|
Bakunin, Mikhail
Aleksandrovich (b. May 30 [May 18, old style], 1814,
Premukhine, Russia--d. July 1 [June 19, O.S.], 1876, Bern), chief propagator of
19th-century anarchism, a prominent Russian
revolutionary agitator, and a prolific political writer. His quarrel with Karl
Marx split the European revolutionary movement for many years.
Bakunin was the eldest son of a small
landowner in the province of Tver. He grew up in idyllic surroundings,
romantically devoted to four sisters who were nearer to him in age than his
younger brothers. His lifetime of revolt began when he was sent to the Artillery
School in St. Petersburg and later was posted to a military unit on the Polish
frontier. In 1835 he absented himself without leave and resigned his commission,
narrowly escaping arrest for desertion. For the next five years he divided his
time between Premukhine, where he plunged into the study of the German
philosophers Johann Fichte and Hegel, and Moscow, where he moved in the literary
circles of the critic V.G. Belinsky, the novelist Ivan Turgenev, and the
publicist Aleksandr Herzen. In 1840, his
opinions still in a state of fluid turbulence, he journeyed to Berlin to
complete his education. There he fell under the spell of the Young Hegelians,
the radical followers of Hegel, and, having moved to Dresden, in 1842 published
in a radical journal his first revolutionary credo, ending with the now-famous
aphorism: "The passion for destruction is also a creative passion."
This brought him a peremptory order to return to Russia and, on his refusal, the
loss of his passport. After brief periods in Switzerland and Belgium, Bakunin
settled in Paris, where he consorted with French and German Socialists,
including Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Karl
Marx, and with numerous Polish émigrés who inspired him to
combine the cause of the national liberation of the Slav peoples with that of
social revolution. The February Revolution of 1848
in Paris gave him his first taste of street fighting; and after a few days of
eager participation he travelled eastward in the hope of fanning the flames in
Germany and Poland. In Prague in June 1848, he attended the Slav congress, which
ended when Austrian troops bombarded the city; and later in the year, in the
secure retreat of Anhalt-Köthen, in Germany, he wrote his first major
manifesto, An Appeal to the Slavs. He
denounced the bourgeoisie as a spent counterrevolutionary force; he called for
the overthrow of the Habsburg Empire and the creation in central Europe of a
free federation of Slav peoples; and he counted on the peasant and especially on
the Russian peasant, with his tradition of violent revolt, as the agent of the
coming revolution. (see also Pan-Slavism)
Tired of inaction, Bakunin once more
plunged into revolutionary intrigues and, engaging in the Dresden insurrection
of May 1849, failed this time to escape arrest. The Saxon authorities handed him
over to Austria and Austria, after a further period of incarceration, to Russia.
In May 1851 he was back on Russian soil in the Peter-Paul Fortress in St.
Petersburg. There, at the invitation of the chief of police, he wrote an
enigmatic Confession, which was not
published until 1921. Much of it consists of expressions of repentance for
misdeeds and abject appeals for mercy. But it includes some gestures of defiance
and plays heavily on Bakunin's devotion to the Slavs and hatred of the
Germans--sentiments that were noted with interest and approval by the Tsar. They
did not, however, help the prisoner. He remained for three years in the
Peter-Paul Fortress and for three further years in another fortress, the
Schlisselburg, in conditions of rapidly deteriorating health. Finally, in 1857
he was released to live in Siberia. There he contracted a marriage, which was
not consummated, with the daughter of a Polish merchant. The governor of Eastern
Siberia was a cousin of Bakunin's mother, and it was probably through this
connection that he obtained permission in 1861 to travel down the Amur,
ostensibly on commercial business. Having reached the coast in a Russian ship,
he transferred to an American vessel bound for Japan and travelled via the
United States to Great Britain.
Bakunin's arrival in London at the end
of 1861 reunited him with Herzen, whom he had last seen in Paris in 1847 and who
now occupied a preeminent position among Russian émigrés as editor
of Kolokol ("The Bell").
Bakunin's 14-month stay in London led to an irretrievable rift with Herzen, who
had shed some of the revolutionary ardour of his youth and had already crossed
swords with the critic and novelist Nikolay Chernyshevsky and other extreme
radicals of the rising Russian generation. He now found Bakunin's financial, as
well as political, irresponsibility hard to bear. When the Polish insurrection
broke out early in 1863, Bakunin eagerly embarked with a shipload of Polish
volunteers for the Baltic. He got only as far as Sweden, where he spent a
fruitless summer. At the beginning of 1864 he established himself in Italy,
which became his residence for four years. It was there that he framed the main
outlines of the anarchist creed that he preached with unsystematic but
unremitting vigour for the rest of his life. It was there, too, that he began to
weave that complex network, part real, part fictitious, of interlocking secret
revolutionary societies that absorbed his energies and bewildered the followers
whom he enrolled in them.
The most famous episode of Bakunin's
later years was his quarrel with Marx. In 1868, then settled in Geneva, he
joined the First International, a federation of
working-class parties aiming at transforming the capitalist societies into
Socialist commonwealths and their eventual unification in a world federation. At
the same time, however, he enrolled his followers in a semisecret Social
Democratic Alliance, which he conceived as a revolutionary avant-garde within
the International. The same organization could not hold two such powerful and
incompatible personalities; and at The Hague congress in 1872 Marx, by an
intrigue that had little relation to the causes of the quarrel, secured the
expulsion of Bakunin and his followers from the International. The breach split
the revolutionary movement in Europe for many years to come. Two of Bakunin's
major writings, L'Empire knouto-germanique
et la révolution sociale (1871) and Staat en anarchie (1873), directly reflected his conflict with Marx.
Bakunin was as uncompromising a revolutionary as Marx and never ceased to preach
the overthrow of the existing order by violent means. But he rejected political
control, centralization, and subordination to authority (while making an
unconscious exception of his own authority within the movement). He denounced
what he regarded as characteristically Germanic ways of thought and organization
and opposed to them the untutored spirit of revolt that he found embodied in the
Russian peasant. Bakunin's anarchism took final shape as the antithesis of
Marx's communism.
During his last years, which he spent in
penury in Switzerland, Bakunin reverted to his preoccupation with central and
eastern Europe. He was compromised by a short-lived enthusiasm for S.G.
Nechayev, a young Russian nihilist who paraded his contempt for
conventional morality, achieved notoriety by murdering a fellow conspirator whom
he suspected of intending to betray or desert the cause, and for this crime was
eventually extradited to Russia by the Swiss authorities. Bakunin consorted with
Russian, Polish, Serb, and Romanian émigrés, among whom he found
eager disciples; drafted proclamations; and planned revolutionary organizations.
His health grew worse; his financial embarrassments became ever more acute, and
he depended on the bounties of a few Italian and Swiss friends. But he never
wholly lost the resilience of his revolutionary convictions.
Proudhon and Bakunin rank as the
founding fathers of 19th-century anarchism. Bakunin formulated no coherent body
of doctrine. His voluminous and vigorous writings were often left incomplete.
But his fame and personality inspired a large and widely dispersed following.
Small anarchist groups existed in Great Britain, Switzerland, and Germany,
whereas the powerful anarcho-syndicalist wing of the French trade unions owed
more to Proudhon than to Bakunin. Anarchist movements owing allegiance to
Bakunin continued to flourish in Italy and especially in Spain, however, where
as late as 1936 the anarchists were the strongest revolutionary party. (E.H.C.)
|
¹ÙÄí´Ñ (Mikhail Aleksandrovich Bakunin). 1814. 5. 30(±¸·Â 5. 18) ·¯½Ã¾Æ
ÇÁ·¹¹«È÷³×~1876. 7. 1(±¸·Â 6. 19) ½ºÀ§½º º£¸¥. ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ÀÛ°¡¡¤Çõ¸í°¡¡¤¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÚ.¡¡
 |
| ¹ÙÄí´Ñ |
19¼¼±â À¯·´ÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀǿÀº ±×¿Í Ä«¸¦ ¸¶¸£Å©½º»çÀÌÀÇ
À̳äÀû ¹Ý¸ñÀ¸·Î ¼ö³â °£ È¥¼±À» ºú°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
¹ÌÇÏÀÏ ¾Ë·º»êµå·ÎºñÄ¡ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº Æ®º£¸®(Áö±ÝÀÇ Ä®¸®´Ñ)
Áö¹æ ¼ÒÁöÁÖÀÇ ¸º¾Æµé·Î ž´Ù. ±×¿¡°Ô´Â 4¸íÀÇ ´©ÀÌ¿Í
³²µ¿»ýÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ¾Æ¿ì¿Í´Â ³ªÀÌ Â÷À̰¡ ¸¹¾Ò´Ù. ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº
¸ñ°¡ÀûÀÎ Àü¿ø ¼Ó¿¡¼ ¾ÖÁ¤ ³ÑÄ¡´Â À¯³â½ÃÀýÀ» º¸³Â´Ù.
»óÆ®ÆäÅ׸£ºÎ¸£Å© Æ÷º´Çб³¸¦ Á¹¾÷ÇÑ µÚ Æú¶õµå ±¹°æ¿¡
¹è¼ÓµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª ±×ÀÇ ¹ÝÇ×ÀûÀÎ ±âÁúÀº À̹«·Æ ¹ú½á ¹ßÈֵǰí
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 1835³â ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº Á÷¹«¸¦ À¯±âÇÑ Ã¤ ¼Ò¼ÓºÎ´ë¸¦
ÀÌÅ»Çß°í °¡±î½º·Î üÆ÷¸¸À» ¸éÇß´Ù. 5³â µ¿¾È ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº
°íÇâ ÇÁ·¹¹«È÷³×¿¡¼ ÇÇÈ÷Å׿Í
Çì°ÖÀÇ
öÇÐÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí, ºñÆò°¡ º§¸°½ºÅ°,
¼Ò¼³°¡ Åõ¸£°Ô³×ÇÁ,
Á¤Ä¡Æò·Ð°¡ Ç츣Á¨
µîÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¸ð½ºÅ©¹ÙÀÇ ¹®¿¹ ¼Å¬¿¡ ÃâÀÔÇϱ⵵ Çß´Ù.
±×ÀÇ Á¤Ä¡Àû °æÇذ¡ ¾ÆÁ÷ È¥¶õ»óÅ¿¡ ÀÖ¾ú´ø 1840³â ¹ÌÇÏÀÏÀº
¿¬±¸¸¦ °è¼ÓÇϱâ À§ÇØ µ¶ÀÏ·Î ¶°³´Ù. º£¸¦¸°¿¡¼ û³â Çì°Ö
ÇÐÆÄ¿¡ ¸Å·áµÈ ±×´Â 1842³â µå·¹½ºµ§ÀÇ ±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇ ½Å¹®¿¡
´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °æ±¸·Î ³¡À» ¸Î´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Çõ¸íÀû ½ÅÁ¶¸¦ ¹àÈù´Ù.
"ÆÄ±«ÀÇ ¿Á¤Àº µ¿½Ã¿¡ âÁ¶ÀÇ ¿Á¤À̱⵵ ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù."
·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Íȯ¸í·ÉÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº ¿©±ÇÀ»
ȸ¼ö´çÇß°í ½ºÀ§½º¿Í º§±â¿¡¿¡ Àá½Ã ü·ùÇÑ µÚ ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡
Á¤ÂøÇß´Ù. ÆÄ¸®¿¡¼´Â ÇÇ¿¡¸£ Á¶Á¦ÇÁ ÇÁ·çµ¿,
Ä«¸¦ ¸¶¸£Å©½º µî ´ç´ëÀÇ Àú¸íÇÑ »çȸÁÖÀÇ »ç»ó°¡µé°ú
±³ºÐÀ» ½×¾ÒÀ¸¸ç Æú¶õµåÀÎ ¸Á¸í°¡µé°ú ¾î¿ï¸®±âµµ Çߴµ¥
À̸¦ ÅëÇØ »çȸÁÖÀÇ Çõ¸í°ú ½½¶óºê ¹ÎÁ·Çعæ¿îµ¿ÀÇ ¿¬°è¸¦
±¸»óÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¹ÙÄí´Ñ¿¡°Ô 1848³â 2¿ùÇõ¸íÀº ÃÖÃÊÀÇ
°¡µÎÅõÀï °æÇèÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¸çÄ¥°£À» ¿·ÄÈ÷ ½ÃÀ§¿¡ µ¿ÂüÇß´ø
±×´Â µ¿ºÎ À¯·´ÀÇ Çõ¸í±â¿îÀ» ÁøÀÛ½Ãų ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î µ¶ÀÏÀ»
°ÅÃÄ Æú¶õµå¸¦ ¹æ¹®ÇÑ´Ù. ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº 1848³â 6¿ù ½½¶óºê
¹ÎÁ·È¸ÀÇ¿¡ Âü¼®ÇßÀ¸³ª ȸÀÇ´Â ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ Á¦±¹±ºÀÇ ÇÁ¶óÇÏ
Æ÷°ÝÀ¸·Î Áß´ÜµÇ°í ¸»¾Ò°í ±×ÇØ¸» µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¾ÈÇÒÆ®ÄêÅÙ¿¡
Àº½ÅÇÏ¸é¼ ÃÖÃÊÀÇ Çõ¸í°·É¼±¾ðÀÎ ¡´½½¶óºê
¹ÎÁ·¿¡ °íÇÔ Aufruf an die Slaven¡µÀ» ÀÛ¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ºÎ¸£ÁÖ¾Æ °è±ÞÀ»
¼Ò¸êÇØ°¡´Â ¹ÝÇõ¸í¼¼·ÂÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ ±×´Â ÇÕ½ººÎ¸£Å© Á¦±¹(¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ-Çë°¡¸®
Á¦±¹)À» Àüº¹½ÃÄÑ ÁߺΠÀ¯·´¿¡ ½½¶óºê ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¬¹æÀ»
°á¼ºÇÒ °ÍÀ» Ã˱¸Çß´Ù. ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº ³ó¹Î°èÃþ, ƯÈ÷ ¹«·ÂÀúÇ×ÀÇ
ÀüÅëÀ» Áö´Ñ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ³ó¹Î°èÃþ¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇØ ±×µéÀ» ´Ù°¡¿Ã
Çõ¸íÀÇ ÁßÃß¼¼·ÂÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´´Ù.
¼Ò±ØÀûÀÎ µµÇÇ»ýȰ¿¡ ¿°ÁõÀ» ´À³¤ ±×´Â 1849³â 5¿ùÀÇ
µå·¹½ºµ§ Æøµ¿À» ÁÖ¼±ÇßÀ¸³ª °Ë°Å¸¦ ¹Ìó ÇÇÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí
ÀÛ¼¾°ú ¿À½ºÆ®¸®¾Æ¿¡ ÀÌ¾î ·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀεµµÇ¾ú´Ù. 1851³â
5¿ù »óÆ®ÆäÅ׸£ºÎ¸£Å©ÀÇ ÆäÅ׸£ÆÄ¿ï ¿ä»õ¿¡ À¯ÆóµÈ
¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº ÇÑ °æÂû°£ºÎÀÇ Á¦ÀǸ¦ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿© ±âÀÌÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÇ ¡´°í¹é·Ï
Confession¡µÀ» ÁýÇÊÇÑ´Ù. 1921³â¿¡¾ß ¼¼Àε鿡 ¾Ë·ÁÁö°Ô µÇ´Â
¡´°í¹é·Ï¡µÀº °ú°ÅÀÇ ¹«ÀýÁ¦ÇÑ ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý¼º°ú
±¼¿åÀûÀÎ °ü¿ëÀÇ È£¼Ò°¡ ÁÖ¸¦ ÀÌ·ç°í ÀÖÁö¸¸ ¾à°£ÀÇ
¹ÝÇ×Àǽİú ÇÔ²² µ¶ÀÏÀÎÀ» ÇâÇÑ Áõ¿À½É°ú ´ç½Ã Â÷¸£ÀÇ
È£°¨À» »ç°í ÀÖ´ø ½½¶óºê ¹ÎÁ·ÁÖÀÇÀÇ ½Å³äÀ» ºÎ°¢½Ã۰í
ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¡´°í¹é·Ï¡µÀº ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ »óȲÀ»
È£Àü½ÃÄÑÁÖÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×´Â 3³â µ¿¾È ´õ ¼ö°¨µÇ¾ú°í °Ç°ÀÇ
¾ÇÈ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ½¶¸®¼¿ºÎ¸£Å© ¿ä»õ¿¡¼ ´Ù½Ã 3³âÀ» º¸³»¾ß Çß´Ù.
1857³â ¹ÌÇÏÀÏ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº ¸¶Ä§³» ¼®¹æµÇ¾ú´Ù. ´ç±¹À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
½Ãº£¸®¾Æ ÀÌÁÖÇã°¡¼¸¦ ¾ò¾î³½ ±×´Â Æú¶õµå »óÀÎÀÇ µþ°ú
¾àÈ¥µµ ÇßÁö¸¸ °áÈ¥¿¡±îÁö À̸£Áö´Â ¸øÇß´Ù. ´ç½Ã µ¿
½Ãº£¸®¾Æ Áö¹æÀÇ Ãѵ¶Àº ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿Í
»çÃÌÁö°£À̾ú´Âµ¥ 1861³â ±×°¡ Åë»óÀ» ÀÌÀ¯·Î ¾Æ¹«¸£ °
À¯¿ªÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬°í ¶§¹®À̾ú´ø
°ÍÀ¸·Î ÁüÀ۵ȴÙ. ÅÂÆò¾ç ¿¬¾È¿¡ ´Ù´Ù¸¥ ±×´Â ÀϺ»À¸·Î °¡´Â
¹Ì±¹ »ó¼±¿¡ ¸öÀ» ½Ç¾ú°í ¹Ì±¹À» °æÀ¯ÇÏ¿© Ç×ÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
1861³â¸» ·±´ø¿¡ µµÂøÇÑ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº 1847³â ÆÄ¸®¿¡¼ Çì¾îÁø
µÚ ¼Ò½ÄÀÌ ²÷°å´ø µ¿·á ¾Ë·º»êµå·Î Ç츣Á¨°ú
ÀçȸÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¡´Á¾(ñ¤) Kolokol¡µÀÇ ÆíÁýÀåÀ̾ú´ø Ç츣Á¨Àº
·±´øÀÇ ¹ß¸í°¡µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ¸í¸ÁÀ» ½×¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. 14°³¿ù°£ÀÇ
·±´ø ü·ù´Â Ç츣Á¨°úÀÇ °áº°·Î ÆÄ±¹À» ¸Â¾Ò°í ±×µé »çÀÌÀÇ
Àǰߴ븳Àº µ¹ÀÌų ¼ö ¾ø´Â Áö°æ¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. Ç츣Á¨Àº
ÀþÀº½ÃÀýÀÇ ¿Á¤À» µÚ·Î ÇÑ Ã¤ ¼ÒÀå ±ÞÁøÁÖÀÇÀÚ Ã¼¸£´Ï¼ÎÇÁ½ºÅ°¿Í
³íÀïÀ» ÀÏ»ï°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ ¹«ºÐº°ÇÑ ¾ðµ¿°ú
±ÝÀüÀûÀÎ ¹«Ã¥ÀÓ¼ºÀ» ¿ë³³Çϱ⵵ ¾î·Á¿ü´Ù. 1863³âÃÊ
Æú¶õµå¿¡¼ ¹«ÀåºÀ±â°¡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº Æú¶õµåÀÎ
Áö¿øºÎ´ë¸¦ À̲ø°í ¹ßÆ® ÇØ·Î ÇâÇßÀ¸³ª °Ü¿ì ½º¿þµ§±îÁö
ÁøÃâÇßÀ»»Ó ±×ÇØ ¿©¸§À» ¿ÂÅë ¼ÒÀÏÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ´Â
1864³âºÎÅÍ 4³â µ¿¾È ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ Ã¼·ùÁö°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
ü°èÀûÀÌÁö´Â ¾ÊÁö¸¸ Æò»ýÀ» Çå½ÅÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ
¿øÄ¢µéÀÌ Á¤¸³µÈ °÷µµ À̰÷À̸ç, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ºñ¹Ð°á»çµé·ÎºÎÅÍ
ÀϺδ ½ÇÁ¦À̰í ÀϺδ °¡°øÀûÀÎ Çõ¸íÁ¶Á÷¸ÁÀÌ Çü¼ºµÈ
°÷µµ ¹Ù·Î À̰÷¿¡¼¿´´Ù.
¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ ¸¸³â¿¡ ÀÏ¾î³ °¡Àå Áß´ëÇÑ »ç°ÇÀº Ä«¸¦ ¸¶¸£Å©½º¿ÍÀÇ
À̳ä´ë¸³À̶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¦³×¹Ù¿¡ Á¤ÂøÇØ ÀÖ¾ú´ø ±×´Â
À¯·´ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´çÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕüÀÎ Á¦1ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³Î(±¹Á¦³ëµ¿ÀÚÇùȸ)¿¡
°¡ÀÔÇß´Ù. Á¦1ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³ÎÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ÀÚº»ÁÖÀÇ »çȸ¸¦
¹ü¼¼°èÀûÀÎ »çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿¬¹æÀ¸·Î ÅëÇÕ½ÃŰ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé·Î ºñ¹ÐÇõ¸íÀüÀ§´ëÀÎ '»çȸ¹ÎÁÖÁÖÀǵ¿¸Í'À»
°á¼ºÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³Î ³»ºÎ¿¡ ¼¼·ÂÀ» ±¸ÃàÇß´Ù.
ÀÎÅͳ»¼Å³ÎÀº ¹ÙÄí´Ñ°ú ¸¶¸£Å©½º¶ó´Â ¾ç¸³ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â µÎ
°Å¹°À» Æ÷¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú°í, 1872³â ¸¶¸£Å©½º´Â ÇìÀ̱×
´ëȸ¿¡¼ ÀǰßÂ÷À̶ó°í´Â ¹Ï±â ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ À½¸ð¸¦ ÅëÇØ
¹ÙÄí´ÑÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÃàÃâ¿¡ ¼º°øÇß´Ù. ¾ç ¼¼·Â °£ÀÇ ºÒÈ´Â
ÇâÈÄ ¿©·¯ ÇØ µ¿¾È À¯·´ÀÇ Çõ¸í¿îµ¿À» ºÐ¿½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÌ
Àú¼úÇÑ ¡´¾ÐÁ¦ÀÇ Á¦±¹ µ¶Àϰú »çȸÇõ¸í L'Empire Knouto-germanique
et la révolution sociale¡µ(1871) ¹× ¡´¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ »çȸ Staat en
anarchie¡µ(1873)´Â ¸¶¸£Å©½º¿ÍÀÇ ³íÀïÀ» ´Ù·é °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. È®°íÇÑ
»çȸÁÖÀÇ Çõ¸í°¡·Î¼ Æø·ÂÀ» ÅëÇÑ ±âÁ¸Áú¼ÀÇ ÆÄ±«¸¦
¿ª¼³Çß´ø ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀÎ ÅëÁ¦, Áß¾ÓÁý±ÇÁÖÀÇ, ±ÇÀ§¿¡
´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾°ú °°Àº ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÀÇ ¿øÄ¢µéÀ» °ÅºÎÇϰí(ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
±ÇÀ§´Â ¿¹¿Ü¿´Áö¸¸) µ¶ÀÏ ÃëÇâÀÇ »ç»ó°ú Á¶Á÷±¸¼º¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÑ
µÚ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³ó¹Î°èÃþ¿¡ ±¸ÇöµÈ ÀúÇ×ÀǽÄÀ» ³»¼¼¿ü´Ù. ¹ÌÇÏÀÏ
¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ´Â ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÀÇ °ø»êÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
´ë¸³¸íÁ¦('¹Ý', Çì°Ö º¯Áõ¹ýÀÇ Á¦2´Ü°è)·Î¼ ºñ·Î¼Ò ¿Ï¼ºµÈ
¸ð½ÀÀ» °®Ãß°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±ÃÇÌÇÑ ¸»³âÀ» ½ºÀ§½º¿¡¼ º¸³»¸é¼ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº ÁߺοÍ
µ¿ºÎ À¯·´À¸·Î °ü½ÉÀ» µ¹·È´Ù. ÀÌÁîÀ½ û³â Çõ¸í°¡ S. G. ³×Â÷¿¹ÇÁ¿ÍÀÇ
°ü°è´Â ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ ÆòÆÇ¿¡ ¿ÀÁ¡À» ³²°å´Âµ¥ ¿°¼¼Àû¡¤¹ÝÀηûÀûÀÎ
³×Â÷¿¹ÇÁ°¡
Çõ¸íÀ̳äÀ» Àú¹ö¸®·Á Çß´ø Á¶Á÷³» µ¿·á¸¦ »ìÇØÇϰí
µµÇÇÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¹°ÀǸ¦ ÀÏÀ¸Äױ⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº
·¯½Ã¾Æ¡¤Æú¶õµå¡¤¼¼¸£ºñ¾Æ¡¤·ç¸¶´Ï¾Æ ¸Á¸íÀλçµé°ú
Á¢ÃËÇÏ¸é¼ ¼±¾ð¹®À» ±âÃÊÇϰí Çõ¸íÁ¶Á÷ÀÇ °á¼ºÀ» Ãß¡Çß´Ù.
°Ç°ÀÌ ¾ÇÈ ÀϷηΠġ´Ý°í Ä£±¸µéÀÇ º¸Á¶±Ý¿¡ ÀÇÁöÇÏ¿©
»ý°è¸¦ À̲ø¾î³ª°¡´Â °ï°æ ¼Ó¿¡¼µµ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ½Å³äÀÌ
¾àÈµÈ ÀûÀº °áÄÚ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
¹ÌÇÏÀÏ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀº Á¶Á¦ÇÁ ÇÁ·çµ¿°ú ÇÔ²² 19¼¼±â
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇÀÇ ÁÖâÀÚ·Î Æò°¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³í¸®ÀûÀÎ
ÀÌ·Ðü°è°¡ ¸¶·ÃµÈ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï°í Àǿ忡 Âù ¹æ´ëÇÑ Àú¼úµéÀº
¹Ì¿Ï¼ºÀÎ °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ ¸í¼º°ú ¸Å·ÂÀº À¯·´
°÷°÷¿¡ ½¢ÇÑ ÃßÁ¾¼¼·ÂÀ» Çü¼º½ÃÄ×´Ù. ¿µ±¹¡¤½ºÀ§½º¡¤µ¶ÀÏ¿¡
ÀûÀº ¼öÀÌÁö¸¸ ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ Á¶Á÷ÀÌ ±¸ÃàµÇ¾ú°í ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼´Â
ºñ±³Àû ÇÁ·çµ¿ÁÖÀÇ¿¡ °¡±î¿üÁö¸¸ ¾Æ³ª¸£ÄÚ-»ýµðÄ®¸®½ºÆ®µéÀÌ
¼¼·ÂÀ» °ú½ÃÇß´Ù. ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ¹× ½ºÆäÀο¡¼ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÁÖÀÇÀû
¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿Àº °è¼Ó À¶¼ºÇßÀ¸¸ç ƯÈ÷ 1936³â±îÁö
½ºÆäÀÎÀÇ »çȸÁÖÀÇ Çõ¸í¿îµ¿À» ÁÖµµÇÑ ¼¼·ÂÀº ¹ÌÇÏÀÏ
¾Ë·º»êµå·ÎºñÄ¡ ¹ÙÄí´ÑÀÇ ÈÄ¿¹µéÀ̾ú´Ù.
|