|
syndicalism,
also called ANARCHO-SYNDICALISM, or REVOLUTIONARY SYNDICALISM, a movement that
advocates direct action by the working class to abolish the capitalist order,
including the state, and to establish in its place a social order based on
workers organized in production units. The syndicalist movement flourished in France
chiefly between 1900 and 1914 and had a considerable impact in Spain, Italy,
England, the Latin-American countries, and elsewhere. It had ceased to be a
strong, dynamic force by the end of World War I, but it remained a residual
force in Europe until World War II.
Syndicalism developed out of strong
anarchist and antiparliamentary traditions among the French working class.
Greatly influenced by the teachings of the anarchist Pierre-Joseph
Proudhon and the socialist Auguste Blanqui,
it was developed as a doctrine by certain leaders of the French trade-union
movement toward the end of the 19th century. In France, syndicalism is known as syndicalisme
révolutionnaire (the word syndicalisme
means only "trade unionism"). Syndicalist tendencies manifested
themselves with increasing strength during the 1890s in the two main French
labour organizations of the period -- the Confédération
Générale du Travail (CGT) and the Fédération
des Bourses du Travail. The secretary of the latter, Fernand
Pelloutier, did much to work out the characteristic tenets of syndicalism
and to spread them among his workers. When these two organizations joined forces
in 1902, trade unionism, and syndicalism in particular, gained an immense
accession of strength.
The syndicalist, like the Marxist, was
opposed to capitalism and looked forward to an ultimate class war from which the
working class would emerge victorious. To the syndicalist, the state was by
nature a tool of capitalist oppression and, in any event, was inevitably
rendered inefficient and despotic by its bureaucratic structure. As an appendage
of the capitalist order, then, the state could not be used for reform with
peaceful means and must be abolished.
The structure of the ideal syndicalist
community was generally envisioned somewhat as follows. The unit of organization
would be the local syndicat, a free
association of self-governing "producers." It would be in touch with
other groups through the local bourse du
travail ("labour exchange"), which would function as a combination
of employment and economic planning agency. When all the producers were thus
linked together by the bourse, its
administration--consisting of elected representatives of the members--would be
able to estimate the capacities and necessities of the region, could coordinate
production, and, being in touch through other bourses with the industrial system as a whole, could arrange for the
necessary transfer of materials and commodities, inward and outward.
In keeping with their conception of the
state as a tool of capitalist oppression, the syndicalists shunned political
means of achieving their goals. This reliance upon direct industrial action
stemmed from practical considerations as well: outside the mine or factory, the
syndicalists realized, political differences among workers would come into play,
possibly hindering mass action. Inside, their similar employment gave workers a
sense of solidarity. Georges Sorel, a leading
syndicalist theoretician, developed the concept of the "social myth,"
which could be used to stir workers to revolutionary action. The general strike,
the preeminent syndicalist tool, was conceived of in these terms. If successful,
it inspires workers with a sense of power; if unsuccessful, it impresses upon
them the servility of their lot and the need for better organization and wider
aims.
In the United States the Industrial
Workers of the World embraced a form of syndicalism but aimed for a
system based on large, centralized unions rather than on local associations. The
Italian Fascist dictatorship of Benito Mussolini sought to use syndicalist
sentiment to gain support for its corporate state, which was in fact very much
at variance with the syndicalist model in emphasizing a strong state.
After World War I, syndicalists tended
to be lured away from the movement either by the Soviet model of communism or by
the prospects for working-class gains offered by trade unionism and
parliamentarianism in the Western republics. During the early years of Soviet
power, in 1920-21, quasi-syndicalist ideas were prevalent among the trade-union
communists' opposition movement, which acquired the name of "Workers'
Opposition."
|
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ (Syndicalisme).
(¿µ)Syndicalism.
Anarcho-SyndicalismÀ̶ó°íµµ ÇÔ.
±¹°¡¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çȸÁú¼¸¦ öÆóÇϰí,
»ý»ê´ÜÀ§·Î Á¶Á÷µÈ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ Á¶Á÷¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í »çȸÁú¼¸¦
¼ö¸³Çϱâ À§ÇØ ³ëµ¿°è±ÞÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÇൿÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ¿îµ¿.
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿Àº ÁÖ·Î 1900 ~14³â ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼ Ȱ¹ßÇϰÔ
Àü°³µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ½ºÆäÀÎ, ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ, ¿µ±¹, ¶óƾ ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ
¿©·¯ ³ª¶ó, ±×¹ÛÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¿©·¯ Áö¿ª¿¡ »ó´çÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃÆ´Ù.
Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÈÄ ÀÌÀüÀÇ °·ÂÇÏ°í ¿ªµ¿ÀûÀÎ ÈûÀº ÀÒ¾úÀ¸³ª
À¯·´¿¡¼´Â Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü±îÁö ÀÜ·ù ¼¼·ÂÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿Àº ÇÁ¶û½º ³ëµ¿°è±ÞÀÇ Ã¶ÀúÇÑ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ¿Í ¹Ý(Úã)ÀÇȸÀû
ÀüÅë¿¡¼ ¹ßÀüÇß´Ù. ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ ÇÇ¿¡¸£ Á¶Á¦ÇÁ ÇÁ·çµ¿°ú
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚ ¿À±Í½ºÆ® ºí¶ûŰ¿¡°Ô¼
Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹Þ¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, 19¼¼±â¸» ÇÁ¶û½º ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇտÀ»
ÁÖµµÇß´ø ÀϺΠÁöµµÀÚµéÀ» ÅëÇØ ÇϳªÀÇ À̳äÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇß´Ù.
ÀÌ ¿îµ¿À» ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼´Â 'Çõ¸íÀû »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿'À̶ó°í Çϴµ¥
¿©±â¼ »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿À̶ó´Â ¸»Àº ´ÜÁö '³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÁÖÀÇ'¸¦
¶æÇÑ´Ù. »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿Àû °æÇâÀº 1890³â´ë ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ µÎ
ÁÖ¿ä³ëµ¿´ÜüÀÎ ³ëµ¿Ãѵ¿¸Í(CGT)°ú ³ëµ¿Á¶Çջ繫¼Ò¿¬¸ÍÀÇ
¼¼·ÂÀÌ Ä¿Áü¿¡ µû¶ó ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. ³ëµ¿Á¶Çջ繫¼Ò¿¬¸Í ¼±â
Æä¸£³¶ Æç·çƼ´Â »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ Æ¯¼ºµéÀ» ±¸Ã¼È½Ã۰í
³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀüÆÄÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸¹Àº ³ë·ÂÀ» ±â¿ï¿´´Ù. 1902³â
µÎ ´Üü°¡ ÈûÀ» ÇÕÄ¡ÀÚ ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÁÖÀÇ, ƯÈ÷ »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿Àº
¸·°ÇÑ ÈûÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. »ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ®´Â ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÁÖÀÇÀÚó·³
ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇϰí, ¸¶Ä§³» ³ëµ¿°è±ÞÀÌ ½Â¸®ÇÏ°Ô µÉ
°è±ÞÅõÀïÀÌ ÀϾ±â¸¦ ±â´ëÇß´Ù. ¶Ç À̵éÀº ±¹°¡¸¦
º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çȸÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð µµ±¸¶ó°í ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ°í ¾î¶²
°æ¿ì¿¡µµ °ü·áÁÖÀÇÀû ±¸Á¶·Î ÀÎÇØ ¹Ýµå½Ã ºñÈ¿À²ÀûÀ̰í
µ¶ÀçÀûÀΠüÁ¦°¡ µÇ±â ¸¶·ÃÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. µû¶ó¼
ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ Áú¼ÀÇ ºÎ¼Ó¹°ÀÎ ±¹°¡´Â ¸¶¶¥È÷ öÆóµÇ¾î¾ß Çß´Ù.
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ÀÌ Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ »çȸ±¸Á¶´Â ´ëü·Î
´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¶Á÷´ÜÀ§´Â Áö¿ªÁ¶ÇÕÀ̸ç,
Áö¿ªÁ¶ÇÕÀº Áö¿ª Á÷¾÷¼Ò°³¼Ò(bourse du travail)¸¦ ÅëÇØ ´Ù¸¥
Á¶Á÷°ú Á¢ÃËÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. Á÷¾÷¼Ò°³¼Ò´Â ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ
Á÷¾÷¾Ë¼±±â°üÀÌÀÚ Á¶ÇÕȰµ¿ÀÇ Áß½ÉÁö ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
µû¶ó¼ ¸ðµç »ý»êÀÚ°¡ Á÷¾÷¼Ò°³¼Ò¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¿¬°áµÇ¸é ±×°÷ÀÇ
°ü¸®ÀÚµéÀº Áö¿ªÀÇ »ý»ê´É·Â°ú ¼ö¿ä¸¦ Ãß»êÇÏ°í »ý»êÀ»
Á¶ÀýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ Á÷¾÷¼Ò°³¼Ò¸¦ ÅëÇØ Àüü
»ê¾÷ü°è¿Í Á¢ÃËÀ» À¯ÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¿ø·á¿Í »óǰÀÇ
±¸ÀÔ¡¤Ãâ°í¸¦ ¹Ì¸® °èȹÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çȸÀÇ
¾ï¾Ð µµ±¸¶ó´Â ±¹°¡°ü ¶§¹®¿¡ »ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ®µéÀº ÀÚ±âµéÀÇ
¸ñÀûÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â µ¥ Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ¼ö´ÜÀ» ¹èÁ¦½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÀÌó·³
Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ÀïÀÇÇàÀ§¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Çö½ÇÀûÀÎ °í·Á¿¡¼
ºñ·ÔµÇ¾ú´Âµ¥, ±¤»ê ¶Ç´Â °øÀå ¹Û¿¡¼ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé »çÀÌÀÇ
Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ °ßÇØÂ÷À̰¡ Áý´ÜÇൿ¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°Å³ª ¹æÇØÇϰÔ
µÉ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» »ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ®µéÀÌ ±ú´Þ¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
°øÀå ¾È¿¡¼´Â ºñ½ÁÇÑ Á÷¾÷ÀÌ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô ¿¬´ë°¨À» °®°Ô
Çß´Ù. Ź¿ùÇÑ »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ÀÇ À̷а¡ Á¶¸£ÁÖ ¼Ò·¼Àº
'»çȸÀû ½ÅÈ'¶ó´Â °³³äÀ» ¸¸µé¾î, ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» ¼±µ¿Çؼ
Çõ¸íÀûÀÎ ÇൿÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â µ¥ ÀÌ¿ëÇß´Ù. ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿Àû ¼ö´ÜÀÎ ÃÑÆÄ¾÷µµ ÀÌ ¿ë¾î¿¡¼ °í¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù.
ÃÑÆÄ¾÷ÀÌ ¼º°øÇÏ¸é ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀڽۨÀ» °®°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀ̰í,
½ÇÆÐÇÏ¸é ¿î¸í¿¡ ±¼Á¾ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» ÁÖÀÔÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ´õ ³ªÀº
Á¶Á÷°ú Æø³ÐÀº ¸ñÇ¥°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â »ý°¢À» °®°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì ¼¼°è»ê¾÷³ëµ¿ÀÚ¿¬¸Í(IWW)¿¡¼
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ÀÇ ÇÑ À¯ÇüÀ» ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´À¸³ª, Áö¿ªÁ¶Á÷º¸´Ù
±Ô¸ð°¡ Å©°í Áß¾ÓÁý±ÇÀûÀÎ ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÐ üÁ¦¸¦
¸ñÇ¥·Î »ï¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀÇ º£´ÏÅä ¹«¼Ö¸®´Ï°¡ À̲ö
ÆÄ½Ã½ºÆ® Á¤±ÇÀº ¹ýÀÎÇü ±¹°¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÁö¸¦ ¾ò¾î³»±â À§ÇØ
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ÀÇ ÃëÁö¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ·Á Çߴµ¥, ¹ýÀÎÇü ±¹°¡´Â
½ÇÁ¦·Î °·ÂÇÑ ±¹°¡¸¦ °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼ »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿°ú
Å©°Ô ´Þ¶ú´Ù. Á¦1Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü ÈÄ »ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ®µéÀº
¼Òºñ¿¡Æ®Çü(úþ) °ø»êÁÖÀÇ¿¡ À̲ø¸®°Å³ª ¼±¸ »çȸÀÇ
³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕÁÖÀÇ¿Í ÀÇȸÁÖÀǰ¡ ³ëµ¿°è±Þ¿¡ À̵æÀ» °¡Á®´Ù ÁÙ
°ÍÀ̶ó´Â Àü¸Á¿¡ À̲ø·Á »ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ ¿îµ¿¿¡¼ ÀÌÅ»ÇÏ´Â
°æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ¼Òºñ¿¡Æ® ±Ç·Â ÃʱâÀÎ 1920~21³â À¯»çÇÑ
»ýµðÄ®¸®½¿ÀÌ ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕ °ø»êÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÀúÇ׿À» ¹úÀÌ´ø
Áß À¯ÇàÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ ¿îµ¿Àº ÈÄ¿¡ '³ëµ¿ÀÚ ÀúÇ׿'À̶ó°í
ºÒ¸®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
|