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BIBLIOGRAPHY
11.1.1
Philosophy
of science:
ERNEST NAGEL, The
Structure of Science (1961); and M.W. WARTOFSKY, Conceptual Foundations
of Scientific Thought (1968), together cover the main approaches to the
philosophy of science as a general field of study; whereas ARTHUR DANTO and
SIDNEY MORGENBESSER (eds.), Philosophy of Science (1962), provides a
useful anthology of classic papers on the subject; and SAMUEL B. RAPPORT and
HELEN WRIGHT (eds.), Science: Method and Meaning (1964), is a stimulating
anthology of nontechnical papers. W.V. QUINE, Theories and Things
(1981), is a collection of papers by an eminent philosopher, on topics of
ontology, logic, semantics, epistemology, philosophy of mathematics, identity,
existence, etc.; W.H. NEWTON-SMITH, The Rationality of Science (1981),
is an analysis of interpretations of science; V.V. NALIMOV, Faces of Science
(1981), is a collection of essays on the nature of science, which originally
were published in Soviet philosophical journals; LOREN R. GRAHAM, Between
Science and Values (1981), is an examination of the relationship of science
to values; JEREMY CAMPBELL, Grammatical Man: Information, Entropy, Language,
and Life (1982), is a study of philosophical aspects of information theory.
The origins and development of natural science
and the attitudes of philosophers toward scientific explanation in antiquity and
the Middle Ages are well treated in SAMUEL SAMBURSKY, The Physical World of the Greeks, 2nd
ed. (1962; orig. pub. in Hebrew, 1954); and The Physical World of Late Antiquity (1962);
JOHN H. RANDALL, JR., Aristotle (1960); and in ALISTAIR C. CROMBIE, Medieval
and Early Modern Science, 2nd ed., 2 vol. (1963). For the 17th and 18th
centuries, see EDWIN A. BURTT, The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern
Physical Science, 2nd ed. (1932); ALEXANDRE KOYRE, Newtonian Studies (1965);
HERBERT BUTTERFIELD, The Origins of Modern Science: 1300-1800, rev. ed.
(1965); I. BERNARD COHEN, Franklin and Newton (1956); and GOTTFRIED
MARTIN, Immanuel Kant: Ontologie und Wissenschaftsheorie (1951;
Eng. trans., Kant's Metaphysics and Theory of Science, 1955). For the
19th century, the most significant contributions have come from scientists
writing as philosophers: CLAUDE BERNARD, Introduction ?l'?ude de la m?ecine
exp?imentale (1865; Eng. trans., An Introduction to the Study of
Experimental Medicine, 1927, reprinted 1961); HERMANN VON HELMHOLTZ, Popular
Scientific Lectures (1962; reprint of a selection of lectures from Popular
Lectures on Scientific Subjects, 1st and 2nd series, 1881); T.H. HUXLEY, Science
and Culture, and Other Essays (1882); and WILLIAM WHEWELL, The Philosophy
of the Inductive Sciences, Founded upon Their History, 2nd ed. (1847,
reprinted 1966). RYAN D. TWENEY, MICHAEL E. DOHERTY, and CLIFFORD R. MYNATT
(eds.), On Scientific Thinking (1981), consists of selections from the
writings of Bacon, Newton, Descartes, Darwin, and Einstein; EDWARD GRANT,
Much Ado About Nothing: Theories of Space and Vacuum from the Middle Ages to the
Scientific Revolution (1981), is a study of the origins of modern science
and scientific thinking; MORRIS BERMAN, The Reenchantment of the World
(1981), is a controversial analysis of scientific tradition with alternative
suggestions for understanding the modern world.
The background to the 20th-century debate in the
philosophy of science, as it developed between 1890 and 1920, can be
reconstructed from ERNST MACH, Die Mechanik in ihrer
Entwicklung historisch-kritisch Dargestellt, 9th ed. (1933; Eng. trans., The
Science of Mechanics, 1960); and Die Analyse der Empfindungen und das
Verh?tnis des Physischen zum Psychischen, 5th ed. (1906; Eng. trans., The
Analysis of Sensations and the Relation of the Physical to the Psychical, 1959);
KARL PEARSON, The Grammar of Science, 3rd ed. (1960); PIERRE DUHEM, La
Th?rie physique: son objet et sa structure (1906; Eng. trans., The Aim
and Structure of Physical Theory, 1954); HENRI POINCARE, La Science et l'hypoth?e
(1903; Eng. trans., Science and Hypothesis, 1905); and HEINRICH
HERTZ, Die Prinzipien der Mechanik (1895; Eng. trans., The Principles
of Mechanics, 1889, reprinted 1956), especially the Introduction. The
subsequent course of the debate, between 1920 and 1960, is illustrated in CARL
G. HEMPEL, Aspects of Scientific Explanation, and Other Essays in the
Philosophy of Science (1965); RUDOLF CARNAP, Logical Foundations of
Probability, 2nd ed. (1962); KARL R. POPPER, Logik der Forschung (1935;
2nd ed., 1966; Eng. trans., The Logic of Scientific Discovery, 1959);
ROBIN G. COLLINGWOOD, An Essay on Metaphysics (1940); NORMAN R. CAMPBELL,
What Is Science? (1921); and WILLIAM H. WATSON, On Understanding
Physics (1959). Two significant side-views of the debate from very different
formal standpoints may be found in WILLIAM V. QUINE, From a Logical
Point of View, 2nd ed. rev. (1961); and RONALD A. FISHER, Statistical
Methods for Research Workers, 14th ed. (1970). PETER ACHINSTEIN and STEPHEN
F. BARKER (eds.), The Legacy of Logical Positivism (1969), is a first
attempt at an historical appraisal of the period. PAUL K. FEYERABEND, Philosophical
Papers, 2 vol. (1981), is a brilliant examination of historical and
philosophical evidence of rationality of science; RICHARD L. GREGORY, Mind in
Science: A History of Explanations in Psychology and Physics (1981), is a
study of philosophical ideas generated in different historical periods; MANFRED
EIGEN and RUTHILD WINKLER, Laws of the Game: How the Principles of Nature
Govern Chance (1981; trans. from the German), is a discussion of scientific
topics from evolution to information theory; LIEBE F. CAVALIERI, The
Double-Edged Helix: Science in the Real World (1981), deals with
sociophilosophical traits of science and technology.
The current debates about conceptual change and
the rationale of discovery in science are central topics in KARL R. POPPER, Conjectures and Refutations, 2nd
rev. ed. (1965); NORWOOD R. HANSON, Patterns of Discovery (1958); STEPHEN
TOULMIN,
Human Understanding, vol. 1 (1972); THOMAS S. KUHN, The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions, 2nd ed. rev. (1970); IMRE LAKATOS and ALAN MUSGRAVE,
Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge (1970); and MICHAEL POLANYI, Personal
Knowledge (1958). For broader cultural aspects of the contemporary debate
about science, see C.H. WADDINGTON, The Scientific Attitude, new ed.
(1968); JACOB BRONOWSKI, Science and Human Values, rev. ed. (1965);
THEODORE ROSZAK, The Making of a Counter Culture (1969); and LEWIS
MUMFORD, The Myth of the Machine (1967). See also PETER B. MEDAWAR, Pluto's
Republic (1982), a discussion of the relationship between scientists and
society; JOHN W. HARRINGTON, Dance of the Continents (1983), an
explanation of the processes of interpretive scientific thinking; HANS-GEORG
GADAMER, Reason in the Age of Science (1982; trans. from the German), a
collection of essays on hermeneutic philosophy; FRITJOF CAPRA, The Turning
Point: Science, Society, and the Rising Culture (1982), suggesting a new
vision of scientific reality; RICHARD HEALEY (ed.), Reduction, Time, and
Reality: Studies in the Philosophy of the Natural Sciences (1981), a
collection of articles by eminent philosophers; and PETER SMITH, Realism and
the Progress of Science (1982), examining philosophical foundations of the
progress of science.
R. HARRE, "Philosophical Aspects of
Cosmology," and W. DAVIDSON, "Philosophical Aspects of
Cosmology," Br. J. Phil. Sci., 13:104-119, 120-129 (1962); OTHMAR
SPANN, Naturphilosophie, 2nd ed. (1963); IVOR LECLERC, The Nature of Physical Existence (1972);
PASCUAL JORDAN, Albert
Einstein: Sein Lebenswerk und die Zukunft der Physik (1969), and Atom und
Weltall: Einf?rung in den Gedankeninhalt der modernen Physik, 2nd ed.
(1960); E.T. WHITTAKER, From Euclid to Eddington: A Study of Conceptions of
the External World (1949); JACQUES MERLEAU-PONTY and BRUNO MORANDO, Les
Trois ?apes de la cosmologie (1971; Eng. trans., The Rebirth of
Cosmology, 1975); LOUIS DE BROGLIE, La Physique nouvelle et les quanta (1937;
Eng. trans., The Revolution in Physics, 1953, reprinted 1969); R.G.
COLLINGWOOD, The Idea of Nature (1945, reprinted 1960); P.K. FEYERABEND,
"Philosophie de la nature," in M.F. SCIACCA (ed.), Les Grands
Courants de la pens? mondiale contemporaine, part. 2, vol. 2, pp. 901-927
(1961); ERROL E. HARRIS, The Foundations of Metaphysics in Science (1965);
JAGJIT SINGH, Great Ideas and Theories of Modern Cosmology, rev. and
enlarged ed. (1970); P.A. SCHILPP (ed.), Albert Einstein:
Philosopher-Scientist, 2 vol. (1959); PHILIPP FRANK, Philosophy of
Science (1957); ALFRED NORTH WHITEHEAD, Process and Reality (1929,
corrected ed. 1978), and The Concept of Nature (1920, reprinted 1964);
MARY B. HESSE, Forces and Fields (1961); CARL FRIEDRICH VON WEIZSAECKER, Zum
Weltbild der Physik, 12th ed. (1976); ADOLPH GRUENBAUM, Philosophical
Problems of Space and Time, 2nd enlarged ed. (1973); WERNER HEISENBERG, Physics
and Philosophy (1958); A.S. EDDINGTON, The Nature of the Physical World (1928,
reprinted 1958); HENRI POINCARE, La Science et l'hypoth?e (1903; Eng.
trans., Science and Hypothesis, 1905); HENRY MARGENAU, The Nature of
Physical Reality (1950, reprinted 1977), and Physics and Philosophy (1978).
KARL R. POPPER, Realism and the Aim of Science (1983), The Open
Universe: An Argument for Indeterminism (1982), and Quantum Theory and
the Schism in Physics (1982), comprise the work of one of the greatest
philosophers of the 20th century, who challenges most of the traditional
assumptions in modern physics; JEREMY BERNSTEIN, Science Observed: Essays of
My Mind (1982), is a collection of essays on the process of science; ROGER
S. JONES, Physics as Metaphor (1982) is an original personal commentary
on the nature of physical science; HEINZ R. PAGELS, The Cosmic Code: Quantum
Physics as the Language of Nature (1982), is a very up-to-date review of
modern physics; see also FRITJOF CAPRA, The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of
the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism, 2nd rev. ed.
(1983); BENJAMIN GAL-OR, Cosmology, Physics, and Philosophy (1983);
EDWARD M. MacKINNON, Scientific Explanation and Atomic Physics (1982);
and P.C.W. DAVIES, The Accidental Universe (1982).
11.1.3
Philosophy
of biology:
FRANCISCO JOSC AYALA and THEODOSIUS DOBZHANSKY
(eds.), Studies in the Philosophy of Biology:
Reduction and Related Problems (1974), a collection of conference papers
that discuss definitions and the implications of reductionism; M.O. BECKNER,
"Biology," in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy, vol. 1, pp.
310-318 (1967), an excellent review of some of the basic philosophical problems
in biology; LUDWIG VON BERTALANFFY, General System Theory (1968), an
attempt to unify the disparate aspects of biology and formulate general
principles; BARRY COMMONER, "In Defense of Biology," Science, 133:1745-1748
(1961), an argument for the autonomy of biology decrying the emphasis on
molecular biology to the neglect of general biology; FRANCIS CRICK, Of
Molecules and Men (1966), a work that expresses the attitudes and positions
taken by many molecular biologists in defense of reductionism; W.M. ELSASSER, The
Chief Abstractions of Biology (1975), a refutation of reductionist analysis
in the life sciences; A.G.N. FLEW, Evolutionary Ethics (1967), a
significant attempt to relate evolutionary theory to ethics. T.A. GOUDGE, The
Ascent of Life (1961), a work devoted solely to philosophical problems of
evolutionary theory; MARJORIE GRENE, Approaches to a Philosophical Biology (1968),
a review of the European viewpoints on the philosophy of nature (Naturphilosophie);
THOMAS H. and JULIAN HUXLEY, Touchstone for Ethics, 1893-1943 (British
title, Evolution and Ethics, 1893-1943; 1947, reprinted 1969), opposing
views on the same theme by two famous biologists; HANS JONAS, The Phenomenon
of Life: Toward a Philosophical Biology (1966, reprinted 1979), a collection
of essays presenting an existential interpretation of biology in the tradition
of Naturphilosophie; JACQUES MONOD, Le Hasard et la n?essit? essai sur
la philosophie naturelle de la biologie moderne (1970; Eng. trans., Chance
and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology, 1971),
a significant addition to the biological literature by a Nobel Prize-winning
biologist; ASHLEY MONTAGU (ed.), Man and Aggression, 2nd ed. (1973),
a collection of essays and reviews critical of the notion of innate
aggressiveness as expounded by Konrad Lorenz and Robert Ardrey; RONALD MUNSON
(ed.), Man and Nature: Philosophical Issues in Biology (1971), a
collection of writings that provides an excellent introduction to current
thinking in biophilosophy, with incisive commentary by the editor; JEAN PIAGET, Biologie
et connaissance (1967; Eng. trans., Biology and Knowledge, 1971),
concerned primarily with the evolution of mental faculties; V.R. POTTER, Bioethics
(1971), a collection of articles dealing with the influence of biology on
practical moral problems. BERNHARD RENSCH, Biophilosophie auf
erkenntnistheoretischer Grundlage (1968; Eng. trans., Biophilosophy, 1971),
a work emphasizing the rise and nature of consciousness within the framework of
the evolutionary process; MICHAEL A. SIMON, The Matter of Life (1971), a
good review of the current approaches to the philosophy of biology; GEORGE
GAYLORD SIMPSON, This View of Life: The World of an Evolutionist (1964),
a collection of essays by a renowned scholar, some of which have shaped the
direction of philosophical biology today, and the especially pertinent chapter,
"Man's Place in Nature," in his Meaning of Evolution, pp.
281-294, rev. ed. (1967); PIERRE TEILHARD DE CHARDIN, Le Ph?om?e humain (1956;
Eng. trans., The Phenomenon of Man, 1959), a controversial attempt to
meld science and religion by presenting a mystical viewpoint of cosmic
evolution; C.H. WADDINGTON, The Ethical Animal (1960), a defense of the
claim that biological facts can provide grounds for moral principles. STEVEN
ROSE (ed.), Against Biological Determinism (1982) and Towards a
Liberatory Biology (1982), are two volumes of essays collected by the
DIALECTICS OF BIOLOGY GROUP, based on proceedings of meetings of philosophers
and biologists and exploring alternatives in modern life science; CHARLES BIRCH
and JOHN B. COBB, The Liberation of Life: From the Cell to the Community
(1982), is a survey of philosophical interpretations of problems of ecology;
JOHN C. GREENE, Science, Ideology, and World View: Essays in the History of
Evolutionary Ideas (1981), is a discussion of the role of philosophy of
evolution in Western intellectual history; C. LEON HARRIS, Evolution: Genesis
and Revelations: With Reading from Empodocles and Wilson (1981), is a
survey of the history of evolutionary thought; and U.J. JENSEN and R. HARR?
(eds.), The
Philosophy of Evolution (1981), is a collection of essays on evolutionary
concepts in different fields; see also ERNST MAYR, The Growth of Biological
Thought: Diversity, Evolution, and Inheritance (1982).
ROBIN G. COLLINGWOOD, The Idea of History (1946),
a classical contribution to the critical theory of history; KARL R. POPPER, The Poverty of Historicism (1957),
an influential critique of types of historical speculation; WILLIAM H. WALSH, An
Introduction to Philosophy of History (1951), a lucid, general account;
PATRICK L. GARDINER, The Nature of Historical Explanation, 3rd ed.
(1967); WILLIAM H. DRAY, Laws and Explanation in History (1957); PETER
WINCH, The Idea of a Social Science and Its Relation to Philosophy (1958);
and MORTON G. WHITE, Foundations of Historical Knowledge (1965), four
analytical discussions relating to historical knowledge and understanding; FRANK
E. MANUEL, Shapes of Philosophical History (1965), a brief but reliable
survey of the development of speculative theories. WILLIAM DRAY, Perspectives
in History (1980), is an explorative collection of essays on particular
theorists of history by a prominent contemporary philosopher; ANTHONY GIDDENS, A
Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism: Power, Property, and the State
(1982), is a work by a leading British sociologist in which he offers an
alternative interpretation of history based upon contemporary anthropological
research; HILARY PUTNAM, Reason, Truth and History (1981), is a
discussion of the nature of truth, knowledge, and order, especially the
dichotomy between objective and subjective views of truth; LAWRENCE STONE, The
Past and the Present (1981), is an examination of historiographic
methodology; JOHN W. MILLER, The Philosophy of History with Reflections and
Aphorisms (1981), is an original personal reflection on history as a human
science; see also discussions of special issues in MARK BLITZ, Heidegger's
Being and Time and the Possibility of Political Philosophy (1981); ALFRED
SCHMIDT, History and Structure: An Essay on Hegelian-Marxist and
Structuralist Theories of History (1982; originally published in German,
1971); EDMUND E. JACOBITTI, Revolutionary Humanism and Historicism in Modern
Italy (1981); EUGENE WEBB, Eric Voegelin: Philosopher of History
(1981).
11.1.5
Philosophy
of religion:
General introductions include H.D. LEWIS, Philosophy of Religion ("Teach
Yourself Book") (1965); and J. HICK, Philosophy of Religion (1963).
Introductory books that range over a somewhat narrower field include J.L.
GOODALL, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (1966); I.T.
RAMSEY, Religious Language (1957 and 1963); and THOMAS FAWCETT, The
Symbolic Language of Religion (1971). NINIAN SMART, Philosophers and
Religious Truth, 2nd ed. (1969), centres discussion of some salient issues
around particular philosophers. NINIAN SMART, The Religious Experience of
Mankind (1969); and EDWARD GEOFFREY PARRINDER, Comparative Religion (1962),
provide general introductions to the comparative study of religions. In World
Religions (1966), H.D. LEWIS and R.L. SLATER consider issues in the world
religions that are highlighted by contemporary approaches in the philosophy of
religion and the comparative study of religions respectively. In the psychology
of religion, the classic work of WILLIAM JAMES, The Varieties of Religious
Experience (1902, reprinted 1952), is probably still the best introduction
that might then be followed by a comprehensive survey of the contemporary field,
such as L.W. GRENSTED, The Psychology of Religion (1952). Most of these
books contain excellent bibliographies for further reading. NINIAN SMART, Historical
Selections in the Philosophy of Religion (1962); and I.T. RAMSEY, Words
About God (1971), are useful sourcebooks for some classic discussions of
topics in the philosophy of religion; an excellent survey of recent thought is
given in JOHN MACQUARRIE, Twentieth-Century Religious Thought: The Frontiers
of Philosophy and Theology, 1900-1960 (1963). F.R. TENNANT, Philosophical
Theology, 2 vol. (1928-30); H.H. FARMER, The World and God: A Study of
Prayer, Providence and Miracle in Christian Experience (1935); and H.D.
LEWIS, Our Experience of God (1959), represent different general
treatments of the subject. WILFRED C. SMITH, Towards a World Theology: Faith
and the Comparative History of Religion (1980), is an introduction to
analysis of the interrelationship of various religious traditions; JOHN B. COBB
and W. WIDICK SCHROEDER (eds.), Process Philosophy and Social Thought
(1981), is a collection of essays on reshaping of social and political
thinking; MICHAEL D. CLARK, Worldly Theologians: The Persistence of Religion in
Nineteenth Century American Thought (1981), is an examination of the
relationship between religion and secular thought; SEYYED HOSSEIN NASR, Knowledge
and the Sacred (1982), is an exposition of neo-traditionalism in philosophy
and religion; FREDERICK COPLESTON, Religion and the One: Philosophies East
and West (1982), is a comparison of various world philosophies in their
treatment of human religious experience. For discussion of particular religious
philosophers see TERENCE J. GERMAN, Hamann on Language and Religion
(1982), ROBERT J. VANDEN BURGT, The Religious Philosophy of William James
(1981); HENRY S. LEVINSON, The Religious Investigations of William James (1981);
JEFFREY STOUT, The Flight from Authority: Religion, Morality, and the Quest
for Autonomy (1981).
Books dealing with specific problems of
religious belief are: PETER R. BAELZ, Prayer and
Providence (1968); J. HICK, Evil and the God of Love (1966); A.
FARRER, Love Almighty and Ills Unlimited (1966); I.T. RAMSEY, The
Problem of Evil (1972); W.T. STACE, Mysticism and Philosophy (1960);
JOHN HICK,God Has Many Names (1982); LESZEK KOLAKOWSKI, Religion: If
There Is No God: On God, the Devil, Sin, and Other Worries of the So-Called
Philosophy of Religion (1982); HARRY J. AUSMUS, The Polite Escape: On the
Myth of Secularization (1982); and CHARLES F. KEYES and E. VALENTINE DANIEL
(eds.), Karma: An Anthropological Inquiry (1983).
11.1.6
Philosophy
of art:
PAUL ZIFF, "The Task of Defining a Work of
Art," Phil. Rev., 62:58-78 (1953); DEWITT PARKER, The Analysis of Art (1926);
SUSANNE K. LANGER, Feeling
and Form (1953); JOHN DEWEY, Art As Experience (1934); WARREN E.
STEINKRAUS, Philosophy of Art, rev. ed. (1984); V.A. HOWARD, Artistry:
The Work of Artists (1982); R.A. SHARPE, Contemporary Aesthetics: A
Philosophical Analysis (1983); PATRICIA H. WERHANE (ed.), Philosophical
Issues in Art (1984); and HAROLD ROSENBERG, The De-definition of Art
(1983).
For a discussion of intention in art
interpretation see first the classic attack on intention by WILLIAM K. WIMSATT
and MONROE C. BEARDSLEY, "The Intentional Fallacy," in The Verbal Icon (1954);
for an opposed view see LESLIE A. FIEDLER, "Archetype and Signature: A
Study of the Relationship Between Biography and Poetry," Sewanee Rev., 60:
253-273 (1952); and HENRY D. AIKEN, "The Aesthetic Relevance of the
Artist's Intentions," J. Phil., 52:742-753 (1955). Classic sources
on art as imitation (representation) are ARISTOTLE, Poetics,
and LONGINUS, On the Sublime. Recent works include WALTER ABELL, Representation
and Form (1936), particularly in visual art; THEODORE M. GREENE, The Arts
and the Art of Criticism (1940); and STEPHEN C. PEPPER, The Work of Art (1955).
See also RICHARD KUHNS, Psychoanalytic Theory of Art: A Philosophy of Art on
Developmental Principles (1983); and HOWARD J. SMAGULA, Currents,
Contemporary Directions in the Visual Arts (1983).
A classic source on art as expression is LEO
TOLSTOY's What Is Art? (1898; Aylmer Maude translation in "Oxford
World's Classic Library," 1930, reprinted 1960); defense of forms of
expression theory are ROBIN G. COLLINGWOOD, The
Principles of Art (1938); and CURT J. DUCASSE, The Philosophy of Art, rev.
ed. (1966). An anthology of readings on artistic expression is JOHN HOSPERS
(ed.), Artistic Expression (1971). Later monographs include R.L. HELD, Endless
Innovations: Frederick Kiesler's Theory and Scenic Design (1982); and
MARCIA MUELDER EATON, Art and Nonart (1983).
For a defense of art as form, see CLIVE BELL, Art (1914,
reprinted 1958); ROGER FRY, Transformations
(1927); EDUARD HANSLICK, Vom Musikalisch-Sch?en, 7th ed. rev. (1885;
Eng. trans., The Beautiful in Music, 1891, reprinted 1957). Moral and
societal aspects of the subject are treated in GEORGE SANTAYANA, Reason in
Art (1910). ROGER TAYLOR, Beyond Art: What Art Is and Might Become If
Freed from Cultural Elitism (1981), is a discussion of art as an integral
part of life; ARTHUR C. DANTO, The Transfiguration of the Commonplace: A
Philosophy of Art (1981), is an examination of the relationship between
philosophy and art, and of the distinction between art works and commonplace
objects. DENNIS DUTTON (ed.), The Forger's Art: Forgery and the Philosophy of
Art (1983), is a collection of original essays on this special topic.
Histories of the subject include ALBERT
HOFSTADTER and RICHARD KUHNS (eds.), Philosophies of
Art and Beauty (1964); ALEXANDER SESONSKE (ed.), What Is Art? (1965);
and MONROE C. BEARDSLEY, Aesthetics from Classical Greece to the Present (1966).
See also EUGENIO TR?S, The Artist and the City (1982; originally
published in Spanish, 1976); MICHAEL F. PALMER, Paul Tillich's Philosophy of
Art (1984); MIKEL DUFRENNE, Main Trends in Aesthetics and the Science of
Art (1979); and STEPHEN DAVID ROSS (ed.), Art and Its Significance: An
Anthology of Aesthetic Theory (1984).
W.V. QUINE, Philosophy
of Logic (1970), is the best compact introductory exposition. HILARY PUTNAM,
Philosophy of Logic (1971), is useful as a complement to Quine. Much of
the important recent literature, however, is in the form of brief papers rather
than monographs. The most successful anthologies of such papers are perhaps L.W.
SUMNER and JOHN WOODS (eds.), Necessary Truth (1969), on logical truth
and analyticity; and LEONARD LINSKY (ed.), Reference and Modality (1971),
on modal concepts and intensional logic. RAYMOND KLIBANSKY (ed.), Contemporary
Philosophy, vol. 1 (1968), contains several survey articles covering
thoroughly the whole field. Still central are the classical writings of the
great modern philosophers of logic: PETER GEACH and MAX BLACK (eds.), Translations
from the Philosophical writings of Gottlob Frege, 2nd ed. (1960); BERTRAND
RUSSELL, Logic and Knowledge (1956); LUDWIG WITTGENSTEIN, Tractatus
logico-philosophicus (Eng. trans., 1922) and Philosophical Investigations
(Eng. trans., 1953); ALFRED TARSKI, Logic, Semantics, and Metamathematics
(1956); and RUDOLF CARNAP, Meaning and Necessity (1947). The
period 1879-1931 is also covered in a magnificent volume by JEAN VAN HEIJENOORT
(ed.), From Frege to G?el: A Source Book in Mathematical Logic, 1879-1931 (1967),
which contains valuable introductions to the different selections and comments
on them. Of recent literature, especially noteworthy are the writings of
Strawson and Quine: P.F. STRAWSON, Logico-Linguistic Papers (1971); W.V.
QUINE, From a Logical Point of View (1953), Word and Object (1960),
and Ontological Relativity and Other Essays (1969). Quine's ideas
are discussed critically in DONALD DAVIDSON and JAAKKO HINTIKKA (eds.), Words
and Objections (1969). A broad spectrum of new work on the borderline of
philosophical logic and linguistics is represented in DONALD DAVIDSON and
GILBERT HARMAN (eds.), Semantics of Natural Language (1972). Several
problems mentioned above are discussed in JAAKKO HINTIKKA, Logic,
Language-Games, and Information (1972); and in J.W. DAVIS, D.J. HOCKNEY, and
W.K. WILSON (eds.), Philosophical Logic (1969). Later monographs include
JOHN MARENBON, From the Circle of Alcuin to the School of Auxerre: Logic,
Theology, and Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages (1981), an examination of
the progress of medieval philosophical logic; RUDY RUCKER, Infinity and the
Mind: The Science and Philosophy of the Infinite (1982), a book on the
interface of philosophy and computer science; GEORGE BEALER, Quality and
Concept (1982), an appraisal of elementary symbolic logic; and OSWALD
HANFLING, Logical Positivism (1981), a treatment of the philosophical
movement.
11.1.8
Philosophy
of law:
Leading treatises in English include A. ROSS, Om ret og retfaerdighed (1953;
Eng. trans., On
Law and Justice, 1958); W. FRIEDMANN, Legal Theory, 5th ed. (1967);
H. KELSEN, General Theory of Law and State (1945); G.W. PATON, A
Text-Book of Jurisprudence, 3rd ed. by D.P. DERHAM (1964); R. POUND, Jurisprudence,
5 vol. (1959); J. STONE, Legal System and Lawyers' Reasonings (1964);
Human Law and Human Justice (1965); Social Dimensions of Law and
Justice (1966); LEV S. JAWITSCH, The General Theory of Law: Social and
Philosophical Problems (1981; trans. from the Russian); ROBERT S. SUMMERS, Instrumentalism
and American Legal Theory (1982). NEIL MacCORMICK, H.L.A. Hart
(1981), is an analysis of the legal philosophy of the prominent jurist.
Notable works on the history of philosophy of
law include E. WOLF, Griechisches Rechtsdenken, 3 vol. (1950-54); A.
VERDROSS, Abendl?dische Rechtsphilosophie, 2nd ed. (1963); R. MARCIC, Geschichte der Rechtsphilosophie (1971);
G. FASSO, Storia
della filosofia del diritto, 2 vol. (1966-68; 2nd ed., vol. 1, 1970). DAVID
MILLER, Philosophy and Ideology in Hume's Political Thought (1981), is a
comprehensive survey of Hume's thought on judgment, justice, political power,
and government.
Basic works in the main areas include: (Analytical jurisprudence):
J. AUSTIN, Lectures on
Jurisprudence (1832); H.L.A. HART, The Concept of Law (1961); W.N.
HOHFELD, Fundamental Legal Conceptions As Applied to Judicial Reasoning (1923);
H. KELSEN, Reine Rechtslehre, 2nd ed. (1960; Eng. trans., Pure Theory
of Law, 1967); A. KOCOUREK, Jural Relations, 2nd ed. (1928); I.
TAMMELO, Outlines of Modern Legal Logic (1969). (Ethical jurisprudence):
C.K. ALLEN, Aspects of Justice (1958); J. BENTHAM, Introduction to the
Principles of Morals and Legislation (1780); E. BODENHEIMER, Treatise on
Justice (1967); H. KELSEN, What is Justice? (1957); C. PERELMAN, Justice
(1967); G. RADBRUCH, "Legal Philosophy," in K. WILK (ed.), The
Legal Philosophies of Lask, Radbruch and Dabin, pp. 47-226 (1950). (Sociological
jurisprudence, including historical jurisprudence): W. AUBERT (ed.), Sociology
of Law (1969); E. EHRLICH, Grundlegung der Soziologie des Rechts (1913;
Eng. trans., Fundamental Principles of the Sociology of Law, 1936); L.M.
FRIEDMAN and A.S. MACAULAY (eds.), Law and Behavioral Sciences (1969); G.
GURVITCH, Sociology of Law (1942); K.N. LLEWELLYN, Jurisprudence (1962);
H. MAINE, Ancient Law (1861); F. VON SAVIGNY, Vom Beruf unsrer Zeit f?
Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft (1830; Eng. trans., Of the Vocation
of Our Age for Legislation and Jurisprudence, 1831); E.M. SCHUR, Law and
Society (1968); J. STONE, Law and the Social Sciences in the Second
Half-Century (1966). See also DONALD DAVIDSON, Essays on Actions and
Events (1980); HANNU TAPANI KLAMI, Anti-Legalism (1980); M.A.
STEWART (ed.), Law, Morality, and Rights (1983); JOHN D. HODSON, The Ethics of
Legal Coercion (1983); ANTHONY ALLOTT, The Limits of Law (1980);
B.R. KRISHNA IYER, Law Versus Justice (1981).
11.1.9
Philosophy
of education:
For an excellent example of the analytical
approach to philosophy of education, see ISRAEL SCHEFFLER (ed.), Philosophy and Education, 2nd
ed. (1966). A representative British example is P.H. HIRST and R.S. PETERS, The Logic of
Education (1970). Several scholars have attempted to group philosophies of
education into schools of thought. The best collections are JOHN PAUL STRAIN
(comp.), Modern Philosophies of Education (1971); and THEODORE B.H.
BRAMELD, Patterns of Educational Philosophy: Divergence and Convergence in
Culturological Perspective (1971). For examples of attempts to focus on a
single problem or issue and to combine clarity and commitment, see PAUL NASH, Authority
and Freedom in Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Education (1966);
KENNETH D. BENNE, Education in the Quest for Identity and Community (1962);
and ROBERT ULICH, The Human Career: A Philosophy of Self-Transcendence (1955).
A good collection of Existentialist statements on education may be found in
MAXINE GREENE (comp.), Existential Encounters for Teachers (1967).
For selections from the classics on conceptions of the educated person, see PAUL
NASH (ed.), Models of Man: Explorations in the Western Educational Tradition (1968);
and ROBERT ULICH (ed.), Three Thousand Years of Educational Wisdom, 2nd
ed. enl. (1954). Original essays on all of these major figures may be found in
PAUL NASH, ANDREAS M. KAZAMIAS, and HENRY J. PERKINSON (eds.), The Educated
Man: Studies in the History of Educational Thought (1965). Contemporary
problems are treated in BRENDA COHEN, Education and the Individual
(1982), exploring the concept of freedom of education; MORTIMER J. ADLER, The
Paideia Proposal: An Educational Manifesto (1982); HENRY A. GIROUX, Ideology,
Culture, and the Process of Schooling (1981), espousing radical Marxist
thought; LLOYD DUCK, Teaching with Charisma (1981), analyzing psychology
of teaching behaviours; R.F. HOLLAND, Against Empiricism: On Education,
Epistemology, and Value (1980), a collection of essays of broad concern;
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG, The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the
Idea of Justice (1981), stressing an interdisciplinary approach in
education; MICHAEL R. MATTHEWS, The Marxist Theory of Schooling: A Study of
Epistemology and Education (1981); and DAVID NYBERG, Power Over Power:
What Power Means in Ordinary Life, How It Is Related To Acting Freely, and What
It Can Contribute to a Renovated Ethics of Education (1981).
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