶ó´Â ¹æ¹ý·Ð»óÀÇ Ãæµ¹ÀÎ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ŸÇùµÉ
¼ö ¾ø´Â µÎ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀμºÂ÷(ìÑàõó¬)¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. 1872³âÀÇ
ÇìÀÌ±× ´ëȸ¿¡¼ ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³ÎÀÌ ¸¶Ä§³» ¿ÍÇØµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§,
¹ÙÄí´Ñ ¼¼·ÂÀº ½ºÆäÀÎ, ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ, ³²ÇÁ¶û½º, ºÒ¾î±Ç
½ºÀ§½º¿¡¼ ³ëµ¿¿îµ¿À» ÁÖµµÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í À¯·´ÀÇ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿¡ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇß´Ù. 1873³â
¹ÙÄí´ÑÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¼³¸³µÈ ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³ÎÀº 1877³â±îÁö
¿Õ¼ºÇÑ È°µ¿·ÂÀ» º¸¿´°í, ÀÌ ¹«·Æ Áý»êÁÖÀÇÀÚº¸´Ù´Â
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¶ó´Â ¸íĪÀÌ ³Î¸® À¯Æ÷µÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇß´Ù.
¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÌ Àú¼ú°¡À̱⺸´Ù´Â ½Çõ°¡·Î »ì¾Ò´ø ¹Ý¸é ±×ÀÇ
ÈİèÀÚÀÎ ÆäÅ׸£ Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀº À̷п¡ ÃâÁßÇß´Ù. 1876³â
°øÀÛÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ¹ö¸®°í Çõ¸í°¡°¡ µÈ ±×´Â ÇÁ¶û½º Áö¸®ÇÐÀÚÀÎ
¿¤¸®Á¦ ·¹Å¬·òÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡ ÈûÀÔ¾î °íÀ¯ÀÇ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀû
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´Ù. ·¹Å¬·ò´Â °ø»óÀû
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚ »þ¸¦ Ǫ¸®¿¡ÀÇ
Á¦ÀÚ¿´´Ù. Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀº »ý»ê¼ö´ÜÀÇ °øÀ¯»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó 16¼¼±â¿¡
Åä¸Ó½º ¸ð¾î°æÀÌ
¡´À¯ÅäÇÇ¾Æ Utopia¡µ¿¡¼ ±×·È´ø °Í°ú °°Àº °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀû
ºÐ¹è¹æ½ÄÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹ÌÇÏÀÏ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ Áý»êÁÖÀǸ¦
³Ñ¾î¼±´Ù. ¡´»§ÀÇ Á¤º¹ La Conquête du pain¡µ(1892)Àº
ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î °ø»êÁÖÀÇ ¼¼·ÂÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕÀÎ Çõ¸íÀû »çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼¸¦
¼¼úÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¡´»óÈ£ºÎÁ¶£ºÁøº¸ÀÇ ÇÑ ¿äÀÎ Mutual Aid£ºA
Factor in Evolution¡µ(1902)¿¡¼´Â »ý¹°ÇÐÀû¡¤»çȸÇÐÀû Á¢±Ù¹ýÀ»
ÃëÇØ °æÀﺸ´Ù´Â Çù·ÂÀÌ Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ´õ ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ÀÏÀÓÀ»
Áõ¸íÇØ º¸ÀÌ·Á°í ¾Ö½è´Ù. ¡´ÅäÁö, °øÀå, ÀÛ¾÷Àå Fields, Factories
and Workshops¡µ(1899)Àº ¹«Á¤ºÎ»çȸ¿¡ ÇÕ´çÇÑ »ê¾÷ÀÇ ºÐ»êÀ»
³íÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
»çȸ¿îµ¿À¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ
ÆäÅ׸£ Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀº ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¾Õ³¯À»
Á¶¸íÇßÀ¸¸ç, Áö±Ý¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö »õ·Î µ¡ºÙ¿©Áø ³»¿ëÀ̶õ
°ÅÀÇ ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸, ±×´ç½Ã ´õ Å« Á߿伺À» °¡Á³´ø °ÍÀº
ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ½Ïư 'Çൿ¼±ÀüÀÌ·Ð'À̾ú´Ù.
1876³â ¿¡¸®ÄÚ ¸»¶óÅ×½ºÅ¸´Â
ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ½ÅÁ¶¸¦ "»çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À» È®°íÈ÷ Çϱâ À§ÇÑ
Æøµ¿Àº °¡Àå È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¼±Àü¼ö´ÜÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ³óÃÌÁö¿ª¿¡¼ ¸ù¸ÅÇÑ ´ëÁßÀ» ¼±µ¿ÇÏ·Á´Â
½ÃµµµéÀÌ ½ÇÆÐ·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡ÀÚ ¹«Á¤ºÎÀû Á÷Á¢ÇൿÁÖÀÇ´Â
Å×·¯¸®½ºÆ®µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °³ÀÎ Â÷¿øÀÇ Ç×ÀÇÇüÅ·Π¹Ù²î¾î°¡´Â
°æÇâÀ» º¸¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÚ±âÈñ»ýÀ» ÅëÇØ ±Ç·Â±¸Á¶ÀÇ
Ãë¾à¼ºÀ» µå·¯³¿À¸·Î½á ´ëÁߵ鿡°Ô ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇϱ⸦
Èñ¸ÁÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ 1890~1901³â¿¡ »ó¡ÀûÀÎ
¾Ï»ì»ç°ÇµéÀÌ ÁÙÀ» À̾ú´Ù. ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¿òº£¸£Åä 1¼¼,
¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¿¤¸®ÀÚº£Æ® ȲÈÄ, ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ Ä«¸£³ë ´ëÅë·É,
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¸ÅŲ¸® ´ëÅë·É, ½ºÆäÀÎ ÃѸ® ¾ÈÅä´Ï¿À Ä«³ë¹Ù½º µ¨
Ä«½ºÆ¼¿ä µîÀº ±× ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ Èñ»ý¾çµéÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ´Â Á¦Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÆÄ±«ºÐÀÚ·Î ³«ÀÎÂïÇûÁö¸¸
°ú°ÝÇൿÀÌ À¯¹ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ºÐÀ§±â°¡ Á¶¼ºµÇ¾î
ÀÖ¾ú´ø ½ºÆäÀΡ¤·¯½Ã¾Æ µîÁö¿¡¼ °è¼Ó ¸í¸ÆÀ» À¯ÁöÇß´Ù.
1890³â´ë¿¡ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀº ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ÀüÀ§Àû(îñêÛîÜ)
Ȱ¡ ¹× ÀÛ°¡µéÀÇ È¯¿µÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ±Í½ºÅ¸ºê Äí¸£º£´Â
ÀÌ¹Ì ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ°¡ µÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú°í, Ä«¹ÌÀ¯ ÇÇ»ç·Î, Á¶¸£ÁÖ
¼è¶ó, Æú ½Ã³ÄÅ©, Æú ¾Æ´ç, ¿ÁŸºê ¹Ì¸£º¸, ·Î¶û ŸÀ϶óµå,
½ºÅ×ÆÇ ¸»¶ó¸£¸ÞµîÀÌ
ÀÌ¿¡ µ¿Á¶Çß´Ù. À̹«·Æ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ¿À½ºÄ« ¿ÍÀϵå´Â
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÓÀ» ÀÚóÇϰí Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿µ°¨À»
¾ò¾î ¡´»çȸÁÖÀÇÀû Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ The Soul of Man under Socialism¡µ(1891)À»
ÁýÇÊÇß´Ù.
¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀ» ¸Å·á½ÃŲ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¼Ó¼ºÀº ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î
°³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû »öä¿´´Ù. 1890³â´ë Á߹ݱ⿡ Á¢¾îµé¸é¼
ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ±ÞÁøÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Áö³ªÄ¡°Ô ºÎ°¢µÈ
°³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû °æÇâÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ°è±ÞÀÇ ÇØ¹æ¹®Á¦°¡
µµ¿Ü½ÃµÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù´Â ºñÆÇÀǽÄÀ» °øÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ
À̷а¡µéÀº ÆòµîÇÑ °³ÀÎ °¢ÀÚÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ¿ä±¸µéÀ» ¿ÂÀüÈ÷
¹Ý¿µÇϸ鼵µ Àüü »çȸÀÇ °á¼ÓÀ» ´ÙÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â µô·¹¸¶¿¡
ºÀÂøÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. û³â Çì°Ö ÇÐÆÄ Ãâ½ÅÀ¸·Î ¡´À¯ÀÏÀÚ(êæìéíº)¿Í
±×ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ Der Einzige und sein Eigentum¡µ(1845)¸¦ Æì³½ ¸·½º
½´Æ¼¸£³Ê´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¸¦ Ä§ÇØÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »çȸÀû
Çൿ±Ô¹ü°ú Á¦¾àÀ» °ÅºÎÇß´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀÌ ¼³ÆÄÇÑ
»çȸÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´ø »ç¶÷µéÁ¶Â÷µµ ÇൿÀÇ
ÀÚÀ¯¸¦ À§ÇùÇÏ°í »çȸÁ¦µµ·Î ±»¾îÁú ¿ì·Á°¡ ÀÖ´Â Çõ¸íÀû
Á¶Á÷ÀÇ °á¼º¿¡ Á¶½É½º·¯¿ü´Ù. À̰á°ú ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê¿¡ °ÉÃÄ
±¹Á¦±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ ´ëȸ°¡ °³ÃֵǾúÁö¸¸ È¿À²ÀûÀÎ
Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Ã¢¼³·Î À̾îÁø °æ¿ì´Â ´Ü ÇÑ ¹øµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º³ª
ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÃ³·³ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǰ¡ ÆØ¹èÇØ ÀÖ´ø ±¹°¡¿¡¼µµ
¿¬ÇÕüµéÀÇ Á¸Àç´Â ¹Ì¹ÌÇß°í ¼Ò±Ô¸ðÀÇ »óÅõÀûÀÎ Á¶Á÷üµéÀÌ
¼±ÀüȰµ¿¿¡ ÁÖ·ÂÇß´Ù.
°³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀû °æÇâÀÌ °¡Àå µÎµå·¯Á³°í Å×·¯ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
°øÁßÀÇ ¹Ý°¨ÀÌ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ ÀÚüÀÇ Á¸¸³À» À§Å·ӰÔ
Çß´ø ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼ ´ëÁßÀÇ ÁöÁö±â¹ÝÀ» È®º¸Çϱâ À§ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î
´ë¾ÈÀÌ ¸¶·ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ³ëµ¿°Å·¡¼Ò(bourses du
travail)¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ¿¡ ħÅõÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÀÇ
Áö¿ª¿¬ÇÕüÀÎ ³ëµ¿°Å·¡¼Ò´Â ±¸¼º¿øµé¿¡°Ô ÀÏÀÚ¸®¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ
¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¼³¸³µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, Áö¹æºÐ±ÇÀ̶ó´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ
ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ºÎÇյǴ ¸éÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1892³â °á¼ºµÈ Àü±¹
³ëµ¿°Å·¡¼Òµ¿¸ÍÀº 1895³â Æä¸£³¶ Æç·çƼ¿¡,
¿¡¹Ð ǪÁ¦, Æú µ¨·¹»ìÀ» ÁÖÃàÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ
Áö¹èÇÏ¿¡ µé¾î°¬À¸¸ç, À̸¥¹Ù ' ¾Æ³ª¸£ÄÚ
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿'À̶õ À̵鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹ßÀüµÈ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ
Á÷Á¢ÇൿÁÖÀÇÀÇ À̷аú ½ÇÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ³ª¸£ÄÚ
»ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ®µéÀº ´õ ³ªÀº Àӱݰú ±Ù·ÎÁ¶°ÇÀ» À§ÇØ
ÅõÀïÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÀÇ ÀüÅëÀû ±â´É¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù.
±×µé¿¡°Ô ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÀº ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ Ã¼Á¦¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ Àüº¹¿¡
ÁÖ·ÂÇÏ´Â ±ÞÁøÀû Á¶Á÷ü¿´´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº °øÀå°ú
°ø°ø½Ã¼³À» Á¢¼öÇÏ°í ±× ¿î¿µÀ» ´ã´çÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÀº
Áß¿äÇÑ 2°¡Áö ±â´ÉÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇϴµ¥, ±× Çϳª´Â Çõ¸í µÚÀÇ
ÇàÁ¤±â±¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀÌ´Ù. ±ÞÁø¡¤°ú°Ý ¼ºÇâÀ» À¯ÁöÇϱâ
À§Çؼ´Â ºÎ´ÜÇÑ ÅõÀïÀÇ ºÐÀ§±â°¡ Á¶¼ºµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç
ÃÑÆÄ¾÷Àº ±× Çٽɿ¡ ÇØ´çÇÑ´Ù. »ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ®µéÀº ´ë´ëÀûÀÎ
ºñÇùÁ¶¿îµ¿ÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô Çõ¸íÀ» À¯µµÇس¾ °ÍÀ̶ó°í
¹Ï¾úÀ¸³ª, Á¦ÇÑµÈ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀûÀÎ ÃÑÆÄ¾÷ÀÌ ¾à°£ÀÇ
¼º°øÀ» °ÅµÎ¾úÀ» »Ó, ÀϽÿ¡ »çȸÁú¼ÀÇ Àü¸éŸµµ¸¦
ȹåÇß´ø ÀûÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¾Æ³ª¸£ÄÚ »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿Àº ÇÁ¶û½º
À̿ܿ¡ ½ºÆäÀΡ¤ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ µîÁö¿¡¼µµ À§¼¼¸¦ ¶³Ãƴµ¥,
¿¾ÇÇÑ ±Ù·ÎÁ¶°ÇÇÏ¿¡¼ Á¤ºÎ¿Í ÀÚº»°¡µéÀÌ ³ëµ¿¿îµ¿À»
À¯Ç÷Áø¾ÐÇ߱⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. 1902³â¿¡´Â ÇÁ¶û½º
³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÃѵ¿¸Í(CGT)ÀÌ Ã¢¼³µÇ¾ú°í ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â Á¦1Â÷
¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ ³¡³¯ ¶§±îÁö °·ÂÇÑ ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇß´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¾Æ³ª¸£ÄÚ »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿Àº
Áö½ÄÀεéÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ²ø¾ú´Ù. ÃÑÆÄ¾÷ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ »çȸÀû
½ÅÈ¿¡±îÁö ¿Ã·Á³õÀº Á¶¸£ÁÖ ¼Ò·¼ÀÇ
¡´Æø·Â·Ð Réflexions sur la violence¡µ(1908)Àº ÀÌÁîÀ½¿¡
¾º¾îÁø °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ÀúÀÛÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¼ø¼ö À̷а¡µéÀº
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ Á¶Á÷ ³»ºÎÀÇ À§°èÁú¼°¡ Çõ¸íÀû »çȸ¿¡¼
È®°íÇÑ Áö¹è±¸Á¶·Î Á¤ÂøµÉÁöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù°í ¿ì·ÁÇß´Ù. 1907³â
¾Ï½ºÅ׸£´ã¿¡¼ °³ÃÖµÈ ±¹Á¦¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ´ëȸ¿¡¼ ¿¡¸®ÄÚ
¸»¶óÅ×½ºÅ¸´Â ÀÌ ÀïÁ¡À» ³õ°í û³â »ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ®ÀÎ ÇÇ¿¡¸£
¸ð³ªÆ®¿Í °Ý·ÐÀ» ¹ú¿´À¸¸ç, À̰á°ú ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇ
¼ºÇâÀº ´ë±Ô¸ð Á¶Á÷ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý°¨À¸·Î ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ±Í°áÀ»
ÀÌ·ç¾ú´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº ¾Æ³ª¸£ÄÚ »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿À¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ
óÀ½À¸·Î ´ëÁßÀûÀÎ ±â¹ÝÀ» ¾ò°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1922³â
»ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ®µéÀº '±¹Á¦³ëµ¿ÀÚÇùȸ'¸¦ â¼³ÇÏ°í º£¸¦¸°¿¡
º»ºÎ¸¦ µÎ¾ú´Âµ¥, ½ºÅåȦ¸§À¸·Î ¿Å°Ü ÇöÀçµµ Ȱµ¿À» ¹úÀ̰í
ÀÖ´Ù. »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿Àº ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼ ¼¼°è»ê¾÷³ëµ¿ÀÚ¿¬¸Í(IWW)À»
ź»ý½ÃÄ×°í, ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ±æµå »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿µµ ±× ¸Æ¶ô¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÉ
¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
½ºÆäÀÎÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº Çѵ¿¾È ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Àå
Ä¡¿ÇÑ ÅõÀï¾ç»óÀ» º¸¿´À¸¸ç, ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿Àº
ºñ·Î¼Ò Á¶È¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ½ºÆäÀÎ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÎ ¶ó¸ó µ¥ ¶ó »ç±×¶ó´Â ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÇ
Á¦Àڷμ 1845³â ¼¼°è ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ÀâÁö ¡´Æ÷¸£º£´Ï¸£
El Porvenir¡µ¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇß´Ù. ±×µÚ ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÇ »óÈ£ÁÖÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº P. E.
¸¶¸£°¥¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀüÆÄµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¿¬¹æÁÖÀÇ ÁöµµÀڷμ ÇÁ·çµ¿ÀÇ
¿©·¯ ÀúÀÛÀ» ¹ø¿ªÇϱ⵵ Çß´ø ±×´Â 1873³âÀÇ Çõ¸í±â¿¡
Áö¹æºÐ±ÇÀû(cantonalist) Á¤Ä¡Ã¼Á¦¸¦ ¼ö¸³ÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö½è´Ù. 1860³â´ë·Î
Á¢¾îµéÀÚ ½ºÆäÀÎ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀû »öä°¡ £¾îÁ³´Ù.
¹ÌÇÏÀÏ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ¿´´ø ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÎ ÁÖ¼¼Æä ÆÄ³Ú¸®´Â
¹Ù¸£¼¿·Î³ª¿Í ¸¶µå¸®µå¸¦ ¹æ¹®Çϰí ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³ÎÀÇ ÁöºÎ¸¦
¼³Ä¡Çß´Ù. ¹Ù¸£¼¿·Î³ª¡¤Ä«Å»·ç³Ä Áö¹æÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé°ú
¾È´Þ·ç½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ºÎÀçÁöÁÖÁ¦µµ(Üôî¤ò¢ñ«ð¤Óø)·Î °ï±Ã¿¡ ºüÁ®
ÀÖ´ø ³ó¹Îµé¿¡°Ô ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÑ ±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¾çÅ·Î
´Ù°¡¿Ô´Ù. 1880³â´ë¿Í 1890³â´ë¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ½ºÆäÀÎÀÇ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿÀº ÇÁ¶û½º³ª ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¿¡¼Ã³·³ ¹Ý¶õ°ú
Å×·¯¸®ÁòÀ¸·Î Á¡Ã¶µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±ººÎ¿Í ÀÚº»°¡µé¿¡ ¸Â¼ ½Î¿î
±ÞÁøÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ Àü¹®ÀûÀΠûºÎ»ìÀÎÁ¶¸¦ °í¿ëÇÏ´Â
°æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹¾Ò±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ¹Ù¸£¼¿·Î³ªÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº
ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ CGT¿¡ ÀÚ±ØÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ Á¶Á÷ÀÎ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµ¿¸Í(Solidaridad
Obrera)À» ¼³¸³Çß°í īŻ·ç³Ä Áö¹æ Àü¿ªÀ¸·Î ¼ø½Ä°£¿¡ ¼¼·ÂÀ»
¶³ÃÆ´Ù. 1909³â ±ººÎ°¡ īŻ·ç³ÄÀÇ º¸Ã濪À» ¸ð·ÎÄÚ¿¡
ÆÄº´ÇÏ·Á´Â °èȹÀ» ÀÔ¾ÈÇÏÀÚ ÃÑÆÄ¾÷ÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. Æøµ¿Àº
Áø¾ÐµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª 'ºñ±ØÀÇ 1ÁÖ°£'¿¡ »ç¸ÁÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ö´Â ¼ö¹é
¸í¿¡ ´ÞÇß°í 50¿© °³ÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ¼öµµ¿øÀÌ ÆÄ±«µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1910³â
¼¼ºñ¾ß¿¡¼ ¿¸° Àü±¹³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ´ëȸ´Â ´ëÃ¥À» ¼÷ÀÇÇÑ °á°ú Àü±¹³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕµ¿¸Í(CNT)À»
¹ßÁ·½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç 1927³â¿¡´Â ±ÞÁø·ÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¿© À̺£¸®¾Æ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¬ÇÕ(FAI)ÀÌ Åº»ýµÇ¾ú´Ù.
CNT´Â Áö¹æºÐ±ÇÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¹Ý(Úã)°ü·áÁÖÀÇ¿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇß´Ù. Á¶Á÷ÀÇ
±âº»´ÜÀ§´Â ±¹°¡¼öÁØÀÇ Á¶ÇÕü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú°í ƯÁ¤Áö¿ª¿¡¼
»ó°ø¾÷¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ½ÅµðÄ«Å佺 ¿ì´ÏÄÚ½º(³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ)¿´´Ù.
ÁßÀÓ±ÝÁö(ñììòÐ×ò)ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À» ½ÇÇö½Ã۱â À§ÇØ
Àü±¹´ëÇ¥ÀÚȸÀÇÀÇ À§¿øÀº ¸Å³â »óÀÌÇÑ Áö¹æ¿¡¼ ¼±ÃâµÇ¾ú°í
ÀϹÝȸ¿øµéÀº ÇØÀÓ±ÇÀ» Çà»çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ½ºÆäÀÎ
³»¶õ±â±îÁö ȸ¿ø¼ö°¡ 200¸¸ ¸í¿¡ À°¹ÚÇß´ø ÀÌ °Å´ëÇÑ Á¶Á÷Àº
´Ü ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ À¯±Þ ¼±â°üÀ» ä¿ëÇßÀ» »ÓÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç ³ª³¯ÀÇ
Àϰú´Â µ¿·áȸ¿øµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö¸íµÈ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ Æ´
¼öÇàÇß´Ù. ½ºÆäÀÎ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÁÖü´Â ¼Ò¿ÜµÈ
ÀÎÅÚ¸®°ÕÄ¡¾Æ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ÀÚ½ÅÀ̾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î
À̷к¸´Ù´Â ½Çõ°ú Çൿ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ ´õ¿í Å« ÈûÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇϰÔ
µÈ´Ù.
¾ËÆù¼Ò 13¼¼°¡ ÅðÀ§ÇÑ µÚ º»°ÝÀûÀÎ °ø°³ÅõÀï¿¡ µ¹ÀÔÇÑ CNT´Â
1931³âºÎÅÍ ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ ÇÁ¶ûÄÚ À屺ÀÌ ±º»ç Äíµ¥Å¸¸¦
ÀÏÀ¸Ä×´ø 1936³â±îÁö ¸î Â÷·ÊÀÇ ºÀ±â¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇßÀ¸³ª ½ºÆäÀÎ
³»¶õÀÌ ¹ß¹ßÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡´Â ½ºÆäÀÎ µ¿ºÎÁö¿ªÀ» »ç½Ç»ó
Á¡À¯ÇßÀ¸¸ç À̸¦ »çȸÁÖÀÇ Çõ¸íÀÇ ¼öÇàÀ» À§ÇÑ ¹ßÆÇÀ¸·Î
»ï¾Ò´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÀÚÀ§¿øÈ¸´Â īŻ·ç³Ä Áö¹æ¿¡¼ °øÀå°ú öµµ¸¦
Á¢¼öÇß°í ¾È´Þ·ç½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ÅäÁö¸¦ Àå¾ÇÇÑ ³ó¹ÎµéÀº ÆäÅ׸£
Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀÇ À̷дë·Î ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû ÄÚ¹ÀÀ» Çü¼ºÇß´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í
°°Àº ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ³»¶õ±â°£ µ¿¾È ½ÇÆÐÇÏ°Ô µÈ ÀÌÀ¯´Â
Àå±âÀüÀ» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ ±ÔÀ²À» °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇØ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ
À̲ô´Â ±¹Á¦¿©´Ü¿¡
ÇÊÀûÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼öÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¼¼¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø
°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû ¿µÇâ·ÂÀº ¸·°ÇßÀ¸¸ç 1936³â 12¿ù
ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½ºÄÚ Ä«¹Ù¿¹·Î Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ 4¸íÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ
ÁöµµÀڵ鵵 ÁÂÆÄ ÀüüÁÖÀÇ·Î ±â¿ï¾îÁø ´ë¼¼¸¦ µ¹ÀÌų ¼ö´Â
¾ø¾ú´Ù. 1937³â 5¿ù ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¼¼·Â°ú °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ
¹Ù¸£¼¿·Î³ª¿¡¼ À¯Ç÷Ãæµ¹À» ºú¾ú´Ù. Áß¾ÓÁ¤ºÎ´Â Áý»êȵÈ
°øÀåµéÀ» Á¡·ÉÇß°í ÇÁ¶ûÄÚ°¡ ¾È´Þ·ç½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ÁøÀÔÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó
¼ö¸¹Àº ÄÚ¹ÀµéÀÌ ÆÄ±«µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸®½ºÅÍ À屺ÀÌ À̲ô´Â
°ø»ê±ºÀº ¾Æ¶ó°ï Áö¹æÀ» ÈÛ¾µ¾ú´Ù.
À̹«·Æ ±âŸ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿µµ ·¯½Ã¾Æ Çõ¸í°ú
¿ìÆÄ ÀüüÁÖÀÇ Á¤±ÇÀÇ µîÀå¿¡ µû¶ó ºÐ¼âµÇ¾î°¬´Ù.
ÇÕ¹ýÁ¤´çÀÎ '»çȸÇõ¸í´ç'(³ª·Îµå´ÏŰ)ÀÌ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÁÖÀǸ¦ À̹Ì
¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í ÀÖ¾ú´ø ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǰ¡ µû·Î
¹ø¼ºÇß´ø ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. Çõ¸í ÈÄ ¸Á¸íÀ» ³¡³»°í µ¹¾Æ¿Â
Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀº ¾î¶°ÇÑ µ¿Á¶¼¼·Âµµ ¾òÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ³»Àü±â°£À»
ÅëÇØ ¿ìÅ©¶óÀ̳ª¿¡¼ ´«ºÎ½Å °Ô¸±¶óÀüÀ» ¼öÇàÇß´ø N.I.¸¶Èå³ë°¡
¸Á¸í±æ¿¡ ¿À¸¥ µÚ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â ±ÙÀýµÇ°í
¸»¾Ò´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ CGT´Â °ø»ê´çÀÇ ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ¿¡ µé¾î°¬°í
ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº 1920³â´ë¿¡ º£´ÏÅä ¹«¼Ö¸®´ÏÀÇ
ź¾ÐÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ³ªÄ¡´çÀº ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿À» °ø°ÝÇß´Ù.
ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Èí¼öÇÑ »çȸÁÖÀÇ
ÁöµµÀÚ °íÅäÄí
½´½ºÀÌ[ú¹ÓìõÕâ©]¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼Ò°³µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1911³â
õȲ¾Ï»ìÀ½¸ð¿¡ ¿¬·çµÇ¾î °íÅäÄí¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÌ
óÇüµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ ³¡³ µÚ Èæ´Ü(ýÙÓ¥)°ú
»ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ® ¿¬ÇÕ µî Á¶Á÷ÀÇ Àç°ÇÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ¸¸ÁÖħ·«
ÈÄ ÀϺ» Á¤ºÎ´Â ÁÂÀͼ¼·ÂµéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß°í ÀÌ
¿ÍÁß¿¡¼ ºñ¹Ð°á»çÀÎ '°ø»êÁÖÀÇÀû ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´ç'ÀÌ ÇØÃ¼µÈ
ÈÄ 1935³â ÀϺ»ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â ÀÚÃ븦 °¨Ãß°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹µµ
¿¹¿Ü´Â ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. Ç µ¥À̺ñµå ¼Ò·Î,
Àú½Ã¾Æ ¿ö·±, ¸®»÷´õ ½ºÇª³ÊÀÇ ÀÛǰ°ú ¡´ÀÚÀ¯ Liberty¡µ¸¦
Æì³½ º¥Àú¹Î ÅÍÄ¿ µîÀÌ Æ¯À¯ÀÇ ºñÆø·ÂÁÖÀÇ ÀüÅëÀ» Àϱ¸¾î
³õ¾Ò´ø ¹Ý¸é, À¯·´ À̹εéÀÎ ¿äÇÑ ¸ð½ºÆ®, ¾Ë·º»ê´õ
º£¸£Å©¸¸, ¿¡¸Ó °ñµå¸¸
µîÀº ÇൿÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁÖµµÇß´Ù. ¸ð½ºÆ®´Â ¡´ÀÚÀ¯ Die Freiheit¡µÁöÀÇ
ÆíÁýÀÚ¿´°í º£¸£Å©¸¸Àº °Ã¶¿Õ Ç Ŭ·¹ÀÌ ÇÁ¸¯ÀÇ ¾Ï»ìÀ»
½ÃµµÇß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ °ñµå¸¸ÀÇ
¡´³»°¡ »ç´Â »î Living My Life¡µÀº ¼¼±â¸» ¹Ì±¹ ±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇÀÇ
¸ð½ÀÀ» ±Ø¸íÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ÀÛǰÀÌ´Ù. 1903³â ÀÇȸ´Â ¿Ü±¹
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÔ±¹À» ±ÝÇÏ°í ±¹³»¿¡ ÀáÀÔÇØ ÀÖ´Â ¿Ü±¹
¿îµ¿°¡µéÀ» »öÃ⡤Ãß¹æÇϱâ À§ÇØ °ü°è¹ý¾ÈÀ» Á¦Á¤Çß´Ù. IWW´Â
Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü Á÷ÈÄ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ÅëÁ¦¸¦ ¹Þ±â ½ÃÀÛÇß°í
º£¸£Å©¸¸°ú °ñµå¸¸ µîÀº ±¹¿Ü·Î Ãß¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù.
20¼¼±âÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ
Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ ³¡³ªÀÚ ÀüÀï ÀüÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¼¼·Â°ú
¿¬ÇÕüµéÀÌ µÇ»ì¾Æ³µÁö¸¸ ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀÌ À̵éÀ» ¾ÐµµÇß´Ù.
1970³â´ë´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ Çõ¸í ÀÌÈÄ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ³íÀǰ¡ °¡Àå
Ȱ¹ßÇÏ°Ô Àü°³µÈ ½Ã±â¿´´Âµ¥, ¾ö¹ÐÇÑ Àǹ̿¡¼ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ
¿îµ¿ ÀÚü·Î º¼ ¼ö´Â ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç Á¶Á÷Àû ¿µ¼Ó¼ºÀ» º°¹Ý
°Á¶ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ º»Áú·Î ¹Ì·ç¾î º¼ ¶§ À̰°Àº
¹ßÀü¾ç»óÀº ´ç¿¬ÇÑ °ÍÀ̱⵵ Çß´Ù. ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¿¬°áµÉ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â »çȸÀû¡¤À±¸®Àû »ç»óµéÀº ´ë°³ ¸ðµç »çȸ¿îµ¿ ¼Ó¿¡¼
¼û½¬°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ·¹¿À Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚÀÓÀ» ÀÚóÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó ÆòÈÀû
±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇ¿Í
À̼ºÀû ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ±¹°¡ ¹× ¿Â°® ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¤ºÎ¸¦
ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í µµ´öÀû Àç»ýÀ» À§ÇØ »ýȰÀÇ ´Ü¼øÈ¸¦ ÁÖÀåÇßÀ¸¸ç
Àç»êÀÇ »çÀ¯ ´ë½Å ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀû °ø»êÁÖÀǸ¦ ¿ËÈ£Çß´Ù.
¸¶ÇÏÆ®¸¶ °£µðÀÇ
»ç»óÀº ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ µ¶Æ¯ÇÑ À§Ä¡¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ´Ù. ±×°¡
³²¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«¿Í Àεµ¿¡¼ Àü°³ÇÑ ºñÆø·Â ½Ã¹ÎºÒº¹Á¾ ¿îµ¿Àº
Å罺ÅäÀ̳ª ¼Ò·ÎÀÇ »ç»ó¿¡¼ Âø¾ÈÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀÇ
¿µÇ⠾Ʒ¡ ÀÚÄ¡ÀûÀÎ Ã̶ô ÄÚ¹ÀÀ» ±âº»´ÜÀ§·Î ÇÏ´Â
Áö¹æºÐ±ÇÈ °èȹÀ» ¼ö¸³Çß´Ù. ºñ³ë¹Ù ¹Ùº£,
ÀÚ¾ß ÇÁ¶óÄ«½´ ³ª¶ó¾áµî
°£µð »ç»óÀÇ °è½ÂÀÚµéÀº '»ç¸£µµ¹Ù¾ß ¿îµ¿'À» ÃßÁøÇß°í
ÅäÁö°øÀ¯È(Gramdan)¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¸ñÇ¥´Þ¼º¿¡ Èû½è´Ù. ºñ·Ï
Áö¹æºÐ±ÇÈ °èȹÀÌ ±× ºñÇö½Ç¼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ °á½ÇÀ» °ÅµÎÁö´Â
¸øÇßÁö¸¸ À̵éÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀº Çö´ë ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿¿¡ °¡Àå
Àλó±íÀº ¹ßÀÚÃ븦 ³²°å´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î Æò°¡¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â 1960³â´ë¿Í 1970³â´ë¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¹ÝüÁ¦ Çлýµé°ú
ÁÂÀÍ ÀÏ¹Ý »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¼¼·ÂÀ» ±¸°¡Çߴµ¥, Á¡Â÷ ±â°èÀûÀ¸·Î
µÇ¾î°¡´Â Àηù¹®È¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀǽÄÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Á³±â
¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ÀþÀº ¼¼´ëÀÇ ¹Ý¹®È(ÚãÙþûù) °æÇâÀ» ¿¹°ßÇß´ø
¿Ã´õ½º Çä½½¸®´Â
ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸é¿¡¼ Áß°³ÀÚÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÑ »ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â
¡´¿ë°¨ÇÑ »õ ¼¼»ó Brave New World¡µ(1932)¿¡¼ °úÇС¤±â¼úÀÇ
Áøº¸°¡ ÃÊ·¡ÇÒ ¹ÝÁö¼ºÀûÀÌ°í ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ »çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼ÀÇ ¸ð½À¿¡
°æÁ¾À» ¿ï¸®°í, È®½ÇÇÑ Áö¹æºÐ±ÇÈ¿Í »ýȰÀÇ ´Ü¼øÈ, ±×¸®°í
Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡¿î¿ë¸¸ÀÌ Çö´ë»çȸ¿¡ ³»ÀçµÈ À§ÇèÀ»
Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿ª¼³Çß´Ù. Çä½½¸®ÀÇ ÈıâÀúÀÛµéÀº
±âÁ¸»çȸ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡±âÁØÀ¸·Î¼ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ À¯¿ë¼ºÀ»
¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ÀÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. 1950³â´ë¿¡ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â ¹Ì±¹ ½Ã¹Î±Ç
¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π¹ßÇöµÊÀ¸·Î½á ´õ¿í À¯ÇàÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ½Ã¹Î±Ç
¿îµ¿°¡µéÀº »çȸÀû ºÒÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇ×Çϱâ À§ÇØ µµ´ö¼º ȸº¹ÀÇ
±âÄ¡¸¦ ³»°É°í Á¦µµÈµÈ °æ·Î ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ» Ãß±¸Çß´Ù.
1950³â´ë¸» ¹Ì±¹¡¤À¯·´¡¤ÀϺ» µîÁö¿¡¼ ¼ºÇàÇÑ »õ·Î¿î
±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇ´Â ½Ã¹Î±Ç ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÆíÇùÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ª
Çö´ë»ê¾÷»çȸÀÇ ¿¤¸®Æ®ÁÖÀÇÀû ±¸Á¶¿Í ¹°ÁúÀû ¸ñÇ¥¿¡
ÀDZ¸½ÉÀ» Ç¥¸íÇß´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇÀÇ À̸鿡´Â ÀüÅëÀû
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀÌ ´Ù¼Ò°£ ÀçÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ ÀÛ°¡ Æú
±Â¸ÕÀÌ °©ÀÛ½º·± Àα⸦ ´©·È°í, ¿µ±¹¿¡¼´Â ¼¼·ÃµÈ
¡´¾Ö³ÊŰ Anarchy¡µÁö°¡ ¿ù°£À¸·Î ¹ßÇàµÇ¾î ÀϹݻýȰ ¼Ó¿¡¼
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀ» Á¶¸íÇß´Ù. Ãʱ⠸¶¸£Å©½º-·¹´ÑÁÖÀÇ,
ºñÁ¤Åë ½É¸®ÇÐ, ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇÀû ¿ä¼Ò, ½Å(ãæ)ºÒ±³, Å罺ÅäÀÌ·ùÀÇ
±×¸®½ºµµ±³Á¤½Å µîÀÌ Çѵ¥ ¾î¿ì·¯Áø ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â
À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âº¸´Ù´Â Çõ¸íÀû ºÐÀ§±â·Î ±ÔÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â
°ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.
¹Ì±¹¡¤µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Çлý¿îµ¿ ÁöµµÀÚµéÀ̳ª ÀϺ»ÀÇ ±ÞÁøÀû
ÀüÇзÃ[îïùÊÖ¤£ºîïìíÜâùÊßæí»ö½üåõÅæáùê]À» Àǹ̿¡ Ãæ½ÇÇØ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¶ó°í ºÎ¸£±â´Â ¾î·ÆÁö¸¸ À̵éÀº ´Ù°°ÀÌ
¸¶¸£Å©½º, ¹ÙÄí´Ñ, ü °Ô¹Ù¶óÀÇ
¼þ¹èÀÚµéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç ÇöÁ¸ Á¤Ä¡±¸Á¶»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ÁÂÆÄ
Á¤´çµéÀÇ Á¤´ç¼º¿¡±îÁöµµ ÀDZ¸½ÉÀ» Ç¥¸íÇß´Ù. ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀÎ
Çൿ, ÀÌ·ÐÀû À¶Å뼺, »îÀÇ ´Ü¼ø¼º, »ç¶û°ú ºÐ³ë¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ³ë¼±Àº »çȸ±â±¸ÀÇ ºñÀΰ£¼º°ú Á¤´çÀÇ
ÀÌÇØÅ¸»ê¿¡ ¿°ÁõÀ» ´À²¸¿Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô È£¼Ò·ÂÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Áö¹æºÐ±ÇÁÖÀÇ¿Í Áö¿ªÀÚÄ¡ÀÇ ¿ø¸®´Â Âü¿©¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀÇ
À̷п¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ¾ú°í, 1968³âÀÇ ÆÄ¸® Æøµ¿À» ÀüÈÄÇØ ½ñ¾ÆÁ®
³ª¿Â ¼ö¸¹Àº ¼±¾ðµéÀº ¾Æ³ª¸£ÄÚ »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ÀÌ Çö´ë¿¡µµ
Ÿ´çÇÔÀ» ¿©½ÇÈ÷ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. 1960³â´ë¿Í 1970³â´ëÀÇ
±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Á÷Á¢ÇൿÁÖÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© Àå¿ÜÅõÀï°ú
Á¤±¹´ëÄ¡»óȲÀ» À¯µµÇßÀ¸¸ç ¹Ì±¹¡¤ÀϺ»ÀÇ ÀϺΠÇлý¼¼·ÂÀº
¹ÌÇÏÀÏ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ ¹ü(Ûñ)ÆÄ±«ÁÖÀǸ¦ Èí¼öÇØ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ
±â¼º»çȸÁú¼´Â ŸµµµÇ¾î¾ß ¸¶¶¥ÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. Àý´ëÀûÀÎ
Æø·ÂÀÌ ¿ª¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Æòȸ¦ âÃâÇØ³½´Ù´Â ¹ÙÄí´Ñ·ùÀÇ
¼¼¼ÓÀû ¿¹¾ð»ç»óÀº ÆøÅº Å×·¯¿Í µµ½Ã °Ô¸±¶ó Ȱµ¿ µîÀ¸·Î
1960³â´ë±îÁö À̾îÁ³´Ù.
ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ
Å罺ÅäÀ̳ª °£µðÀÇ ¸Æ¶ô¿¡¼ »çȸ°³Çõ¿¡´Â µµ´öÀû Àç»ýÀÌ
¼±ÇàµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç Á¡ÁøÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Çõ¸íÀ» ÀÌ·ç¾î¾ß
ÇÑ´Ù°í ¹Ï´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. º¸´Ù ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î »çȸ°øµ¿Ã¼¸¦
À§ÇØ µµ½Ã°³ÇõÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ Æú ±Â¸Õµµ ÀÌµé °¡¿îµ¥ ÇÑ
»ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² ºÎ·ùµéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ À¯ÇüÀÇ °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦
½ÃµµÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ»ó»çȸ¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö½è´Âµ¥, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº
ÀϵéÀº ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ Àü ¿ª»ç¸¦ ÅëÇØ Ç×»ó Àç¹ßµÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù.
¿µ±¹¿¡¼´Â Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ±â°£ µ¿¾È ÆòÈÁÖÀÇ ½ÃÀ§°¡
Àü°³µÇ¾ú°í ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì Á¤»óÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â
ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ Çö»óµéÀÌ 1970³â´ë¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.
ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ²Þ²Ù¾î¿Ô´ø ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¹«Á¤ºÎ»çȸ´Â °æÇè¿¡
ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ½ÇÇöÀÌ ¾î·Á¿î °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®´Â Çã¹öÆ®
¸®µåÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· ÀÛǰÀÎ ¡´¼º½Ç¿¹Âù The Cult of Sincerity¡µ(1968)
¼Ó¿¡¼ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ã¾Æ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Àηù ¹®È»ç¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ÀÌ»ó»çȸ¶õ »ç¶óÁ®°¡´Â ¼öÆò¼±»óÀÇ
ÇÑ Á¡°ú °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ±×ÂÊÀ» ÇâÇØ
³ª¾Æ°¡Áö¸¸ °áÄÚ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí
Àΰ£Àº ¿Á¤À¸·Î½á ¼ø°£¸¶´ÙÀÇ ÅõÀï¿¡ ¶Ù¾îµé¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ °üÁ¡ÀÌ À¯¿ëÇÑ °ÍÀº Çö½Ç¼¼°è¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â
½Ã±Ý¼®(ãËÐÝà´)À¸·Î¼, ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î¼ÀÌ´Ù. ü°èÈµÈ ´ë±Ô¸ð
Á¶Á÷°ú º¹À⼺¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ýµ¿À¸·Î¼ ±×°ÍÀº Àΰ£Á¤½ÅÀÇ
ÆÄµ¿°ú °°Àº Æí·Â°úÁ¤(ø¼ÕöΦïï)¿¡ ¸Â¹°·Á ÀÖ´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀû ÅëÂû·ÂÀº µµ½Ã ¹× ³óÃ̰èȹ, Âü¿©¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
°øµ¿Ã¼ °ü°èÀÇ ¹ßÀü, Àΰݱ³À° ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¸®µå°¡
"Àǹ«±³À°°ú °³ÀÎÀû ¼ö¾çÀ¸·Î ¼ºÃëµÇ´Â °³Ã¼È °úÁ¤"À̶ó°í
ºÒ·¶´ø ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ °¡Àå Å« È¿¿ë¼ºÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â Á¤Ä¡ À̵¥¿Ã·Î±â¶ó±âº¸´Ù »çȸÀû¡¤À±¸®Àû
½ÅÁ¶¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº °Å´ëÇÑ ±¹°¡±Ç·Â°ú ¹ýÀο¡ ´ëÇØ Áö¿ªÀû
ÀÌÇØ°ü°è¿Í ¾ÖÇâ½ÉÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Ç×»ó Àϱú¿öÁØ´Ù.
G. Woodcock ±Û
Áß±¹ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ
Áß±¹ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿÀº 1900³â ÀÌÈÄ ÇÁ¶û½º ¹× ÀϺ»
À¯Çлýµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼ö¿ëµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ¹Ý±º¹ú¡¤¹ÝºÀ°Ç¡¤¹ÝÁ¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ
»ç»óÀ¸·Î »Ñ¸®³»¸®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º À¯Çлý ¸®½ÃÂÄ[ì°à´ñô]¡¤Àå¡°[íåð¡Ë°]¡¤¿ìÁîÈÄÀÌ[çïöÃýÇ]
µîÀº À¯·´ÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú ÀÚÁÖ Á¢ÃËÇÏ¸é¼ ÆÄ¸® ±×·ìÀ»
Çü¼ºÇÏ¿©, ¼±¸ÀÇ »çȸ»ç»óÀ» ¼ö¿ëÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. 1907³â 6¿ù
À̵éÀº ÆÄ¸®¿¡¼ Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲ°ú Àå±×¶óºê µîÀÇ ¿µÇâÇÏ¿¡
¡´½Å¼¼±â¡µ¸¦ °£ÇàÇÏ¿© °¢±¹ÀÇ Áß±¹Àΰú Çлýµé¿¡°Ô
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǸ¦ ÀüÆÄÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. ¡´½Å¼¼±â¡µ´Â
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÑ ¹ÝÀüÅëÁÖÀÇ¡¤¹ÝÁ¾±³ÁÖÀǸ¦ Ç¥¹æÇߴµ¥,
ÀÌ´Â À¯±³Àû ÀüÅëÀÇ ºÎÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ ÀÚÀ¯¡¤Æòµî»çȸ ½ÇÇöÀÇ
¿°¿øÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú°í, ¶ÇÇÑ Áß±¹»çȸ Àúº¯¿¡ ±ò·Á ÀÖ´ø
³ëÀå»ç»óÀÇ ¹«À§ÀÚ¿¬(ÙíêÓí»æÔ)¡¤¹«Ä¡»ç»ó(Ùíö½ÞÖßÌ)°ú
ÀϸƻóÅëÇß´Ù.
ÇÑÆí µµÄì¿¡¼´Â ¾§¿ø[áÝÙþ]ÀÌ Á¶Á÷ÇÑ Áß±¹Çõ¸íµ¿¸Íȸ(ñéÏÐúÔÙ¤ÔÒØïüå)ÀÇ
±â°üÁö ¡´¹Îº¸¡µ¿¡ »çȸÁÖÀÇ¿Í ´õºÒ¾î ¹ÙÄí´Ñ°ú ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ
¾Æ³ªÅ°Áò »ç»ó°¡ Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀÌ ¼Ò°³µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í
µ¿¸Íȸ¿øÀÎ Àåºù¸°[íåܹ׸]¡¤ÀåÁö[íåÍ©]¡¤·ù½ºÆäÀÌ[êåÞÔÛÆ]´Â
°íÅäÄí ½´½ºÀÌ, »çÄ«ÀÌ µµ½ÃÈ÷ÄÚ[Ì÷××åé], ¿À½ºÅ°»çÄ«¾Ö[ÓÞß´ç´]µî°ú
Á¢ÃËÇÏ¸é¼ »çȸÁÖÀǰ½Àȸ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ±â°üÁö ¡´ÃµÀǺ¸¡µ
µî¿¡ Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲÀ» ¼Ò°³Çß´Ù.
Áß±¹ ±¹³»¿¡¼´Â ½ÅÇØÇõ¸í Àü¾ß¿¡ Å×·¯¸®½ºÆ®¿´´ø ·ù½ºÇª[×±ÞÖÜÖ]¿¡
ÀÇÇØ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ÁÖµµµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±×´Â 1912³â ±¤Àú¿ì[ÎÆñ¶]¿¡¼
ȸ¸íÇлç(üäÙ°ùÊÞì)¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀÇ ´ëÁßÈ¿¡
ÁÖ·ÂÇÏ¸é¼ Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲ¡¤¹ÙÄí´Ñ¡¤ÇÁ·çµ¿°ú ¿¡½ºÆä¶õÅä¾îÀÇ
¼±Àü¿¡ Èû½è´Ù.
ÇÑÆí 1911³â ÆÄ¸® ±×·ìÀÇ ¸®½ÃÂÄ¡¤Àå¡°¡¤¿ìÁîÈÄÀÌ µîÀÌ
±Í±¹ÇÏ¿© 1912³â ´öÁøÈ¸¸¦ Á¶Á÷Çß´Ù. ´öÁøÈ¸´Â Á¤Ä¡°³Çõ¿¡´Â
±âº»Àû »çȸ°³ÇõÀÌ ¼ö¹ÝµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ°í ½Å»çȸÀÇ °Ç¼³¿¡´Â
½Åµµ´öÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ¸®½ÃÂÄÀº Ǫ¸£µ¿ÁÖÀǰ¡
Áß±¹ÀÇ ÀüÅë»ç»ó Áß ¹«Ä¡¸¦ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ³ëÀÚ¡¤ÀåÀÚÀÇ
µµ°¡¿Í À¯»çÇÏ´Ù°í º¸°í ÆÐµµ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¹ý°¡ÀÇ
°±ÇÁ¤Ä¡´Â ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ ÆÄ½Ã½ºÆ®¿Í ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ º¼¼ÎºñÁòÀ̸ç
Áß±¹¿¡¼´Â À̻硤»ó¾Ó¡¤Áø½ÃȲÀÌ ¿©±â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù.
1914³â¿¡´Â ±¤µÕ[ÎÆÔÔ]¿¡¼ ¾Æ³ªÄÚ¡¤Äڹ´ϽºÆ®°¡ °á¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù.
Áß±¹ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ½½·Î°ÇÀÎ ¹ÝÅëÄ¡¡¤¹Ý±¹°¡¡¤¹Ý±º±¹Àº
ºÀ°ÇÀûÀÎ ÀüÅë»çȸ¿¡¼ÀÇ ºÎÆÐÇÑ °ü·áÁö¹è¿Í ÀüÁ¦Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ
ÆøÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀ̾ú°í ±º¹úÁö¹è¿Í ÀϺ»Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´ëµÎ
¾Õ¿¡¼ ±º±¹ÁÖÀǸ¦ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ±âº» ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼ Áß±¹ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ±º¹úÁö¹è¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ·Á´Â
³°Àº À±¸®µµ´öÀ» °ø°ÝÇϰí ÀüÅëÀû ±ÇÀ§ÀÇ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ ºÎÁ¤À»
ÅëÇØ ±¹¹Î¼ºÀÇ °³Á¶¸¦ Ç¥¹æÇß´ø 5¡¤4¿îµ¿¿¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù.
Çѱ¹ÀÇ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ
Çѱ¹ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿÀº 1920³â ¹«·ÆºÎÅÍ Áß±¹À¸·Î
¸Á¸íÇÑ µ¶¸³¿îµ¿°¡µé°ú ÀϺ»À¸·Î °Ç³Ê°£ À¯Çлý¡¤³ëµ¿ÀÚµé
°¡¿îµ¥¼ ¹ÎÁ·Çعæ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ÇÑ À̳äÀ¸·Î¼ ½ÏÆ®±â ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿©
Á¡Â÷ ±¹³»·Î ÀüÆÄµÇ¾ú´Ù.
Áß±¹¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿îµ¿
Áß±¹¿¡ ¸Á¸íÇÏ¿© µ¶¸³¿îµ¿À» Àü°³Çϰí ÀÖ´ø ÀÌȸ¿µ(×Ýüåç´)¡¤½Åäȣ(ãéóúûÇ)¡¤À¯ÀÚ¸í(ê÷íÙ¥)¡¤ÀÌÀ»±Ô(ì°ëàÐ¥)¡¤ÀÌÁ¤±Ô(ì°ïËÐ¥)¡¤Á¤È¾Ï(ï÷ü¤äÛ)
µîÀº 1923³â º£ÀÌ¡[ÝÁÌÈ]¿¡¼ ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇÁö¡¤ÀÚÁÖ¿¬ÇÕ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀû µ¶¸³¿îµ¿³ë¼±¿¡ ÇÕÀÇÇß´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ÀÌȸ¿µÀº
µ¶¸³¿îµ¿»óÀÇ ºÒ¹Ì½º·¯¿î ºÐÆÄ³ª È¥¶õÀº ¸ðµÎ °³ÀÎÀû
¿µ¿õ½É¸®¿¡¼ »ý±ä ±Ç·Â¿åÀÌ ¿øÀÎÀ̹ǷΠ±Ç·ÂÀ» ¹è°ÝÇϰí
ÀÚÀ¯Æòµî·ÐÀû ¿ø¸®·Î ÇØ³ª°¡¸é, µ¶¸³¿îµ¿ÀÇ ºÐ¿Àº »ç¶óÁú
°ÍÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ±×µéÀº 1924³â 4¿ù ¸®½ÃÂÄ µî Áß±¹
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°úÀÇ ±ä¹ÐÇÑ ¿¬¶ôÇÏ¿¡
ÀçÁß±¹Á¶¼±¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¬¸ÍÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÏ°í ±â°üÁö·Î
¡´Á¤Àǰøº¸¡µ¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇß´Ù. ¡´Á¤Àǰøº¸¡µ´Â ÀÓ½ÃÁ¤ºÎ ³»ÀÇ
¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÁø¿µ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇ°ú ¾Æ¿ï·¯ ÇÁ·Ñ·¹Å¸¸®¾Æ µ¶À縦
ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â »çȸÁÖÀdz뼱À» ³í¹ÚÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ½Åäȣ´Â
¡´Á¶¼±Çõ¸í¼±¾ð¡µ(1923³â)¿¡¼ ÀÇ¿´ÜÀÇ °·É¡¤ÅõÀï¸ñÇ¥¡¤Á¤Ä¡À̳äÀ»
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ »ç»óÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ÐÈÇߴµ¥, ±×´Â ¹ÎÁßÀÇ ¿ª·®°ú
Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¹ÎÁßÁ÷Á¢Çõ¸íÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϸé¼, µ¶¸³¿îµ¿ÀÇ
°³³äÀ» ¹«·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Çõ¸íÀ¸·Î ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ°í ¸ðµç ºñÆø·ÂÀû
¹ÎÁ·¿îµ¿À» µ¶¸³¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¹üÁÖ¿¡¼ ¹èÁ¦Çß´Ù.
º£ÀÌ¡¿¡¼´Â 1924³â ºÏ°æ¹Î±¹´ëÇÐÀÇ À¯±â¼®(ê÷Ðñà¸)¡¤½É¿ëÇØ(ä¡éÌú)
µîÀÇ Á¶¼± ¹× Áß±¹ÇлýµéÀÌ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ»ç»óÀÇ ¿¬±¸¡¤º¸±Þ,
°ø»êÁÖÀÇ ºñÆÇÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î Èæ±â¿¬¸ÍÀ» Á¶Á÷Çϰí,
¡´µ¿¹æÀâÁö¡µ¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ¿© ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀ» º¸±ÞÇß´Ù.
À¯±â¼®¡¤½É¿ëÇØ µîÀº 1926³â 9¿ù Å©·ÎÆ÷ƮŲ ¿¬±¸ ±×·ìÀ»
¸¸µé°í, 1928³â 10¿ù°æ¿¡´Â º£ÀÌ¡¿¡¼ ¾Æ³ªÅ°Áò ¿¬¸ÍÀ»
Á¶Á÷Çß´Ù. ÇÑÆí 1928³â 4¿ù ½Åäȣ´Â ÅãÁø[ô¸òÐ]¿¡¼ Áß±¹ ¹×
´ë¸¸ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµé°ú ÇÔ²² µ¿¹æ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¬¸ÍÀ»
Á¶Á÷ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿©±â¼´Â Àü¼¼°èÀÇ ¹«»ê´ëÁß°ú ƯÈ÷ µ¿¹æ °¢
½Ä¹ÎÁö ¹«»ê´ëÁßÀ» ±¹Á¦ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇÀû Á¦±¹ÁÖÀÇ¿Í ´ë°á½Ã۰í
¹«»ê´ëÁßÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀ» À§ÇÑ ¸¸±¹³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÇ ±»Àº °á¼ÓÀ»
È£¼ÒÇÏ´Â, ½Åäȣ°¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ ¼±¾ð¹®À» äÅÃÇß´Ù.
¸¸ÁÖÁö¿ª¿¡¼´Â 1929³â 7¿ù ÀÌȸ¿µÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç»óÀû ¿µÇâÀ»
¹ÞÀº ±èÁ¾Áø(ÑÑðóòå)ÀÌ ±è¾ßºÀ(ÑÑå¯Üï)¡¤ÀÌ°ÈÆ(ì°Ë¬ý³)¡¤±è¾ß¿î(ÑÑå¯ê£)
µî µ¿Áö¸¦ ±ÔÇÕÇÏ¿© 1929³â 7¿ù À縸Á¶¼±¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¬¸ÍÀ»
°á¼ºÇϰí, ±èÁ¾ÁøÀÌ Ã¥ÀÓÀ§¿øÀ¸·Î ¼±ÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ç½Ã ±èÁÂÁø
µîÀÇ ½Å¹ÎºÎ´Â »ïºÎÅëÇÕÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ ÈÄ »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ
Èï±âÇÏÀÚ, ¹Ý°ø³ë¼±¿¡ ÀÔ°¢ÇÏ¸é¼ »çȸÁÖÀÇ¿Í ´ë°áÇϱâ
À§ÇØ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǸ¦ ¼ö¿ëÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ƯÈ÷
À縸Á¶¼±¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¬¸Í¿¡¼´Â ±èÁÂÁø µî ½Å¹ÎºÎ
Àλçµé¿¡°Ô µ¶¸³¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ» ¾î¶² ÁÖÀÇ¡¤»ç»óÀ̳ª
À̵¥¿Ã·Î±âº¸´Ù 200¸¸ À縸µ¿Æ÷ÀÇ »ýÁ¸±Ç º¸Àå¿¡ ÁßÁ¡À»
µÎ°í ³ó¹ÎÀÇ °æÁ¦Àû Çùµ¿Ã¼·Î¼ÀÇ ³óÃÌÀÚÄ¡Á¶Á÷°ú
±³¹Î±³À°ÀÇ °È¿¡ Èû¾²´Â ¿îµ¿°èȹÀ» Á¦±âÇß´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡
±èÁ¾Áø°ú ±èÁÂÁøÀÌ ÇÕÀÇÇÏ¿© ½Å¹ÎºÎ¸¦ °³ÆíÇÏ¿© À縸ÇÑÁ·ÀÇ
Á¤Ä¡Àû¡¤°æÁ¦Àû Çâ»ó ¹ßÀüÀ» µµ¸ðÇÏ´Â ÀÚÄ¡´Üü·Î
ÇÑÁ·ÃÑ¿¬ÇÕȸ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù. »çȸÁÖÀÇÁø¿µ¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ
ÇÑÁ·ÃÑ¿¬ÇÕȸ°¡ »çȸ°³·®ÁÖÀÇ·Î ÀüÈµÈ ¹Ý°ø³ë¼±À̶ó°í
ºñ³Çϸç, 1930³â 1¿ù 20ÀÏ ±èÁÂÁø ¾Ï»ìÀ» ½ÃÀÛÀ¸·Î
À縸¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¬¸Í ¹× ÇÑÁ·ÃÑ¿¬ÇÕȸ ÆÄ±«Å×·¯°øÀÛÀ»
½ÇÇàÇÏ¿©, ±è¾ß¿î¡¤±èÁ¾Áø µîÀ» ¾Ï»ìÇß´Ù. °á±¹ ¸¸ÁÖ¿¡¼
Ȱµ¿ÇÏ´ø ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº 1931³â ÀϺ»±ºÀÇ ¸¸ÁÖħ·« ÀÌÈÄ
°ÅÀÇ ¸¸ÁÖ°ü³»¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿îµ¿±â¹ÝÀ» »ó½ÇÇϰí, »óÇÏÀÌ¡¤º£ÀÌ¡
µîÁö·Î µé¾î¿Ô´Ù.
ÇÑÆí 1930³â »óÇÏÀÌÀÇ ÀçÁß±¹¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¬¸ÍÀº ³²ÈÇÑÀÎû³âµ¿¸ÍÀ¸·Î
°³ÆíµÇ¾î »êÇÏ¿¡ ³²È±¸¶ôºÎ¸¦ µÎ¾î ±â°üÁö ¡´³²ÈÅë½Å¡µÀ»
¹ß°£Çß´Ù. ´ç½Ã »óÇÏÀÌ¿¡´Â ±¹³»¡¤¸¸ÁÖ Áö¿ª°ú ÀϺ»ÀÇ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¸ð¿©µé¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¿¡ µû¶ó 1931³â 10¿ù¸»
»óÇÏÀÌ ÇÁ¶û½º Á¶°è¿¡¼ ÀÌȸ¿µ¡¤Á¤È¾Ï¡¤¿Õ¾ßÃßÀÌ[èÝä¬õÐ]¡¤ÈÁåÁî[ü¤Ð³ãù]
µî Çѱ¹¡¤Áß±¹¡¤ÀϺ» 3±¹ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº Ç×Àϱ¸±¹¿¬¸ÍÀ»
Á¶Á÷Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ±¸±¹¿¬¸Í ÇൿºÎ´Â Ä£ÀÏÈÇÑ ¿ÕÁ¤À§(èÝïñêÛ)ÀÇ
Àú°Ý, ¾Æ¸ðÀÌ[ù½Ú¦]ÀÇ ÀϺ»¿µ»ç°üÆøÆÄ»ç°ÇÀ¸·Î ¼¼Äª
Èæ»ö°øÆ÷´ÜÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÏÁ¦¸¦ °øÆ÷¿¡ ¸ô¾Æ³Ö¾ú´Ù. 1932³â
À±ºÀ±æÀÇ»çÀÇ Àǰſ¡ µÚÀÌ¾î ³²ÈÇÑÀÎû³âµ¿¸Í¿¡¼´Â 1933³â
3¿ù 17ÀÏ »óÇÏÀÌ ÁøÁÖ ÀϺ»±º»ç·ÉºÎ¿Í ¾Æ¶ó¿ä½Ã[êóÑÎÙ¥]
°ø»ç°¡ Áß±¹Á¤ºÎ ¿äÀÎÀÇ ¸Å¼ö°øÀÛÀ» À§ÇØ Áß±¹ ¿ä¸®Á¡
À°»ïÁ¤(ë»ß²ïÍ)¿¡¼ ¿¬È¸¸¦ º£Çª´Â ±âȸ¿¡ ±â½À°ø°ÝÀ» °¡ÇÒ
°èȹÀ» ¼¼¿üÀ¸³ª ½ÇÆÐÇß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ³²È¿¬¸ÍÀº ±è±¸ÀÇ
ÇÑÀξֱ¹´Ü°ú Çù·ÂÇÏ¿© Ä£ÀϺοªÀÚµéÀÇ Ã³´Ü¿¡ ÁÖ·ÂÇÏ¿©,
1933³â »óÇÏÀÌ¿¡¼ ÀϺ»±º°ú ³»ÅëÇÑ ¿Á°üºó(è¬ÎºÞ¯),
Ä£ÀϺÐÀÚ ÀÌ¿ë·Î(ì°é»ÒÍ) µîÀ» ó´ÜÇß´Ù.
1937³â ÁßÀÏÀüÀïÀÌ ÀϾÀÚ, ³²ÈÇÑÀÎû³â¿¬¸ÍÀº µ¿³â 11¿ù
¾ÈÈÖ¼º ³²ºÎ »ó¿äÁö¹æÀ¸·Î ±Ù°ÅÁö¸¦ ¿Å°Ü ÇÑÁßÇÕµ¿À¯°Ý´ë¸¦
Á¶Á÷ÇÏ¿© À¯°ÝÀüÀ» Àü°³Çß´Ù. 1938³âºÎÅÍ ÀÌ À¯°Ý´ë´Â Áß±¹±º
¹× ¿¬ÇÕ±º°ú Çù·ÂÇÒ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î 2°³ÀÇ Çѱ¹Ã»³âÀü½Ã°øÀ۴븦
Æí¼ºÇØ, Çеµº´ ±Í¼ø°øÀÛ°ú Æ÷·Î±¸Ãâ°øÀÛÀ» ´ã´çÇß´Ù. 1941³â
´ëÇѹα¹ÀÓ½ÃÁ¤ºÎ¿¡¼ Çѱ¹±¤º¹±ºÀ» â¼³ÇÏÀÚ, ÀÌ °øÀÛ´ë´Â
±¤º¹±º Á¦2Áö´ë·Î ÆíÀԵǾú´Ù. ±×¸®°í 1942³â Ç×ÀüüÁ¦¸¦
°ø°íÈ÷ Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ À¯ÀÚ¸í(Á¶¼±Çõ¸íÀÚµ¿¸Í)°ú
À¯¸²(Á¶¼±¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµ¿¸Í)ÀÌ ´ëÇѹα¹ÀÓ½ÃÁ¤ºÎ¿¡
ÀÓ½ÃÀÇÁ¤¿ø À§¿øÀ¸·Î Âü¿©Çϸé¼, Àü¹ÎÁ· ÅëÀÏÀü¼±¿îµ¿¿¡
Âü°¡Çß´Ù. ÀÌó·³ Áß±¹¡¤¸¸ÁÖ °ü³»ÀÇ Á¶¼±¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿÀº
ÀÏÁ¦´Â ¹°·Ð ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸ðµç °±ÇÁÖÀÇ¡¤±º±¹ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÆøÁ¤À»
ºÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀÚÀ¯¿Í µ¶¸³ÀÌ º¸ÀåµÈ ÀÚÀ¯¿¬ÇÕÀÇ Æòµî»çȸ¸¦
ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¸é¼ ÅõÀï¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î Æøµ¿°ú ¾Ï»ì µî Å×·¯¸®ÁòÀ»
äÅÃÇß´Ù. ³ª¾Æ°¡¼ ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÀÚÁÖµ¶¸³À» À§ÇÑ ´ÜÀÏ
°øµ¿Àü¼±ÀÇ ¼ö¸³À» ±Þ¹«·Î ÀνÄÇÏ¿© ¹ÎÁ·ÇعæÀü¼±°ú
°è±ÞÇØ¹æÀü¼±À» ¼·Î À¶ÇÕ½ÃÄÑ Á¦ °è¿ÀÇ ÅëÇÕ¿¡ ÁÖ·ÂÇß´Ù.
ÀϺ»¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿îµ¿
1920³â 11¿ù ¹Ú¿¡¤Á¶ºÀ¾Ï(ðÆÜåäÛ)¡¤±è¾à¼ö(ÑÑå´â©)
µîÀÌ ÀϺ»¿¡¼ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Çѱ¹ÀÎ »ç»ó´ÜüÀÎ ÈæµµÈ¸¸¦
Á¶Á÷Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ÈæµµÈ¸´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǸ¦ ±âÃÊ·Î ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇ¿Í
»çȸÁÖÀǵµ È¥ÇյǾî ÀÖ´Â »ç»ó´Üü¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª 1922³â 12¿ù
ÈæµµÈ¸´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â ¹Ú¿°è¿ÀÇ Èæ³ëȸ¿Í
»çȸÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁöÇâÇÏ´Â ±è¾à¼ö µîÀÇ ºÏ¼ºÈ¸·Î ºÐ¸³µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Èæ³ëȸ´Â ´ÙÀ½ÇØ 2¿ù Èæ¿ìȸ·Î °³ÄªÇÏ°í ±â°üÁö
¡´ºÒ·É¼±ÀΡµ(Á¦2È£¸¦ ¹ßÇàÇÏ°í ¡´Çö»çȸ¡µ·Î °³Á¦)À»
°£ÇàÇß´Ù. 1923³â 9¿ù 1ÀÏ °üµ¿´ëÁöÁøÀÌ ÀϾÀÚ ÀÏÁ¦´Â À̸¦
ÀϺ»ÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇ µ¿Á¶¼¼·Â°ú Á¶¼±ÀÎ ¹Ú¸êÀÇ ±¸½Ç·Î
ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© 'ºÒ·É¼±ÀÎ'ÀÌ ºÒ¿ÂÇÑ °èȹÀ» À½¸ðÇÑ´Ù´Â
À¯¾ðºñ¾î¸¦ À¯Æ÷ÇÏ¿© Çѱ¹ÀεéÀ» ÇлìÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ú¿°ú ±×ÀÇ
¾ÖÀÎ °¡³×ÄÚ[ÑÑíÙþí]¸¦ ÀϺ»¿Õ¾Ï»ì¹Ì¼ö¹üÀ¸·Î °Ë°ÅÇß´Ù.
¹Ú¿°ú °¡³×ÄÚ´Â »çÇü¼±°í¸¦ ¹ÞÀº µÚ¿¡ ¹«±â¡¿ªÀ¸·Î
°¨ÇüµÇ¾î º¹¿ªÁß, °¡³×ÄÚ´Â ¿Á»çÇÏ°í ¹Ú¿Àº 1945³â 10¿ù
¸Æ¾Æ´õ »ç·ÉºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼®¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ú¿»ç°Ç ÀÌÈÄ Á¶¼±ÀÎ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº µµÄì¿Í ¿À»çÄ«[ÓÞø¡]¸¦ Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î
Èæ¿ì¿¬¸Í¡¤µ¿Èï³ëµ¿µ¿¸Í, ±âŸ °¢Á¾ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ´Üü¸¦
Á¶Á÷ÇÏ°í ¡´Èæ»ö½Å¹®¡µ¡¤¡´ÀÚÀ¯Äڹáµ µîÀÇ ±â°üÁöµéÀ»
¹ß°£ÇÏ¸é¼ Á¶Á÷¿îµ¿À» Àü°³Çß´Ù.
±¹³»¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿îµ¿
1923³â ¡´Á¶¼±Çõ¸í¼±¾ð¡µÀÇ ¹ßÇ¥¿Í ¹Ú¿»ç°Ç ÀÌ·¡,
±¹³»¿¡¼´Â ¼¿ï¡¤´ë±¸¡¤Æò¾çÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î °¢Áö¿¡¼ °¢Á¾ÀÇ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿ´Üü°¡ »ê¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ±¹³»¿¡¼ÀÇ
Á¶Á÷ÀûÀÎ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿÀº 1924³â ÀÌÈÄ ¼¿ïÀÇ Èæ±â¿¬¸Í°ú
´ë±¸ÀÇ Áø¿ì¿¬¸Í¿îµ¿À¸·Î ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. 1924³â 12¿ùºÎÅÍ
¼Ãµ¼ø(ßïô¶âè)¡¤°ûö(άôË)¡¤½Å¿µ¿ì(ãéç´éë) µîÀÌ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ ´ÜüÀÎ Èæ±â¿¬¸ÍÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÏ°í ¼¿ï°ú
ÃæÁÖÁö¹æ¿¡¼ µ¿Áö±ÔÇÕ¿¡ ³ª¼¹´Ù. 1925³â 3¿ù ¼¿ï ¼ö¹®»ç(áóÙþÞä)¿¡¼
ÃëÁö¼¿Í °·ÉÀ» ÀÛ¼ºÇϰí 5¿ùÃÊ Ã¢¸³´ëȸ¸¦ °¡Áú
¿¹Á¤À̾úÀ¸³ª °æÂû¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹«»êµÇ°í À̵éÀº °Ë°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù.
±×ÇØ 1¿ù ¡´µ¿¾ÆÀϺ¸¡µ¿¡ ´ç½Ã ¼¿ï½Ã³»¿¡ 'Ç㹫´ç¼±¾ð'À̶õ
ºñ¹Ð ÃâÆÇ¹°ÀÌ ¹èºÎµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â ±â»ç°¡ ¹ßÇ¥µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥,
Ç㹫´ç¼±¾ðÀº ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ´Üü Ç㹫´çÀÇ
¿µÇâÀ¸·Î À¯ÀÚ¸íÀÌ ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Ç㹫´ç¼±¾ðÀº
¹Ý°±Ç°ú ¹ÎÁßÀÇ Á÷Á¢Çൿ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Çõ¸í·ÐÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ »ç»óÀÇ ¼±¾ðÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ½ÅäȣÀÇ ÀÇ¿´Ü¼±¾ðÀÎ 'Á¶¼±Çõ¸í¼±¾ð'¿¡
¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. 1925³â 9¿ù ´ë±¸¿¡¼ ¼µ¿¼º(ßïÔÔàø)¡¤¹æÇÑ»ó(Û°ùÓßÓ)¡¤¸¶¸í(ةٰ)
µîÀÌ Áø¿ì¿¬¸ÍÀ» Á¶Á÷Çߴµ¥, ¹Ú¿µµ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ºñ¹Ð°á»ç¿´´Ù.
¹æÇÑ»óÀº ±×ÇØ 11¿ù ÀϺ»À¸·Î °Ç³Ê°¡ º¹¿ªÁßÀÌ´ø ¹Ú¿ ¹×
°¡³×ÄÚ¸¦ À§¹®Â÷ ¹æ¹®Çϰí, ±Í±¹ ÈÄ ±¸È£±ÝÀ» ¸ðÁý¡¤¼Û±ÝÇß´Ù.
À̹ۿ¡µµ °æ»ó³²µµ Çϵ¿¿¡¼´Â 1926³â µµÄìÀÇ Á¦¼ºÈ¸(ð³á¡üå)¿Í
Çϵ¿ÀÇ Á¤Âù¿ì(ï÷ó¾éë)°¡ ÀϺ»¿Õ ¾Ï»ì°èȹÀ» ¼½Å ±³È¯ÇÑ Á¦2ÀÇ
ºÒ°æ»ç°ÇÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇßÀ¸¸ç, 1927³â Æò¾È³²µµ ¿ë°±º¿¡¼ ±èÈ£±¸(ÑÑûßÎú)¸¦
Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ÈæÀü»ç(ýÙîúÞä)°¡ Á¶Á÷µÇ¾ú°í, 1928³â ÁøÁÖ ¹×
¸¶»ê¡¤Ã¢¿øÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ»ç°ÇÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. Á¦ÁÖµµ¿¡¼µµ
¿ì¸®°è(éÔ××Ìø)¿îµ¿À¸·Î ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿÀÌ ÀϾ´Âµ¥,
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǸ¦ Ç¥¹æÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ »çȸ¸¦ Á¦ÁÖµµ¿¡
°Ç¼³ÇϰíÀÚ Çß´Ù.
°ü¼¡¤°üºÏÁö¹æ¿¡¼µµ 1926³â ÀÌ·¡ ¿ø»êû³âȸ, ¿ø»ê
º»´É¾Æ¿¬¸Í, ¿ø»ê ÀϹݳëÁ¶, Æò¾ç¡¤¾ÈÁÖ¡¤Ã¶»ê¡¤´Üõ µî °¢
Áö¹æÀÇ Èæ¿ìȸ°¡ Á¶Á÷µÇ¾ú´Ù. °ü¼Èæ¿ìȸ´Â ÀÚÀ¯¿¬ÇÕÀÇ
Á¶Á÷¿ø¸®¿¡ µû¶ó ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¡¤³ó¹ÎÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÏ°í »çȸ¿îµ¿À»
Àü°³Çϰí ÀâÁö ¡´Èæ»öÀü¼±¡µ Áö±¹À» ¿î¿µÇϸé¼
»çȸ»ý¸®¿¬±¸È¸¡¤¼Ò³âȸ¡¤³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÀ» Á¶Á÷Çϸé¼
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿÀ» Àü°³Çß´Ù. °ü¼Èæ¿ìȸ´Â Æò¾ç ÃÖ°©·æ(õËË£×£)ÀÇ
Áý¿¡ »ç¹«½ÇÀ» µÎ°í ¿¬¶ôó·Î »ï¾Æ ¼¿ïÀÇ Èæ±â¿¬¸Í »ç°ÇÀÇ
°ü°èÀÚ ÇѺ´Èñ(ùÛܹý÷)¿Íµµ ¿¬¶ôÀ» °¡Áö°í ¿îµ¿À» Àü°³Çß´Ù.
ÀÌ ½Ã±âÀÇ °ü¼Èæ¿ìȸ´Â ½Å°£È¸ÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿Í ÀÌ·ÐÅõÀïÀ»
Àü°³Çߴµ¥ ³ëµ¿¿îµ¿¿¡¼´Â ÀÚÀ¯¿¬ÇÕÁÖÀÇ¿Í Á¶ÇÕ°£ÀÇ
»óÈ£ºÎÁ¶Á¤½Å¿¡ µû¸¥ Á¶ÇտÀ» Àü°³ÇßÀ¸³ª, »çȸÁÖÀÇÀû
Á¶Çտ¿¡ ºñÇØ ¿¼¼¿¡ ¸ô·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¼¼·ÂÀÌ
°ÇÑ Æò¾ç µî °ü¼Áö¹æ¿¡¼ ¹ÝÁ¾±³ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿÀº
ȯ¿µ¹Þ±â Èûµé¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ Æ´¹Ù±¸´Ï¿¡¼ ÀÌÈ«±Ù(ì°ûðÐÆ)¡¤ÃÖ°©·æ
µîÀÌ ÆãÅã[Üåô¸]ÀÇ À¯È¿µ¡¤À¯¸² µî°ú ¿¬°èÇÏ¿© ±¹³»¿Í
¸¸ÁÖÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ» ±ÔÇÕ½ÃŲ
Á¶¼±°ø»ê¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ¿¬¸ÍÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇßÀ¸³ª, 1931³â 7¿ù °£ºÎ 13¸íÀÌ
°Ë°Å´çÇß´Ù. 1928³â 3¿ù Á¶Á÷µÈ °ü¼Áö¹æÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´ÜüÀÎ
ÈæÀü»çµµ ÅõÀï¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ÀÏÁ¦±Ç·ÂÀÇ »ó¡ÀÎ ÀϺ»¿ÕÀÇ ¾Ï»ì°ú
Áß¿ä±â°üÀÇ ÆÄ±«¿¡ µÎ¾úÀ¸³ª, 1929³â 7¿ù ¸ðµÎ °Ë°ÅµÇ¾ú´Ù.
1930³â ±¹³»ÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀǿÀº 1930³â´ë ¸¸Áֻ纯¡¤ÁßÀÏÀüÀï
ÀÌÈÄ °ÅÀÇ Á¶Á÷±â¹ÝÀ» »ó½ÇÇϰí, ħü»óÅ¿¡ ºüÁ³´Ù.
¡¡ |