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Winstanley, Gerrard
(baptized Oct. 10, 1609, Wigan, Lancashire, Eng.--d. after 1660), leader and
theoretician of the group of English agrarian communists known as the Diggers,
who, in 1649-50, cultivated common land on St. George's Hill, Walton-on-Thames,
Surrey, and at nearby Cobham until they were dispersed by force and legal
harassment. They believed that land should be made available to the very poor.
Of Lancashire origin, Winstanley was a
cloth merchant in London until his business failed. In April 1649, in the
revolutionary atmosphere of the Commonwealth period, he and William Everard took
the lead in establishing the Digger colony, a timely project because of the
unprecedented height of food prices in England. Although the colony ceased to
exist in March 1650, Winstanley remained prominent as a pamphleteer,
foreshadowing later communist and materialist ideas in his vigorous and racy
prose.
The
Law of Freedom in a Platform (1652),
his sketch of a communist society, was dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. Winstanley
believed that the English Civil War had been fought against king, landlords,
lawyers, and all who bought and sold, these being enemies of the landless and
labouring poor, and against priests, whose preaching of heaven and hell diverted
men from asserting their rights on Earth and who were an instrument of class
rule. He was an advocate of universal religious toleration, and he would have
replaced sermons by lectures on the natural sciences and on the English
constitution. He may be the Gerard Winstanley, a Quaker, who died in 1676.
Winstanley's works were edited by G.H. Sabine (1941); a biography by T. Wilson
Hayes, Winstanley the Digger, was
published in 1979.
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