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Philosophy

지혜의 탐구

Philosophy Index

» History of Philosophy

» History of Western philosophy

» Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy

» The beginnings of philosophy In Greece: the Pre-Socratic philosophers

» Cosmology and the metaphysics of matter: theories of the origin and nature of the physical world, monistic and pluralistic cosmologies

• atomism

• hylozoisrn

• Ionian school

• materialism

• pluralism and monism

• Anaxagoras

• Heracleitus

•Thales Of MILETUS

» The rise of problems In the theory of knowledge: problems about the real and phenomenal worlds

• Eleaticisrn

• Not-Being, denial of

• paradoxes of Zeno

» The metaphysics of number: Pythagorean speculations about number and the nature of reality, advances toward the foundation of quantitative science

• opposites, table of

• Pythagoreanisrn

• Pythagoras

» Anthropology and relativism: the Sophists' criticism of cosmological and metaphysical speculations, man as the measure of all things, the positions of the Sophists about the conventionality of law and Justice

• ethical relativism

• nomos

• Sophist

• Achilles paradox

• Anaximenes OF MILETUS

• Empedocles

• Xenocrates

» The maturity of Greek philosophy

• The ethical concerns and positions of Socrates: the Socratic method of teaching, the Influence of Socrates

» The philosophy of Plato: his Dialogues on Issues In politics, ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, and cosmology, his emphasis on the relations of mathematics to philosophy

• Academy

• Demiurge

• Platonisrn

• World-Soul

» The philosophy of Aristotle: his criticism of Platonic metaphysics and theory of knowledge, the corpus of his works on logic, his teleological positions In biology, ethics, and politics, his empirical researches In the natural sciences and on laws and political Institutions

• Aristotelianism

• Lyceum

• teleology

• Megarian school

» Hellenlstic and Roman philosophy: developments from the time of Alexander III the Great to the closing of the philosophical schools In Athens

» The philosophy of the Stoics: the teaching of Zeno of Citium concerning the oasis of human happiness, the further elaboration of Stoic thought by Cleanthes and Chrysippus, the role of Stoicism during the late Roman Republic and the empire

• apathy

• cosmopolitanism

• Stoicism

• Chrysippus

• Cleanthes •-••

• Diogenes OF BABYLON

• Epictetus

• Marcus AurelIus

• Seneca, LucIus Annaeus

• Zeno OF CITIUM

» The philosophy of the Epicureans: the teaching of Epicurus concerning the universe, the role of pleasure, and man's relationship to the gods

• Epicureanism

• Epicurus

• Lucretius

» The philosophy of the Skeptics: the teaching of Pyrrhon of Ells concerning man's lack of certainty in knowing, the role of the Skeptics In preserving the doctrines of ancient philosophers

• Skepticism

• Pyrrhon OF ELIS

» The philosophy of the Neo-Pythagoreans and of the Neoplatonists: the teaching of Plotinus concerning the various levels of being,. Neo-Pythagorean schools In Asia Minor

• emanationism

• Neoplatonism

• World-Soul

• Asclepigenia

• Eusebius of MYNDUS

• MacroBIUS, AmorosIus Theodosius

• Numenius OF APAMEA

• Plotinus

• Procius

• Pseudo-Dionysius THE AREOPAOITE

» Jewish and Christian philosophy during the Hellenistic Age: diverse attempts to relate the teachings of the Hellenistic and Roman schools to Jewish and Christian theology

• emanationism

• Aristides

• Aristobulus OF PANEAS

• Athenagoras

• Clement OF ALEXANDRIA, SAINT

• Evagrius PONTICUS

• Justin MARTYR, SAINT

• Nemesius OF EMESA

• Philo JUDAEUS

• Tatian

• Cynic

• Cyrenaic

• Anniceris

• Bion OF BORYSTHENES

• Cicero, Marcus Tullius

• Dion CHRYSOSTOM

• Elea

• logos

» Philosophy In the Middle Ages

» Early medieval philosophy

» The patristic period: Augustine's use of Neoplatonist thought In his theology and his doctrine of man, the role of Boethius' translations and commentaries, Anselm's proofs of the existence of God, the methodology of Abelard

• patristic literature

• Ambrose, SAINT

• Anselm OF CANTERBURY, SAINT

• Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus

• Gaunilo

• Gilbert CRISPIN

• Gregory OF NAZIANZUS, SAINT

• Gregory OF NYSSA, SAINT

• John OF DAMASCUS, SAINT

• Nemesius OF EMESA

• Philoponus, John

• Pseudo-Dionysius THE AREOPAGITE

» Philosophy and the liberal arts In the schools of the Christian West from the 9th to the 11th century

• Berengar OF TOURS

• Erigena, John Scotus

• Italus, John

• William OF CHAMFEAUX

• Psellus, Michael (Constantine)

» The contribution of Arabic and Jewish philosophy: the role of the Islamic philosophers In Increasing the Influence of Aristotle In the West, the teaching' of Solomon ibn Gabirol and Maimonides

• Latin Averroism

• Anatoli, Jacob

• Averroes

• Avicenna

• Bar Hebraeus

• Gundisalvo, Domingo

• ibn Ezra, Abraham Gen Meir

• ibn Gabirol

• ibn Miskawayh

• ibn Tibbon, Moses ben Samuel

• Judah ha-Levi

• Maimonides, Moses

• Raimunao, Don

• Razi, ar-

• Scot, Michael

• Tusi, Nasir ad-DIn at-

» The age of the Schoolmen: the attempt to reconcile philosophy and theology, the teaching of Bonaventure and Alhertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas' synthesis of Arlstotellanlsm. and Christian theology

• scholasticism

• Thomisrn

• Abelard, Peter

• Alain DE LILLE

• Albertus MAGNUS, SAINT

• Alexander OF HALES

• Bacon, Roger

• Bernard DE CHARTRES

• Bonaventure, SAINT

• Cyclones, Demethus ^:

• Cyclones, Prochorus

• Giles OF ROME

• Godfrey OF FONTAINES

• Henry OF GHENT

• Hugh OF SAINT-VICTOR

• Isaac OF STELLA

• John OF PARIS

• Siger DE BRABANT

• William OF AUVERGNE

• William OF AUXERRE

» Philosophy In the late Middle Ages: new styles of philosophy and theology that vied with Thomisrn, the criticism of Aristotelian thought by Duns Scotus and Ockham, the speculative mysticism of Eckehart, Nicholas of Cusa's doctrine of the "coincidence of opposites"

• Ockham's razor

• Achilini, Alessandro

• Baconthorpe, John

• Biel, Gabriel

• Bradwardine, Thomas

• Bruno, Giordano

• Cajetan

• Capreolus, Jean'

• Duns Scotus, John

• Durandus OF SAINT-POURCAIN

• Eckhart.MEISTER

• Francis OF MEYRONNES

• Gemistus Plethon, George I

• Gennadios II SCHOLARIOS

• Gregory OF RIMINI

• James, Henry

• John OFMIRECOURT

• Llull, Ramon

• Nicholas OF AUTRECOURT

• Nicholas OF CUSA

• Ockham, William of

• Petrus AUREOLI

• Suarez, Francisco

• William DELA MARE

• Aristotelianism

• Peter LOMBARD

• William OF MOERBEKE

• William OF SAINT-THIERRY

» Modern philosophy

» Philosophy In the Renaissance

» Political theory: the views of Machiavellli, Bodin, Hobbes, Grotius, and others on the nature and moral status of political power

• Bodin, Jean

• Campanella, Tommaso

• Goshlicki, Wawrzyniec

» Humanism: the influence of the writings of Plato on moral theory and literary endeavour, renewed Interest In Atomistic Materialism, ancient Skepticism, and Stoicism

• Cambridge Platonists

• humanism

• Platonic Academy

• Skepticism

• Pico della Mirandola, Giorvanni, CONTE .(count) Dl CONCORDIA

• Valla, Lorenzo

» Philosophy of nature: the pluralistic, machinelike, and mathematically ordered character ascribed to the natural world, the Influence of discoveries in anatomy, physics, and astronomy on philosophy

• Bohme, Jakob

• Alexandrist

• Renaissance

• Charron, Plerre

• Ficino. Marsilio

• John OF SAINT THOMAS

• Nifo, Agostino

» The early modem period: the rise of Empiricism and Rationalism

» Developments In the Empiricist tradition: Bacon's attempt to formulate a new scientific method, Hobbes' theory of knowledge

• Hobbes,Thomas

» Developments in the Rationalist tradition: the antiempirical character of Descartes's metaphysics and the dualism of his doctrine of man and the world, the speculative systems of philosophy provided by the writings of Spinoza and Leibniz

• best of all possible worlds

• Cartesianism

• cogito, ergo sum

• methodic douot

• rnind-body dualism

• monad

• rationalism

• sufficient reason, principle of

• Buffier, Claude .

• Clarke, Samuel

• Clauberg, Johann

• GeulincK, Arnold

• Herbert (of Cherbury), Edward Herbert, 1st Baron

• Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm

• Malebranche, Nicolas

• Spinoza, Benedict de

• Wolff, Christian, Freiherr (Baron) von

• Cudworth, Ralph

• Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio

• More, Henry

• Morns, John

» Philosophy in the period of the Enlightenment, or the Age of Reason

» Epistemological Issues: the attempt of Locke and Berkeley to Inquire into the origin and nature of reason, Hume's science of man, Kant's critical examination of reason

• a posteriori knowledge

• a priori knowledge

• antinomy

• Ideologie

• Ideology

• Kantianism

• tabula rasa

• transcendental Idealism

• Beattle, James

• Berkeley, George

• Destutt de Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude, Count

• Hamann, Johann Georg

• Developments In the philosophy of science: Materialist views, the effect of scientific discoveries on philosophical thought

» Social and political philosophy: the concern of Locke and Rousseau with the freedom and equality of citizens, developments in religious philosophy

• genera! will

• social contract

• theological liberalism

• Ballanche, Pierre-Simon

• Butler, Joseph

• Chubb, Thomas

• Collins, Anthony

• Edwards, Jonathan

• Gracian, Baltasar

• Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat baron de La Brede et de

• Paley, William

• Priestley, Joseph

• Reimarus, Hermann Samuel

• Schleiermacher, Friedrich (Ernst Daniel)

• Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of, BARONCOOPER OF PAWLETT, BARON ASHLEY QF WIMBORNE ST. OILES

• Aufklarung

• Enlightenment

• philosophe

• Alemoert, Jean Le Rond d'

• Argens, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, marquis d'

• Bayle, Pierre

• Chatelet, Gabrielle-Emille Le Tonnelier de Breteuli, Marquise du

• Condillac, Etienne Bonnot de

• Helvetlus, Ciaude-Adrlen

• Herder Johann Gottfried von

• Holbach, Paul-Henri Dietrich, baron d'

• Vauvenargues, Luc c!e Clapiers, Marquis de

» Philosophy in the 19th century

» The resurgence of the metaphysical spirit the idealism of Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel

• Absolute idealism

• Hegelianism

• Bosanquet Bernard

• Ferrier, James Fredrick

• Feuerbach, Ludwig (Andreas)

• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb

• Green, T(homas) H(ill)

• Krause, Karl Christian Friedrich

• Otto, Rudolf

• Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio

• Rothe, Richard

• Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von

» Developments in the empirical and scientific tradition: Comte's Positivism and its subsequent influence on the philosophy of science, J S. Mill's theory of Knowledge and ethics, the dialectical Materialism of Mar" and Engels

• cientifico

• dialectical materialism

• Marxism

• positivism

• Bentham, Jeremy

• Cantor, Moritz Benedikt

• Clifford, William Kingdom

• Comte, Auguste

• Hagerstrom, Axel

• Spencer, Herbert

• Strauss, David Friedrich

» The reaction against Rationalism: Kierkegaard's preoccupation with the states of consciousness, Schopenhauer's doctrine of cosmic will, the writings of Nietzsche

• Irrationalisrn

• Romanticism

• superman

• Emerson, Ralph Waldo

• Kierkegaard, Soren

• Schopenhauer, Arthur

• Solovyov, Vladmir Sergeyevich

• nihilism

• Transcendentalism

• Balmes, Jaime Luciano

• Chicherin, Boris Nikolayevich

• Cousin, Victor

• Dilthey Wilhelm

• Fischer, Kuno

• Martineau, James

• Renan, (Joseph-)Ernest

• Thoreau, Henry David

• Whewell, William

» Philosophy in the 20th century

» Independent speculative and social philosophies: Bergson's intuitionism, Whitehead's speculative philosophy, William James's and Dewey's Pragmatism

• creative evolution

• event

• instrumentalism

• pragmatism

• process philosophy

• radical empiricism

• Abbott, Lyman

• Bergson, Henri(-Louis)

• Blondel, Maurice (Edouard)

• Dewey, John

• Hartshorne, Charles

• Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawny

• Keyserling, Hermann Alexander, Count (Graf) von

• Maritain, Jacques

• Rand, Ayn

• Tanaka Odo

• Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre

• Tillich, Paul (Johannes) )

• Well, Simone

• Whitehead, Alfred North

» Developments in Marxist thought: Lenin's metaphysical Materialism and his theory of knowledge, the continuing attempt to make theory-serve practice

• Kapital, Das

• revisionism

• West, Cornel

• Frankfurt School

• neo-Thomisrn

• New Humanism

• object language

• Yale school

• Adler, Mortimer J.

• Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund

• Alain

• Ayer, Sir A.J.

• Beauvoir, Simone (Lucie -Ernestine-Mane-Bertrand) de

• Berayayev, Nikolay Aleksandrovlch

• Berlin, Sir Isaiah

• Braithwaite, R.B

• Bulgakov, Sergey Nikolayevich

• Bultmann, Rudolf (Karl)

• Carnap, Rudolf

• Cassirer, Ernst

• Chomsky, Noam

• Collingwood, R(obin) G(eorge)

• Croce, Benedetto

• Derrida, Jacques

• Florensky, Pavel Alexandrovich

• Frank, Ericn

• Gadamer, Hans-Georg

• Gilson, Etienne

• Heidegger, Martin

• Husserl, Edmund

• James, William

• Jaspers, Karl (Theador)

• Marcel, Gabriel(-Honore)

• Meinong, Alexius

• Moore, G(eorge) E(dward)

• Ors y Rovira, Eugenio d'

• Russell, Bertrand

• Santayana, George

• Scheler, Max

• Schlick, Moritz

• Stein, Edith

• Strawson Sir Peter (Frederick)

• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Josef Johann)

• materialism

• mathematicism

• mechanism

• Balfour, Robert

• category

• dialectic

• microcosm

• Alcmaeon

• Alcott, Bronson

• Arcesilaus

• Aristoxenus

• Azais, Pierre-Hyacinthe

• Barth, Paul

• Benda, Julien

• Bilfinger, Georg Bernhard

• Cameades

• Cleitomachus

• Crates OF MALLUS

• Crates OF THEBES

• Diodorus CRONUS

• Diogenes LAERTIUS

• Durant, Will and Ariel

• Ehrenfels, Christian, Freiherr von

• Eudemus OF RHODES

• Ferguson, Adam

• Forster-Nietzsche, Elisabeth

• Fries, Jakob Friedrich

• Giner de Los Rios, Francisco

• Hempel, Carl Gustav

• Hoffer, Eric

• Huet, Pierre-Daniel

• Joad, C(yrill) E(dwin) M(itchinson)

• Langer, Susanne K(nauth)

• Laromiguiere, Pierre

• Lotze, Rudolf Hermann

• Mansel, Henry Longueville

• Menedemus OF ERETRIA

• Mercier, Desire-Joseph

• Monrad, Marcus Jakob

• Olympiodorus THE YOUNGER

• Ortega y Gasset, Jose

• Phaedo

• Price, RIchard

• Prichard, H.A.

• Quine, Willard Van Orman

• Ramus, Petrus

• Randall. John Herman, Jr.

• Ravaisson-Mollien, Jean-Gaspard-FeIix Lacher

• Reid, Thomas

• Roscelin

• Spengler, Oswald

• Speusippus

• Stanley, Thomas

• Stilpon

• Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf

• Vair, Guillaume du

• Voegelin, Eric (Herman-Wilhelm)

• Weininger, Otto)

» Non-Western philosophy

» Indian philosophy

» Early Indian philosophical thought: the role of Hindu and Buddhist sacred literature in presystematic philosophy, the concepts of Brahman and atman in Hindu thought and of selflessness and Nirvana in early Buddhist writings

• atman

• brahma

• Buddhism

• Buddhist meditation

• dhyana

• Nirvana

• prana

• Sammatiya

• Ashvaghosa

» The oeglnning of system building In Indian'philosophy: the'rCile' of the' sutra, metaphysical and epistemological concerns, ethical and political thought, the teaching of the Ajivikas and Carvakas

• ahankara

• ajiva

• Ajivika

• anumana

• Artha-shastra

• arthapatti

• asana

• Carvaka

• chakravartin

• dharana

• dravya

• jiva

• kundalini

• Mimamsa

• Nyaya

• prakriti

• pramana

• pranayama

• pratyahara

• pratyaksa

• purusha

• shabda

• Samkhya

• sutra

• syadvada

• upamana

• Vaisheshika

• yama

• Yoga

• Kumarila

» The further developments of systematic thought in India: Realism and Idealism In metaphysical and epistemological thought, the relation of pluralistic and monistic views to various linguistic philosophies

• Kashmir Shaivisrn

• Shaiva-siddhanta

» The schools of Vedanta: the contricution of Shankara and Ramanuja and their followers; the schools of Nimbarka, Vallabha, and Caitanya

• Advaita

• ananda

• bhedabheda

• Dyaita

• maya

• nirguna

• pratyaksa

• tat tvam asi

• Vedanta

• Vishistadvaita

» The Valsnava and Shalva schools: philosophical systems based on the literature of Vaisnavism and Shalvlsrn

• Kashmir Shaivisrn

• Shaiva-siddhanta

» Later Indian philosophical thought:: the influence of Islamic thought and European philosophy, recent trends

lqbal, Sir Muhammad

• akriyavada

• astika

• bhasya

• darshan

• dharma

• Hatha Yoga

• Hinduism

• Indian philosophy

• indriya

• jnana

• karma

• moksha

• phala

• samadhi

• samsara

• upadhi

• Abhinavagupta

• Aurobindo, Shri

• Bhartrhari

• Dasgupta, S(urendra) N(ath)

• Kabir

• Madhavacarya

• Raghunatha Shromani

• Vallabha

• Vedantadeshika

» Chinese philosophy

» The classical Chinese philosophical schools, e.g. Confucianism, Taoism, Yin-Yang, Mohism, Dialecticians, the Legalist school

• Chou li

• Chung yung

• Confucianism

• filial piety

• hsiao

• hsu

• Huai-nan-tzu

• hun

• I Ching

• jen

• Legalism

• li

• Li chi

• Lieh-tzu

• Logician

• Lun yu

• Mencius

• Monism

• p'o

• p'u

• Shu Ching

• Ssu shu

• Ta hsueh

• T'ai Chi

• Tao-te Ching

• Taoism

• te

• T'ien Ming

• tzu-Jan

• Wu ching

• wu-wei

• yin-yang

• Han-fel-tzu

• Mencius

• Mo-tzu

• Yang Hsiung

» Neo-Taoist and Buddhist-thought

• Buddhism

• Taoism

» Neo-Confiucianism: the development of the concept of principle

• Confucianism

• jen

• Neo-Confucianism

• Neo-Confucianism.

• T'ai Chi

• Chu Hsi

• Han Yu

• Tai Chen

• 20th-century Chinese philosophy: the-effects of Western thought and of Maoism

• ch'i

• Chinese philosophy

• martial art

• tao

• Wu hsing

• Chang Tsai

• Fung Yu-lan

• Hsiung Shih-li

• Hui Shih

• Ku Yen-wu

• Kung-sun Lung

• Tsou Yen

• Wang Pi

» Japanese philosophy

» Early Japanese philosophical thought: the introduction of Buddhism and Confucianism, the Six Schools of Nara, Tendai and Shingon philosophy

• Jojitsu

• Kegon

• Kusha

• Shingon

• T'ien-t'ai

» Developments during the Kamakura and Muromachi periods, the origins and concerns of the Zen, Jodo (Pure Land), and Nichiren.sects, tendencies In Shinto and Confucian thought

• Bushido

• Jodo

• Kogaku

• Neo-Confucianisrn

• Nichiren Buddhism

• Obaku

• Oyomeigaku

• Pure Land Buddhism

• Ryobu Shinto

• Sanno Ichijitsu Shinto

• Shushigaku

• Zen

• Buddhism

• Confucianism

• Empiricism

• Japanese philosophy

• martial art

• yin-yang

• Ando Shoeki

• Hatano Seiichi

• Inoue Tetsujiro

• Ishida Baigan

• Nishi Amane

• Nishida Kitaro

• Tanabe Hajime

• Watsuji Tetsuro

» Philosophies associated with religion

» Hindu philosophy

• Hinduism

• manas

• sat

» Buddhist philosophy

• Buddhism

• nippapanca

• Asanga

• Candrakirti

• Dharmakirti

• Nagarjuna

• Shcherbatskoy, Fyodor Ippolitovich

• Vasubandhu

» Confucian philosophy

• Confucianism

• Kumazawa Banzan

• Ogyu Sorai

• Tseng-tzu

• Wang Ch'ung

» Taoist philosophy

• Taoism

• Chuang-tzu

• Hsi K'ang

• K'ou Ch'ien-chih

• Lao-tzu

• Li Shao-chun

• Lieh-tzu

• T'ao Hung-ching

• Yang Chu

» Jewish phl!osophy

• Abraham bar Hiyya'

• Acosta, Uriel

• AIbalag, Isaac

• AIbo, Joseph

• Bahya ben Joseph ibn Pakuda

• Buber, Martin

• Crescas, Hasdai ben Abraham

• Formstecher, Solomon

• Heschel, Abraham Joshua

• Hillel ben Samuel

• Ibn Daud. Abraham ben David Halevi

• Ibn Falaquera

• Ibn Shem Tov, Joseph ben Shem Tov

• Ibn Tibon, Samuel ben JJudah

• Israeli, Isaac ben Solomon

• Krochmal, Nachman

• Lazarus, Moritz

• Levi ben Gershom

• Maimon, Salomon

• Maimoniaes. Moses

• Mendelssohn, Moses

• Mukammas, David al-

• Rosenzweig, Franz

• Sa'adia ben Joseph

» Islamic philosophy

• Avempace

• Averroes

• Avicenna

• Dawani

• Farabi, al-

• Hunayn ibn Ishaq (al-Ibadi)

• Ibn al-'Arabi )

• Ibn Taymiyah

• Ibn Tufayl

• Kinai, Ya'qub ibn Isnaq as-Sabah, al-

• Mir Damad

• Muhasibi, al-

• Mulla Sadra

• Sabzevari, Hajji Hadi

• Suhrawardi, as-

• Tahtawi, Rifa'ah Rafi' at-

• Wali Allahm Shah

» Christian philosophy

• Gioberti, Vincenzo

» The Nature and the Divisions of Philosophy

» The nature, scope, and methods of philosophy

• Diverse conceptions of philosophy

» Diverse views of the methods of philosophy

• Analytic philosophy

• deconstructlon

• eclecticism

• mathematlcism

• ordinary language analysis

• phenomenology

• rec!L!ctlonlsm

• synthesis

• Moore, G(eorge) E(dward)

• The forms of philosophical exposition; e.g., dialogues, commentaries,

histories, systematically ordered treatises

» Criteria of meaning and truth in philosophical thought

• verifiability principle

• Black, Max

• Guattari, Pierre-Felix

» The divisions of philosophy

» Metaphysics, or speculative philosophy In general

» The history, nature, and scope of metaphysics

• Great Chain of Being

• logos

• ontology

• speculative grammar

• Abelard, Peter

• Ferrier James Frederick

• Klages, Ludwig

• Lovejoy, Arthur O.

• The relation of metaphysics to other parts of philosophy; e.g., ethics, logic, natural theology

» Problems in metaphysics

• best of all possible worlds

• concrete

• condition

• determinism

• dualism

• entelechy

• first cause

• form

• hylomorphisrn

• hylozoism

• leap of faith

• monad

• naturalism

• noumenon

• occasionalism

• Ockham's razor

• panpsychism

• personalisrn

• pluralism and monism

• sufficient reason, principle of.

• universal

• voluntarism

• metaphysics

• spiritualism

• Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz

• Baxter, Andrew

• Beneke, Friedrich Eduard

• Brown, Thomas

• Carlini, Armando

• Deborin, Abram Moiseyevich

• Duhem, Pierre(-Maurice-Marie)

• Genovesi Antonio

• Hamilton, Sir William, 9TH BARONET

• Hartmann, (Karl Robert) Eduard von

• Heidegger, Martin

• Lavelle, Louis

• Lossky, Nikolay Onufriyevich

• Meyerson, Emile

• Miura Baien

• Paul OF VENICE

• Plessner, Helmuth

• Price, H.H.

• Stace, W(alter) T(erence)

• Warens, Louise-Eleanore de la Tour.du Pil, baronne de

• Zubiri, Xavier

» The philosophy of nature: the philosophical problems concerning the phenomena, laws, and theories of the natural sciences

» The history, status, and scope of the philosophy of nature

• Braithwaite, R.B

» The relation of the philosophy of nature to science, the philosophy of. science, and metaphysics

• naturalism

• Bronowski, Jacob

• The basic aspects of the natural order

» The philosophy of physics

• time

» The philosophy of biology

• creative evolution

• Driesch, Hans Adolf Eduard

• nature, law of

• Alexander Samuel

• Bonnet, Charles

• Grosseteste, RoGert

• Porta, Giambattista della

» Epistemology, or theory of knowledge

» The history, nature, and scope of epistemology-

• sensationalism

• Berkeley, George

• Ferrier, James Frederick

» The relation of epistemology to metaphysics, philosophy of mind, logic, and other disciplines

• reason

» Problems in epistemology

• a posteriori knowledge

• a priori knowledge

• belief

• dualism

• Innate Idea

• Intuition

• protocol sentence

• representationism

• solipsism

• tabula rasa

• transcendental ego

• universal

• epistemology

• ideologie

• phenomenon

• psychologisrn

• Destutt de Tracy, Antoine-Louis-Claude, Count

» The philosophy of mind, or philosophical psychology

» The- history nature, and scope of the philosophy of mine!

• structuralism

• The relation of the philosophy of mind to the empirical and mathematical sciences and to other philosophical disciplines

» Problems in the philosophy of mind

• free will

• identity theory

• Immortality

• intentionailty

• interactionism

• mind-body dualism

• neutral monism

• other minds

• psychophysical parallelism

• mind

• soul

» The philosophy of man or philosophical anthropology

» The history, nature, and scope of philosophical anthropology

• Klages, Ludwig

• Nemesius OF EMESA

• Spencer, Herbert

• Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre

» The relation of philosophical anthropology to physical and cultural anthropology and to other disciplines In philosophy and the social sciences

• social Darwinism

» Problems in philosophical anthropology

• free will

• microcosm

• superman

• philosophical anthropology

• Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de

• Foucault, Michel (Paul) .

• Levy-Bruhl Lucien

• Vico, Giambattista

» Ethics, or moral philosophy

» The history, nature, and types of ethics: the distinction between metaethics and normative ethics

• axiology

• comparative ethics

• deontological ethics

• Ethical Culture

• hubris

• metaethics

• moral theology

• normative ethics

• teleological ethics

• Antoninus, SAINT

• Bentham, Jeremy

• Braithwaite, R.B.

• Busenbaum, Hermann

• Butler, Joseph

• Charron, Pierre

• Epicurus

• Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio

• Hall, Joseph

• ibn Miskawayh

• Law, William

• Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapiers, Marquis de

• The relation of ethics to other philosophical disciplines or to other branches of knowledge or experience

» Problems In ethics

• altruism

• animals, cruelty to

• categoricalImperative

• charity

• choice

• conscience

• deadly sin

• egoism

• ethical relativism

• eudaemonism

• free will

• Golden Rule

• good-reasons theory

• probabilism

• virtue

• ethics

• Aristippus

• Austin, John Langshaw

• Hutcheson, Francis

• Mandeville, Bernard de

• Ross, Sir David

• Sidgwick, Henry

• Toulmin, Stephen Edelston

» Political philosophy

» The nature and scope of political philosophy: its relation to political science

• collectivism

• Individualism

• natural law

• pluralism

• Hobbes, Thomas

• The form of political statements and arguments

» The history of political philosophy

• classless society

• constitution

• corporatism

• divine right of kings

• Federalist, The

• Fourierism

• general will

• human rights

• Ideology'

• Kapital, Das

• Marxism

• nomos

• philosophical radical

• powers, separation of

• revisionism

• Silhak

• social contract

• syndicalism

• Althusius, Johannes

• Aron, Raymond (-Claude-Ferdinand)

• Berlin, Sir Isaiah

• Bodin, Jean

• Bolingbroke, Henry Saint John, 1st Viscount, BARON SAINTJOHN ..OF LYDIARD TREEOOZE

• Bonald, Louis-Gabriel-Ambroise, vicomte de

• Ferrari, Giuseppe

• Goshlicki Wawrzyniec

• Han-fei-tzu

• Harrington, James

• Hobhous, , Leonard Trelawny

• Kropotkin, Peter Alekseyevich.

• Machiavelli, Niccolo

• Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de la Brede et de

• Niebuhr, Reinhold

• Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich

• Quinet, Edgar

• Rodo, Jose Enrique

• Saavedra Fajardo, Diego de

• anarchism .

• communism

• conservatism

• dialectical materialism

• Frankfurt School

• political philosophy

• Utopia

• Burke, Edmund

• Chamberlain, Houston Stewart

• Godwin, William

• Grant, George (Parkin)

• Jellinek, Georg

• Maistre, Joseph de

• Marcuse, Herbert

• Marsllius OF PADUA

• Paine, Thomas

• Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul

• Salmasius, Claudius

• Strauss, Leo

» Aesthetics

• The-nature and scope of aesthetics as a discipline

» The development of aesthetics: approaches to the study of the aesthetic experience

• Aestheticism

• affections, doctrine of the

• axiology

• organic unity

• Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim

• Problems in aesthetics

• The relation of aesthetics to other disciplines

• aesthetics

• Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb

• Kames, Henry Home, Lord

• Locke, Alain (LeRoy)

• Santayana, George

• Wolfflin, Heinlich

» The philosophy of language

• Analytic philosophy

• deconstruction

• general semantics

• Ideal language

• Logical Atomism

• metalanguage

• object language

• ordinary language analysis

• semantics

• Carnap, Rudolf

• Eco, Umberto

• Korzybski Alfred

• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Josef Johann)

» The philosophy of logic

• Carnap, Rudolf

• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Josef Johann)

» The philosophy of mathematics

• Leshniewski, Stanislaw

• The philosophy of art

» The philosophy of science

• Bridgman, P(ercy) W(illiams)

• Carnap, Rudolf

• Schlick, Moritz

» The philosophy of religion

• dread

• Feuerbach, Ludwig (Andreas)

• Kierkegaard, Soren

» The philosophy of law

• Montesquieu, Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brede et de

» The philosophy of education

• Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de

» The philosophy of history

• Collingwood, R(ooin) G(eorge)

• Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicoias de Caritat, marquis de

• Fiske, John

• Ibn Khaldun

• Volney, Constantin-Francois de Chasseboeuf, Count (comte) de

• teleology

» Philosophical Schools and Doctrines

» Major philosophical schools in the West

» Philosophical schools in antiquity and in the Middle Ages

» Pythagoreanism

• opposites, table of

• Pythagoreanism

• Apollonius OF TYANA

• Lysis OF TARENTUM

• Philolaus

• Pythagoras

» The Sophists

• Empiricism

• Sophist

• Alcidamas

• Hippias OF ELIS

• Protagoras

•» Eleatlcism

• Eleatic One

• Eleaticism

• Not-Being, denial of

• paradoxes of Zeno

• Melissus OF SAMOS

• Parmenidies

• Xenophanes

» Atomism

• atomism

• Democritus

• Leucippus

» Platonism

• Academy

• Cambridge Platonists

• form

• Neoplatonism

• Platonism

• World-soul

• Aedesius

• AIbinus

• Antiochus OF ASCALON

• Apuleius, Lucius

• Asclepigenia

• Bernard DE CHARTRES

• Bernard DECLUNY

• Crantor

• Cudworth, Ralph

• Damascius

• Demetrius CHALCONDYLES

• Eunapius

• Eusebius OF MYNDUS

• Heracleides PONTICUS

• Hierocles OF ALEXANDRIA

• Hypatia

• Iamblichus

• Ibn Gabirol

• Italus, John

• Maximus OF EPHESUS

• More, Henry

• Norris, John

• Numenius OF APAMEA

• Olympiodorus THE YOUNOER

• Pico della Miranadola, Giovanni, CONTE (count) DI CONCORDIA,

• Plotinus

• Porphyry

• Proclus

• Psellus, Michael (Constantine)

• Xenocrates

» Aristotelianism

• Alexandrist

• Aristotelianism

• entelechy

• form

• hylomorphism

• Latin Averroism

• Alexander OF APHRODISIAS

• Ammonius HERMIAE

• Andronicus OF RHODES

• Buridan, Jean

• Critolaus

• Dicaearchus

• Godfrey OF FONTAINES

•John OFJANDUN

• Phanias

• Pomponazzi, Pietro

• Siger DE BRABANT

• Simplicius OF CILICIA

• Straton OF LAMPSACUS

• Theophrastus

» Stoicism

• apathy

• cosmopolitanism

• Stoicism

• Antisthenes

• Ariston OF CHIOS

• Chrysippus

• Cleanthes

• Cornutus, Lucius Annaeus

• Diogenes

• Diogenes OF BABYLON

• Epictetus

• Eubulides OF MILETUS

• Marcus Aurelius

• Panaetius

• Peregrinus PROTEUS

• Poseidonius )

• Zeno OF CITIUM

» Epicureanism

• Epicureanism

• Epicurus

• Gassendi, Pierre

• Lucretius

• Philodemus

» Skepticism

• Empiricism

• epoche

• Skepticism

• Aenesidemus

• Agrippa

• Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius

• Charron, Pierre

• Favorinus

• Glanvill, Joseph

• La Mothe Le Vayer, Francois de

• Mauthner, Fritz

• Nicholas OF AUTRECOURT

• Pyrrhon OF ELIS

• Sanches, Francisco

• Sextus EMPIRICUS

• Timon OF FHLIUS

» Scholasticism

• form

• Intention

• neo-Thomism

• scholasticism

• Thomism

• Abelard, Peter

• Adelard, OF BATH

• Albertus MAGNUS, SAINT

• Anselm OF CANTERBURY, SAINT

•Anselm OF LAON

• Duns Scotus, John

• Francis OF MEYRONNES

• Giles OF ROME

• Henry OF GHENT'

• Ockham, William of

• Peter LOMBARD

• Suarez, Francisco

• Thierry DE CHARTRES

• William OF CONCHES

» Philosophical schools in the modern period

» Cartesianism

• Cartesianisrn

• cogito, ergo sum

• Interactionism

• methodic doubt

• rnind-body dualism

• occasionalism

• Clauberg, Johann

• Cordemoy, (Louis-)Geraud de

• Foucher, Simon

• Geullncx, Arnold

• Malebranche, Nicolas

» Empiricism

• Empiricism

• sensationalism

• tabula rasa

• Berkeley, George

• Culverwel, Nathanael

• Diogenes OF APOLLONIA

• Maine de Biran, Marie-Francois-Pierre

• Telesio, Bernardino

» Rationalism

• best of all possible worlds

• determinism

• rationalism

• sufficient reason, principle of

• Eberhard, Johann August

• Fronschammer, Jakob

• Popper, Sir Karl

• Spinoza, Benedict de

• Toland, John

• Wollaston, William

» Materialism

• Identity theory

• materialism

• mechanism

• Buchner, Ludwig

• Cabanis, Pierre-Jean-Georges

• Hobbes,Thomas

• La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de

• Moleschott, Jacob

• Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von

» Kantianism

• a posteriori knowledge

• a priori knowledge

• antinomy

• categorical Imperative

• Kantianism

• noumenon

• phenomenon

• transcendental ego

• transcendental idealism

• Bouterwek Friedrich

• Cassirer, Ernst

• Fischer, Kuno

• Lange, Friedrich Albert

• Tetens, Johannes Nikolaus

• Vaihinger, Hans

» Idealism

• Absolute Idealism

• idealism

• personalism

• solipsism

• subjective idealism

• transcendental ego

• transcendental Idealism

• Bradley, Francis) H(erbert)

• Brunschvicg, Leon

• Collier, Arthur

• Creighton, James Edwin

• Eucken, Rudolf Christoph

• Fichte, Johann Gottlieb

• Flewelling, Ralph Tyler

• Forberg, Friedrich Karl

• Gentile, Giovanni

• Green, T(homas) H(ill)

• Hams, William Torrey

• Hartmann, Nicolai

• Jacob, Friedrich Heinrich

• Renouvier, Charles-Bernard

• Royce, Josiah

» Hegelianism

• Absolute Idealism

• Hegelianism

• Neo-Hegelianism

• synthesis

• Bosanquet, Bernard

• Caird, Edward

• Ferrier, James Frederick

• Feuerbach, Ludwig (Andreas)

• Fischer, Kuno

» Utilitarianism

• philosophical radical

• Utilitarianism

• Bentham, Jeremy

• Cumberland, Richard

• Mill, James

» Positivism and Logical Empiricism

• constitution theory

• event

• Logical Positivism

• positivism

• protocol sentence

• reductionism

• unified science

• Unity of Science movement

• verifiability principle

• Vienna Circle

• Avenarius, Richard (Heinrich Ludwig)

• Ayer, Sir A.J.

• Carnap, Rudolf

• Congreve, Richard

• Duhrihg,(Karl) Eugen

• Harrison, Fredric

• Laffitte, Pierre

• Lewes, George Henry

• Reichenbach, Mans

• Schlick, Moritz

» Marxism

• classless society

• dialectical materialism

• dictatorship of the proletariat

• Frankfurt School

• Kapital, Das

• Lumpenproletariat

• Marxism

• proletariat

• revisionism

• surplus value

• Bloch, Ernst

• Labriola, Antonio'

» Realism

• common sense, philosophy of

• realism

• Albert OF SAXONY

• Ewing.A(lfred) C(yril).

• Stewart, Dugald

• von Hugel Friedrich, BARON (Freiherr) VON HUGEL

» Pragmatism

• as if, philosophy of

• Instrumentalism

• pragmatism

• radical empiricism

• Hook, Sidney

• James, William

• Mead, George Herbert

• Tanaka Odo

» Phenomenology

• eidetic reduction

• epoche

• Intentionality

• life-world

• phenomenology

• Binswanger, Ludwig

• Heidegger, Martin

• HusserI, Edmund

• Merleau-Ponty, Maurice

• Ricoeur, Paul

• Scheler, Max

» Existentialism

• dread

• Existentialism

• literature engagee

• Beauvoir, Simone( Lucie-Ernestine-Marie-Bertrand) de

• Frank, Erich

• Jaspers, Karl (Theodor)

• Kierkegaard. Soren

• Marcel, Gabriel(-Honore)

• Sartre, Jean-Paul

• Unamuno, Miguel de

» Analytic and Linguistic philosophy

• Analytic philosophy

• concept

• Ideal language

• Logical Atomism

• metalanguage

• object language

• ordinary language analysis

• Ayer, Sir A.J.

• Ryle, Gilbert

• Strawson, Sir Peter (Frederick)

• Wittgenstein, Ludwig (Josef Johann)

• Moore, G(eorge) E(dward)

» Theories of Being and existence

» Different types of metaphysical theory: Platonism; Aristotelianism; Thomism; Cartesianism; Idealism; Materialism-dialectical Materialism, Atomism, and Naturalism; Pythagoreanism; Organismic dynamism

• Absolute Idealism

• Aristotelianism

• atomism

• Cartesianism

• creative evolution

• Idealism

• materialism

• metaphysics

• naturalism

• Platonism

• process philosophy

• Pythagoreanisrn

• subjective Idealism

• Steffens, Henrik

» Different views concerning the existence, attributes, and knowledge of God: agnosticism, atheism, Deism, fideism, humanism, pantheism, theism

• acosmism

• agnosticism

• anthropomorphism

• atheism

• Deism

• deus otiosus

• dualism

• extrinsicism

• fideism

• first cause

• humanism

• leap of faith

• monotheism

• pantheism

• secularism

• supernaturalism

• theism

• theodicy

• Adler, Felix

• Frischlin, Philipp Nikodemus

» Different conceptions of man as knower, doer, and maker: Existentialism, humanism, Phenomenology, Pragmatism, rationalism, Irrationalism

• Empiricism

• Existentialism

• Irrationalism

• phenomenology

• pragmatism

• rationalism

• Beauvoir, Simone (Lucie-Ernestine-Marie-Bertrand) de

• Bronowski, Jacob

• Heidegger, Martin

• HusserI, Edmund

• Jaspers, Kan (Theodor)

• Kierkegaard, Soren

• Marcel, Gabriel(-Honore)

» Different views concerning the existence of the mind and its relation to the body: Materialism, dualism, immaterialism

• Dualism

• Identity theory

• Interactionism

• materialism

• mind

• mind-body dualism

• neutral monism

• occasionalism

• psychophysical parallelism

• ontology

• spiritualism

» Theories of thought, knowledge, and faculties of mind

» Different conceptions of the object of knowledge: sense-datum theory, Phenomenalism, idealism, Realism

• Absolute Idealism

• Idealism

• phenomenalism

• subjective Idealism

• transcendental Idealism

» Different conceptions of the validity of knowledge: Kantianism, positivism, pragmatism, Skepticism

• Kantianism

• Logical Positivism

• positivism

• pragmatism

• Skepticism

• transcendental Idealism

» Different views of the sources or foundations of knowledge: rationalism, Empiricism

• Intuition

• rationalism

» Different views of the status of the universal: realism, conceptualism, nominalism

• nominalism

• universal

• Francis OF MEYRONNES

» Different views of the epistemic status of scientific theories, e.g. realism, conventionalism, and operationalism, the Unity of Science movement, reductionism

• reductionism

• unified science

• Unity of Science movement

• verifiability principle

• epistemology

• realism

» Theories of conduct

» Metaethical theories: intuitionism, naturalism, noncognitivism, good reasons theories

• good-reasons theory

• metaethics

• naturalism

• Moore, G(eorge) E(oward)

» Deontological theories: rationalism, intuitionism, Existentialism

• deontological ethics

• Existentialism

• rationalism

» Teleological theories: eudaemonism, Utilitarianism

• eudaemonism

• teleological ethics

• Utilitarianism

• ethics

• Intuition

• normative ethics

• philosophy

　

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