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Godwin, William
(b. March 3, 1756, Wisbech, Isle of Ely, Cambridgeshire, Eng.--d. April 7, 1836,
London), social philosopher, political journalist, and religious dissenter who
anticipated the English Romantic literary movement with his writings advancing
atheism, anarchism, and personal freedom.
Godwin's idealistic liberalism was based
on the principle of the absolute sovereignty and competence of reason to
determine right choice. An optimist regarding man's future perfectibility, he
combined cultural determinism with a doctrine of extreme individualism. The
object of his principal work, An
Enquiry Concerning Political Justice, and Its Influence on General Virtue and
Happiness (1793), was to reject conventional government by
demonstrating the corrupting evil and tyranny inherent in its power of
manipulation. He proposed in its place small self-subsisting communities. He
argued that social institutions fail because they impose on man generalized
thought categories and preconceived ideas, which make it impossible to see
things as they are.
It has been claimed that Godwin's works
laid the foundations for the mutually contradictory doctrines of communism and
anarchy. In fact their germ, though undeveloped, is to be found in two separate
elements in his thinking. He advocated neither the abolition nor the
"communalization" of property; property was to be held, a sacred
trust, at the disposal of him whose need was greatest. His most powerful
personal belief was that "everything understood by the term co-operation is
in some sense an evil," from which proceeded his most influential anarchic
doctrines.
Among his other writings are The
Enquirer (1797), a collection of essays; Of
Population (1820), a reply to Thomas Malthus's writings on the subject; Thoughts on Man: His Nature, Production, and Discoveries (1831); and
his widely acclaimed ideological novel, Things
as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams (1794).
Godwin was married in 1797 to Mary
Wollstonecraft (q.v.), who was the mother of his daughter Mary Wollstonecraft
Shelley.
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