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INTRODUCTION TO 
AN EXAMINATION OF THE GOSPELS


º¹À½¼­ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼­¹®

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HAVING by reason been brought to despair and a negation of life, I looked around on living people and became convinced that such despair is not the common lot of mankind, but that men have lived, and do live, by faith.

À̼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Àý¸Á°ú »îÀÇ ºÎÁ¤¿¡ ´Ù°¡°£ ´ÙÀ½, ³ª´Â »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» µÑ·¯ º¸¾Ò´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×·± Àý¸ÁÀº ÀηùÀÇ °øÅëÀÇ ¿î¸íÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç¶÷µéÀº, ½Å¾ÓÀ¸·Î¼­, »ì¾Æ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç »ì°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.

I saw around me men who had that faith and drew a meaning of life from it which gave them strength to live and die peacefully and joyfully, but my reason could not explain that meaning to me. I tried to arrange my life as those believers did, tried to unite with them, doing all that they did in life and in the external worship of God, thinking that in that way the meaning of life would disclose itself to me. The more I came together with the peasants and lived like them, practising all the external rites of divine worship, the more I became con¡©scious of two contradictory forces acting upon me. On the one hand I became conscious of a meaning of life that satisfied me and was not destroyed by the approach of death; while on the other hand I saw much that was false in that external profession of faith and that worship of God. I understood that the masses, from their ignorance, lack of leisure, and disinclination to think, might not see that falsehood; but I could not help seeing it, and having once seen it could not close my eyes to it, as edu¡©cated believers advised me to do. The longer I continued to fulfill the obligations of a believer the more did that falsity startle me and demand an investigation of where falsity ended and truth began; for I no longer doubted that the very truth of life was contained in the Christian teaching. My inner discord finally reached such a pitch that I could no longer intentionally close my eyes, as I had done before, but was inevitably compelled to in¡©vestigate the religious doctrine I wished to make my own.

³ª´Â ³ªÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¿¡¼­ ±×·± ½Å¾ÓÀ» °¡Á³À¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÆòÈ­·Ó°Ô ±×¸®°í Áñ°Ì°Ô »ì°í Á×À» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÈûÀ» ÁÖ´Â »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ã´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ¸³ª, ³ªÀÇ À̼ºÀº ±×·± Àǹ̸¦ ³»°Ô ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â, ±×µéÀÌ »î¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¼þ¹è¿¡¼­ ÇàÇß´ø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϸ鼭, ±×·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »îÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì ½º½º·Î ³»°Ô ¹àÇô Áú °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹ÏÀ¸¸é¼­, ³ªÀÇ ½ÅÀÚµéÀÌ ÇàÇÑ °Íó·³ ³ªÀÇ »îÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÏ¿´°í, ±×µé°ú ÇÔ²² ¹­¾î º¸·Á°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½ÅÀÇ ¼þ¹è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ÀǽĵéÀ» ½ÇÇàÇϸ鼭, ³»°¡ ³óºÎµé°ú ÇÔ²²ÇÏ¸ç ±×µéó·³ »ì¸é »ì¼ö·Ï, ³ª¿¡°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â µÎ°¡ÁöÀÇ ¸ð¼øÀûÀÎ ÈûµéÀ» ´À³¢°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ³ª¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ÀǽÄÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ½Å¾Ó°ú Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¼þ¹è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÜÀûÀÎ °í¹é¿¡¼­ °ÅÁþÀÎ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù. ´ëÁßµéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ¹«Áö, ¿©°¡ÀÇ ºÎÁ·, ±×¸®°í »ý°¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÈÁõÀ¸·Î, ±×·± °ÅÁþÀ» º¼ ¼ö ¾ø¾úÁö¸¸, ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» º¸Áö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú°í, ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÑ ¹ø º¸°í ³ª¼­´Â, ±³À° ¹ÞÀº ½ÅÀÚµéÀÌ ³»°Ô Ãæ°íÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´«À» °¨À» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ½ÅÀÚÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ÀÌÇàÇϸé ÇÒ¼ö·Ï ±×·± °ÅÁþÀÌ ³ª¸¦ ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÏ¿´°í ¾îµð¼­ °ÅÁþÀÌ ³¡³µ°í Áø¸®°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´ÂÁö Á¶»ç¸¦ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù; ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ³ª´Â »îÀÇ Áø¸® ÀÚü°¡ ±âµ¶±³ÀûÀÎ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀǽÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù. ³ªÀÇ ³»ÀûÀÎ ºÒÀÏÄ¡´Â ¸¶Ä§³» ±Øµµ¿¡ ´ÞÇØ¼­ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ±×·¨´ø °Íó·³ ³ª´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ´«À» °¨¾Æ ¹ö¸± ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú°í, ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ±³¸®¸¦ Á¶»çÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.

At first I asked priests, monks, bishops, metro¡©politans, and learned theologians, for explanations. Explanations of all the obscure passages were given, but these were often unscrupulous and still oftener contradictory, and they were all based on the holy fathers, the catechisms, and theology. So I took the theological books and began to study them, and that study led me to the conviction that the faith our hierarchy professes and teaches to the people is not only false but is an immoral deception.

óÀ½¿¡ ³ª´Â »çÁ¦µé, ¼öµµ½Âµé, ÁÖ±³µé, ´ëÁÖ±³µé, ±×¸®°í ÇнÄÀÖ´Â ½ÅÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô ¼³¸íÀ» ºÎŹÇß´Ù. ¸ðµç ¾Ö¸ÅÇÑ ±¸Àýµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íµéÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁ³´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ °ÍµéÀº Á¾Á¾ ½ÅÁßÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¸ç ³Ê¹«µµ ÈçÈ÷ ¸ð¼øÀûÀ̾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¼ººÎµé, ±³¸® ¹®´äµé, ±×¸®°í ½ÅÇп¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â ½ÅÇÐ ¼­ÀûµéÀ» µé°í¼­ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿¬±¸Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·± ¿¬±¸´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµéÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °í¹éÇÏ°í °¡¸£Ä¡´Â ½Å¾ÓÀº °ÅÁþÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºñµµ´öÀûÀÎ ±â¸¸À̶ó´Â È®½Å¿¡ À̸£°Ô Çß´Ù.

In the Orthodox doctrine I found no teaching at all about life or its meaning, but found instead the exposition of most incomprehensible, blasphemous, and shocking propositions, not merely incompatible with reason, but quite incomprehensible and con¡©trary to morality. And I could not help seeing that this theological exposition was evidently directed not towards explaining the meaning of life and teaching how it should be lived, but merely to asserting very incomprehensible and to me un¡©necessary propositions, and to the repudiation of all who do not accept those propositions. This ex¡©position, directed to the denial of other doctrines, involuntarily caused me to direct my attention to those other creeds, and these other disputed creeds turned out to be of the same character as the Ortho¡©dox teaching which refuted them. Some are more absurd, others less so, but all alike affirm incom¡©prehensible propositions which are useless for life, and in their name deny one another and infringe the unity of men, the chief basis of Christian teaching.

Á¤±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â »îÀ̳ª ±×°ÍÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀüÇô ãÁö ¸øÇÑ ´ë½Å, °¡Àå ÀÌÇØÇÏ±â ¾î·Æ°í, ¸ðµ¶ÀûÀ̸ç, Ãæ°ÝÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀåµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇߴµ¥, ±×°ÍµéÀº À̼º¿¡ ¾î±ß³¯ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³Ê¹«³ª ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í µµ´ö°ú´Â ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ÀÌ·± ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®Àº ¸í¹éÈ÷ »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ¾î¶»°Ô »ì¾ÆÁ®¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ °¡¸£Ä¡±â À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¸Å¿ì ³³µæÇϱ⠾î·Á¿î, ±×¸®°í ³»°Ô´Â ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¸íÁ¦µéÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸íÁ¦µéÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¹èôÇÔ¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡ÀÌ ¸ÂÃß¾îÁ® ÀÖÀ½À» ±ú´ÝÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÇØ¼®Àº, ´Ù¸¥ ±³¸®µéÀÇ ºÎÁ¤¿¡ ÁÖ¾ÈÁ¡À» µÎ°í À־, ³ªµµ ¸ð¸£°Ô ³ªÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ´Ù¸¥ ±³¸®µé·Î ½Ã¼±À» µ¹¸®°Ô ¸¸µé¾ú°í, ÀÌ·± ´Ù¸¥ ³í¶õÀ» ÁÖ´Â ±³¸®µéµµ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ´Â Á¤Å뱳ȸÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§°ú ¶È °°Àº ¼º°ÝÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº ´õ¿í ¾óÅä´çÅä ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÌ¸ç ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº Á¶±Ý ´úÇß´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î »î¿¡ ¹«ÀÍÇÑ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸íÁ¦µéÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϰí, ±×°ÍµéÀÇ À̸§À¸·Î ¼­·Î¸¦ ºÎÁ¤Çϰí, ±âµ¶±³ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ °¡Àå ±âÃÊÀÎ, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ±úÆ®¸®°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

I was brought to the conviction that there is no Church at all. Christians of all denominations call themselves true Christians and repudiate the others, and each of these separate collections of Christians calls itself alone the Church, and assures us that it is the true one from which the others have separated and fallen away, and that it alone remains erect. All the believers of the different sects quite fail to see that their creed is not the true one because their faith has remained such and such, but that they call it true because they were born into it or have adopted it, and that the others say just the same about their creeds. So it is evident that there never has been some one Church, that the Church is not one, or two, but two thousand, and that each denies all the others and asserts that it alone is the true and only Church. Each of them says one and the same thing; 'Ours is the True, Holy, Catholic, Apostolic, and Universal Church. Our Scripture is sacred and our traditions are sacred. Jesus Christ is the Head of our Church and the Holy Ghost guides it, and it alone comes by direct succession from Christ-that is from God.'

³ª´Â ±³È¸´Â ÀüÇô ¾ø´Ù´Â È®½Å¿¡ À̸£·¶´Ù. ¸ðµç Á¾ÆÄÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀº ½º½º·Î¸¦ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£¸ç ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé º°°³ÀÇ ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÇ ÁýÇÕµéÀÇ °¢°¢À» ÀÚ½Åµé ¸¸ÀÌ ±³È¸¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ¶³¾îÁ® ³ª°¬À¸¸ç, ±×°Í ¸¸ÀÌ °ðÀº °ÍÀ̶ó°í ´Ü¾ðÇÑ´Ù. »óÀÌÇÑ Á¾ÆÄµéÀÇ ¸ðµç ½ÅÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ±×·¸°í ±×·¸°Ô Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®°¡ Áø¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ÀüÇô ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ž°Å³ª ±×°ÍÀ» äÅÃÇÏ¿´°í, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¶È °°ÀÌ ¸»Çϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Áø½ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ °áÄÚ ¾î¶² À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±³È¸°¡ ÀÖÀº ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸´Â Çϳª ¶Ç´Â µÑÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼öõ °³À̸ç, °¢°¢Àº ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀڽЏ¸ÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áø¸®À̸ç À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±³È¸¶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇϰí ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ±×µé °¢ÀÚ´Â ÇϳªÀÌÀÚ ¶È °°Àº °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¡®¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±³È¸´Â Áø¸®ÀÇ, ¼º½º·¯¿î, º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ, »çµµÀÇ ±×¸®°í Àü ¼¼°èÀÇ ±³È¸ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼º¼­´Â ¼º½º·´°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀüÅëµéÀº ¼º½º·´´Ù. ¿¹¼ö ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¿ì¸® ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®ÀÌ¸ç ¼º·ÉÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀεµÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°Í ¸¸ÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À½Å ±×¸®½ºµµ·ÎºÎÅÍ Á÷Á¢ ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ³ª¿Â´Ù.¡¯

If one takes any twig of a spreading bush it will be quite correct to say that from twig to branch, and from branch to limb, and from limb to trunk, every part is derived from the root, but none of them is exclusively so derived. To say of any particular twig that it is the only true twig would be absurd. Yet that is just what is said by the Churches.

¸¸ÀÏ ´©±º°¡ ÆîÃÄÁø ´ýºÒ¿¡¼­ ¾î¶² ÀÛÀº °¡Áö¸¦ Àâ´Â´Ù¸é, °ç°¡Áö¿¡¼­ °¡Áö·Î, °¡Áö¿¡¼­ Å« °¡Áö·Î, Å« °¡Áö¿¡¼­ µÕÄ¡·Î, ¸ðµç ºÎºÐÀÌ »Ñ¸®¿¡¼­ ³ª¿Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±×µé Áß ¾î´À °Íµµ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ±×°÷¿¡¼­ ³ª¿ÀÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì ¿Â´çÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾î´À ƯÁ¤ÇÑ °¡Áö¸¸ÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÁøÂ¥ °¡Áö¶ó°í ¸»ÇÔÀ» ¸ð¼øÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ±³È¸µéÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Indeed there are a thousand traditions and each denies and curses the others and regards its own as the true one: Catholics, Lutherans, Protestants, Calvinists, Shakers, Mormons, Orthodox-Greeks, Old-Believers, the Popovtsi, the Priestless, the Molokani, the Menonites, the Baptists, the Mutila-tors, the Dukhobors, and the rest-and they all alike declare that their own faith is the only true one, that in it alone is the Holy Spirit present, that its head is Christ, and that all the others are in error. There are a thousand faiths, and each calmly considers itself alone holy. And they all know this and each man who declares his faith to be the only true one knows that another faith quite similarly regards itself as true and all the others as heresies. And for nearly eighteen hundred years this self. delusion has been and still is going on.

»ç½Ç ¼öõ °¡ÁöÀÇ ÀüÅëµéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç °¢ÀÚ´Â ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀ» ºÎÁ¤Çϰí ÀúÁÖÇϸç ÀÚ±â ÀڽŸ¸À» ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù: Ä«Å縯, °³½Å±³, Ä®ºóÁÖÀÇ, ½¦ÀÌÄ¿±³, ±×¸®½º Á¤Åë±³, ±¸±³µµ, Æ÷Æ÷ºêÄ¡, ¹«»çÁ¦, ¸ô·ÎÄ«´Ï, ¸Þ³ë³ªÀÌÆ®, ħ·Ê±³, Àý´Ü±³, µàũȣº¸, ±×¸®°í ³ª¸ÓÁöµé-±×¸®°í ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ÀڽŵéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áø¸®À̸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±× ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸¸ ¼º·ÉÀÌ ÇÔ²²Çϸç, ±×ÀÇ ¸Ó¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀ̸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº ¿À·ù¿¡ ºüÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù. ¼öõ °¡ÁöÀÇ ½Å¾ÓµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í °¢ÀÚ´Â Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼º½º·´´Ù°í ¿©±ä´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ À̰ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áø¸®¶ó°í ¼±¾ðÇÏ´Â °¢±â »ç¶÷Àº ´Ù¸¥ ½Å¾Óµµ ¸Å¿ì À¯»çÇÏ°Ô ÀڽŵéÀÌ Áø¸®ÀÌ¸ç ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº À̴ܵé·Î ¿©±ä´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °ÅÀÇ 1800³â µ¿¾È ÀÌ·± Àڱ⠱⸸Àº ÀÖ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ °è¼ÓµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

In worldly matters men know how to detect and avoid most ingenious pitfalls, but millions of men have lived for eighteen hundred years in this de¡©ception, shutting their eyes to it, and in our Euro¡©pean world and in America (where everything is done in a new way) everybody as if by agreement repeats one and the same stupid deception: each professing his own faith, considering it to be the only true one, and not noticing that people of all the other creeds are doing exactly the same.

¼¼»ó ¹®Á¦¿¡ À־ »ç¶÷µéÀº °¡Àå ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÑ À§ÇèµéÀ» ã¾Æ ³»¼­ ÇÇÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº 1800³â µ¿¾È ÀÌ·± ±â¸¸ ¼Ó¿¡ »ì¾Æ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ±×°Í¿¡ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ´«À» ´Ý°í¼­, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À¯·´ ¼¼°è¿Í ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«¿¡¼­(±×°÷¿¡¼­´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇàÇØÁø´Ù) ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¸¶Ä¡ ¾à¼ÓÀÌ¶óµµ ÇÑ °Íó·³ ÇѰ¡Áö·Î ¶È °°Àº ¿ìµÐÇÑ ±â¸¸À» ¹Ýº¹ÇÑ´Ù: Á¦°¢±â ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °í¹éÇϰí, ±×°ÍÀ» À¯ÀÏÇÑ Áø¸®ÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ±³¸®µéÀ» °¡Áø »ç¶÷µéµµ Á¤È®È÷ ¶È °°ÀÌ ÇàÇϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®Áö ¸øÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Yet free-thinkers ridiculed this stupidity acutely and cleverly long long ago, and clearly showed how inane it is. They clearly showed that this whole Christian teaching with all its ramifications has long since outlived its day and that the time has come for a new faith, and some of them have even invented new faiths, but nobody listens to them or follows them, and people all continue each to be¡©lieve in his own special Christian faith as before; the Catholics theirs, the Lutherans theirs, our sec-tarian-Popovtsi theirs, the Priestless theirs, the Mormons theirs, the Molokans theirs, and the Orthodox Russo-Greeks (whom I wished to join) theirs.

±×·¯³ª ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó°¡µéÀº ÀÌ·± ¿ìµÐÇÔÀ» ½Å¶öÇÏ°í ¿µ¸®ÇÏ°Ô ¿À·¡ ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ºñ¿ô¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¾î¸®¼®ÀºÁö ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±× ¸ðµç °¡ÁöµéÀ» °¡Áø ÀÌ·± Àüü ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ±× ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¸ÂÁö ¾Ê°Ô ³°¾Æ ¹ö·ÈÀ¸¸ç »õ·Î¿î ½Å¾ÓÀ» À§ÇÑ ½Ã´ë°¡ ¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸í¹éÈ÷ º¸¿© ÁÖ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µé ÁßÀÇ ¸î¸îÀº »õ·Î¿î ½Å¾ÓµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ±Í¸¦ ±â¿ïÀÌÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª ±×µéÀ» ÃßÁ¾ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ðµÎ °¢ÀÚ°¡ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ÀÌÀüó·³ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Æ¯º°ÇÑ ±âµ¶±³ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ¹Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù: Ä«Å縯Àº ±×µéÀÇ °ÍÀ», ¹«»çÁ¦±³µµ ±×µéÀÇ °ÍÀ», ¸ð¸£¸ó±³µµ ±×µéÀÇ °ÍÀ» , ¸ô·ÎÄ«µµ ±×µéÀÇ °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í Á¤Åë ·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤±³È¸(³ª´Â ±×°Í¿¡ Âü¿©Çϱ⸦ Èñ¸ÁÇß¾ú´Ù)µµ ±×µéÀÇ °ÍÀ» ¹Ï´Â´Ù.

What does this mean? Why do men not abandon that teaching? The one answer-in which the free¡©thinkers who reject religion and all men of other religions agree-is that Christ's teaching is good, and therefore so precious to people that they cannot live without it. But why have these men who believe in Christ's teaching all divided into different sects, and why do they still continue to divide up more and more, denying and condemning one another, and why are they unable to unite in one faith? Again the answer is simple and obvious.

À̰ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇϴ°¡? »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿Ö ±×·± °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹ö¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â°¡? ÇѰ¡Áö ´ë´ä-Á¾±³¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ÀÚÀ¯ »ç»ó°¡µé°ú ´Ù¸¥ Á¾±³¸¦ °¡Áø ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µ¿ÀÇ ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡-Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ÈǸ¢ÇÏ´Ù ±×·¯¹Ç·Î »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª ¼ÒÁßÇØ¼­ ±×µéÀº ±×°Í ¾øÀÌ´Â »ì ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ¿Ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Ï´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¼­·Î ´Ù¸¥ Á¾ÆÄµé·Î °¥¶óÁ³À¸¸ç, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ Á¡Á¡ ´õ °¥¶óÁö¸é¼­, ¼­·Î¸¦ ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í ºñ³­Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿Ö ±×µéÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ¸·Î ¿¬ÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â°¡? ´Ù½Ã ±× ´ë´äÀº ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í ¸í¹éÇÏ´Ù.

The cause of the division among Christians is simply this teaching about the Church, a teaching which asserts that Christ established a single true Church which is in its essence holy and infallible and can and must teach others. Were it not for this conception of ¡®the Church¡¯, such division among Christians could not exist.

±âµ¶±³ÀÎµé »çÀÌÀÇ ºÐ¿­ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±³È¸¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§, Áï ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±³È¸¸¦ ¼¼¿üÀ¸¸ç ±×°Í¸¸ÀÌ º»Áú¿¡ À־ ¼º½º·´°í ¹«·ùÀ̸ç, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» °¡¸£Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ±×·¸°Ô ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ´Ù. ¡®±³È¸¡¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± °³³ä¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é, ±âµ¶±³ÀÎµé »çÀÌÀÇ ±×·± ºÐ¿­Àº Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

Each Christian Church, that is, each of the religious doctrines, indubitably derives from the teaching of Jesus himself but is not the only one that derives from it: all the other doctrines derive from it too. They have all grown from one seed, and what unites them and is common to them all is that from which they grew-the seed. And there¡©fore to understand the teaching of Jesus rightly we should not examine it from branch to trunk, as each separate sect does, nor need we examine it from its foundation, proceeding from trunk to branches, as is equally uselessly done by science-the history of religion. Neither the one nor the other gives us the meaning of the teaching. Its meaning is only to be found by knowing the seed of the fruit from which they have all come and for the sake of which they all exist. They have all come from the life and works of Jesus, and they all exist to perform the works of Jesus, that is, to do good. And only in these works can they unite.

Á¦°¢±â ±âµ¶±³ ±³È¸´Â, Áï, Á¾±³Àû ±³¸® °¢°¢Àº, ÀǽÉÇÒ ¹Ù ¾øÀÌ ¿¹¼ö ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡µÇÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡µÇ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù: ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ±³¸®µéµµ ¿ª½Ã ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ À¯·¡µÈ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÇϳªÀÇ ¾¾¾Ñ¿¡¼­ Àڶ󳪿ԴÙ, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀ» ¿¬°áÇÏ¿© ÁÖ°í ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡°Ô °øÅëÀÎ °ÍÀº ±×°Í-±× ¾¾¾Ñ-À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×µéÀÌ ÀÚ¶ó ³ª¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¿Ã¹Ù¸£°Ô ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á¸é ¿ì¸®´Â, Á¦°¢±â ºÐ¿­µÈ Á¾ÆÄ°¡ ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ, ±×°ÍÀ» °¡Áö³ª Áٱ⿡¼­ ¿¬±¸Çؼ­´Â ¾È µÇ¸ç, °úÇÐ-Á¾±³ÀÇ ¿ª»ç-¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹«ÀÍÇϰԵµ ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô ÇàÇØÁöµíÀÌ, µÕÄ¡¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ °¡Áöµé¿¡ À̸£´Â ±³È¸µéÀÇ ¼³¸³ºÎÅÍ ¿¬±¸Çؼ­µµ ¾È µÈ´Ù. ÀüÀÚµç ÈÄÀÚµç ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±× Àǹ̴ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¿¬À¯µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¿­¸ÅÀÇ ¾¾¾ÑÀ» ¾ÍÀ¸·Î½á ã¾ÆÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿¹¼öÀÇ »î°ú ÇàÀ§µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Ô´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿¹¼öÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, Áï, ¼±À» ÇàÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ÇàÀ§µé¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀº ¿¬ÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

It was search for the meaning of life, that is, search for a path of life-to know how to live-that brought me to belief, and when I had seen the life of men who adopted Christ's teaching I clung to them. Such men, who professed Christ's teaching by their works, I encountered equally and indis¡©criminately among the Orthodox Russo-Greeks, the different sects of dissenters, and the Catholics and Lutherans, so that evidently the general sense of life given by Christ's teaching was drawn not from the creeds but from something else that is common to all the communities. I watched good people of more than one faith, and observed in them all the same understanding based on the teaching of Jesus. In all these different sects of Christians I saw full agreement in the conception of what is good and evil and as to how one ought to live. And all these people explained this con¡©ception of theirs by the teaching of Jesus. The doctrines had divided them, but the basis was one and the same; therefore it is what lies at the basis of all the faiths that alone is true. And just this truth is what I now seek to learn. The truth of the faith must lie not in separate interpretations of Christ's revelation-those interpretations which have divided Christians into a thousand sects-but in the primary revelation of Christ himself. That revelation-the words of Christ himself-is in the Gospels. And so I turned to the study of the Gospels.

³ª¸¦ ¹ÏÀ½À¸·Î À̲ö °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î »îÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å½±¸, Áï, »îÀÇ ±æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å½±¸-¾î¶»°Ô »ì °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ ¾Æ´Â °Í-¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» äÅÃÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» º¸¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ³ª´Â ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¸Å´Þ·È´Ù. ±×·± »ç¶÷µéÀ», ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé·Î¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» °í¹éÇߴµ¥, ³ª´Â °øÆòÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í Â÷º° ¾øÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ Á¤±³È¸, ºñ±¹±³µµµéÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Á¾ÆÄµé¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í Ä«Å縯°ú ·çÅͱ³ »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¸¸³µ´Ù, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â »îÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû Àǹ̰¡ ±×µéÀÇ ±³¸®µé·ÎºÎÅͰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±× ¸ðµç °øµ¿Ã¼µé¿¡ °øÅëÀÎ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸í¹éÈ÷ µµÃâµÇ¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö ÀÌ»óÀÇ ½Å¾Ó¿¡¼­ ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µé ¾È¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ±âÃÊ·ÎÇÏ´Â ¶È °°Àº ±ú´ÞÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀÇ ÀÌ ¸ðµç »óÀÌÇÑ Á¾ÆÄ¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¼±ÀÌ¸ç ¾ÇÀΰ¡ ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¶»°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß Çϴ°¡ÀÇ °³³ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±³¸®µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» °¥¶ó ³õ¾Ò´Ù, ±×·¯³ª »Ñ¸®´Â ÇϳªÀÌ¸ç ¶È°°¾Ò´Ù; ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Áø¸®ÀÎ °ÍÀº ¸ðµç ½Å¾ÓµéÀÇ »Ñ¸®¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ Áø¸®°¡ ³»°¡ Áö±Ý ¾Ë°íÀÚ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½Å¾ÓÀÇ Áø¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °è½Ã¸¦ Á¦°¢±â ´Þ¸® ÇØ¼®ÇÔ-±âµ¶±³ÀεéÀ» ¼öõÀÇ Á¾ÆÄµé·Î °¥¶ó ³õÀº ±×·± ÇØ¼®µé-¿¡ À־´Â ¾È µÇ¸ç. ±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀûÀÎ °è½Ã¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ °è½Ã-±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸»¾¸-´Â º¹À½¼­ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â º¹À½¼­µéÀÇ ¿¬±¸·Î µé¾î¼¹´Ù.

I know that according to Church doctrine the meaning of this teaching is not to be found in the Gospels alone, but in the whole of the Scriptures and Traditions guarded by the Church. I assume that after what has already been said, this sophistry -to the effect that the scriptures which I am taking as the basis of my commentary are not subject to investigation because the right to interpret them belongs exclusively to the Church-cannot be repeated, especially as each interpretation is cancelled by the contrary interpretation of another Church; all the holy churches reject one another. This prohibition to read and understand the scriptures for oneself is merely an indication of the Church's consciousness of its own errors of interpretation.

±³È¸ÀÇ ±³¸®¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àǹ̴ º¹À½¼­µé ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±³È¸°¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °¡Áö´Â ¼º¼­µé°ú ÀüÅëµé Àüü¿¡¼­ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ¾ð±ÞÇÑ °Í¿¡ µû¶ó¼­, ÀÌ·± ±Ëº¯Àº -³ªÀÇ ÇØ¼³¼­ÀÇ ±âÃÊ·Î ³»°¡ äÅÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¼º¼­µéÀº, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÇØ¼®ÇÒ ±ÇÇÑÀº ¹èŸÀûÀ¸·Î ±³È¸¿¡ ¼ÓÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, Á¶»çÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù´Â È¿°ú·Î¼­-¹Ýº¹µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ƯÈ÷ Á¦°¢±â ÇØ¼®µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ±³È¸ÀÇ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ÇØ¼®À¸·Î ¹«È¿È­µÉ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù; ¸ðµç ¼º½º·¯¿î ±³È¸µéÀº ¼­·Î¸¦ ¹èôÇÑ´Ù. °³ÀεéÀÌ ¼º¼­µéÀ» Àаí ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ±ÝÁö´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±³È¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇØ¼®»óÀÇ ¿À·ùµéÀ» ÀǽÄÇϰí ÀÖÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç¥½ÃÀÌ´Ù.

God revealed truth to men. I am a man and so am not only entitled but am under obligation to make use of it and face it directly without inter¡©mediaries. If God speaks in these books He also knows the weakness of my mind, and will speak so as not to lead me into deception. The argument of the Church that it cannot allow individuals to interpret the Scriptures lest they should err and separate into many sects, can have no importance for me. It might have significance if the Church's interpretation were intelligible and there were but one Church and one interpretation; but now since the Church's interpretation-of the son of God, of a God in three persons, of a virgin who bore a child without infringing her virginity, of the body and blood of God which is eaten in the form of bread, and so on-cannot find place in a sane head, and since it is not one interpretation but a thousand, that argument, however often repeated, has no validity. On the contrary, an interpretation is needed, and one that all may agree to. But for this the interpretation must be reasonable. Despite our differences we all agree only on what is reason¡©able. If this revelation of the Scriptures is the truth, it should not and must not fear the light of reason- to be convincing it should welcome it. If the whole revelation turns out to be an absurdity, so much the better-and God be with it! 'All is possible to God'-that is true, but He cannot talk nonsense. And to write a revelation which cannot be understood would be stupid.

Çϳª´ÔÀº Áø¸®¸¦ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹àÈ÷¼Ì´Ù. ³ª´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Áß°³ÀÚµé ¾øÀÌ Á÷Á¢ Áø¸®¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϰí Á÷¸éÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÒ ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àǹ«¸¦ Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ Çϳª´ÔÀÌ À̵é Ã¥ ¾È¿¡¼­ ¸»¾¸ÇϽŴٸé, ±×ºÐÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ³ªÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¿¬¾àÇÔÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ³»°¡ ±â¸¸À¸·Î ÀεµµÇÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ¸»¾¸ÇÏ½Ç °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×µéÀÌ ¿À·ù¸¦ ¹üÇÏ¿©¼­ ¸¹Àº Á¾ÆÄµé·Î °¥¶óÁöÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï Çϱâ À§Çؼ­, ±³È¸´Â °³ÀεéÀÌ ¼º¼­µéÀ» ÇØ¼®Çϵµ·Ï Çã¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â ±³È¸ÀÇ ³í¸®´Â ³ª¿¡°Ô Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±³È¸ÀÇ ÇØ¼®ÀÌ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇϳªÀÇ ±³È¸¿Í ÇϳªÀÇ ÇØ¼®¸¸ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº Áß¿äÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª Áö±Ý ±³È¸ÀÇ ÇØ¼®-Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, »ïÀ§ ÀÏüÀÇ Çϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ó³à¼ºÀ» ¹üÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¾ÆÀ̸¦ À×ÅÂÇÑ Ã³³à¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©, »§ÀÇ ÇüÅ·μ­ ¸Ô´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¸ö°ú ÇÇ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, µîµî- Àº Á¦Á¤½ÅÀ» °¡Áø ¸Ó¸® ¾È¿¡ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº Çϳª°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼öõÀÇ ÇØ¼®À̱⠶§¹®¿¡, ±×·± ³í¸®´Â, ¾Æ¹«¸® ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¾î¶°ÇÑ Á¤´çÇÔµµ °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ý´ë·Î, ÇѰ¡Áö ÇØ¼®, Áï ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ µ¿ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Çϳª°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̸¦ À§Çؼ­ ÇØ¼®Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã À̼ºÀûÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Â÷À̵鿡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¿ÀÁ÷ À̼ºÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¼º¼­µéÀÇ ÀÌ·± °è½Ã°¡ Áø¸®¶ó¸é, À̼ºÀÇ ºûÀ» µÎ·Á¿ö ÇØ¼­µµ, µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÒ Çʿ䵵 ¾ø´Ù-±×°ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀ» ȯ¿µÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ Àüü °è½Ã°¡ ºÎÁ¶¸®¶ó¸é, ±×·²¼ö·Ï ´õ ÁÁ´Ù-±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±×°Í°ú ÇÔ²² Çϸ®¶ó! ¡®Çϳª´Ô¿¡°Ô´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.¡¯-±×°ÍÀº Áø¸®ÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×ºÐÀº ÇãÆ° ¸»À» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °è½Ã¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾î¸®¼®Àº ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.

I call revelation that which opens out to us, when reason has reached its utmost limits, the contemplation of what is divine, that is, of truth that is superior to our reason. I call revelation that which gives an answer to the question, insoluble by reason which brought me to despair and almost to suicide-the question: What meaning has my life? That answer must be intelligible and must not contradict the laws of reason as would, for instance, the asser¡©tion that an infinite number is odd or even. It must not contradict reason, for I shall not believe an answer that does so, and it must be intelligible and not arbitrarily assumed, but inevitable to one's reason as, for instance, a recognition of infinity is to any man who is able to count. The answer must reply to the question: What meaning has my life? A reply that does not answer that question is useless to me. The answer must be such that though its essence may be incomprehensible in itself (as is the essence of God) all the deductions derived from its consequences should correspond to every demand of reason, and the meaning it ascribes to my life should solve all my questions as to how to live. The answer must be not merely reasonable and clear but also true, that is, such as I can believe in with my whole soul inevitably, as I believe in the exis¡©tence of infinity.

À̼ºÀÌ ±× ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ÇѰè, ½Å¼ºÇÑ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, Áï, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ À̼ºº¸´Ù ¿ì¿ùÇÑ Áø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹¬»ó¿¡ ´Ù´Ù¶úÀ» ¶§¿¡, ³ª´Â °è½Ã¸¦ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Ȱ¦ ¿­·Á ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ³ª´Â °è½Ã¸¦, ³ª¸¦ Àý¸ÁÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í °ÅÀÇ ÀÚ»ì-±× Áú¹®Àº: ³ªÀÇ »îÀº ¹«½¼ Àǹ̸¦ °¡Áö´Â°¡?ÀÌ´Ù-·Î ¸ô°í °£ À̼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Ç® ¼ö ¾ø´Â, Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ±× ´ë´äÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ¼ö´Â Ȧ¼öÀ̰ųª ¦¼öÀ̴٠ó·³, À̼ºÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢°ú ¸ð¼øµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.. ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã À̼º°ú ¸ð¼øµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³ª´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ´ë´äÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç ÀÓÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Á¤µÇÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¹«ÇÑÀÇ ÀνÄÀÌ ¼ö¸¦ ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾î´À »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °Íó·³, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̼º¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±× ´ë´äÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ´ÙÀ½ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ë´äÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù: ³ªÀÇ »îÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ±× Áú¹®¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ´ë´äÀº ³ª¿¡°Ô ¾µ¸ð°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±× ´ë´äÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×·¯Çؼ­ ºñ·Ï ±×°ÍÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­´Â ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ»Áö¶óµµ (Çϳª´ÔÀÇ º»Áúó·³) ±×°ÍÀÇ °á°úµé·ÎºÎÅÍ µµÃâµÇ´Â ¸ðµç Ã߷еéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã À̼ºÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿ä±¸¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ³ªÀÇ »îÀ¸·Î µ¹¸®´Â Àǹ̴ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¾î¶»°Ô »ì °ÍÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ ¸ðµç Áú¹®µéÀ» ÇØ°áÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ë´äÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã À̼ºÀûÀ̾î¾ß ÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Áø¸®À̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, Áï, ³»°¡ ¹«ÇÑÇÑ Á¸À縦 ¹ÏÀ» ¶§¿¡, ³»°¡ ³ªÀÇ Àüü ¿µÈ¥À¸·Î¼­ ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³.

Revelation cannot be based on faith as the Church understands it-that is, as trust in some¡©thing that will be told me later. Real faith results from the inevitability and truth of a revelation that fully satisfies reason. In the Church's concep¡©tion, faith is an obligation imposed on man's soul by threats and enticements. In my conception it is simply this: that the foundation from which every action of my reason springs is true. Faith is a knowledge of the revelation without which it is impossible to live or think. Revelation is a know¡©ledge of that to which man cannot attain by reason, but which is produced by all humanity from the source of all things hidden in infinity. Such in my opinion must be the nature of a revelation that produces faith, and such I seek in the tradition about Christ, and so I address myself to it in the strictest and most rational terms.

°è½Ã´Â ±³È¸°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °Íó·³-Áï, ÈÄ¿¡ ³ª¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇØÁú ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ¹ÏµíÀÌ-½Å¾Ó¿¡ ±âÃÊ µÇ¾î Áú ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀº À̼ºÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ´Â °è½ÃÀÇ ºÒ°¡ÇǼº°ú Áø¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Â´Ù. ±³È¸ÀÇ °³³ä¿¡¼­, ½Å¾ÓÀº Çù¹Úµé°ú À¯È¤µé·Î¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ °­¿äÇÏ´Â Àǹ«ÀÌ´Ù. ³ªÀÇ °³³ä¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÀÌ·¸´Ù: ³ªÀÇ À̼ºÀÇ ¸ðµç ÇൿÀÌ ¼Ú¾Æ³ª´Â Åä´ë´Â Áø¸®ÀÌ´Ù. ½Å¾ÓÀº °è½Ã¿¡ °üÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ¸·Î °è½Ã°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é »ì¾Æ°¡°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. °è½Ã´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ À̼ºÀ¸·Î´Â ¾òÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀº Àηù¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¹«ÇÑÈ÷ ¼û°ÜÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ªÀÇ Àǰ߿¡¼­ ±×·± °ÍÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ½Å¾ÓÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â °è½ÃÀÇ º»ÁúÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ °üÇÑ ÀüÅë¿¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇϹǷΠ³ª´Â °¡Àå ¾ö°ÝÇÏ°í °¡Àå À̼ºÀûÀÎ ¿ë¾î·Î¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.

I do not consider the Old Testament, for the question is not what was the faith of the Jews, but in what does the faith of Christ consist, in which men find the meaning that makes it possible for them to live? The Hebrew books may be interest¡©ing as explaining the forms in which Christianity has been expressed, but we cannot recognize a continuity of faith from Adam to our times, for the faith of the Jews, before Christ, was local. The faith of the Jews, foreign to us, is interesting to us as is, for instance, the faith of the Brahmins. But the faith of Christ is the one by which we live. To study the faith of the Jews in order to understand the Christian faith is like studying a candle before it is lit, in order to understand the significance of the light which comes from a burning candle. The one thing that can be said is that the nature and quality of the light may depend on the candle, just as the form of expression in the New Testament may depend on its relation to Judaism, but the light cannot be explained by the fact that it proceeds from this and not from that candle.

³ª´Â ±¸¾à ¼º¼­¸¦ °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Àǹ®Àº À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀº ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ´Â°¡?, ±×¸®°í ¾îµð¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ì¾Æ°¡´Â °ÍÀ» ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â Àǹ̸¦ ¹ß°ßÇϴ°¡?À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. È÷ºê¸®¾î ¼­ÀûµéÀº ±âµ¶±³°¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Â ÇüŸ¦ ¼³¸íÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Èï¹Ì°¡ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Æ´ã¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Ã´ë±îÁö ½Å¾ÓÀÇ ¿¬¼Ó¼ºÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀº, ±×¸®½ºµµ ÀÌÀü¿¡, Áö¿ªÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀº, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀÌÁúÀûÀÌ´Ù, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ºê¶ó¸¸µéÀÇ ½Å¾Óó·³ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Èï¹Ì¸¦ ÁÙ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î »ì¾Æ°¡¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ À¯ÅÂÀεéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº, Ÿµé¾î °¡´Â Ãкҿ¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â ºûÀÇ °­µµ¸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, ¸¶Ä¡ Ãʰ¡ ÄÑÁö±â Àü¿¡ Ãʸ¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù. ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´Ü ÇÑ °¡Áö´Â ºûÀÇ º»Áú°ú ¼ºÁúÀº ÃÊ¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϸç, ½Å¾à ¼º¼­¿¡¼­ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ÇüŰ¡ À¯´ë±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ºûÀÌ ÀÌÂÊÀÇ ÃʷκÎÅÍ ÁøÇàÇϸç ÀúÂÊÀÇ ÃʷκÎÅÍ ÁøÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ºûÀÌ ¼³¸íµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

And so the mistake the Church makes in regard¡©ing the Old Testament as a scripture equally divinely inspired with the New Testament, is reflected in the most obvious way by the fact that, having recognized this in words, the Church does not actually so regard it, but has lapsed into contra¡©dictions from which she could never extract herself if she considered sound sense in any way obligatory on her.

±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±³È¸°¡ ±¸¾à ¼º¼­¸¦ ½Å¾à ¼º¼­Ã³·³ ¶È°°ÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¿µ°¨ÀÌ ±êµç ¼º¼­·Î ¿©±èÀ¸·Î½á ¹üÇÑ À߸øÀº, ±³È¸´Â »ç½Ç»ó ±×°ÍÀ» ±×·¸°Ô ¿©±âÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀ» ¸»¾¸µé·Î¼­ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¸¸ÀÏ ±³È¸°¡ ¾î·µç ±³È¸¿¡ Àǹ«°¡ µÇ´Â ÀûÀýÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ °í·ÁÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é ±³È¸°¡ °áÄÚ ½º½º·Î ºüÁ® ³ª¿Ã ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸ð¼øµé·Î ºüÁ® µé¾ú´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °¡Àå ¸í¹éÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹Ý¿µµÈ´Ù.

And so I leave the books of the Old Testament and treat of the written revelation (as the Church calls it) in the twenty-seven books of the New Testa¡©ment. But in reality the tradition is not expressed in twenty-seven books, or in five, or in a hundred and thirty-eight, for God's revelation cannot be expressed in a number of pages and letters. To say that the revelation of God is expressed by a hundred and eighty-five sheets of writing on paper, is the same as to say that the soul of such and such a man weighs five hundredweight or that the light from a lamp measures seven bushels. The revelation was expressed in men's souls, and they transmitted it to one another and wrote some of it down. Of all that was written, it is known that there were more than a hundred Gospels and Epistles not accepted by the Church, which selected twenty-seven books only and called them canonical. But evidently some books expressed the tradition better and some worse, and there was no definite line dividing the one from the other. The Church had to draw a line somewhere herself, to separate what she should acknowledge as divinely inspired, and obviously it could nowhere sharply divide complete truth from complete falsehood. The tradition was like a shade between white and black or between true and false, and no matter where the line might be drawn it was impossible to get pure white. So the Church drew that line, sorting out the various traditions and calling some books canonical and others apochryphal; and it is remarkable how well she did it. She chose so well that the most recent investigations have shown nothing that should be added, and have made it clear that all that was known and was best was included by the Church in the canonical books. More than that, as if to correct the inevitable error made in drawing that line, the Church has accepted some traditions from the Apocryphal books.

±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â ±¸¾à ¼º¼­ÀÇ Ã¥µé°ú ½Å¾à ¼º¼­ÀÇ ½º¹° Àϰö ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥µé¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¼º¹® °è½Ã(±³È¸´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÏÄ´ °Íó·³)ÀÇ Ãë±ÞÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ½º¹° Àϰö ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥¿¡, ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¼¸ ±Ç, ¶Ç´Â ÀÏ¹é »ï½Ê ÆÈ ±Ç¿¡´Â ÀüÅëÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Çϳª´ÔÀÇ °è½Ã´Â ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ ¼ýÀÚÀÇ ÆäÀÌÁöµé°ú ¼­½Åµé¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÉ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ °è½Ã°¡ Á¾ÀÌ À§¿¡ ÀÏ¹é ÆÈ½Ê ¿ÀÀåÀÇ ±â·ÏÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ±×·¸°í ±×·± »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥Àº ¿À¹éÀÇ ¹«°Ô°¡ ³ª°£´Ù°Å³ª ¶Ç´Â ÇÑ µîÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ºûÀº ¼­¸¥ ¿©¼¸ µÇ¿¡ ´ÞÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú °°´Ù. °è½Ã´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀÇ ÀϺθ¦ ±â·ÏÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±â·ÏµÈ ¸ðµç °Íµé Áß¿¡´Â, ¾Ë·ÁÁö±â·Î ±³È¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ äÅõÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹é°¡Áö ÀÌ»óÀÇ º¹À½¼­µé°ú ¼­ÇѵéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸´Â ½º¹° Àϰö ±Ç¸¸À» ¼±º°ÇÏ¿© Á¤°æ (ïáÌè)À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¾î¶² Ã¥µéÀº ÀüÅëÀ» ´õ¿í ÈǸ¢È÷ ¾î¶² °ÍµéÀº ´õ ÇüÆí¾øÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀüÀÚ¿Í ÈÄÀÚ¸¦ ±¸ºÐÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² È®Á¤ÀûÀÎ ¼±ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ±³È¸ ÀÚ½ÅÀº ¾îµò°¡¿¡ ¼±À» ±×¾î¾ß Çß´Ù, ±³È¸°¡ Çϳª´Ô²² ¿µ°¨ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ±¸ºÐÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, ±×¸®°í ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±×°ÍÀº ¾îµð¿¡¼­µµ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Áø¸®¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ °ÅÁþÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿¹¸®ÇÏ°Ô °¥¶ó³õÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀüÅëÀº ¹é°ú Èæ, ¶Ç´Â Áø¸®¿Í °ÅÁþ »çÀÌÀÇ ±×´Ã°ú °°¾Ò´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾îµð¿¡´Ù ¼±ÀÌ ±×¾îÁöµçÁö ¼ø¼öÇÑ Èò»öÀ» ¾ò±â´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇß´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô ±³È¸´Â ±×·± ¼±À» ±×¾ú´Ù, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀüÅëµéÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÏ°í ¾î¶² Ã¥µéÀ» Á¤°æÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸£°í ´Ù¸¥ °ÍµéÀº ºñÁ¤°æÀ̶ó ºÒ·¶´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±³È¸°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ¾ó¸¶³ª ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¼öÇàÇß´ÂÁö´Â ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. ±³È¸´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ÈǸ¢È÷ °ñ¶ó³»¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¿¬±¸µé¿¡ µû¸£¸é ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ Ãß°¡µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¾Ë·ÁÁø ¹Ù °¡Àå ÁÁÀº °ÍµéÀº ±³È¸°¡ Á¤°æ¼­ µé¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°Í »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼±À» ±×À½¿¡ À־ ¹ß»ýÇÑ ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿À·ù¸¦ ±³Á¤Çϱâ¶óµµ ÇÏ·Á´Â µíÀÌ, ±³È¸´Â ºñÁ¤°æ¼­ µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾à°£ÀÇ ÀüÅëµéÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

All that could be done was done excellently. But in drawing that line the Church made one grave error. To reject more emphatically the books she did not accept, and to give more weight to those she did accept, she put one general seal of infallibility on all that she approved: it all proceeded from the Holy Ghost and every word was true. By this she ruined and harmed all that she accepted, for having accepted in that stripe of tradition the white, the less white, and the gray-that is, the more or less pure teaching-and having stamped it all with a seal of infallibility, she deprived herself of the right to combine, exclude, and elucidate what was accepted, which it was her duty to do but which she has not done and is not doing. It is all holy: the miracles, the Acts of the Apostles, Paul's advice about wine, the ravings of the Apocalypse, and all the rest. So that though these books have existed for eighteen hundred years they still lie before us in the same rough, awkward, contradictory form, full of absurdities, in which they have ever been. Assuming that every word of the Scriptures was true and holy, the Church tried to combine, eluci¡©date, disentangle, and understand the contradic¡©tions; and she did all that could be done in that direction, that is, she gave as much sense as possible to what was absurd. But the first mistake was fatal. Having acknowledged it all as sacred truth it was necessary to justify everything, to shut one's eyes, to hide, to manipulate, to fall into contradictions and, alas, often to say what was not true. Having in words accepted everything, the Church has had in fact to reject certain books-such as the Apoca¡©lypse in its entirety, and parts of the Acts of the Apostles-for these often contain nothing instruc¡©tive and are simply scandalous.

ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ÇàÇØ Á³´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼±À» ±×À½¿¡ À־ ±³È¸´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö Áß´ëÇÑ ¿À·ù¸¦ ¹üÇß´Ù. ±³È¸°¡ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â Ã¥µéÀ» ´õ¿í °­ÇÏ°Ô °ÅºÎÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, ±×¸®°í ±³È¸°¡ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÎ °Íµé¿¡ ´õ¿í ¹«°Ô¸¦ ÁÖ±â À§Çؼ­, ±³È¸´Â ±³È¸°¡ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ¹«·ù¼ºÀ̶ó´Â ÇÑ °¡Áö º¸ÆíÀû ºÀÀÎÀ» ¸¸µé¾ú´Ù: ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¼º·ÉÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç ¸»¾¸Àº Áø¸®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±³È¸´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÎ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¸ê¸ÁÄÉ Çϰí ÇØ¸¦ ³¢ÃÆ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×·± ÀüÅëÀÇ »ö±ò ¾È¿¡, ÇÏ¾á »ö, ´ú ÇÏ¾á »ö, ±×¸®°í ȸ»ö-Áï, ´Ù¼Ò°£ÀÇ ¼ø¼öÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§-À» ÇÔ²² ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̰í, ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¹«·ù¼ºÀ̶ó´Â ºÀÀÎÀ¸·Î ³«ÀÎ ÇØ ¹ö·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ±³È¸´Â ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÎ °ÍÀ» Á¶ÇÕÇϰí, ¹èÁ¦Çϸç, ¼³¸íÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ ½º½º·Î ¹ÚÅ»ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ Àǹ«¿´À¸³ª ±³È¸´Â ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ÇàÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¼º½º·´´Ù: ±âÀûµé, »çµµµéÀÇ ÇàÀ§µé, Æ÷µµÁÖ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ±Ç°í, °è½Ã·ÏÀÇ Çãdzµé, ±×¸®°í ³ª¸ÓÁö ¸ðµç °Íµéµµ ¼º½º·´´Ù. ±×·¯ÇϹǷΠºñ·Ï À̵é Ã¥µéÀÌ 1800 ³â µ¿¾È Á¸ÀçÇÏ¿© ¿ÔÁö¸¸, ±× ¾È¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î ¿Ô´ø ±×´ë·Î, ¿ì¸® ¾Õ¿¡ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¶È °°ÀÌ °ÅÄ¥°í, ºÒÆíÇϸç, ¸ð¼øÀûÀÎ ÇüÅÂ, ºÎÁ¶¸®µé·Î °¡µæÂù ü·Î ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Ù. ¼º¼­µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¸»¾¸µéÀÌ Áø¸®ÀÌ¸ç ¼º½º·´´Ù°í °¡Á¤Çϸ鼭, ±³È¸´Â ±× ¸ð¼øµéÀ» Á¶ÇÕÇϰí, ¼³¸íÇϸç, ¾ûŲ °ÍÀ» Ç®°í, ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇß´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×·± ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î ÇàÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù, Áï, ±³È¸´Â ºÎÁ¶¸®ÀÎ °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸¹Àº Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª óÀ½ÀÇ ½Ç¼ö´Â ³Ê¹«³ª Ä¡¸íÀûÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ½Å¼ºÇÑ Áø¸®·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Á¤´çÈ­Çϰí, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´«À» °¡¸®°í, ¼û±â°í, Á¶ÀÛÇϰí, ¸ð¼øÀ¸·Î ¶Ù¾îµé°í, ±×¸®°í ½½ÇÁ°Ôµµ, Áø¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¸»¾¸À¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ±³È¸´Â »ç½Ç ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Ã¥µé-¿¹¸¦ µé¸é °è½Ã·ÏÀ» Åë°·Î, ±×¸®°í »çµµÇàÀüÀÇ ÀϺεé-À» °ÅºÎÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé À̰͵éÀº °¡²û ±³ÈÆÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇÑ °Íµé ´ã°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¸ðµ¶ÀûÀ̱⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

Evidently the miracles were written by Luke to confirm men's faith, and no doubt there were then some people who were strengthened in their faith by such reading. But now one cannot find a more blasphemous book than the Acts of the Apostles, nor one that more undermines faith. A candle may be needed in the dark, but where there is light there is no need to illuminate it with a candle, for it is seen of itself. Christ's miracles are candles brought to the light to illuminate it. If there is light it is seen of itself, and if there is no light then only the candle is seen.

ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±âÀûµéÀÌ ´©°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» °ø°íÈ÷ Çϱâ À§Çؼ­ ±â·ÏµÇ¾ú´Ù, ±×¸®°í Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±× ´ç½Ã ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÀÐÀ½À¸·Î½á ±×µéÀÇ ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ÈûÀ» ¾òÀº ¾à°£ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®´Â »çµµÇàÀü º¸´Ù ´õ ½Å¼º ¸ðµ¶ÀûÀΠå, ±×¸®°í ½Å¾ÓÀ» ¾àÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¾îµÒ¿¡¼­´Â ÃкÒÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ºûÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °÷¿¡¼­´Â Ãкҷμ­ ºûÀ» ¹àÈú Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ºûÀº ½º½º·Î º¸À̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ±âÀûµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹àÈ÷±â À§Çؼ­ ºû¿¡ °¡Á®°£ ÃкÒÀ̾ú´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ºûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ½º½º·Î º¸À̸ç, ¸¸ÀÏ ºûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ±×¶§¼­¾ß ¿ÀÁ÷ ÃкÒÀÌ º¸ÀδÙ.

And so it is neither necessary nor possible to read the twenty-seven books one after another acknow¡©ledging every word to be true, as the Church does; for by doing this you would arrive at what the Church has arrived at, namely, self-contradiction. To understand the contents of the Scriptures belong¡©ing to the Christian faith it is first of all necessary to decide which of the twenty-seven books offered us as the Holy Scriptures are more, and which are less, essential and important, and then begin with the most important ones. These undoubtedly are the four Gospels. All that preceded them can for the most part only be historical material for their understanding, and all that follows is but an elucidation of them. And so it is not necessary to insist on harmonizing all the books as the Churches do. I am convinced that that, more than anything else, has led the Church to preach unintelligible things. But it is necessary to seek the chief basis of the teaching in those four books, which according to the teaching of the Church itself set forth the most essential revelation, and not to conform them to any other books. And this is not because I do not wish so to conform them, but because I fear the mistakes of the other books, of which there are such striking and evident examples.

±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ±³È¸°¡ ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ, ¸ðµç ¸»¾¸µéÀ» Áø¸®¶ó°í ÀÎÁ¤Çϸ鼭 ½º¹° Àϰö ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥µéÀ» Çϳª¾¿ ÀÐÀ» Çʿ䰡 ¾øÀ¸¸ç ±×°ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ´Ù; ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇàÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ´ç½ÅÀº ±³È¸°¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ °Í¿¡, ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ÀÚ±â ¸ð¼ø¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±âµ¶±³ ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¼º¼­µéÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ·Á¸é ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¼º¼­·Î¼­ Á¦½ÃµÈ ½º¹° Àϰö ±Ç Áß¿¡¼­ ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ´õ¿í, ±×¸®°í ¾î´À °ÍÀÌ ´ú º»ÁúÀûÀ̸ç Áß¿äÇÑÁö¸¦ °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍµéºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. À̰͵éÀº ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áöµµ ¾øÀÌ »ç º¹À½¼­µéÀÌ´Ù. ±×°Íµé¿¡ ¾Õ¼­´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû Âü°í¼­ÀÏ »ÓÀ̸ç, ±×¸®°í ±×°Íµé µÚ¿¡ µû¸£´Â °ÍµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ¼³¸í¼­ÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸¶Ä¡ ±³È¸°¡ ÇàÇϵíÀÌ ¸ðµç Ã¥µéÀ» Â¥¸ÂÃß·Á °íÁýÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù. ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¸ÕÀú, ±×·± ÀÚ¼¼°¡ ±³È¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍµéÀ» ¼³±³Çϵµ·Ï À̲ø¾ú´Ù°í È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×µé ³× ±ÇÀÇ Ã¥µé¿¡¼­ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ ±âÃʵéÀ» ±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±³È¸ ÀÚüÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µû¸£¸é °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °è½Ã·Î¼­ Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¶² Ã¥µé°úµµ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº ³»°¡ ±×·¸°Ô ±×µéÀ» ÀÏÄ¡½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ù¸¥ Ã¥µéÀÇ ¿À·ùµéÀ» µÎ·Á¿ö Çϱ⠶§¹®À̸ç, ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ³î¶ø°í ºÐ¸íÇÑ ¿¹µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

In these books I shall seek for the following:

ÀÌ Ã¥µé¿¡¼­ ³ª´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °ÍÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

1. What I can understand, for no one can believe what is unintelligible;

1. ³»°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«µµ ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

2. What answers the question as to what I am and what God is; and

2. ³ª´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ±×¸®°í Çϳª´ÔÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ë´äÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í

3. What is the chief and sole basis of the whole revelation.

3. Àüü °è½ÃÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀ̸ç À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±âÃÊ´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡.

And so I shall read incomprehensible, obscure, and semi-intelligible passages, not capriciously, but so that as far as possible they should agree with the parts that are quite clear and should lead to one basis.

±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í, ¾Ö¸ÅÇϸç, ±×¸®°í Á¶±Ý¹Û¿¡ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±¸ÀýµéÀ», º¯´ö½º·´Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸í·áÇÑ ºÎºÐµé°ú ÀÏÄ¡Çϵµ·Ï, ±×¸®°í ÇÑ °¡Áö ±âÃÊ¿¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã µµ´ÞÇϵµ·Ï ÀÐ¾î ³ª°¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Reading both the Scriptures themselves and what has been written about them not once or twice but many times, I came to the conclusion that the whole Christian tradition is contained in the four Gospels, that the books of the Old Testament can serve only as an explanation of the form Christ's teaching took, and that this can only obscure and in no way elucidate the meaning of Christ's teaching; that the Epistles of John and James are private interpreta¡©tions of the teaching evoked by special occasions, and that it is sometimes possible to find Christ's teaching expressed in them from a new side, but nothing more. Unfortunately we can often find, especially in the Epistles of Paul, an expression of the teaching which is liable to involve readers in perplexity, obscuring the teaching itself. The Acts of the Apostles (like many of the Epistles of Paul) have often nothing in common with the Gospels and the Epistles of John, Peter, and James, but even contradict them. The Book of Revelation reveals absolutely nothing. But the chief thing is that the Gospels, at whatever different times writ¡©ten, give the exposition of the whole teaching and everything else is only an interpretation of it.

¼º¼­µé ÀÚü¿Í ±×°Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾²¿©Áø °ÍµéÀ» ÇÑ ¹øÀ̳ª µÎ ¹øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿©·¯ ¹øÀ» ÀÐ°í¼­, ³ª´Â Àüü ±âµ¶±³ÀÇ ÀüÅëÀÌ »çº¹À½¼­¿¡ ´ã°Ü ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±¸¾à ¼º¼­´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ÃëÇÏ´Â ÇüŸ¦ ¼³¸íÇÔÀ» µµ¿ï »ÓÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¶æÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ È帱 »ÓÀ̸ç, °áÄÚ ¹àÇôÁÙ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °á·ÐÀ» ³»·È´Ù; Áï, ¿äÇѰú ¾ß°íº¸ÀÇ ¼­ÇѵéÀº Ưº°ÇÑ °æ¿ìµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾ß±âµÈ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ »çÀûÀÎ ÇØ¼®µéÀ̸ç, »õ·Î¿î °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ±×°Íµé ¾È¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¶§·Î´Â °¡´ÉÇϰÚÁö¸¸, ±× ÀÌ»óÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ºÒÇàÇϰԵµ ¿ì¸®´Â °¡²û¾¿, Ưº°È÷ ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¼­ÇÑ µé¿¡¼­, µ¶ÀÚµéÀ» È¥¶õÀ¸·Î ¸ô¾Æ ³Ö±â ½¬¿î °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº °¡¸£Ä§ ÀÚü¸¦ È帮°Ô Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. »çµµÇàÀüÀº °¡²û (¹Ù¿ïÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¼­Çѵéó·³) º¹À½¼­µé, ¿äÇÑ, º£µå·Î, ±×¸®°í ¾ß°íº¸ÀÇ ¼­Çѵé°ú ¾Æ¹«·± °øÅëÁ¡À» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°Íµé°ú ¸ð¼øµÇ´Â °ÍµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. °è½Ã·ÏÀº ÀüÇô ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ °è½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº, º¹À½¼­µéÀº, ¾î¶² »óÀÌÇÑ ½Ã±âµé¿¡ ±â·ÏµÇ¾ú´õ¶óµµ, Àüü °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù ±×¸®°í ±âŸ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ¼®ÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

I read the Gospels in Greek, the language in which they have been handed down to us, and I translated them as the sense and the dictionaries demanded, digressing occasionally from the transla¡©tions existing in modern languages and made after the Church had comprehended and defined the meaning of the tradition in its own way. Besides translating, I was inevitably led to the necessity of harmonizing the four Gospels, as they all give an account, though variously, of the same incidents and the same teaching.

³ª´Â º¹À½¼­µéÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØ ³»·Á¿Â ¾ð¾îÀÎ, ±×¸®½º¾î·Î ÀоúÀ¸¸ç, ¶§¶§·Î Çö´ë¾î·Î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ¹ø¿ªº»µé¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª¼­, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÀÇ¹Ì¿Í »çÀüµéÀÌ ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ´ë·Î ¹ø¿ªÇÏ¿´°í, ±³È¸°¡ ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ¹ý´ë·Î ÀüÅëÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ÀÌÇØÇϰí Á¤ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÃßÀûÇÏ¿´´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡ ¹ø¿ªÇϸ鼭, ³ª´Â ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ³× °¡Áö º¹À½¼­µéÀ» ÀÏÄ¡½Ãų Çʿ信 À̸£·¶À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ, ºñ·Ï ´Ù¾çÇÏÁö¸¸, ¶È °°Àº »ç°Çµé°ú ¶È °°Àº °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» ÁÙ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

The new exegetical proposition that John's Gospel, being exclusively theological, should be considered separately, had no importance for me as my aim is not historical, philosophical, or theological criticism, but to find the meaning of the teaching. The meaning of the teaching is expressed in all four Gospels, and so if they all four express one and the same revelation of truth they should confirm and elucidate one another. So I examined them, uniting all the Gospels into one without excluding the Gospel of John.

¿äÇÑ º¹À½Àº, ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î ½ÅÇÐÀûÀ̹ǷÎ, ¹Ýµå½Ã º°µµ·Î °í·ÁµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â »õ·Î¿î ÇØ¼®»óÀÇ ÀüÁ¦´Â ³ª¿¡°Ô Áß¿äÇÔÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¸øÇß´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ³ªÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¿ª»çÀû, öÇÐÀû ¶Ç´Â ½ÅÇÐÀû ºñÆòÀ¸·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ¹ß°ßÇϱâ À§ÇÔÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¸ðµç »çº¹À½¼­¿¡ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸¸ÀÏ ³× °¡Áö ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÇѰ¡Áö¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÏ°í ¶È °°Àº Áø¸®ÀÇ °è½Ã¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ¼­·Î¸¦ ¼³¸íÇØÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ³ª´Â ¿äÇÑ º¹À½À» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í »çº¹À½¼­ ¸ðµÎ¸¦ Çϳª·Î ÅëÇÕÇϸ鼭 ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

Many attempts have been made to unite the Gospels into one; but those known to me, by Arnolde de Vence, Farrar, Reuss, and Grechulevich, take an historical basis for their harmonizations and are all unsuccessful. Not one of them is better than another in an historical sense, and they are all equally satisfactory as regards the teaching. I leave the historical significance entirely aside and unite them only according to the meaning of the teaching. A harmonization of the Gospels on this basis has this advantage, that the true teaching represents as it were a circle, all parts of which equally determine their mutual significance, and the examination of which can begin indifferently at one or other point.

º¹À½¼­µéÀ» Çϳª·Î ÅëÇÕÇÏ·Á´Â ¸¹Àº ½ÃµµµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾î¿Ô´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ³ª¿¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍµéÀº, ¾Æ³îµå µå º¥½º, ÆÄ¶ó¸£, ·ÎÀ̽º, ±×¸®°í ±×·¹ÃâºñÄ¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °Íµé ó·³, ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ ±âÁØÀ» ÃëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¼º°øÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×°Íµé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ °¡Áöµµ ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ °Íº¸´Ùµµ ³ªÀº °ÍÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸ðµÎ °øÈ÷ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ¿ª»çÀûÀÎ Á߿伺À» ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î Á¥Çô µÎ°í¼­ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ µû¶ó¼­ °áÇÕÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±Ù°Å·Î º¹À½¼­µéÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡´Â ÀÌ·± ÀåÁ¡, Áï, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ¸¶Ä¡ ÇϳªÀÇ ¿øÃ³·³ ¸ðµç ºÎºÐµéÀÌ ¶È°°ÀÌ ¼­·ÎÀÇ Á߿伺À» °áÁ¤Çϸç, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â ÀÌ ÁöÁ¡À̳ª Àú ÁöÁ¡¿¡ »ó°ü ¾øÀÌ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀåÁ¡À» °¡Áø´Ù.

Studying the Gospel in this way, in which the historical events of Christ's life are so closely connected with the teachings, the historic sequence appeared quite indifferent and for the sequence of events it did not matter which harmonization of the Gospels I took as basis. I took the two latest harmonies, by authors who have utilized the labours of all their predecessors-Grechulevich and Reuss. But as Reuss separated John from the Synoptics, Grechulevich's harmony suited me better and I took him for the basis of my work, compared him with Reuss, and diverged from them both when the sense demanded it.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »îÀÇ ¿ª»çÀû »ç°ÇµéÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§µé°ú ±ä¹ÐÈ÷ °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¾È¿¡¼­, º¹À½¼­¸¦ ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¿ª»çÀû ¼ø¼­´Â »ó´çÈ÷ ¹«°üÇØ º¸¿´À¸¸ç »ç°ÇµéÀÇ ¼ø¼­¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ¾î´À ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ ³»°¡ ±âÃÊ·Î ÅÃÇÏ¿´´ÂÁö ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼±¹èµéÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷µéÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇÑ ÀúÀÚµé-±×·¹ÃâºñÄ¡¿Í ·ÎÀ̽º-¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ³ª´Â °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö ÀÏÄ¡µéÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ·ÎÀ̽º°¡ ¿äÇÑ º¹À½À» »ç º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ¿´±â ¶§¹®¿¡, ±×·¹ÃâºñÄ¡ÀÇ ´ëÁ¶°¡ ³ª¿¡°Ô ´õ ÀûÇÕÇßÀ¸¸ç ³ª´Â ±×¸¦ ³ªÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÇ ±âÃʷΠäÅÃÇÏ¿´°í, ±×¸¦ ·ÎÀ̽º¿Í ºñ±³Çϸ鼭, Àǹ̻ó ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÒ ¶§´Â ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³µ´Ù.

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