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[ Home ] [ Up ] [ A Confession ] [ What I Believe ] [ Gospel In Brief ] [ Kingdom of God ] [ A Criticism of Dogmatic Theology ] [ An Examination of The Gospels ] [ A Harmony, Translation, and Examination of The Four Gospels ] [ 23 Tales ] [ Hadji Murad ] [ Resurrection ] [ His Life and Work ] [ Count Tolstoi and the Public Censor ] [ The Devil ] [ Last Days of Tolstoy ] [ First Recollections ] [ Father Sergious ] [ The Forged Coupon ] [ The Death of Ivan Ilych ] [ The Kreutzer Sonata ] [ Tolstoi's Kreutzer Sonata ] [ How Much Land Does A Man Need? ] [ What to do - On the Census in Moscow ] [ To A Kind Youth ] [ Master and Man ] [ Patriotism and Government ] [ Thou shall not kill ] [ To the Tsar and His Assistants ] [ A Letter to Russian Liberals ] [ A Letter to a Hindu ] [ Letter to Gandhi ] [ Letter to A Noncommissioned Officer ] [ To The Working People ] [ On Non-Resistance ] [ Last Message to Mankind ] [ The Slavery of Our Times ] [ Reminiscences Of Tolstoy ] [ Semenov's Peaseant Stories ] [ Strider ] [ The Works of Guy De Maupassant ] [ The Last Days of Leo Tolstoy ] [ The Tragedy of Tolstoy ]
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TO THE WORKING
PEOPLE
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
by Leo Tolstoy |
From The Complete Works of Count Tolstoy Vol XXIV (Latest
Works/Life/General Index Biography) - Dana Estes & Co. - 1905 (pp. 131-169)
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"And ye shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you
free" (John viii. 32).
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"Áø¸®¸¦
¾ËÁö´Ï Áø¸®°¡ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯ÄÉ Çϸ®¶ó" (¿äÇѺ¹À½ 8:32) |
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 |
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I HAVE but little time left to live, and I should like before my death to tell you, working people, what I have been thinking about your oppressed condition and about those means which will help you to free yourselves from it.
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³ª´Â »ì ½Ã°£ÀÌ
¾ó¸¶ ³²Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ³»°¡ Á×±â Àü¿¡ ´ç½Åµé, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ ¾ï¾Ð ¹Þ´Â »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
¹þ¾î³¯ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï µµ¿ÍÁÙ ¹æ¹ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, ³»°¡ »ý°¢ÇØ ¿Ô´ø °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù. |
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Maybe something of what I have been thinking (and I have been thinking much about it) will do you some good.
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¾Æ¸¶µµ ³»°¡
»ý°¢ÇØ ¿Ô´ø °Í (±×¸®°í ³»°¡ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¹ÀÌ »ý°¢ÇØ ¿Ô´ø ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ) ´ç½Åµé¿¡°Ô ¾à°£ÀÇ µµ¿òÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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I naturally turn to the Russian labourers, among whom I live and whom I know better than the labourers of any other country, but I hope that my remarks may not be useless to the labourers of other countries as well.
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³ª´Â ´ç¿¬È÷
·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇØ ¾ð±ÞÇϰíÀÚ Çϸç, ±×°ÍÀº ³»°¡ ±×µé °¡¿îµ¥ »ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³ª´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ³ª¶óÀÇ ³ëµ¿Àڵ麸´Ù ±×µéÀ» Àß ¾Ë°í ÀÖ±â
¶§¹®ÀÌÁö¸¸, ³ªÀÇ ÀǰߵéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ôµµ ¿ª½Ã ¾µ¸ð ¾øÁö ¾Ê±â¸¦ Èñ¸ÁÇÑ´Ù. |
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¡¡ |
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Every one who has eyes and a heart sees that you, working men, are obliged to pass your lives in want and in hard labour, which is useless to you, while other men, who do not work, enjoy all that you accomplish, - that you are the slaves of these men, and that this ought not to be.
¡¡ |
´«°ú °¡½¿À»
Áö´Ñ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº, ´ç½Åµé Áï ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±ÃÇÌ¿¡¼ ±×¸®°í ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â Èûµç ³ëµ¿À¸·Î »îÀ» º¸³»¾ß¸¸ Çϸç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé
³ëµ¿ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ÀÌ·èÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀ» Áñ±â°í ÀÖÀ½À» - Áï, ´ç½ÅµéÀº ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ë¿¹µéÀ̸ç, ÀÌ·± ÀÏÀÌ
À־ ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» - ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
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But what should be done that this might not be?
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±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·±
ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á¸é ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÇàÇØÁ®¾ß Çϴ°¡? |
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The first, simplest, and most natural means which from olden times has presented itself to men is by force to take from those who live by your labour what they enjoy illegally. Thus since remote antiquity acted the slaves in Rome and the peasants in the Middle Ages in Germany and in France. Thus they have frequently acted in Russia, since the time of Stenka Razin, of Pugachev. Thus even now Russian labourers at times act.
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¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¦½ÃµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø, ù ¹øÂ°ÀÌÀÚ °¡Àå °£´ÜÇϸç, °¡Àå ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î ¹æ¹ýÀº ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿À¸·Î »ç´Â »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÌ ºÎ´çÇÏ°Ô ´©¸®´Â
°ÍÀ» Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î »©¾Ñ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿À·£ ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ ·Î¸¶ÀÇ ³ë¿¹µé ¹× Áß¼¼ ½Ã´ë¿¡ µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼ ±×¸®°í ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼ ³óºÎµéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇÏ¿´´Ù. Ǫ°¡Ã¼ÇÁÀÇ
½ºÅÙÄ« ¶óÄ£ ½Ã´ë ÀÌÈÄ, ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼µµ ºó¹øÇÏ°Ô ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î Áö±Ýµµ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ¶§¶§·Î ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇÑ´Ù. |
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This means suggests itself to the injured working men before any other, and yet this means not only never attains its end, but always more certainly makes worse, rather than improves, the condition of the working men. It was possible anciently, when the power of the government was not yet so strong as it is now, to hope for the success of such uprisings; but now, when in the hands of the government, which always protects those who do not work, are immense sums of money, and the railways, and the telegraphs, and the police, and the gendarmes, and the army, all such attempts end, as lately ended the uprisings in the Governments of Poltava and of Kharkov, in the torture and execution of the rioters, and the power of the non-workers over the workers is only made more firm.
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ÀÌ·± ¼ö´ÜÀº
¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¸ÕÀú ÇÇÇØ¸¦ ´çÇÑ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô ¶°¿Ã¶úÀ¸³ª, ÀÌ ¹æ¹ýÀº °áÄÚ ±× ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏÁö ¸øÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ »óȲÀ» °³¼±Çϱ⺸´Ù´Â
¾ðÁ¦³ª ´õ¿í ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ´õ ¾ÇȽÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ Áö±Ýº¸´Ù´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ±×·¸°Ô °·ÂÇÏÁö ¾Ê´ø ¶§¿¡, ±×·¯ÇÑ Æøµ¿µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼º°øÀ» ±â´ëÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇß´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÏÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» º¸È£ÇÏ´Â Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¼Õ¾Æ±Í¿¡´Â, ¸·´ëÇÑ µ·, ±×¸®°í öµµµé, ±×¸®°í Àü½Åµé, ±×¸®°í
°æÂûµé, ±×¸®°í Ç庴µé, ±×¸®°í ±º´ë°¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ÆúŸ¹ÙÀÇ ±×¸®°í Ä«¸£ÄÚÇÁÀÇ Á¤ºÎµé¿¡¼ Æøµ¿µéÀÌ ³¡ÀÌ ³µµíÀÌ, ±×¿Í °°Àº ¸ðµç
½ÃµµµéÀº, ÆøµµµéÀÇ °í¹®°ú óÇüÀ¸·Î ³¡ÀÌ ³ª¸ç, ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ºñ-³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ´õ¿í °ø°íÇØÁú »ÓÀÌ´Ù. |
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In trying to oppose violence to violence, you, working men, do what a man bound with ropes would do if, to free himself, he should tug at the ropes: he would only tighten the knots which fetter him. The same is true as regards your attempts by means of violence to take away what is withheld from you by means of violence.
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Æø·Â¿¡ ´ëÇØ
Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ´ëÇ×ÇÔÀ» ½ÃµµÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ´ç½Åµé, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¹åÁٵ鿡 ¹¿© ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÇàÇÏ·Á´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù: Áï,
¸¸ÀÏ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ö Áö·Á°í, ¹åÁÙµéÀ» Àâ¾Æ ´ç±ä´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸¦ ¿íÁ˰í ÀÖ´Â ¸ÅµìµéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ´Ü´ÜÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ÁÖÁö
¾ÊÀ¸·Á´Â °ÍÀ» Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »©¾ÑÀ¸·Á´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ½Ãµµµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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¡¡ |
¡¡ |
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It has now become obvious that the method of riots does not attain its purpose, and that it does not improve the condition of the working men, but rather makes it worse. And so of late, men who desire, or who at least say that they desire, the good of the working masses, have discovered a new means for the liberation of the working men. This new means is based on the teaching that all the working men, after being deprived of the land which they formerly possessed, and after having become hired labourers (which according to this teaching is to happen as inevitably as the sunset at a given hour), will arrange unions, societies, demonstrations, and will choose their partisans for parliament, and thus will keep improving their condition, and finally will appropriate to themselves all the works and factories, in general all the implements of labour, among them the land, and then will be absolutely free and prosperous. In spite of the fact that this teaching, which proposes this means, is full of obscurities, arbitrary propositions and contradictions and simple absurdities, it has of late been disseminated more and more widely.
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Æøµ¿µéÀ» ÅëÇÑ
¹æ¹ýÀº ±× ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏÁö ¸øÇϸç, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óŸ¦ °³¼±ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¾ÇȽÃŲ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ¸í¹éÇØÁ³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¡¼
ÃÖ±Ù¿¡, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â ´ëÁßµéÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀ» ¹Ù¶ó´Â, ¾Æ´Ï Àû¾îµµ ±×µéÀÌ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀ» À§ÇØ »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ»
¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀº ¸ðµç ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´ø ¶¥À» »©¾Ñ±ä µÚ¿¡, ±×¸®°í °í¿ëµÈ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ µÇ°í ³ ÈÄ¿¡(ÀÌ
°¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µû¸£¸é Á¤ÇØÁø ½Ã°£ÀÇ Àϸôó·³ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϵµ·Ï µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù), Á¶ÇÕµéÀ», ´ÜüµéÀ», ±×¸®°í ½ÃÀ§µéÀ» ÁغñÇϸç, ÀÇȸ¿¡¼
±×µéÀÇ ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇϸç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀÇ »óŸ¦ Áö¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î °³¼±Çϸç, ±×¸®°í ¸¶Ä§³» ¸ðµç ÀÛ¾÷¼Òµé ¹× °øÀåµéÀ», ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç
³ëµ¿ µµ±¸µéÀ», ±×°Íµé Áß¿¡¼ ÅäÁö¸¦, ±×µé °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé°í, ±×·¯°í ³ª¸é Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ì¸ç ¹ø¼ºÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§Àº, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ¾Ö¸ÅÇÔµé, ÀÓÀÇÀûÀÎ ¸íÁ¦µé ¹× ¸ð¼øµé ±×¸®°í ¸í¹éÇÑ ºÎÁ¶¸®µé·Î °¡µæ Â÷ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ
ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±Ù·¡¿¡ Á¡Á¡ ´õ Æø³Ð°Ô º¸±ÞµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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This doctrine is accepted not only in those countries where the majority of the population has for several generations fallen away from agricultural labour, but also where the majority of working men have not yet thought of abandoning the land.
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ÀÌ ½ÅÁ¶´Â ¸î
¼¼´ë¿¡ °ÉÃļ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Àα¸°¡ ³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª¿Â ±×·± ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ÅäÁö¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÒ
°ÍÀ» »ý°¢Çغ¸Áö ¾ÊÀº °÷¿¡¼µµ ¼ö¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
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It would seem that a doctrine which first of all demands the transition of the agricultural labourer from the customary, healthy, and joyous conditions of varied agricultural labour to the unhealthy, sombre, and pernicious conditions of monotonous, stultifying work, and from that independence, which the village worker feels in satisfying nearly all his needs, to the complete slavish dependence of the factory workman on his master, ought to have no success in countries where the labourers still live on the land and support themselves by means of agricultural labour. But the preaching of this modern doctrine, called socialism, even in such countries as Russia, where ninety-eight percent of the labouring population lives by means of agricultural labour, is gladly accepted by those two percent of working men who have fallen away from agricultural labour. This is due to the fact that, when he abandons the labour on the land, the working man involuntarily submits to those temptations which are connected with life in the city and in the factory. The justification of these temptations he finds only in the socialistic doctrine, which considers the increase of necessities a sign of man's improvement.
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¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ,
³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀûÀ̸ç, °Ç°Çϰí, ±â»Ý¿¡ Âù »óŵé·ÎºÎÅÍ ´ÜÁ¶·Ó°í, ¸ÛûÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ °Ç°ÇÏÁö ¸øÇϸç,
ħ¿ïÇϸç ÇØ·Î¿î »óŵé·Î, ±×¸®°í ¸¶À» ÀϲÛÀÌ ±×ÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇÊ¿äµéÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ´¿¡¼ ´À³¢´Â ±×·± µ¶¸³¼ºÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ °øÀå
³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ³ë¿¹¿Í °°Àº Á¾¼Ó¼ºÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀüÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ½ÅÁ¶´Â, ¾ÆÁ÷ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ÅäÁö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇØ »ì°í ³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀ»
ºÎ¾çÇÏ´Â ³ª¶óµé¿¡¼´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ¼º°øÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇßÀ½ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª »çȸÁÖÀǶó°í ºÒ¸®´Â, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Çö´ëÀû ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ
°¡¸£Ä§Àº, ½ÉÁö¾î, 98%ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ Àα¸µéÀÌ ³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿À¸·Î »ì¾Æ°¡´Â, ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿Í °°Àº ³ª¶óµé¿¡¼µµ, ³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª¿Â ±×µé 2%ÀÇ
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±â²¨ÀÌ ¼ö¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº, ±×°¡ ÅäÁö¿¡¼ÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» Æ÷±âÇÒ ¶§, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº µµ½Ã¿¡¼ ±×¸®°í
°øÀå¿¡¼ÀÇ »ýȰ°ú °ü·ÃµÈ ±×·± À¯È¤µé¿¡ º»ÀÇ ¾Æ´Ï°Ô ±¼º¹Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± À¯È¤µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤´çȸ¦ ±×´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ »çȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ½ÅÁ¶¿¡¼ ã°í
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ÇÊ¿¬¼ºÀÇ Áõ°¡´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ °³¼±ÀÇ Áõ°Å¶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Such working men, who have filled themselves with fragments of the socialistic doctrine, preach it with particular fervour to their fellow working men, considering themselves, in consequence of this propaganda and in consequence of those needs which they have developed, to be advanced people who stand infinitely higher than a coarse peasant, a village worker. Fortunately, there are still very few such working men in Russia; the vast majority of Russian labourers, which consists of agriculturists, has never heard anything about the socialistic doctrine; if these labourers ever heard of it, they receive such a doctrine as entirely alien to them and not touching upon their real needs.
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±×·¯ÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶ÀÇ ÆÄÆíµé·Î ä¿ì°í¼,
±×µé µ¿·á ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °¢º°ÇÑ ¿Á¤À¸·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ¼³±³Çϸç, ÀÌ·± ¼±ÀüÀÇ °á°ú·Î ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ ±×·± Çʿ伺µéÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼, ÀÚ±â
ÀڽŵéÀÌ Åõ¹ÚÇÑ ³óºÎµé, ¸¶À»ÀÇ ÀÏ²Ûµé º¸´Ù ¹«ÇÑÁ¤ ³ôÀÌ¿¡ ¼ÀÖ´Â Áøº¸ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ÙÇེ·´°Ôµµ, ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼´Â ¾ÆÁ÷
±×·¯ÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Àû´Ù; ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¼ö´Â, ³óÀå °æ¿µÀÚµé·Î, »çȸÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶¿¡ ´ëÇØ °áÄÚ µé¾îº» ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç;
¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌµé ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» µé¾î º¸¾Ò´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×µéÀº ±×·± ½ÅÁ¶¸¦ ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÇÊ¿äµé¿¡ ¿Í ´ÝÁö ¾Ê´Â
°ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀδÙ. |
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All those socialistic methods of unions, demonstrations, election of partisans for the parliaments, by means of which the factory hands try to lighten their condition as slaves, present no interest for free agricultural labourers.
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±× ¸ðµç »çȸÁÖÀÇÀû ¹æ¹ýµé, Áï Á¶ÇÕµé, ½ÃÀ§µé, ÀÇȸµéÀ» À§ÇÑ
ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀÇ ¼±Ãâ, ±×¸®°í À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© °øÀåÀÇ Á÷°øµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ³ë¿¹·Î¼ÀÇ »óŸ¦ ´ú¾î º¸·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀº, ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô´Â
¾Æ¹«·± Èï¹Ì¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. |
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If the agricultural labourers need anything, it is not a raise of wages, not a diminution of hours of work, not general funds, and so forth, but only one thing, - land, of which they have everywhere too little to be able to support themselves upon it with their families. But of this one necessary thing for the rural labourers nothing is said in the socialistic doctrine.
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¸¸ÀÏ ³ó¾÷ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ºÀ±Þ Àλó,
³ëµ¿ ½Ã°£ÀÇ °¨¼Ò, ÀÏ¹Ý ±â±Ýµé, ¹× ±âŸ µîµîÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÇÑ °¡Áö, - ÅäÁö·Î¼, ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀ» ºÎ¾çÇϱ⿡ ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼³ª
³Ê¹« Àû´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½Ã°ñÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇÑ À̰°Àº ÇÑ °¡Áö ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ »çȸÁÖÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ð±ÞµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
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¡¡ |
¡¡ |
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All sensible Russian labourers understand that land, free land, is the only means for the improvement of their condition and for their liberation from slavery.
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¸ðµç Çö¸íÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº ÅäÁö, ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÅäÁö°¡ ±×µéÀÇ
»óÅÂÀÇ °³¼±°ú ³ë¿¹»óÅ·κÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀ» À§ÇÑ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
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This is what a Russian peasant, a Stundist, writes regarding it to a friend of his:
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À̰ÍÀº ½ºÅ÷´Ù ±³ÀÎÀÎ ÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³óºÎ°¡ ±×ÀÇ Ä£±¸¿¡°Ô ÅäÁö¿¡ °üÇÏ¿©
¾´ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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"If a revolution is to be started, while the land remains private property, then, of course, it is not worth while to start it. Thus, for example, our brothers who live abroad, in Roumania, tell us that there they have a constitution and parliaments, but that the land is nearly all of it in the hands of proprietors; so what use is this parliament to the masses? In the parliament, they say, there is taking place only a struggle of one party against another, but the masses are terribly enslaved and in servitude to the proprietors. The proprietors have huts upon their lands. Half of the land they generally lease to the peasants, as a rule only for one year. When a peasant has worked the land well, the proprietor himself sows in this plot the next year, and allots another piece of ground to the peasant. After these poor wretches have lived for a few years on the land of a proprietor, they still remain his debtors; the government takes their last possessions for taxes - their horse, cow, wagon, plough, clothes, bed, utensils, - and sells them all at a low price. Then the poor wretch picks up his starving family and goes to another proprietor, who seems to him to be kinder. This one gives him oxen, a plough, seeds, and so forth. But, after he has lived here for some time, the same story is repeated. Then he goes to a third proprietor, and so forth. Then the proprietors who do their own sowing hire labourers during the
harvest, but it is their custom to pay the wages at the end of the harvest, and but few of the proprietors ever pay their hands, - the majority hold back half the pay, if not all. And there is no way of getting justice. So there you have a constitution! There you have a parliament!
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"¸¸ÀÏ Çõ¸íÀÌ ½ÃÀ۵ȴٸé, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ÅäÁö°¡ °³ÀÎ ¼ÒÀ¯·Î ³²¾Æ
Àִ´ٸé, ¹°·Ð, ±×°ÍÀº ½ÃÀÛÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¡¼, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ÇØ¿Ü¿¡, ·ç¸¶´Ï¾Æ¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
±×µéÀº Çå¹ý°ú ÀÇȸµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÅäÁö´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù; ±×·¯´Ï ÀÌ·± ÀÇȸ°¡ ´ëÁߵ鿡°Ô ¹«½¼ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ Àִ°¡? ±×µéÀº
¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ÀÇȸ¿¡´Â ÀÌÂÊ ´çÀÌ ÀúÂÊ ´ç¿¡ ¸Â¼´Â ¿À·ÎÁö ÅõÀ︸ÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³¯ »ÓÀ̸ç, ´ëÁßµéÀº ÁöÁֵ鿡°Ô ¹«¼¿ì¸®¸¸Ä¡ ³ë¿¹ÈµÇ¾î¼ ¿¹¼Ó »óÅ¿¡
ÀÖ´Ù. ÁöÁÖµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁö À§¿¡ ¿ÀµÎ¸·µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ÅäÁöÀÇ Àý¹ÝÀ» ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀº ³óºÎµé¿¡°Ô ÀÓ´ëÇÏ¿©ÁÖ¸ç, Åë»ó ¿ÀÁ÷ 1³â
µ¿¾ÈÀÌ´Ù. ÇÑ ³óºÎ°¡ ±× ÅäÁö¸¦ ÈǸ¢È÷ °æÀÛÇÏ¿´À» ¶§, ³»³â¿¡´Â ÁöÁÖ°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÀÌ ±¸¿ª¿¡ ¾¾¸¦ »Ñ¸®¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ Á¶°¢ÀÇ ¶¥À» ³óºÎ¿¡°Ô ÇÒ´çÇÑ´Ù.
ÀÌµé °¡³ÇÏ°í ºñÂüÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÁöÁÖÀÇ ÅäÁö¿¡¼ ¸î ³âÀ» »ì¾Æ ¿Ô¾îµµ, ±×µéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±×ÀÇ ºúÀïÀÌ´Ù; Á¤ºÎ´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î °¡Áø °ÍµéÀ»
¼¼±ÝÀ¸·Î °¡Á®°£´Ù - ±×µéÀÇ ¸», ¼Ò, ¸¶Â÷, Àï±â, ÀǺ¹, ħ´ë, ÁÖ¹æ±â±¸µé, - ±×¸®°í ±×°Íµé ¸ðµÎ¸¦ Çæ °ª¿¡ ÆÇ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °¡³Çϰí
ºÒ½ÖÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×ÀÇ ±¾ÁÖ¸° °¡Á·À» µ¥¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÁöÁÖ¿¡°Ô·Î °£´Ù, ±×´Â ±×¿¡°Ô Á»´õ Ä£ÀýÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ÀÌ ÀÚµµ ¿ª½Ã ±×¿¡°Ô ¼Òµé,
Àï±â, ¾¾¾Ñµé, µîµîÀ» ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ±×°¡ À̰÷¿¡¼ ¸î ³âÀ» »ì´Ù º¸¸é, ¶È°°Àº À̾߱Ⱑ ¹Ýº¹µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ±×´Â ¼¼ ¹øÂ° ÁöÁÖ¿¡°Ô
°¡´Â µîµîÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾¾¾ÑÀ» »Ñ¸®´Â ÁöÁÖµéÀº Ãß¼öÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» °í¿ëÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª Ãß¼ö°¡ ³¡³¯ ¶§ ǰ»éµéÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ
±×µéÀÇ °ü½ÀÀÌÁö¸¸, ÁöÁÖµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Àϲ۵鿡°Ô °ÅÀÇ ÁöºÒÇÏ´Â ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ÀüºÎ´Â ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ, Àý¹ÝÀÇ »éÀ» ³»³õÀ¸·Á ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í
Á¤Àǰ¡ ½ÇÇöµÉ ¾Æ¹«·± ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¡¼ ´ç½Åµé¿¡°Ô Çå¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù! ´ç½ÅµéÀº ÀÇȸ°¡ ÀÖ´Ù! |
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"The land is the first indispensable condition which the masses should strive after. The factories and works, it seems to me, will naturally pass over into the hands of the working men. When the peasants get land, they Will work on it and live freely upon their labour. Then many will refuse to labour in the factories and works, consequently there will be less competition for the working men. Then the wages will rise, and they will be able to organize their circles and funds, and will be able themselves to compete with their masters; then the latter will not find it advantageous to have factories, and they will enter into agreements with the working men. Land is the chief object of the struggle. This ought to be explained to the working men. Even if they should obtain an increase in wages this would be only temporary, to allay their minds. Then again the conditions of life will change, if instead of one dissatisfied man ten others shall be waiting to take his place. How can they then ask for an increase of wages?"
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"ÅäÁö´Â ´ëÁßµéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã Ãß±¸ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Ã¹ ¹øÂ°ÀÇ ¾ø¾î¼´Â
¾ÈµÉ Á¶°ÇÀÌ´Ù. °øÀåµé ¹× ÀÛ¾÷¼ÒµéÀº, ³»°Ô ´À²¸Áö±â¿¡´Â, ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼Õµé·Î À̾çµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³óºÎµéÀÌ ÅäÁö¸¦ °¡Áú ¶§,
±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÏÇÒ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» Çϸç ÀÚÀ¯·ÎÀÌ »ì °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °øÀåµé°ú Á¦ÀÛ¼Ò¿¡¼ ÀÏÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç,
°á±¹ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ °æÀïÀÌ Àû¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ºÀ±ÞµéÀº ¿À¸¦ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðÀÓµé°ú ±â±ÝµéÀ» Á¶Á÷ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»
°ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀεé°ú ´ëÀûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç; ±×·¯¸é ÈÄÀÚ´Â °øÀåµéÀ» °¡Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÌ·ÓÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯¸é ±×µéÀº ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µé°ú Çù»óµéÀ» ¸ÎÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÅäÁö´Â ÅõÀïÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥ÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼³¸íµÇ¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ÀÓ±ÝÀÇ
ÀλóÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏ´õ¶óµµ À̰ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀϽÃÀûÀÏ »ÓÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶À½µéÀ» ´Þ·¡±â À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ´Ù½Ã »îÀÇ »óŵéÀÌ º¯ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ºÒ¸¸À»
°¡Áø ÇÑ »ç¶÷ ´ë½Å 10¸íÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÏ·Á ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ±×µéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÓ±ÝÀÇ ÀλóÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÒ ¼ö
Àְڴ°¡?" |
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Though the information given in the letter concerning the state of affairs in Roumania is not quite correct, and though in other countries these oppressions do not exist, the essence of the matter, which is, that the first condition for the improvement of the working men's condition is to be found in free land, is in this letter expressed with unusual clearness.
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ºñ·Ï ·ç¸¶´Ï¾ÆÀÇ Çö »óÅ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÆíÁö¿¡¼ ÁÖ¾îÁø Á¤º¸°¡ ±×·¸°Ô
Á¤È®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, ±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµé¿¡¼ ÀÌ·± ¾ï¾ÐµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, ¹®Á¦ÀÇ º»ÁúÀº, Áï, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅÂÀÇ °³¼±¿¡ °üÇÑ
ù ¹øÂ° Á¶°ÇÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÅäÁö¿¡¼ ¹ß°ßµÇµµ·Ï µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ ÆíÁö¿¡¼´Â º¸±â µå¹® ¸í·áÇÔÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. |
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¡¡ |
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Land is the chief object of the struggle! so writes this unlearned peasant. But the learned socialists say that the chief object of the struggle is works, factories, and only lastly land. For the working men to get land they must, according to the doctrine of the socialists, first of all struggle against the capitalists for the possession of plants and factories, and only after they shall have taken possession of the plants and factories will they get possession of the land. Men need land, and they are told that for its possession they must first of all abandon it and then obtain it again by a complex process, as predicted by the socialistic prophets, together with unecessary works and factories. This demand to get possession of works and factories, which are of no use to the agriculturists, in order to get possession of the land, reminds one of the methods used by certain usurers. You ask such a usurer for a thousand roubles in Money, for you need only the money, but the usurer tells you: "I can-not give you just the one thousand roubles; take from me five thousand, four thousand of which will be in the form of a few tons of soap, of a few bolts of silk stuffs, and so forth, things which you do not need, and then I shall be able to give you the one thousand roubles in money which you need."
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ÅäÁö´Â ÅõÀïÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ¸ñÇ¥ÀÌ´Ù!¶ó°í ÀÌ ¹«½ÄÇÑ ³óºÎ´Â ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª À¯½ÄÇÑ »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ÅõÀïÀÇ ÇÙ½É ¸ñÇ¥´Â Á¦ÀÛ¼Òµé, °øÀåµéÀ̸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡¼ ÅäÁö¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÅäÁö¸¦ ¾ò±â
À§Çؼ´Â ±×µéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã, »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù »ý»ê ½Ã¼³µé°ú °øÀåµéÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀÚº»°¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÅõÀïÇØ¾ß Çϸç, ¿ÀÁ÷
±×µéÀÌ »ý»ê ½Ã¼³µé°ú °øÀåµéÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ÈÄ¿¡¾ß ±×µéÀÌ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ¾ò°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ÅäÁö°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀÇ
¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ À§ÇØ ±×µéÀº Á¦ÀÏ ¸ÕÀú ±×°ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇØ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ±×¸®°í ³ª¼, »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¿¹°ßÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, º¹ÀâÇÑ °úÁ¤¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼, ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷¼Òµé
¹× °øÀåµé°ú ÇÔ²², ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¾ò´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» µè°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÅäÁö¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯Çϱâ À§Çؼ, ÀÛ¾÷¼Òµé ¹× °øÀåµéÀ» ¾ò¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ÀÌ·± ¿ä±¸´Â, ³ó¾÷
°æ¿µÀڵ鿡°Ô´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ÀϺΠ°í¸®´ë±Þ¾÷Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¹æ¹ýµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¸¦ ¶°¿À¸£°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀº ±×·±
°í¸®´ë±Þ¾÷ÀÚ¿¡°Ô õ ·çºíÀ» Çö±ÝÀ¸·Î ¿äûÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ´ç½ÅÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Çö±Ý¸¸ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª °í¸®´ë±Ý¾÷ÀÚ´Â ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
"³ª´Â õ ·çºí¸¸À» ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ÁÙ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù; ¿ÀõÀ» ³»°Ô¼ °¡Á®°¡¶ó, ±× Áß »çõ ·çºíÀº ºñ´© ¸î Åæ, ºñ´Ü ¸î ´Ù¹ß, µîµîÀÇ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î
ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍµéÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯¸é ³ª´Â ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ±× õ ·çºíÀ» Çö±ÝÀ¸·Î ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù." |
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Even so the socialists, having quite irregularly decided that the land is just such an implement of labour as a plant or a factory, propose to the labourers who are suffering only from lack of land, that they go away from the land and busy themselves with taking possession of the factories which produce cannon, guns, soap, mirrors, ribbons, and all kinds of articles of luxury, and then only, after these labourers shall have learned quickly and rapidly to produce mirrors and ribbons, but shall have become unfit to work the land, take possession of the land also.
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½ÉÁö¾î ±×·¯ÇÔ¿¡µµ, »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº, ÅäÁö´Â ´ÜÁö »ý»ê ½Ã¼³ ¶Ç´Â
°øÀå°ú °°Àº ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ½ÇÇöÀ̶ó°í ¸Å¿ì ºñÁ¤»óÀûÀ¸·Î °áÁ¤À» ³»¸° ´ÙÀ½, ÅäÁöÀÇ ºÎÁ·À¸·Î °íÅë ¹Þ´Â ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù:
ÅäÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶°³ª¶ó ±×¸®°í ´ëÆ÷, Ãѱâµé, ºñ´©, °Å¿ïµé, ¸®º»µé, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ »çÄ¡ ǰ¸ñµéÀ» »ý»êÇÏ´Â °øÀåµéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϴµ¥ ºÐÁÖÇ϶ó,
±×¸®°í ³ª¼, ¿ÀÁ÷, ÀÌ·± ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº °Å¿ïµé°ú ¸®º»µéÀ» »ý»êÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» À绡¸® ±×¸®°í ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ¹è¿ìÁö¸¸, ÅäÁö¸¦ °æÀÛÇϱ⿡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ
´ÙÀ½¿¡, ¶ÇÇÑ ÅäÁö¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯Ç϶ó. |
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¡¡ |
¡¡ |
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However strange it is to see a working man who has abandoned a life in the country amidst the freedom of the fields, meadows, and woods, and who ten years later, sometimes even after several generations, rejoices when he receives from his master a little house in the infected air with a twenty-foot garden in which he can plant a dozen cucumbers and two sunflowers, - such a joy is comprehensible.
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ÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ÀÌ»óÇÑ ÀÏÀΰ¡, µéÆÇµé, ¸ñÃʵé, ½£µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´©¸®´ø
ÀÚÀ¯ °¡¿îµ¥ÀÇ ½Ã°ñ¿¡¼ÀÇ »îÀ» Æ÷±âÇØ ¹ö¸®°í, 10³â µÚ¿¡, ½ÉÁö¾î ¸î ¼¼´ë µÚ¿¡ ¶§¶§·Î, ¿ÀÀÌ ÇÑ ´Ù½º ¹× ÇØ¹Ù¶ó±â µÎ Æ÷±â¸¦ °æÀÛÇÒ ¼ö
ÀÖ´Â20 ÇÇÆ® Å©±âÀÇ Á¤¿øÀÌ µþ¸°, ¿À¿°µÈ °ø±â ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Á¶±×¸¸ Áý ÇÑ Ã¤¸¦ ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÀÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÞÀ» ¶§ Áñ°Å¿ö ÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À» º¸´Ù´Ï
- ±×·¯ÇÑ ±â»ÝÀº ¾Ë¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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The possibility Of living On the land, of gaining one's sustenance from it by means of one's own labour, has always been and always will be one of the chief conditions of a happy and independent human life. This all men have always known, and so all men have always striven and never stop striving and always will strive, like a fish for the water, at least for the semblance of such a life.
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ÅäÁö À§¿¡ »ç´Â °ÍÀÇ, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À½½ÄÀ» ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ëµ¿À¸·Î
ÅäÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ò´Â °ÍÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀº, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÇູÇÏ¸ç µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀû Á¶°Çµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿´À¸¸ç ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×·¯ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ¸ðµç
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾Ë¾Æ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¸°Ô ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, Àû¾îµµ ±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀ» ´à±â À§ÇØ, ¸¶Ä¡ ¹°°í±â°¡ ¹°À» ÇâÇϵíÀÌ, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³ë·ÂÇØ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç
³ë·ÂÇϱ⸦ °áÄÚ ¸ØÃßÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³ë·ÂÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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But the socialistic doctrine says that for the happiness of men they do not need such a life amidst plants and animals, with the possibility of satisfying nearly all their daily wants by means of their own agricultural labour, but a life in industrial centres with infected air, and with increasing and ever increasing demands, the gratification of which is possible only by means of senseless labour in the factories. And the working men who are enmeshed in the temptations of their factory lives believe this and use all their efforts in a miserable struggle with the capitalists for the sake of hours of labour and additional pennies, imagining that they are doing some very important work, whereas the only important work, for which those working men who have been torn away from the land ought to use all their forces, should consist in finding a means of returning to a life amidst Nature and to agricultural labour. "But," say the socialists, "even if it were true that a life amidst Nature is better than a life in a factory, there are now so many factory workmen, and these men have abandoned agricultural life so long ago, that their return to life on the land is now impossible. It is impossible because such a transition will without any necessity diminish the productions of the manufacturing industries, which form the wealth of the country. Besides, even if this were not so, there is not enough free land for the settlement and sustenance of all factory workmen."
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±×·¯³ª »çȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ½ÅÁ¶´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇູÀ» À§Çؼ ±×µéÀº ½Ä¹°µé°ú
µ¿¹°µé °¡¿îµ¥ ÀÖ´Â, ±×µéÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ª³¯ÀÇ ¿å±¸µéÀ» ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ó¾÷ÀûÀÎ ³ëµ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸¸Á·½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡´É¼ºÀ» Áö´Ñ, ±×·± »îÀ»
ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿À¿°µÈ °ø±â¸¦ Áö´Ñ, ±×¸®°í Áõ°¡Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ¿å±¸µéÀ» Áö´Ñ, »ê¾÷ Áß½ÉÁö¿¡¼ÀÇ »îÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î
Çϸç, ±×·¯ÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸¸Á·Àº ¿À·ÎÁö °øÀåµé¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹«ÀǹÌÇÑ ³ëµ¿µé·Î¼ ¸¸ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ °øÀåÀÇ »îµéÀÇ À¯È¤µé ¾È¿¡ ÈÛ¾µ·Á
¹ö¸° ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº À̰ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ë·ÂµéÀ» ´ÙÇÏ¿© ¿©·¯ ½Ã°£ÀÇ ³ëµ¿ ¹× Ãß°¡ÀûÀÎ ±ÝÀüÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÀÚº»°¡µé°úÀÇ ºÒÇàÇÑ ÅõÀï¿¡
»ç¿ëÇϸç, ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶² ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¾÷¹«¸¦ ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í »ó»óÇÏÁö¸¸, À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Áß¿äÇÑ ¾÷¹«´Â, ±× ¶§¹®¿¡ ÅäÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª¿Ô´ø ±×µé
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ÈûµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ÀÚ¿¬ °¡¿îµ¥ÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ³ó¾÷Àû ³ëµ¿À¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. "±×·¯³ª,"ÇÏ°í »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, "ºñ·Ï ÀÚ¿¬ °¡¿îµ¥ÀÇ »îÀÌ °øÀå¿¡¼ÀÇ »îº¸´Ù ³´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸, ÀÌÁ¦´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ¸¹Àº
°øÀå ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϸç, ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ³ó¾÷ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ¿©¼, ±×µéÀÌ ÅäÁö À§¿¡¼ÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ °¡´Â °ÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
±×°ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀüÀº ¾µ¸ð ¾øÀÌ, ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÎ¸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â, Á¦Á¶ »ê¾÷µéÀÇ »ý»êÀ» °¨¼Ò½Ã۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ºñ·Ï À̰ÍÀÌ
±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¸ðµç °øÀå ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ Á¤Âø°ú »ý°è¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÅäÁö°¡ ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù." |
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It is not true that the working men's resettlement of the land will diminish the wealth of the country, because life on the land does not exclude the possibility of the labourers' participation, for a part of their time, in manufacturing labour at home or even in factories. But if, in consequence of this resettlement, the manufacture of useless and injurious articles, which now are produced with great rapidity in the great manufacturing plants, shall be diminished, and the now usual overproduction Of necessary articles shall come to an end, while the amount Of corn, vegetables, fruit, domestic animals, shall be increased, this will in no way diminish the wealth of people, but will only increase it.
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³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÅäÁö¿¡ ÀçÁ¤ÂøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ºÎ¸¦ °¨¼Ò½Ãų
°ÍÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÅäÁö¿¡¼ÀÇ »îÀº, ±×µé ½Ã°£ÀÇ ÀϺο¡ ´ëÇÑ, °¡Á¤¿¡¼ÀÇ ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î °øÀåµé ¾È¿¡¼ÀÇ Á¦Á¶ ³ëµ¿¿¡,
³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ Âü¿©ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀçÁ¤ÂøÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼, ¾µ¸ð ¾øÀ¸¸ç ÇØ·Î¿î ¹°Ç°µéÀ» Á¦Á¶°¡, ÇöÀç ´ë±Ô¸ð
Á¦Á¶ ½Ã¼³µé¿¡¼ ¾öû³ ¼Óµµ·Î »ý»êµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸³ª, °¨¼ÒÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, »ýÇÊǰµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åë»óÀûÀÎ °úÀ× »ý»êÀº ³¡ÀÌ ³¯ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÇÑÆí °î·ù, ä¼Ò,
°úÀÏ, °¡ÃàµéÀÇ ¾çÀº Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀÌ °áÄÚ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºÎ¸¦ °¨¼Ò½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¸®³ª ¿À·ÎÁö ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ°¡½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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But that argument that there will not be enough land for the settlement and sustenance of all the working men in factories is untrue, because in the majority of countries, (to say nothing of Russia, where the land retained by the large landed proprietors would suffice for all the factory working men in Russia and in the whole of Europe), and even in such countries as England and Belgium, the land which belongs to the large
landed proprietors would suffice for the sustenance of all working people, if only the cultivation of this land were to be carried to that stage of perfection which it can attain with the present perfection of the mechanical arts, or even to that degree of perfection to which it was carried thousands of years ago in China.
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±×·¯³ª °øÀåµé¿¡¼ ÀÏÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á¤Âø°ú »ý°è¸¦ À§ÇÑ
ÃæºÐÇÑ ÅäÁö°¡ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ÁÖÀåÀº »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ´ë´Ù¼ö ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼, (·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ, À̰÷¿¡¼´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð·Î
¶¥À» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ÁöÁֵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼ À¯ÁöµÇ´Â ÅäÁö°¡ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¹× Àüü À¯·´ÀÇ ¸ðµç °øÀå ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» À§Çؼµµ ÃæºÐÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù), ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¿µ±¹
±×¸®°í º§±â¿¡¿Í °°Àº ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼µµ, ´ë±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¶¥À» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ÁöÁֵ鿡 ¼ÓÇÑ ÅäÁö°¡ ¸ðµç ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ý°è¸¦ À§ÇØ ÃæºÐÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ÀÁ÷
ÀÌ·± ÅäÁöÀÇ °æÀÛÀÌ ÇöÀçÀÇ ±â°è ±â¼úÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºµµ¿¡, ½ÉÁö¾î Áß±¹¿¡¼ ¼öõ ³â Àü¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ Á¤µµÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºµµ¿¡ ´Þ¼ºÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±×·± ¿Ï¼º
´Ü°è·Î À̲ø¾î Áø´Ù¸é ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. |
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Let those who are interested in this question read Kropotkin's books, La conquete du pain and Fields, Factories, and Workshops, and the very good book published by the Posrednik, Popov's The Corn Garden, and they will see how many times the productiveness of agriculture may still be increased with intensive cultivation, how many times the present number of men may be fed from the same plot of ground. The improved methods of cultivation will certainly be introduced by the small proprietors, if only they shall not be compelled, as they now are, to give all their income to the large landowners, from whom they rent the land and who have no need to increase the productiveness of the land from which they without any care derive a great income. They say that there will not be enough free land for all working people, and so it is not worth while to worry about the land which is kept from them by the landowners.
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ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéÀº Å©·ÎÇÁƮŲÀÇ Ã¥µéÀÎ, [»§ÀÇ
Á¤º¹] ¹× [µéÆÇµé, °øÀåµé ±×¸®°í ÀÛ¾÷Àåµé], ±×¸®°í Æ÷½º·¹µå´ÐÀÌ ¹ßÇàÇÑ ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÎ, Æ÷Æ÷ºêÀÇ [¿Á¼ö¼ö
Á¤¿ø]À» Àеµ·Ï Ç϶ó, ±×·¯¸é ±×µéÀº ³ó¾÷ÀÇ »ý»ê¼ºÀÌ Áý¾àÀû À纸·Î¼ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹ÀÌ Çâ»óµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö, ±×¸®°í ¶È°°Àº ±¸È¹ÀÇ
¶¥À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇöÀçÀÇ »ç¶÷µé ¼ýÀÚº¸´Ùµµ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸¹ÀÌ ¸Ô°í »ì ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×µéÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷, ÇöÀçÀÇ »óȲó·³, ÅäÁö¸¦
ÀÓ´ëÇØÁÖ¸ç, ¾Æ¹«·± °ü¸®µµ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼ °Å´ëÇÑ ¼öÀÔÀ» ¿Ã¸®´Â, ÅäÁöÀÇ »ý»ê¼ºÀ» Áõ´ëÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Â ´ë±Ô¸ð ÁöÁֵ鿡°Ô ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼öÀÔÀ»
¹ÙÄ¡µµ·Ï °¿äµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, °³¼±µÈ Àç¹è ¹æ¹ýµéÀº Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ÁöÁֵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼ µµÀ﵃ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸»Çϱ⸦, ¸ðµç ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ»
À§ÇÑ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÅäÁö°¡ ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù, ±×¸£¹Ç·Î ÁöÁÖµéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ³»¾î ³õÁö ¾Ê´Â ÅäÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿°·ÁÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. |
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This reflection is as if an owner of a house were to say concerning a crowd standing in a storm and in the cold in front of an unoccupied house and asking him to be allowed to take shelter in it: "These people must not be let in, because anyway they cannot all of them be accommodated in it." Let in those who beg to be let in, and then we shall see, from the way they locate themselves, whether all can be accommodated, or only a part. And even if not all can be accommodated, why should not those be admitted who can find room ?
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ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç°í´Â ¸¶Ä¡ ¾î¶² ÁýÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ°¡ ÆøÇ³ ¼Ó¿¡¼ ±×¸®°í ÃßÀ§
¼Ó¿¡¼ ºñ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² Áý ¾Õ¿¡ ¼ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼ ±× ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ÇǽÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çã¶ôÇØ ´Þ¶ó°í ºÎŹÇÏ´Â ´Â ±ºÁߵ鿡 ´ëÇÏ¿© ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÔ°ú °°´Ù:
"ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº µé¾î ¿Àµµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇØ¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¾î·µç ±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡ ±× ¾È¿¡ ¼ö¿ëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù." µé¿© º¸³»´Þ¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀº µé¿© º¸³»¶ó, ±×·¯¸é ¿ì¸®´Â, ±×µéÀÌ ÀÚ¸®Àâ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó¼, ¸ðµÎ°¡, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀϺθ¸ÀÌ ¼ö¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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The same is true of the land. Give the land which is kept back from the working men to those who ask for it, and then we shall see whether this land is sufficient or not.
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ÅäÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿òÄÑÁã°í ÀÖ´Â ÅäÁö¸¦ ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ¶ó, ±×·¯¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ ÅäÁö°¡ ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¾Æ´ÏÇÑÁö ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Besides, the argument about the insufficiency of land for the working people, who now work in factories, is incorrect in its essence. If the factory population now feed on bread which they buy, there is no reason why, instead of buying the grain which is produced by others, they should not themselves work the land on which the grain is produced and on which they feed, no matter where this land may be, in India, Argentina, Australia, or Siberia.
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´õ¿íÀÌ, ÇöÀç·Î °øÀå¿¡¼ ÀÏÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀ» À§Çؼ ÅäÁö°¡ ºÎÁ·ÇѰ¡¿¡
´ëÇÑ ³í¸®´Â, ±× º»Áú¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Æ²¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ °øÀåÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇöÀç·Î ±×µéÀÌ ±¸ÀÔÇÏ´Â »§À¸·Î ¸Ô°í »ê´Ù¸é, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼
»ý»êµÇ´Â °î½ÄÀ» ±¸ÀÔÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, °î½ÄÀÌ »ý»êµÇ´Â ÅäÁö¸¦, ÀÌ ÅäÁö°¡ Àεµ, ¾Æ¸£Á¨Æ¼³ª, ¿À½ºÆ®·¹Àϸ®¾Æ, ¶Ç´Â ½Ãº£¸®¾Æ ¶Ç´Â ±× ¾îµð¿¡
ÀÖµçÁö, ±×µé ½º½º·Î °æÀÛÇÏ¿©¼ ¾ÈµÉ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Thus all the arguments about why the workmen in the factories should not and could not go back to the land have no foundation whatever; on the contrary, it is clear that such a change not only could not be injurious to the common welfare, but would even increase it and would certainly do away with those chronic famines in India, Russia, and other places which more obviously than anything else show the irregularity of the present distribution of land.
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±×¸®ÇÏ¿© °øÀåµé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ ÅäÁö·Î µ¹¾Æ °¥ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ¸ðµç
³í¸®µéÀº µµ´ëü ¾Æ¹«·± ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¹Ý´ë·Î, ±×·¯ÇÑ º¯È´Â °øµ¿ÀÇ Çູ¿¡ ÇØ·ÓÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ´ë½Ã۰í, ´Ù¸¥
¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ÇöÀçÀÇ ÅäÁö ºÐ¹èÀÇ ºÒ±ÔÄ¢¼ºÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â Àεµ, ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¹× ´Ù¸¥ Áö¿ªµéÀÇ °íÁúÀûÀÎ ±â±ÙÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¾ø¾Ù °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. |
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It is true, where the manufacturing industry is particularly developed, as in England, Belgium, and a few States in America, the life of the working people has to such an extent been corrupted that the return to the land presents itself as very difficult. But the difficulty of such a return of the working men to an agricultural life by no means excludes the possibility of realizing such a change. For it to take place it is necessary for the working people first of all to understand that this change is indispensable for their good, and that they should find means for its realization, instead of accepting (as the socialistic doctrine now teaches them) their factory slavery as their eternal, immutable condition, which can be alleviated, but never destroyed.
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¿µ±¹, º§±â¿¡ ¹× ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ¸î¸î ±¹°¡µéó·³, Á¦Á¶ »ê¾÷ÀÌ Æ¯º°È÷
¹ßÀüÇÑ °÷¿¡´Â, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª Ÿ¶ôÇÏ¿©¼ ÅäÁö·Î ±ÍȯÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸Àδٴ °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÌ
±×·¯ÇÑ ³ó¾÷ °æ¿µÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ°¡´Â °ÍÀÇ ¾î·Á¿òÀÌ °áÄÚ ±×·¯ÇÑ º¯È¸¦ ½ÇÇöÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀϾ±â À§Çؼ´Â
¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌÀü º¯È°¡ ±×µéÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ ÇʼöÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ °øÀå ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¸¦, ¿Ï鵃 ¼ö´Â ÀÖÀ¸³ª °áÄÚ
ÆÄ±«µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â, ±×µéÀÇ ¿µ¼ÓÀû, ºÒº¯ÀÇ »óȲÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡(»çȸÁÖÀÇÀû ½ÅÁ¶°¡ ÇöÀç ±×µéÀ» °¡¸£Ä¡µíÀÌ), ±×µéÀº ±× ½ÇÇöÀ» À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ»
ã¾Æ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
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Thus even the working men who have left the land and live by factory labour do not need unions, societies, strikes, childish processions with flags on the first of May, and so forth, but only this, - the finding of means for freeing themselves from their factory slavery and for settling on the land, the chief impediment to which is found in the seizure of the land by the owners who do not work it. This they should ask and demand of their rulers. And, in demanding this, they will not be demanding something not their own, not belonging to them, but the restitution of their most unquestionable and inalienable right, which is inherent in every animal, to live on the land and get their sustenance from it, without asking anybody else's permission to do so.
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±×·¡¼ ½ÉÁö¾î ÅäÁö¸¦ ¶°³ª ¹ö·ÈÀ¸¸ç °øÀå ³ëµ¿À¸·Î »ì°í ÀÖ´Â
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¶ÇÕµé, ´Üüµé, ÆÄ¾÷µé, 5¿ù 1ÀÏ¿¡ ±ê¹ß°ú ÇÔ²² ÇÏ´Â À¯Ä¡ÇÑ ÇàÁøµé, µîµîÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÁ÷ À̰Í, -
±×µéÀÇ °øÀå ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁö±â À§ÇÑ ±×¸®°í ÅäÁö¿¡ Á¤ÂøÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» ã´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇϸç, ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖµÈ Àå¾Ö´Â ÅäÁö¸¦
°æÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¼ÒÀ¯Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ Ç¥ÁöÀÇ °Å»¿¡¼ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î À̰ÍÀ» ±×µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿äûÇÏ°í ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×¸®°í, À̰ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ±×µéÀº ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÅäÁö À§¿¡¼
»ì¸ç ±×µéÀÇ »ý°è¼ö´ÜÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇÏ¿©, ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ô ±×·¸°Ô ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Çã°¡¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, Á¦°¢±â µ¿¹°¿¡ °íÀ¯ÇÑ, ±×µéÀÇ °¡Àå ´ç¿¬Çϸç
ºÐ¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±Ç¸®ÀÇ È¸º¹À» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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It is for this that the deputies of the working men ought to struggle in the parliaments; this ought to be preached by the press which stands on the side of the working men; for this the working men in the factories must prepare themselves.
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³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´ëÇ¥µéÀÌ ÀÇȸµé¿¡¼ ÅõÀïÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·±
Á¡À» À§ÇؼÀÌ´Ù; À̰ÍÀº ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Æí¿¡ ¼ÀÖ´Â ¾ð·Ðµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¹Ýµå½Ã È£¼ÒµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; À̰ÍÀ» À§Çؼ °øÀåµé¿¡¼ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº
¹Ýµå½Ã ´ëºñÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. |
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Thus it is in the case of the labourers who have left the land. But for labourers, like the majority of the Russian labourers, ninety-eight per cent of whom still live on the land, the question consists only in this, how they may be able to improve their condition, without abandoning their land and surrendering themselves to the temptations of a factory life.
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±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÅäÁö¸¦ ¶°³ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª,
³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼,´ë´Ù¼ö ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéó·³, ±×µé Áß 98%´Â ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ÅäÁö¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ¿© »ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌÁ¡¿¡, Áï ±×µéÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô
±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁö¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç °øÀåÀÇ »îÀÇ À¯È¤µé¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼, ±×µéÀÇ »óŸ¦ °³¼±ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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For this one thing is needed, - to turn over to the labourers the land which is now held by the large landowners.
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À̸¦ À§Çؼ ÇÑ °¡Áö°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù, - Áï, ÇöÀç ´ë±Ô¸ð ÁöÁֵ鿡°Ô
ÀâÇôÀÖ´Â ÅäÁö¸¦ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô µ¹·Á ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Talk in Russia with any peasant you meet, who is working in town, ask why he is not faring well, and he will invariably answer one and the same thing: "I have no land, nothing to put my hands to."
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·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ¸¸³ª´Â ¸¶À»¿¡¼ ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² ³óºÎ¿¡°Ô
¸»Çغ¸¶ó, ¿Ö°¡ Àß »ìÁö ¸øÇÏ´ÂÁö ¹°¾îº¸¶ó, ±×·¯¸é ±×´Â º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ ÇÑ °¡ÁöÀÌÀÚ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀ» ´ë´äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: "³ª´Â ³» ¼ÕÀ¸·Î ³ó»çÁöÀ» ¶¥ÀÌ
¾ø´Ù." |
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And here, in Russia, where the whole nation raises an unabated cry on account of the insufficiency of land, men who think that they are serving the masses do not preach to them about means for returning to them the land which has been taken away from them, but about methods for struggling in the factories with the capitalists.
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±×¸®°í ¿©±â ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼´Â, Àüü ±¹¹ÎÀÌ ÅäÁöÀÇ ºÎÁ· ¶§¹®¿¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾ø´Â
ºñ¸íÀ» Áö¸£°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ´ëÁߵ鿡 ºÀ»çÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ »©¾Ñ¾Æ°£ ÅäÁö¸¦ ±×µé¿¡°Ô µ¹·ÁÁÖ±â À§ÇÑ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
°øÀåµé¿¡¼ ÀÚº»°¡µé°ú ÅõÀïÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼ ¿ª¼³Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. |
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"But should all men live in the country and busy themselves with agriculture?" will say people who are to such an extent accustomed to the unnatural life of the men of the present time that this presents itself to them as rather strange and impossible. But why should not all men live in the country and busy themselves with agriculture? However, if people shall be found with such strange tastes as to prefer the factory slavery to the life in the country, nothing will keep them from doing so. The only point is that every man should have a chance to live in human fashion. When we say that it is desirable that every man should have a family, we do not say that every man should get married and have children, but only, that we do not approve of a structure of society in which a man cannot have the chance to do so.
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"±×·¯³ª ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½Ã°ñ¿¡ »ì¸é¼ ³ó»ç·Î ¹Ùºü¾ß Çϴ°¡?"¶ó°í
Çö½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºÎÀÚ¿¬½º·± »î¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ÀûÀÀµÈ ³ª¸ÓÁö ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÀÌ»óÇÏ°í ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸»ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
±×·¯³ª ¿Ö ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½Ã°ñ¿¡ »ì¸é ¾ÈµÇ°í ³ó»ç·Î ¹Ù»Ú¸é ¾È µÇ´Â°¡? ±×·¯³ª, ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½Ã°ñ¿¡¼ÀÇ »îº¸´Ù °øÀå ³ë¿¹¸¦ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â °Í
°°Àº ÀÌ»óÇÑ Ãë¹ÌµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ±×µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÔÀ» ¸·Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿äÁ¡Àº Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷Àº Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î »ì
±âȸ¸¦ °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº °¡Á·À» °¡Áö´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¶§, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã °áÈ¥ÇØ¼ Àڳฦ
°¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÁ÷, »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ ±âȸ¸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Â »çȸ ±¸Á¶¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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¡¡ |
¡¡ |
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Even during the time of serfdom, the peasants used to say to their masters, "We are yours, but the land is ours, that is, they recognized that, no matter how illegal and cruel the possession of one man by another was, the right of a man to own land without working it was even more illegal and cruel. It is true, of late a few of the Russian peasants, imitating the landowners, have begun to buy land and to deal in it, considering the ownership of it to be legal, no longer afraid that it will be taken from them. But thus act only a few frivolous peasants who are blinded by greed. The majority, all the real Russian agriculturists, believe firmly that the land cannot and must not be the property of those who do not work it, and that, although now the land is taken away from the workers by those who do not work it, the time will come when it shall be taken away from those who now own it and shall become, as it ought to be, a common possession. And the Russian peasants are quite right in believing that this is so and should be so. The time has come when the injustice, irrationality, and cruelty of the ownership of land by those who do not work it has become as obvious as fifty years ago were obvious the injustice, irrationality, and cruelty of the ownership of serfs. Either because the other methods of oppression have been destroyed, or because the number of people has increased, or because men have become more enlightened, all (both those who own land and those who are deprived of it) see clearly what they did not see before, that if a peasant who has worked all his life has not enough grain, because he has no ground on which to sow it, if he has no milk for the children and for the old, because he has no pasture, if he has not a rod of timber with which to mend his rotten cabin and keep it warm, while the neighbouring landowner, who does no work, lives on an immense estate, feeding milk to his puppies, building arbours and stables with plate-glass windows, raising sheep and establishing forests and parks on tens of thousands of desyatinas of land, spending in food in a week what would keep a famished neighbouring village alive for a whole year, -such a structure of life should not exist. The injustice, irrationality, and cruelty of such a state of affairs now startles everybody, just as formerly men were startled by the injustice, irrationality, and cruelty of serfdom. And as soon as the injustice, irrationality, and cruelty of any structure become clear to men, this structure will in one way or another come to an end. Thus ended serfdom, and thus very soon landed property will come to an end.
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½ÉÁö¾î ³ó³ëÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡µµ, ³óºÎµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÁÖÀε鿡°Ô ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ
¸»Çϰï Çß´Ù: "¿ì¸®´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ÅäÁö´Â ¿ì¸® °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù", Áï, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷À» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ºÎ´çÇϰí
ÀÜÀÎÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÅäÁö¸¦ °æÀÛÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼ ±×°ÍÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ·Á´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±Ç¸®´Â ´õ ºÎ´çÇϰí ÀÜÀÎÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç½ÇÀÎ °ÍÀº,
±Ù·¡¿¡ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³óºÎµé ¸î ¸íÀÌ, ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÁÖµéÀ» Èä³» ³»¾î, ÅäÁö¸¦ ±¸ÀÔÇϰí ÅäÁö Àå»ç¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀ̶ó°í
¿©°åÀ¸¸ç »©¾Ñ±æ °ÍÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Ž¿å¿¡ ´«ÀÌ ¸Õ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸î ¸íÀÇ Ãµ¹ÚÇÑ ³óºÎµéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇÏ¿´À» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ´ë´Ù¼öÀÎ
¸ðµç ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³ó¾÷ °æ¿µÀεéÀº, ÅäÁö°¡ °æÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àç»êÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç µÇ¾î¼µµ ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï ÇöÀç´Â
ÅäÁö°¡ °æÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Àϲ۵é·ÎºÎÅÍ »©¾Ñ°Ü ÁöÁö¸¸, ÇöÀç·Î ±×°ÍÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ »©¾Ñ¾Æ Áö´Â ¶§°¡ ¿Ã °ÍÀ̸ç,
´ç¿¬È÷ ±×·¸°Ô µÇ¾î¾ß ÇϰÚÁö¸¸, °øµ¿ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÓÀ» ±»°Ô ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³óºÎµéÀº À̰ÍÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù´Â °Í°ú ±×·¸°Ô µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÔÀ»
¹ÏÀ½¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¸Å¿ì ¿Ã¹Ù¸£´Ù. ÅäÁö¸¦ °æÀÛÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ºÎ´çÇÔ, ºñÇÕ¸®¼º ¹× ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀÌ ¿À½Ê³â ÀüÀÇ ³ó³ëµéÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÔÀÇ
ºÎ´çÇÔ, ºñÇÕ¸®¼º ¹× ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÑ °Í ¸¸ÅÀ̳ª ¸í¹éÇØÁö´Â ½Ã´ë°¡ ¿Ô´Ù. ¾ï¾ÐÀ» À§ÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ ÆÄ±«µÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¶Ç´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
¼ýÀÚ°¡ Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¶Ç´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á» ´õ °è¸ùµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¸ðµÎ(ÅäÁö¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ÚÅ»´çÇÑ »ç¶÷µé)°¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡
±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ °ÍÀ», Áï, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×ÀÇ Æò»ýÀ» ÀÏÇÑ ³óºÎ°¡, ¾¾¾ÑÀ» »Ñ¸± ¾Æ¹«·± ¶¥À» °®Áö ¸øÇϹǷÎ, ÃæºÐÇÑ ¾ç½ÄÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°¡
¸ñÃÊÁö¸¦ °®Áö ¸øÇؼ ¾ÆÀ̵é°ú ³ëÀεéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿ìÀ¯¸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é, ±×ÀÇ ½âÀº ¿ÀµÎ¸·ÁýÀ» ¼ö¸®ÇÏ¿© µû¶æÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ³ª¹« ¸·´ë°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ¹Ý¸é¿¡
ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ ÁöÁÖ´Â, ÀÏÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼, ±×ÀÇ °¾ÆÁöµé¿¡°Ô ¿ìÀ¯¸¦ ¸ÔÀ̸ç, ÆÇÀ¯¸®·Î Á¤ÀÚ¿Í ¸¶±¸°£À» ÁöÀ¸¸ç, ¼ö½Ê¸¸ µ¥»óƼ³ª·Î ¾çµéÀ» ±â¸£°í
½£µé°ú °ø¿øµéÀ» ¼³Ä¡Çϰí, ±¾ÁÖ¸° ÀÌ¿ô ¸¶À»À» ¿ÂÀüÈ÷ ÀÏ ³â µ¿¾È »ì¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Â À½½ÄÀ» ÀÏ ÁÖÀÏ¿¡ ¼ÒºñÇÏ¸é¼ °Å´ëÇÑ ÀúÅÿ¡ »ì°í ÀÖÀ½À»
±ú´Ý´Â - ±×·¯ÇÑ »îÀÇ ±¸Á¶´Â Á¸ÀçÇØ¼´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »óÅÂÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀÇ ºÎ´çÇÔ, ºñÇÕ¸®¼º, ±×¸®°í ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀº
ÀÌÁ¦, ¹Ù·Î ÀÌÀü¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ³ó³ëÁ¦µµÀÇ ºÎ´çÇÔ, ºñÇÕ¸®¼º ¹× ÀÜÀÎÇÔ¿¡ ³î¶ú´ø °Íó·³, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² ±¸Á¶ÀÇ
ºÎ´çÇÔ, ºñÇÕ¸®¼º, ±×¸®°í ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸í¹éÇØÁö¸ç, ÀÌ·± ±¸Á¶´Â ¿©·¯¸ð·Î ³¡ÀÌ ³´Ù. ³ó³ëÁ¦µµ°¡ ³¡ÀÌ ³ °Íó·³, ¾ÆÁÖ °¡±î¿î Àå·¡¿¡
ÅäÁö Àç»êÀº ³¡ÀÌ ³¯ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Landed property must inevitably be destroyed, because the injustice, irrationality, and cruelty of this institution have become too obvious. The only question is how it will be abolished. Serfdom and slavery, not only in Russia, but also in all other countries, have been abolished by order of the governments. And it would seem that the ownership of land could be abolished by a similar order. But it is not likely that such an order can or will ever be promulgated by a government.
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¼ÒÀ¯Áö´Â ÇÊÈ÷ ¾ø¾îÁ® ÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ·± Á¦µµÀÇ ºÎ´çÇÔ, ºñÇÕ¸®¼º
¹× ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ºÐ¸íÇØÁ³±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ÆóÁöµÉ °ÍÀΰ¡ ÀÌ´Ù. ³ó³ëÁ¦µµ ¹× ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ´Â, ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ³ª¶óµé¿¡¼µµ, Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ÆóÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯´Â À¯»çÇÑ ¸í·ÉÀ¸·Î ÆóÁöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ
¸í·ÉÀº Á¤ºÎ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ °øÇ¥µÉ ¼ö Àְųª °øÇ¥µÉ °¡´É¼ºÀº ¾ø´Ù. |
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All governments are composed of men who live by other people's labour, and it is the ownership of land that more than anything else makes it possible to lead such a life. It is not the rulers and the large landed proprietors alone who will not permit the abolition of landed property: men who have nothing in common with the government or with the ownership of land, officials, artists, scholars, merchants, who serve the rich, feeling instinctively that their advantageous position is connected with the ownership of land, either always defend the ownership of land, or, attacking everything which is less important, never touch the question of the ownership of land.
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¸ðµç Á¤ºÎµéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿À¸·Î »ç´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù,
±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ±×·± »îÀ» ¿µÀ§Çϵµ·Ï °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÌ´Ù. ¼ÒÀ¯ÁöÀÇ ÆóÁö¸¦ Çã¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀº ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµéÀ̳ª ´ë±Ô¸ð
ÁöÁÖµé ¸¸Àº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù: Á¤ºÎ ¶Ç´Â ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿Í ¾Æ¹«·± °ü·ÃÀÌ ¾ø´Â »ç¶÷µé, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑÀÚµéÀ» µ½´Â °ü¸®µé, ¿¹¼ú°¡µé, ÇÐÀÚµé, »óÀεé·Î¼, ±×µéÀº
±×µéÀÇ À¯¸®ÇÑ À§Ä¡°¡ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿Í °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù°í º»´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ´À³¢¸é¼, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ÁöÁöÇϰųª, ´ú Áß¿äÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» °ø°ÝÇϸé¼,
ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ °áÄÚ °Çµå¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. |
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A striking illustration of such a relation to the question on the part of the men of the wealthy classes may be found in the change that has taken place in the views of the famous Herbert Spencer concerning the ownership of land. So long as Herbert Spencer was a young beginner, who had no ties with the rich and the rulers, he looked upon the question of the ownership of land as every man who is not tied by any preconceived notions must look upon it: he rejected it in the most radical manner and proved its injustice. But decades passed, Herbert Spencer from an unknown young man became a famous writer, who established relations with rulers and large landed proprietors, and he to such an extent modified his views upon the ownership of land that he tried to destroy all those editions in which he had so forcibly expressed the correct ideas about the illegality of landed property.
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ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µé Æí¿¡¼ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ü°èÀÇ ³î¶ó¿î
ÀÏ·Ê´Â ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ °üÇÑ À¯¸íÇÑ Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼ÀÇ ½Ã°¢µé¿¡¼ ÀÏ¾î³ º¯È¿¡¼ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼°¡ ÀþÀº ÃʽÉÀÚÀÎ µ¿¾ÈÀº, ±×´Â
ºÎÀÚµéÀ̳ª ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé°ú ¾Æ¹«·Ã À¯´ë°¡ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ±×´Â ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¼±ÀÔ°ßÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±× °ÍÀ» ¹Ù¶ó º¸µíÀÌ ¹Ù¶ó
º¸¾Ò´Ù: ±×´Â °¡Àå ±ÞÁøÀûÀΠŵµ·Î ±×°ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ±× ºÎ´çÇÔÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¼ö½Ê ³âÀÌ Áö³ªÀÚ, Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº
ÀþÀºÀÌ¿¡¼ À¯¸íÇÑ ÀÛ°¡°¡ µÇÀÚ, ÅëÄ¡ÀÚµé°ú ´ë±Ô¸ð ÁöÁÖµé°ú °ü°è¸¦ È®¸³ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ½Ã°¢À» ³Ê¹«³ª ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ¿©¼ ±×°¡ ±×Åä·Ï
°·ÂÇÏ°Ô ¼ÒÀ¯ÁöÀÇ ºÒ¹ý¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤È®ÇÑ »ç»óµéÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿´´ø ¸ðµç ÃâÆÇ¹°µéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Thus the majority of well-to-do people feel instinctively, if not consciously, that their advantageous position depends on the ownership of the land. To this is due the fact that the parliaments in their pretended cares for the good of the masses propose, discuss, and adopt the most varied measures which are to improve the condition of the masses, but not the one which alone really improves the condition of the masses and is indispensable to them, the abolition of the ownership of land.
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±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ´ë´Ù¼ö ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ,
º»´ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ±×µéÀÇ À¯¸®ÇÑ À§Ä¡´Â ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù°í ´À³¤´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ´ëÁßÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ °¡½ÄÀûÀÎ °ü½Éµé¿¡¼ ÀÇȸµéÀº
´ëÁßµéÀÇ »óŸ¦ °³¼±Çϵµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ´Ù¾çÇÑ ´ëÃ¥µéÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇϰí, ÅäÀÇÇϸç, äÅÃÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿ÀÁ÷ Áø½Ç·Î ´ëÁßÀÇ »óŸ¦ °³¼±Çϸç, ±×µé¿¡°Ô
¾ø¾î¼´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â °Í, Áï ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ÆóÁö ¸¸Àº ¿¹¿ÜÀÌ´Ù. |
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Thus, to solve the question about the ownership of the land, it is necessary first of all to destroy the consciously concordant silence which has established itself in regard to this question. Thus it is in those countries where part of the power is in the parliaments. But in Russia, where the whole power is in the hands of the Tsar, the provision for the abolition of the ownership of land is still less possible. In Russia the power is only nominally in the hands of the Tsar; in reality it is in the hands of a few hundreds of fortuitous men, relatives and near friends of the Tsar, who compel him to do what pleases them.
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µû¶ó¼, ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á¸é, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡
°ü·ÃÇÏ¿© Çü¼ºµÈ ÀÏÄ¡µÈ ħ¹¬À» ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±úÆ®¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ±Ç·ÂÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ ÀÇȸµé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ±×·± ±¹°¡µé¿¡¼´Â ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª
·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡´Â, Àüü ±Ç·ÂÀÌ Â¥¸£ÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ÆóÁö¸¦ À§ÇÑ Á¶Ç×Àº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ±Ç·ÂÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸í¸ñ»ó Â¥¸£ÀÇ
¼Õ¿¡ ´Þ·Á ÀÖÀ¸³ª; ½ÇÁ¦·Î´Â ¼ö¹é ¸íÀÇ ¿î ÁÁÀº »ç¶÷µé, Â¥¸£ÀÇ ÀÎôµé ¹× °ÅÀÇ Ä£±¸µéÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ±×·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â
°ÍÀ» Çϵµ·Ï °¿äÇÑ´Ù. |
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Now all these men own immense tracts of land, and so they will never allow the Tsar, even if he should wish to do so, to free the land from the power of the landed proprietors. No matter how hard it was for the Tsar who liberated the peasants to compel his retainers to give up the right of serfdom, he was able to do so, because these retainers did not give
up the land. But in giving up the land, the retainers and the relatives of the Tsar know that they lose their last chance of living as they have been accustomed to live.
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ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±¤´ëÇÑ Áö¿ªµéÀÇ ÅäÁö¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀº Â¥¸£°¡, ¼³·É ±×°¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇϱ⸦ Èñ¸ÁÇÏ¿©µµ, ÁöÁÖµéÀº ±Ç·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÅäÁö¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Çϵµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³óºÎµéÀ»
ÇØ¹æ½ÃŲ Â¥¸£°¡ ±×ÀÇ ½ÅÇϵ鿡°Ô ³ó³ëÀÇ ±Ç¸®¸¦ Æ÷±âÇ϶ó°í °Á¦ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® Èûµé¾ú¾îµµ, ±×´Â ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ½ÅÇϵéÀº
Æ÷±â¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Æ÷±â¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÔ¿¡´Â, ½ÅÇϵé°ú Â¥¸£ÀÇ ÀÎôµéÀº ±×µéÀÌ »ì¾Æ °¡´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ÀûÀÀÇØ¿Â ±×µéÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸· »îÀÌ
±âȸ¸¦ ÀҴ´ٴ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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Thus it is absolutely impossible to expect the emancipation of the land from the government in general, and in Russia from the Tsar.
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µû¶ó¼ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ, ƯÈ÷ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ Â¥¸£·ÎºÎÅÍ,
ÅäÁöÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀ» ±â´ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. |
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It is impossible by means of violence to take away the land which is retained by the landed proprietors, because the strength has always been and will always be on the side of those who have already seized the power. It is quite senseless to wait for the emancipation of the land to be achieved in the manner proposed by the socialists, that is, to be prepared to give up the conditions of a good life for the very worst in expectation of the sweet by and by.
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ÁöÁֵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ º¸À¯µÇ´Â ÅäÁö¸¦ Æø·ÂÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© »©¾Ñ´Â °ÍÀº
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÈûÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×¸®°í ¹Ì·¡¿¡µµ ÀÌ¹Ì ±Ç·ÂÀ» Â÷ÁöÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Æí¿¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î
ÅäÁö°¡ ÇØ¹æµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ±â´Ù¸®´Â °Í, Áï, Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù°¡¿À´Â ´ÞÄÞÇÑ °ÍÀ» ±â´ëÇÏ¸é¼ ÃÖ¾ÇÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »îÀÇ »óŵéÀ» Æ÷±âÇÒ Áغñ°¡ µÇ¾î
ÀÖÀ¸¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ¹«ÀǹÌÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. |
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Every rational man sees that this method not only does not emancipate, but more and more makes the working men the slaves of their masters, and prepares them for slavery in the future in relation to those managers who will have charge of the new order. It is still more senseless to wait for the abolition of the ownership of land from a representative government or from the Tsar, as the Russian peasants have been waiting for it for the last two reigns, because all the retainers of the Tsar and the Tsar himself own immense tracts of land, and, though they pretend to be interested in the welfare of the peasants, never will give them the one thing which they need, - the land, - because they know that without the ownership of the land they will be deprived of their advantageous position as idle men who enjoy the labours of the masses.
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¸ðµç ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷Àº ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀº ÇØ¹æ½ÃŰÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á¡Á¡ ´õ ±×µé ÁÖÀεéÀÇ ³ë¿¹µé·Î ¸¸µé¸ç, »õ·Î¿î Áú¼¸¦ Ã¥ÀÓÁö°Ô µÇ´Â °ü¸®Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ °ü°è¿¡¼µµ ±×µéÀ» ³ë¿¹°¡
µÇµµ·Ï ÁغñÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÓÀ» ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´ëÇ¥ Á¤ºÎ³ª Â¥¸£·ÎºÎÅÍ ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ÆóÁö¸¦ ±â´Ù¸®´Â °ÍÀº, ¸¶Ä¡ ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ³óºÎµéÀÌ °ú°ÅÀÇ 2 ȸÀÇ
ÅëÄ¡±â°£ µ¿¾ÈÀ̳ª ±×°ÍÀ» ±â´Ù·Á ¿Ô´ø °Íó·³, ´õ¿í ¹«ÀǹÌÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, Â¥¸£ÀÇ ¸ðµç ½ÅÇϵé°ú Â¥¸£ ÀÚ½ÅÀº ±¤´ëÇÑ Áö¿ªÀÇ ÅäÁö¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ³óºÎµéÀÇ º¹Áö¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í Àִ ôÇÏ´õ¶óµµ °áÄÚ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¿øÇÏ´Â °Í, Áï, ÅäÁö¸¦ ÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®À̸ç,
ÅäÁö¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÔÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é ´ëÁßµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿À» ÇâÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÔÀ¸¸¥ »ç¶÷µé·Î¼ÀÇ À¯¸®ÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ÁöÀ§¸¦ ¹ÚÅ»´çÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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What, then, are the working men to do in order to free themselves from the oppression in which they are ?
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±×·¸´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀÌ Ã³ÇØ ÀÖ´Â ¾ï¾ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ö Áö·Á¸é ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡? |
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¡¡ |
¡¡ |
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At first it seems that there is nothing to be done, and that the working men are so fettered that they have no possibility whatever of freeing themselves. But that only seems so. The working men need only ponder on the causes of their enslavement, to see that, besides riots, besides socialism, and besides the vain hopes in the governments, and in Russia in the Tsar, they have a means for freeing themselves, such as no one and nothing can interfere with and as always has been and even now is in their hands.
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óÀ½¿£ ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÒ ÀÏÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³, ±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº
³Ê¹«³ª ¼Ó¹ÚµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀüÇô ¾Æ¹«·± °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×ó·³ º¸ÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. Æøµ¿µé ¿Ü¿¡,
»çȸÁÖÀÇ ¿Ü¿¡, Á¤ºÎµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ±×¸®°í ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ Â¥¸£¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇêµÈ Èñ¸Áµé ¿Ü¿¡, ±×µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÒ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¾î´À
´©±¸µµ ¾î¶² °Íµµ °£¼·ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÖ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ½ÉÁö¾î Áö±Ýµµ ±×µéÀÇ ¼Õ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÓÀ» ±ú´Ý±â À§Çؼ, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
±×µéÀÇ ¿¹¼ÓÀÇ ¿øÀεéÀ» »ý°¢ÇØ º¼ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. |
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Indeed, there is but one cause for the wretched condition of the working men, - it is this, that the landed proprietors own the land which the working men need. But what is it that gives the proprietors the possibility of owning this land?
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»ç½Ç, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ºñÂüÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ °¡Áö
¿øÀÎÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù, - ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î À̰ÍÀÌ´Ù, Áï ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏ´Â ÅäÁö¸¦ ÁöÁÖµéÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÁöÁÖµéÀÌ ÀÌ
ÅäÁö¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? |
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In the first place, this, that in case the working men attempt to make use of this land they send for troops, which will disperse, beat, and kill those working men who have seized the land, and will return it to the landowners. Now these troops are composed of you, the working men. Thus you yourselves, the working men, by becoming soldiers and obeying the military authorities, make it possible for the landed proprietors to own their land, which ought to belong to you. (That a Christian cannot be a soldier, that is, that he cannot promise to kill his like, and must refuse to use weapons, I have written about many times, among others in a pamphlet, The Soldiers' Memento, where I tried to prove from the Gospel why every Christian should do so.)
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Á¦ÀÏ ¸ÕÀú, À̰ÍÀº, Áï, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ ÅäÁö¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á
½ÃµµÇÒ °æ¿ì ±×µéÀº ±º´ë¸¦ º¸³»¼ ÅäÁö¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇØ»êÇÏ°í µÎµé°Ü ÆÐ°í, »ìÇØÇϰí´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁֵ鿡°Ô µ¹·Á ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
ÇöÀç·Î ÀÌ ±º´ëµéÀº ´ç½Åµé, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ´ç½Å Àڽŵé, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±ºÀÎÀÌ µÇ¾î¼, ±º´ëÀÇ ±Ç·Âµé¿¡
º¹Á¾ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ¼Ò¼ÓµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â ÅäÁö¸¦, ÁöÁÖµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁö·Î ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀÎÀº ±ºÀÎÀÌ µÉ
¼ö ¾øÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼, Áï, ±×´Â ±×ÀÇ ±×¿Í °°Àº »ç¶÷À» »ìÇØÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¼¾àÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¹«±â¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã °ÅºÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í¿¡
´ëÇØ, ³ª´Â ¿©·¯ ¹ø ½èÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ °Íµé Áß¿¡¼µµ, 'º´»çµé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ´Â °æ°í'¿¡¼, º¹À½¼·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿Ö ¸ðµç ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀÎÀº ±×·¸°Ô
ÇàÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù.) |
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But, besides your making it possible, by your participation in the army, for the proprietors to own the land which belongs to all men, consequently also to you, you also give this possibility to the proprietors by working on the proprietors' lands and by renting them. You, the labourers, need only stop doing so, and the ownership of the land will not only become useless for the proprietors, but also impossible, and their land will become common property. No matter how much the landed proprietors may try to substitute machines for labourers,
and instead of agriculture to introduce cattle-raising and forestry, they none
the less cannot get along without labourers, and they will one after another and willy-nilly give up their lands.
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±×·¯³ª ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡, ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ ±º´ë¿¡
Âü¿©¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼, ÁöÁÖµéÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô, °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô, ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ÅäÁö¸¦, ¼ÒÀ¯Çϵµ·Ï Çϸç, ´ç½ÅÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÁöÁÖÀÇ ÅäÁöµé À§¿¡¼
³ëµ¿ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÓÂ÷ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÌ·± °¡´É¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´ç½Åµé, ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀº, ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÔÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ Áß´ÜÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù,
±×·¯¸é ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯´Â ÁöÁֵ鿡°Ô ¾µ¸ð ¾ø¾î Áú »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ºÒ°¡´ÉÇØ Áú °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁö´Â °øµ¿ÀÇ Àç»êÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÅäÁö¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ
ÁöÁÖµéÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ´ë½Å¿¡ ±â°èµé·Î ´ëüÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×¸®°í ³ó»ç ´ë½Å¿¡ ¸ñÃà ¹× ÀÓ¾÷À» µµÀÔÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×µéÀº ±×·³¿¡µµ
ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ¾øÀÌ´Â Áö¼ÓÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº Çϳª µÑ ¾¿ ±×¸®°í ÀÚÀÇ ¹Ý ŸÀÇ ¹Ý ±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁö¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Thus the means for freeing you, the working men, from your enslavement consists only in this, that, having come to understand that the ownership of land is a crime, you must not take part in it, either as soldiers, who take the land away from the workers, or as labourers on the lands of the proprietors, or as tenants on these lands.
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µû¶ó¼ ´ç½Åµé, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ³ë¿¹»óÅ¿¡¼ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Çϱâ À§ÇÑ
¹æ¹ýÀº, ¿ÀÁ÷ À̰Ϳ¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù, Áï, ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯´Â ¹üÁËÀÓÀ» ±ú´Ý°í¼, ±ºÀεé·Î¼, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÅäÁö¸¦ »©¾Ñ¾Æ °¡±â
¶§¹®À̸ç, ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ÅäÁöµé¿¡ ÀÏÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé·Î¼, ¶Ç´Â À̵é ÅäÁöµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ÀÓÂ÷Àεé·Î¼ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÏ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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¡¡ |
¡¡ |
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"But the means of non-participation, both in the army and in the work on the lands of the proprietors, as also in the hiring of lands, would be effective," I shall be told, "only in case all the working people of the world struck and refused to take part in the crimes, to work on the estates of the proprietors, and to rent land, and this is not the case and never can be the case. Even if a part of the working men should agree to abstain from participating in the army and from working on the land of the proprietors and renting it, the other working people, frequently the working people of other nationalities, will not find such a restraint necessary, and the ownership of the land by the proprietors will not be impaired. Thus the working people who will refuse to take part in the ownership of the land will only be deprived of their advantages in vain, without alleviating the condition of all." This retort is quite just, if it is a question of a strike. But what I propose is not a strike. I do not propose a strike, but that the working people shall refuse to take part in the army, which exercises violence against their brothers, and in working on the lands of the proprietors, in renting them, not because this is unprofitable for the labourers and -produces their enslavement, but because this participation is a bad thing, from which any good man must abstain, just as he must abstain, not only from every murder, theft, robbery, and so forth, but also from participation in these acts. That the participation in the lawlessness of the ownership of land and its support are bad things there can be no doubt, if the working men will only ponder on the whole meaning of this their participation in the ownership of the land by the non-workers. To support the proprietors' ownership of the land means to be the cause of the privations and sufferings of thousands of people, of old men and children, who are insufficiently fed, and who work above their strength, and who die before their time, only because they do not get the land which has been seized by the proprietors.
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"±º´ë¿¡ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ÅäÁö À§¿¡¼ÀÇ ³ëµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒÂüÀÇ
¹æ¹ýÀº, ¶ÇÇÑ ÅäÁöµéÀÇ ÀÓÂ÷¿¡¼Ã³·³, È¿°úÀû ÀÌ·Á¸é, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÆÄ¾÷ÇÏ°í ¹üÁ˵鿡 Âü¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ», ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ
³óÁöµé¿¡¼ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í ÅäÁö¸¦ ÀÓÂ÷ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¶ó¾ß µÇ¸ç, ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº ±×·± °æ¿ì°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, °áÄÚ ±×·± °æ¿ì°¡ µÉ ¼ö
¾ø´Ù"¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ÁÖÀåÀ» µè°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. "ºñ·Ï ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé ÁßÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ ±º´ë³ª ÁöÁÖÀÇ ÅäÁö¿¡¼ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Áß´ÜÇÔ¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù°í
ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ´Ù¸¥ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, ÈçÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹ÀûµéÀ» °¡Áø ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¾ïÁ¦°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×·¯¸é ÁöÁֵ鿡
ÀÇÇÑ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯´Â ¼Õ»ó ¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ Âü¿©Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ÇêµÇÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀ͵鸸 ¹ÚÅ»´çÇÒ
°ÍÀ̸ç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óŸ¦ ¿ÏȽÃŰÁöµµ ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù." ÀÌ·± ¹Ý¹ÚÀº »ó´çÈ÷ Á¤´çÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÆÄ¾÷ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¶ó¸é.
±×·¯³ª ³»°¡ Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÆÄ¾÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ÆÄ¾÷À» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÏ´Â ±º´ë¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔ¿¡,
±×¸®°í ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ÅäÁö¿¡¼ ³ëµ¿ÇÔ°ú ÅäÁöµéÀ» ÀÓÂ÷ÇÔ¿¡ Âü¿©Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÒ °ÍÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀÌ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÇÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª ±×µéÀÇ
¿¹¼ÓÀ» ÃÊ·¡Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Âü¿©´Â ³ª»Û °ÍÀ̸ç, ¸ðµç »ìÀÎ, µµµÏÁú, °µµÁú, µîµî ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔµµ
±ÝÁöµÇ´Â °Íó·³, ¾î¶² ¼±·®ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±ÝÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ À̰ÍÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̸¦ ±íÀÌ »ý°¢ÇØ
º»´Ù¸é, ºñ-³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±×µéÀÇ À̰°Àº Âü¿©ÀÇ Àüü Àǹ̸¦ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±íÀÌ »ý°¢Çغ»´Ù¸é, ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ºÒ¹ý¼º¿¡ Âü¿© ¹× ±×°ÍÀÇ
ÁöÁö´Â ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÁöÁÖÀÇ ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¼öõ ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µé, ³ëÀεé°ú ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ ±ÃÇÌµé ¹× °íÅëµéÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ» ÀǹÌÇϰÔ
µÇ¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀº ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¸ÔÁö ¸øÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×µéÀÇ ÈûÀ» ¹þ¾î³ ³ëµ¿À» ÇÏ°Ô µÇ°í, ±×µéÀÇ ¼ö¸íÀ» ÁöŰÁö ¸øÇϰí Á×°Ô µÇ¸ç, ÀÌ´Â
¿À·ÎÁö ¿ÀÁ÷ ÁöÁֵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ Á¡·ÉµÈ ÅäÁö¸¦ °®Áö ¸øÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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If such are the consequences of the ownership of land by the propietors, -and it is obvious to any one that they are such, it is also clear that participation in the ownership of land by the proprietors and in its maintenance is a bad thing from which every man must abstain. Hundreds of millions of men without any strike consider usury, debauchery, violence against the weak, theft, murder, and many other things to be evil, and abstain from these acts. The working men ought to do the same in respect to the ownership of land. They themselves see the whole lawlessness of such ownership and consider it a bad, cruel business. So why do they not only take part in it, but even support it?
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¸¸ÀÏ ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ °á°úµéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù¸é, - ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ
±×·¯ÇÔÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù¸é, ÁöÁֵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ¹× ±× À¯Áö¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã Áß´ÜÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÒ ³ª»Û °ÍÀÓÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù. ÆÄ¾÷À»
ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¼ö¾ïÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °í¸®´ë±Ý¾÷, ¹æÅÁÇÔ, ¾àÀÚ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æø·ÂÀÇ »ç¿ë, Àýµµ, »ìÀÎ ¹× ±âŸ ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀ» ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â¸ç, ÀÌ·± ÇàÀ§µéÀ»
Áß´ÜÇÑ´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ °üÇØ¼µµ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¶È°°ÀÌ Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×µé ÀڽŵéÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ÀüüÀû ºÒ¹ý¼ºÀ» ±ú´Ý°í
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ¾ÇÇϸç ÀÜÀÎÇÑ ÇàÀ§¶ó°í ¿©±ä´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ¿Ö ±×µéÀº ±×°Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇϱâ±îÁö Çϴ°¡? |
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Thus I do not propose a strike, but a clear consciousness of the criminality, the sinfulness of the participation in the ownership of land, and, in consequence of this consciousness, the abstaining from such a participation. It is true, such an abstinence does not, like a strike, at once unite all interested people in one decision and so cannot give those results, defined in advance, which are obtained by a strike, if it is successful; but, on the other hand, such an abstinence produces a much more lasting and continuous union than the one produced by a strike. The artificial union of men which arises at a strike comes to an end the moment the aim of the strike is attained; but the union, from a concordant activity or from abstinence in consequence of an identical consciousness, not only never comes to an end, but constantly grows stronger, attracting an ever increasing number of men. Thus it can and must be in the case of the working men's abstaining from taking part in the ownership of land, not in consequence of a strike, but in consequence of the consciousness of the sinfulness of this participation. It is very likely that, when the working men shall understand the lawlessness of participation in the proprietors' ownership of land, not all of them, but only a small part, will abstain from working on the proprietors' lands and from renting them; but since they will not abstain in consequence of an agreement, which has a local and a temporary significance, but from the consciousness of what is right and wrong, which is always and for all men equally binding, it will be natural for the number of working men, who will be shown by word and by example, both the illegality of the ownership of land and those consequences which arise from this illegality, to be constantly increasing.
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µû¶ó¼ ³ª´Â ÆÄ¾÷À» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ Âü¿©ÀÇ
¹üÁ˼º°ú Á˾Ǽº¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ¸íÇÑ ÀǽÄÀ», ÀÌ·± ÀǽÄÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼ ±×¿Í °°Àº Âü¿©ÀÇ Áß´ÜÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç, ±×·± Áß´ÜÀº, ÆÄ¾÷ó·³, ´çÀå
°ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇϳªÀÇ °áÁ¤À¸·Î °á¼ÓÇØÁÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¸¸ÀÏ ¼º°øÀûÀ̶ó¸é, ÆÄ¾÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¾ò¾îÁú °ÍÀ¸·Î »çÀü¿¡ Á¤ÀÇµÈ ±×·±
°á°úµéÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ±×·± ±ÝÁö´Â ÆÄ¾÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ¸¸µé¾îÁö´Â °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¿À·¡°¡¸ç °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù.
ÆÄ¾÷¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ÀÎÀ§Àû ¿¬ÇÕÀº ÆÄ¾÷ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ´Þ¼ºµÇÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ ³¡³ª¹ö¸®Áö¸¸; ÀÏÄ¡µÈ ÇൿÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ¶Ç´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀǽÄÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼ÀÇ Áß´ÜÀº °áÄÚ
³¡³ªÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ºÎ´ÜÈ÷ °ÇØÁ® °¡¸ç, ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ¸¦ ºÒ·¯µéÀδÙ. µû¶ó¼, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡
Âü¿©ÇÔÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ÆÄ¾÷ÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ °°Àº Âü¿©ÀÇ Á˾Ǽº¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνÄÀÇ °á°ú¿©¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔÀÇ ºÒ¹ý¼ºÀ» ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖÀ» ¶§, ÀüºÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀûÀº ÀϺΰ¡ ÁöÁÖÀÇ ÅäÁöµé¿¡¼ ³ëµ¿ÇÔÀ» Áß´ÜÇÒ °¡´É¼ºµµ ¸Å¿ì
³ô´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀº, Áö¿ªÀûÀ̸ç ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´Ò ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Â ÇÕÀÇÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô µ¿µîÇϰÔ
Àǹ«ÀûÀÎ ¿Ç°í ±×¸§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀǽÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±ÝÁöÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¸»°ú ÇàÀ§·Î¼ ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ºÒ¹ý¼º ¹× ÀÌ·± ºÒ¹ý¼ºÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÃÊ·¡µÇ´Â ±×·± °á°úµéÀ»
º¸°Ô µÇ´Â, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ°Ô µÉ °ÍÀº ´ç¿¬ÇÑ ÀÏÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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It is absolutely impossible to foresee what change in the structure of society will actually be produced by the working men's recognition that participation in the ownership of land is bad, but there is no doubt that these changes will take place and that they will be the more significant, the more this consciousness shall be diffused. These changes may consist in this, that at least a part of the working men will refuse to work for the proprietors and to rent land from them, and the landowners, no longer finding the ownership of land to be profitable, will either enter into arrangements with the working men which will be advantageous for them, or else will entirely give up the ownership of land. It is also possible that the working men who are enlisted in the army, having come to comprehend the illegality of the ownership of land, will more and more frequently refuse to take part in acts of violence against their brothers. the agricultural labourers, and the government will be compelled to abandon the protection of the proprietors' landed property, and the land of the proprietors will become free.
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»çȸÀÇ ±¸Á¶ »ó¿¡¼ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔÀÌ ³ª»Ú´Ù´Â ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀνĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾î¶² º¯È°¡ »ý°Ü³¯ Áö ¿¹ÃøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± º¯ÈµéÀº ÀϾ °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ Áß¿äÇϸé
ÇÒ¼ö·Ï, ÀÌ·± ÀǽÄÀº ´õ¿í È®»êµÉ °ÍÀÓÀº Ʋ¸²¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ·± º¯ÈµéÀº ÀÌ·± Á¡¿¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, Áï, Àû¾îµµ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀϺδ ÁöÁÖµéÀ»
À§Çؼ ³ëµ¿ÇÒ °Í°ú ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÅäÁö¸¦ ÀÓÂ÷ÇÒ °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚµéÀº, ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°¡ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀÌÀÍÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ»
¾Ë°í´Â, ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô À¯¸®ÇÑ Çù»ó¿¡ µé¾î°¡°Å³ª, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¸¦ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î Æ÷±âÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÀÏÀº, ±º´ë¿¡ ÀÔ´ëµÈ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ºÒ¹ý¼ºÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÇ¾î¼, ±×µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀ» ÇâÇÑ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ °ÍÀ» Á¡Á¡ ´õ ºó¹øÈ÷ °ÅºÎÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, Á¤ºÎ´Â
ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ º¸È£¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ÅäÁöµéÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Finally, it may be that the government, having come to see the inevitableness of the emancipation of the land, will find it necessary to forestall the victory of the working men by lending it the aspect of its own decree, and will by law abolish the ownership of land.
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¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÅäÁöÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀÇ ºÒ°¡ÇǼºÀ» ±ú´Ý°í¼, Á¤ºÎÀÇ
ÀÚüÀÇ ¹ý·ÉÀÇ Ãø¸éÀ» ±×°Í¿¡ ºÎ¿©ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½Â¸®¸¦ ¾ÕÁö¸¦ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®°í, ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯±ÇÀ» ¹ý·ÉÀ¸·Î¼ ÆóÁöÇÏ°Ô µÉ
°¡´É¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. |
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The changes which can and must take place in the ownership of land, in consequence of the working men's recognition of the illegality of participation in the ownership of land, may be very varied, and it is difficult to foresee of precisely what character they will be, but one thing is unquestionable, and that is, that not one sincere effort of a man to act in this matter in godly fashion or in accordance with his conscience will be lost.
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ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯±Ç¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼, ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯±Ç¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¹ý¼ºÀ»
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀνÄÇÔÀ¸·Î °á°ú·Î¼, ÀÏ¾î ³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀϾ¾ß ÇÏ´Â º¯ÈµéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÒ ¼ö µµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¾î¶² ¼º°ÝÀ» Áö´Ò
°ÍÀÎÁö Á¤È®È÷ ¿¹ÃøÇϱâ´Â ¾î·Á¿ì³ª, ÇѰ¡Áö´Â Àǹ®ÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾øÀ¸´Ï, ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ Ãæ½ÇÇÑ Åµµ·Î ¶Ç´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡
µû¶ó¼ ÇൿÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ´Ü ÇѰ¡ÁöÀÇ ¼º½ÇÇÑ ³ë·Âµµ ÇêµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. |
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"What can I alone do against all?" people frequently say, when they are confronted with an act which is not countenanced by the majority. To these people it seems that for the success of a thing there must be all, or at least many; but there must be many only for a bad thing. For a good thing it is enough if there be one, because God is always with him who does a good thing. And with whom God is, sooner or later all men will be.
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"³ª È¥ÀÚ¼ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡?"¶ó¸ç,
´Ù¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÁöÁö ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÒ ¶§ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÈçÈ÷ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾î¶² ÀÏÀÇ ¼º°øÀ» À§Çؼ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸ðµÎ
¶Ç´Â Àû¾îµµ ¸¹ÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ª»Û °ÍÀ» À§ÇØ Æ²¸²¾øÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼±ÇÑ ÀÏÀ» À§Çؼ´Â ÇÑ
»ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ ÀÖ´Ù¸é Á·ÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Çϳª´ÔÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÇÑ °¡Áö ¼±ÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷°ú ÇÔ²²Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ÇÔ²²ÇÏ´Â
»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â, Á¶¸¸°£ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÔ²²ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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In any case, all the improvements in the condition of the working men will take place only because they will themselves act more in conformity with God's will, more according to their conscience, that is, more morally, than they have acted before.
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¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡µç, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óÅ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç °³¼±µéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ÇൿÇß´ø °Í º¸´Ù ´õ¿í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ µû¶ó, ´õ¿í ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ µû¶ó¼, ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î, ÇൿÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ÀϾ
°ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Working men have tried to free themselves by means of violence, of riots, and they have not attained their end. They have tried to free themselves by socialistic methods through unions, strikes, demonstrations, elections to parliaments, but all this at best only for a time alleviates the convict labour of the slaves, and not only does not free them, but even confirms the slavery.
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³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ, Æøµ¿µéÀ» ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁö·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇØ
¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ³ëµ¿Á¶ÇÕµé, ÆÄ¾÷µé, ½ÃÀ§µé, ÀÇȸµé¿¡¼ÀÇ ¼±°ÅµéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »çȸÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµé·Î¼
ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁö·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´À¸³ª, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ±â²¯ÇØ¾ß ¿ÀÁ÷ Àá½Ã µ¿¾È ³ë¿¹µéÀÇ Á˼ö¿Í °°Àº ³ëµ¿À» ¿ÏȽÃÄÑ ÁÖÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇØÁÖÁö
¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ë¿¹ »óŸ¦ È®°íÈ÷ ÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. |
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The working men have tried, each one separately, to free themselves by supporting the illegality of the ownership of land, which they themselves condemn, and if the condition of a few, and that, too, not always and but for a brief time, is improved by such a participation in an evil thing, the condition of all only gets worse from it. This is due to the fact that what permanently improves the condition of men (not of one man, but of a society of men) is the activity which is in conformity with the rule that we should do unto others as we wish that others should do unto us. But all the three means which so far have been employed by the working men have not been in conformity with the rule about doing unto others as we wish that others should do unto us.
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³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, °¢ÀÚ°¡ º°µµ·Î, ±×µé ÀڽŵéÀÌ ºñ³ÇÏ´Â ÅäÁö
¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ºÒ¹ý¼ºÀ» ÁöÁöÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁö·Á°í ³ë·ÂÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷ÀÇ »óŰ¡, ±×¸®°í ±×µµ ¿ª½Ã, Ç×±¸ÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ªÀº ±â°£
µ¿¾È, ±×¿Í °°ÀÌ ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÏ¿¡ Âü¿©¸¦ ÅëÇÏ¿© °³¼±µÈ´Ù°í ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óŰ¡ ¿À·ÎÁö ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ÇÈµÇ¾î °¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº »ç¶÷µé(ÇÑ
»ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÇϳªÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »çȸ)ÀÇ »óŸ¦ ¿µ±¸ÀûÀ¸·Î °³¼±ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁֱ⸦ ¿øÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØ ÁÖ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿ø¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§¶ó´Â »ç½Ç¿¡¼ ±âÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿©Å±îÁö ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ äÅÃµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø
¸ðµç ¼¼°¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµéÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇàÇϱ⸦ ¹Ù¶ó´Â °Íó·³ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇÔ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿ø¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¿Ô´ø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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The means of the riots, that is, of the employment of violence against men who consider the land which they have received as an inheritance or have purchased with their savings to be their property, is inconsistent with the rule about doing unto others as we wish that others should do unto us, because not one man who takes part in the riots would like to have taken from him what he considers to be his own, the more so, since such a seizure is generally accompanied by cruel acts of violence.
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±×µéÀÌ ¹ÞÀº ÅäÁö¸¦ À¯»êÀ¸·Î ¶Ç´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÀúÃàÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±¸ÀÔÇÑ
ÅäÁö¸¦ Àç»êÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿©, Æøµ¿µéÀÇ ¹æ¹ý, ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁֱ⸦ ¿ì¸®°¡
¹Ù¶ó´Â °Íó·³ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØÁÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ø¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é Æøµ¿¿¡ °¡´ãÇÏ´Â ´Ü ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀ̶ó°í
¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» Àڽſ¡°Ô¼ »©¾Ñ¾Æ °¡±â¸¦ ¿øÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ´õ¿íÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀº, ±×·¯ÇÑ °Å»ÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇϱâ
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Not less inconsistent with the rule about doing unto others as we wish that others should do unto us is the whole socialistic activity. It is inconsistent with this rule, in the first place, because, by putting at its basis class strife, it provokes in the working men such hostile feelings toward the masters and the non-workers in general, as on the part of the masters can in no way be desirable for the working men. It is inconsistent with this rule for this reason, also, that in the strikes the working men are very frequently, for the success of their undertaking, brought to the necessity of using violence against those working men, of their own nation or foreigners, who wish to take their places.
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¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇØ Áֱ⸦ ¹Ù¶óµíÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
ÇØ ÁÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ø¸®¿Í ´õ¿í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀº Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ »çȸÁÖÀÇÀû Ȱµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ ¿ø¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ù°·Î, ±×
±âÁ¶¿¡ °è±Þ ÅõÀïÀ» µÒÀ¸·Î½á ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼ °í¿ëÁÖµé ¹× ºñ-³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ÀüºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àû´ëÀûÀÎ °¨Á¤µéÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ, °í¿ëÁֵ鿡 °üÇÑ
ºÎºÐ¿¡ °üÇØ¼ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇØ °áÄÚ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷½º·¯¿ï ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÌ ¿ø¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯, Áï,
ÆÄ¾÷¿¡¼ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ºó¹øÇϰÔ, ±×µéÀÇ °úÁ¦ÀÇ ¼º°øÀ» À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±¹¹ÎÀÌµç ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀ̵ç, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇâÇØ¼, Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ Çʿ信 À̸£°Ô µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Similarly inconsistent with the rule about doing unto others what we wish that others should do unto us, and even outright immoral, is the doctrine which promises to the working men the transference of all the implements of labour, of the factories and works, into their full possession. Every factory is the product of the labour, not only of many working men of the present, those who have built the factory and have prepared the material for its construction, and then of the men since its construction, but also of a vast number of mental and manual working men of former generations, without whose work no factory could exist. There is absolutely no possibility of figuring out the part of all men in the working of a factory, and so, according to the doctrine of the socialists themselves, every factory, like the land, is the common possession of the whole people, with this one difference, that the ownership of land can be abolished at once, without waiting for the socialization of all the implements of labour; but a factory can become the legal possession of the people only when the unrealizable fancy of the socialists shall be achieved, - the socialization of all, literally all, the implements of labour, - and not as is proposed by the majority of working socialists, when they shall have seized the factories of their masters and shall have made them their own. A master has no right whatever to own a factory, but just as little right have the working men to any factory whatever, so long as the unrealizable socialization of the implements of labour is not an accomplished fact.
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°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇØ Áֱ⸦ ¹Ù¶óµíÀÌ
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇØ ÁÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ø¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ³ë°ñÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎµµ´öÇÑ °ÍÀº, ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡°Ô °øÀåµé ¹× Á¦ÀÛ¼Òµé°ú °°Àº ¸ðµç
³ëµ¿ µµ±¸µéÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±×µéÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯·Î ÀÌÀüÇÏ°Ú´Ù°í ¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â ½ÅÁ¶ÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµç °øÀåÀº, °øÀåÀ» °Ç¼³ÇÏ°í ±× °Ç¼³À» À§ÇØ Àç·á¸¦ ÁغñÇÑ Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ
³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé, ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ °Ç¼³ ÀÌÈÄÀÇ »ç¶÷µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±¤´ëÇÏ°Ô ¸¹Àº °ú°Å ¼¼´ëµéÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀû ¹× À°Ã¼Àû ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ, Áï,
±×µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù¸é °øÀåÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´ø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù. °øÀåÀÇ °Ç¼³¿¡¼ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» »êÃâÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î
ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù, ±×·¡¼, »çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½ÅÁ¶¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ÅäÁö¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ¸ðµç °øÀåÀº Àüü »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °øµ¿ ¼ÒÀ¯À̸ç, ´Ü ÇÑ °¡Áö ÀÌ·±
Â÷À̰¡, Áï, ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯´Â, ¸ðµç ³ëµ¿ µµ±¸µéÀÇ »çȸȸ¦ ±â´Ù¸®Áö ¾Ê°í, ´çÀåÀÌ¶óµµ ÆóÁöµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª °øÀåÀº ¿ÀÁ÷
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ½ÇÇö ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ø»óÀÌ, - ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ, ¸» ±×´ë·Î ¸ðµç ³ëµ¿ µµ±¸µéÀÇ »çȸÈ, - ´Þ¼ºµÉ ¶§¿¡, - ±×¸®°í ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â
»çȸÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ´Ù¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Á¦¾ÈµÇ´Â °Í°ú ´Þ¸®, ±×µéÀÌ ±×µé °í¿ëÁÖµéÀÇ °øÀåµéÀ» °Å»ÇÏ°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀڽŵéÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾úÀ» ¶§¿¡, ÇÕ¹ýÀûÀÎ
¼ÒÀ¯°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °í¿ëÁÖ°¡ °øÀåÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÒ ±Ç¸®°¡ ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×¿Í ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéµµ °øÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Ç¸®°¡ °ÅÀÇ ÀüÇô
¾ø´Ù, ½ÇÇöÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÇ µµ±¸µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »çȸȰ¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÈ »ç½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ÇÑ ±×·¸´Ù. |
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For this reason I say that the doctrine which promises to the working men the seizure of those factories in which they work, previous to the socialization of all the implements of labour, as is generally proposed, is not only a doctrine which is contrary to the golden rule of doing unto others as we would that others should do unto us, but even downright immoral.
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ÀÌ·± ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡ ³»°¡ ¸»ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
±×µéÀÌ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °øÀåµéÀ» °Å»ÇÔÀ» ¾à¼ÓÇÏ´Â ½ÅÁ¶´Â, ¸ðµç ³ëµ¿ µµ±¸µéÀ» »çȸÈÇϱâ ÀÌÀü¿¡, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Á¦¾ÈµÇµíÀÌ, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô
ÇàÇϱ⸦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ù¶ó´Â °Íó·³ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇѴٴ Ȳ±Ý·ü¿¡ ¹èÄ¡µÇ´Â ½ÅÁ¶ÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, öÀúÈ÷ ºñµµ´öÀûÀÌ´Ù. |
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Similarly inconsistent with the rule about doing unto others as we would that others should do unto us is the working men's support of the ownership, of land, be it by means of violence in the form of soldiers, or in the form of labourers or tenants on the land. Such a support of the ownership of land is inconsistent, because, if such acts for a time improve the condition of those persons who perform them, they certainly make the condition of other working men worse.
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´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇàÇϱ⸦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ù¶ó´Â °Íó·³ ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿ø¸®¿Í ¶È°°ÀÌ ºÒÀÏÄ¡ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÁö·Î¼, ±×°ÍÀÌ ±ºÀεéÀÇ ÇüÅ·μ Æø·ÂÀû
¼ö´Ü¿¡ ÀÇÇÏµç ¾Æ´Ï¸é ÅäÁö¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ¶Ç´Â ÀÓÂ÷ÀεéÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ ÃëÇÏµç ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¿Í °°Àº ÁöÁö´Â ºÎÇÕµÇÁö
¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×·± ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ Àá½Ã ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óŸ¦ °³¼±ÇÑ´Ù ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ±×°ÍµéÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
»óŸ¦ ¾ÇȽÃ۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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Thus all the means which have heretofore been used by the working men for the purpose of their liberation, such as direct violence and the socialistic activity, as well as the acts of separate individuals who for the sake of their advantage maintain the illegality of the ownership of land, have not attained their purpose, because they have all been inconsistent with the rule of morality about doing unto others as we would that others should do unto us.
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µû¶ó¼ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ±×µéÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¿©Å±îÁö
»ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿Ô´ø ¸ðµç ¹æ¹ýµéÀº, Á÷Á¢Àû Æø·Â ¹× »çȸÁÖÀÇÀû Ȱµ¿°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» À§ÇØ ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ºÒ¹ý¼ºÀ» ÁöÅÊÇØ ¿Ô´ø º°µµÀÇ
°³ÀεéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé ¿ª½Ã, ±×µéÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸ðµÎ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÇàÇϱ⸦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ù¶ó´Â °Íó·³ ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â µµ´öÀû ¿ø¸®¿Í ºÎÇÕµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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What will free the working men from their slavery is not even an activity, but the mere abstinence from sin, because such abstinence is just and moral, that is, in conformity with God's will.
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»ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×µéÀÌ Ã³ÇØÀÖ´Â ³ë¿¹ »óÅ·κÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº
Ȱµ¿µéµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Á˸¦ Áß´ÜÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×·¯ÇÑ Áß´ÜÀº Á¤ÀÇ·Ó°í µµ´öÀûÀÎ, ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ
¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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"But want!" I shall be told. No matter how convinced a man may be of the illegality of the ownership of land, it is hard for him, if he is a soldier, to keep from going whither he is sent, and from working for the proprietors, if this work may give milk for his starving children. Or how can a peasant abstain from renting the proprietor's land, when he has but half a desyatina to each soul and knows that he cannot support his family on the land which he owns? It is true, this is very hard, but the same difficulty is met with in refraining from any bad thing. And yet men for the most part abstain from anything bad. Here the abstinence is less difficult than in the majority of bad acts, but the harm from the bad act - the participation in the seizure of land - is more obvious than in many bad acts from which people refrain. I am not speaking of the refusal to participate in the army, when the troops are sent out against the peasants. It is true, for such a refusal it takes more than ordinary courage and a readiness to sacrifice oneself, and so not everybody is able to do so, but, on the other hand, the cases when this refusal is to be applied are rarely met with. But it takes much less effort and sacrifice not to work on the proprietors' lands and not to rent them. If all working men fully comprehended that working for the proprietors and renting their lands are bad, there would be fewer and fewer people ready to work on the proprietors' lands and to rent them. Millions of people live without having any need of the proprietors' lands, busying themselves at home with some trade or attending to all kinds of industries away from home. Nor do those hundreds of thousands and millions of peasants feel any need of the proprietors' lands, who, in spite of the whole difficulty of this matter, leave their old places and go to new places, where they get all the land they wish and where they for the most part do not suffer, but even grow rich, soon forgetting the want which drove them out. Even those peasants and good farmers live without working for the proprietors or renting their lands, who, though having but little land to till, live abstemiously and work their land well and so are not in need of any work for the proprietors or of renting their lands. Other thousands live without having any need of working on the proprietors' lands and of renting them,-the men who live a Christian life, that is, living, not each for himself, but aiding one another, as live in Russia many Christian Communes, of whom the Dukhobors are especially known to me.
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"±×·¸Áö¸¸ ±ÃÇ̸¸Àº!"¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ³ª´Â µè´Â´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ
¾Æ¹«¸® ÅäÁö ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÇ ºÒ¹ý¼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³³µæÇϰí ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ, ±×°¡ ±ºÀÎÀ̶ó¸é ±×°¡ º¸³» Áö´Â °÷¿¡ °¡´Â °ÍÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ÁöÁÖµéÀ» À§ÇØ ÀÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ»
°ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ, ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ±¾¾î Á×´Â ¾ÆÀ̵éÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿ìÀ¯¸¦ Áشٸé, ±×¿¡°Ô À־ Áß´ÜÇϱⰡ Èûµç °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï ¾î¶»°Ô
³óºÎ°¡, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ÇÑ »ç¶÷´ç ¹Ý µ¥»çƼ³ª ¹Û¿¡ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏ´Â ¶¥À¸·Î ±×ÀÇ °¡Á·µéÀ» ºÎ¾çÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í
ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ÁöÁÖÀÇ ÅäÁö¸¦ ÀÓÂ÷ÇÔÀ» ÁßÁöÇÒ ¼ö°¡ Àְڴ°¡? »ç½Ç À̰ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì Èûµé´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¶È°°Àº ¾î·Á¿òÀº ¾î¶² ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÏÀ» °ÅºÎÇÒ ¶§¿¡µµ °Þ°Ô
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±×°÷¿¡¼ ±×µéÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ÅäÁö¸¦ ¾òÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀº ±×°÷¿¡¼ ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î °íÅë ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÉÁö¾î dzºÎÇÏ°Ô Àç¹èÇϸç, °ð ±×µéÀ» ÂѾÆ
³»¾ú´ø ºó°ïÀ» Àؾî¹ö¸°´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ±×·± ³óºÎµé°ú ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ³óºÎµéÀº ÁöÁÖµéÀ» À§Çؼ ÀÏÇÔÀ̳ª ±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁö¸¦ ÀÓÂ÷ÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ »ì¸ç, ±×µéÀº, °æÀÛÇÒ
ÅäÁö¶ó°ï Á¶±Ý ¹Û¿¡ ¾øÁö¸¸, °Ë¼ÒÇÏ°Ô »ì¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁö¸¦ ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô °¡²Ù¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÁöÁÖµéÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¾Æ¹«·± ³ëµ¿Çϰųª ±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁöµéÀ» ÀÓÂ÷ÇÒ
Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¼öõ ¸íÀº ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ÅäÁö À§¿¡¼ ÀÏÇÔÀ̳ª ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÓÂ÷ÇÒ ¾Æ¹«·± Çʿ並 °®Áö ¾Ê°í »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù, - Áï, ±×µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ
ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ »îÀ», ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, °¢ÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§Çؼ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼·Î¸¦ µ½´Â »îÀ» »ì°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼ ¸¹Àº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³
°øµ¿Ã¼µé·Î »ýȰÇϸç, ±×µé Áß¿¡¼ µÎÈ£º¸¸£ °øµ¿Ã¼´Â Ưº°È÷ ³»°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. |
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There can be want only in a society of men who live according to the animal law of struggling against one another, but among Christian societies there ought to be no want. As soon as men divide among themselves what they have, everybody always has what
he needs, and much is still left. When the people who heard Christ's sermon grew faint with hunger, Christ, upon learning that some of them had provisions, commanded that all should sit down in a circle and that those who had the provisions should give them to their neighbours on one side, in order that the neighbours, having appeased their hunger, might hand them to those farther away. When the whole circle was made, all had their hunger appeased, and much was still left over.
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±ÃÇÌÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼·Î°¡ ÅõÀïÇÏ´Â µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ µû¶ó¼ »ç´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ
»çȸ¿¡¸¸ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÇ »çȸµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼´Â ¾î¶² ±ÃÇ̵µ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÌ °¡Áø °ÍÀ» ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½Åµé »çÀÌ¿¡
³ª´©ÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷Àº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¸ç, ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼³±³¸¦ µè´ø »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹è°íÆÄ¼
½Ç½ÅÇÒ Áö°æÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ» ¶§, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â, ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ ½Ä·®µéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í¼, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô µÑ·¯ ¾ÉÀ¸¶ó°í Çϰí, ½Ä·®µéÀ»
°¡Áø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿·¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ¿ôµé¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¶ó°í ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±× ÀÌ¿ô »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¹è°íÇÄÀ» ´Þ·¡°í ³ª¼, ´õ ¸Ö¸® ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³ª´©¾î ÁÙ
¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÇÑ ¹ÙÄû Àüü¸¦ µ¹¾ÒÀ» ¶§, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Çã±â¸¦ ä¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¿©±âÀú±â¿¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÌ ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. |
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Even so in the society of men who act similarly there can be no want, and such people do not need to work for the proprietors or rent their lands. Thus want cannot always be a sufficient reason for doing what is harmful to one's brothers.
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½ÉÁö¾î ±×¿Í À¯»çÇÏ°Ô ÇൿÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »çȸ¿¡´Â ±ÃÇÌÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö
¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×·± »ç¶÷µéÀº ÁöÁÖµéÀ» À§Çؼ ÀÏÇϰųª ±×µéÀÇ ÅäÁöµéÀ» ÀÓÂ÷ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ±ÃÇÌÀº ´Ù¸¥ ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ÇØ·Î¿î °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
ÃæºÐÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯°¡ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. |
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If the working people now go and work for the proprietors and rent their lands, they do so only because not all of them have come to understand the sinfulness of their acts or the whole evil which they are doing to their brothers and to themselves by it. The more there shall be such men and the more clearly they shall understand the significance of their participation in the ownership of land, the more and more will the power of the nonworkers over the workers destroy itself of its own accord.
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¸¸ÀÏ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌÁ¦ °¡¼ ÁöÁÖµéÀ» À§ÇØ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ¸ç ±×µéÀÇ
ÅäÁöµéÀ» ºô¸°´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÇ Á˾ǼºÀ̳ª ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±×µé ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡°Ô ÀÚ±â Àڽŵ鿡°Ô ÇàÇÏ´Â Àüü
¾ÇµéÀ» ±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡ ±ú´Ý°Ô µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸¹À¸¸é ¸¹À» ¼ö·Ï ÅäÁöÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Âü¿©ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ´õ ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ±ú´ÞÀ»
°ÍÀ̸ç, Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ëµ¿Àڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ºñ-³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ ±Ç·ÂÀÌ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÆÄ±«ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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The only sure, indubitable means for improving the condition of the working men, which, at the same time, is consistent with God's will, consists in the emancipation of the land from its seizure by the proprietors. This emancipation of the land is attained, not only through the working men's refusal to take part in the army, when the army is directed against the working people, but also by abstaining from working on the proprietors' lands and from renting them. But it is not enough for you, the working men, to know that for your good you need the liberation of the land from its seizure by the proprietors, and that this liberation is attained through your refraining from committing acts of violence against your brothers and from working on the lands of the proprietors and renting them; you must also know in advance how to manage the land when it shall be freed from seizure by the proprietors, how to distribute it among the workers.
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³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »óŸ¦ °³¼±ÇÒ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô È®½ÇÇϸç, ÀÇȤÀÌ ¾ø´Â,
µ¿½Ã¿¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â, ¹æ¹ýÀº, ÁöÁֵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ ÅäÁöÀÇ °Å»·ÎºÎÅÍ ÅäÁö¸¦ ÇØ¹æÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÅäÁöÀÇ ÇØ¹æÀº, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ
±º´ë¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÔÀ» °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌ´Â ±º´ë°¡ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» °Ü³ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®À̸ç, ÁöÁöµéÀÇ ÅäÁöµé¿¡¼ ÀÏÇϰųª ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÓÂ÷ÇÔÀ»
Áß´ÜÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¼ºÃëµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ç½Åµé, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ´ç½ÅµéÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ´ç½ÅµéÀÌ ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ Á¡À¯·ÎºÎÅÍ ÅäÁö¸¦ ÇØ¹æÇÒ Çʿ䰡
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·± ÇØ¹æÀÌ ´ç½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀ» ÇâÇÑ Æø·Â ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ÀÚÇàÇÏ´Â °Í ±×¸®°í ÁöÁÖµéÀÇ ÅäÁöµé¿¡¼ ³ëµ¿ÇÔ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÓÂ÷ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÁßÇÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
¼ºÃëµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù; ´ç½ÅµéÀº ÁöÁֵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ Å»Ãë·ÎºÎÅÍ ÅäÁö°¡ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿öÁú ¶§ ±×°ÍÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô °ü¸®ÇÒ ¹æ¹ý, ±×°ÍÀ»
³ëµ¿ÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ºÐ¹èÇÒ ¹æ¹ýÀ» »çÀü¿¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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The majority of you generally think that all that is necessary is to take the land away from the non-workers, and all will be well. But that is not so. It is easy to say: "Take the land away from the non-workers and give it to those who work it." But how is this to be done, without violating justice and without giving the rich again a chance to accumulate great extents of territory and thus again to rule over the workers? To leave it, as some of you think, to each individual worker or society to mow or plough wherever it be, as was done anciently and is even now done among the Cossacks, is possible only where there are few people and there is much land and the land is all of one quality. But where there are more people than the land can support, and the land is of varying quality, it is necessary to find a different means for the exploitation of the land. To divide the land according to the number of men? But if the land is divided up according to the number of men, it will also come into the hands of those who do not know how to work it, and these non- workers will let it or sell it to the rich purchasers, and there will again appear people who own large tracts of land and who do not till it. To prohibit the non-workers to sell or let the land? But then the land which belongs to a man who does not wish or is unable to work it will lie unused. Besides, in dividing the land up according to the number of men, how is it to be estimated according to its quality? There is black loam, fruitful land, and there is sandy, swampy, sterile land; there is land in the cities, which brings as much as one thousand and more rouble | | |