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Religion

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Dukhobor

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Dukhobor (Russian: "Spirit Wrestler"), member of a Russian peasant religious sect, prominent in the 18th century, that rejected all external authority, including the Bible, in favour of direct individual revelation. µÎÈ£º¸¸£ ( Dukhobor, ¶Ç´Â doukhobor)·Î, ·¯½Ã¾Æ¾î·Î 'çÏÀÇ Åõ»ç'¶ó´Â ¶æÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³ó¹Îµé Áß 18¼¼±â¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁø ÇÑ Á¾ÆÄ¿¡ ¼ÓÇß´ø »ç¶÷µé·Î¼­. À̵éÀº ¼º¼­¸¦ ºñ·ÔÇÑ ¸ðµç ¿ÜºÎÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ°í °³ÀÎÀÌ Á÷Á¢ ½ÅÀÇ °è½Ã¸¦ ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀ» Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô ¿©°å´Ù.
The liturgical reforms of Patriarch Nikon in 1652 and the opening of Russia to Western influences by Tsar Peter the Great (reigned 1682-1721) provoked an opposition that manifested itself in the proliferation of mystical--usually either orgiastic or rationalist--evangelist sects. The Dukhobors, combining features of both types of reaction, lived mainly in southern Russia. They rejected the authority of both church and state, relying instead on direct individual revelation supplemented by a growing body of canticles and proverbs handed down orally, called the "Book of Life." Priests and sacraments were abolished, the only ceremony being the sobraniye ("meeting"), at which prayers were chanted around a table laid with bread, salt, and water. Their egalitarian and pacifist beliefs, together with their proselytizing activities and refusal to accept conscription, provoked sporadic persecutions from 1773 onward. They were several times deported and resettled in unfamiliar territory. ¶§¸¶Ä§ ´ÏÄÜ ÃÑ´ëÁÖ±³ÀÇ Àü·Ê(îðÖÉ) °³Çõ(1652)°ú ǥƮ¸£ ´ëÁ¦(1682~1721 ÀçÀ§)ÀÇ ¼­±¸È­ °³¹æÁ¤Ã¥¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇÀû º¹À½ÁÖÀÇ Á¾ÆÄµéÀÌ ÀÚ²Ù »ý°Ü³ª°Ô µÇ¾ú´Âµ¥ µÎÈ£º¸¸£´Â ±× ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ Á¾ÆÄµéÀÇ 2°¡Áö °æÇâÀÎ ¿­±¤Àû ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇ¿Í À̼ºÀû ½ÅºñÁÖÀǸ¦ °áÇÕ½ÃÄ×´Ù. ÁÖ·Î ³²ºÎ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ¸¹ÀÌ »ì¾Ò´ø À̵éÀº ±³È¸¿Í ±¹°¡ÀÇ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ¸ç ½ÅÀÌ °³Àο¡°Ô ³»¸®´Â °è½Ã¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸Çϰí, ÀÔ¿¡¼­ ÀÔÀ¸·Î ÀüÇØ³»·Á¿Â ¼º°¡¿Í °Ý¾ðµéÀ» °è¼Ó µ¡ºÙ¿© ÀÚ²Ù ºÒ¾î³­ Ã¥, À̸¥¹Ù '»ý¸íÀÇ Ã¥'(Book of Life)À» ½ÅºÀÇß´Ù. ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ, ¼ºÂù, ¼¼·Ê ÀǽÄÀ» ¸ðµÎ ÆóÁöÇÏ°í »§¡¤¼Ò±Ý¡¤¹°À» Â÷·Á ³õÀº ŹÀÚ ÁÖÀ§¿¡¼­ ±âµµÇÏ´Â ¸ðÀÓ(sobraniye)¸¸À» ÇàÇß´Ù. ÆòµîÁÖÀÇ¡¤ÆòÈ­ÁÖÀÇ ±³¸®¸¦ °®°í °³Á¾(ËÇðó) Ȱµ¿À» ¹ú¿´À¸¸ç, ¡º´À» °ÅºÎÇ߱⠶§¹®¿¡ 1773³â ÀÌÈÄ À̵û±Ý¾¿ ¹ÚÇØ¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê Ãß¹æµÇ¾î ³¸¼± ¶¥¿¡ ´Ù½Ã Á¤ÂøÇϰï Çß´Ù.
Leo Tolstoy, the Russian novelist whose principles of moral and spiritual reform found eager acceptance among the Dukhobors in the late 19th century, successfully petitioned the tsar to allow the persecuted Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood, as they were known after 1886, to emigrate. Through funds collected by English Quakers, 7,500 reached Canada by 1899; 12,000 remained in Russia. The Canadian government granted them land on easy terms in Saskatchewan and exemption from conscription. Some settled well, but one group started a series of nudist protest pilgrimages, prompting Peter Verigin, the leader of the "large party" faction of the Dukhobors, to go to Canada to restore order. In 1908 he founded a communal settlement of 6,000 in British Columbia, which prospered until his death in 1924. His son's lack of leadership and the Great Depression of the 1930s ruined the communal enterprises, and they were not later restarted. 19¼¼±â¸» µÎÈ£º¸¸£µéÀº ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¼Ò¼³°¡ ·¹ÇÁ Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ Á¦¾ÈÇÑ µµ´ö°ú ¿µÀû(ÖÄîÜ)ÀÎ °Åµì³²¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿øÄ¢µéÀ» Àû±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾Æµé¿´°í, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ ȲÁ¦¿¡°Ô û¿øÇØ À̵éÀÌ ÇØ¿Ü·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Çß´Ù. À̵éÀº 1886³âºÎÅÍ´Â '¼¼°è µ¿Æ÷ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ °øµ¿Ã¼'(Christian Community of Universal Brotherhood)¶ó°í ¾Ë·ÁÁ³°í, ¿µ±¹ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµµéÀÌ ¸ðÀº ±â±ÝÀ¸·Î 1899³â±îÁö 7,500¸íÀÌ Ä³³ª´Ù·Î ÀÌÁÖÇØ 1¸¸ 2,000¸íÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡ ³²°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ij³ª´Ù Á¤ºÎ´Â ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼­½ºÄ³Ã³¿ø¿¡ ÁÁÀº Á¶°ÇÀ¸·Î ¶¥À» ¸¶·ÃÇØ ÁÖ°í ¡º´µµ ¸éÁ¦ÇØ ÁÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ÀϺθ¸ Á¤ÂøÇϰí ÇÑ ¹«¸®´Â ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â ¶æÀ¸·Î ³ªÃ¼ ¼ø·Ê¿©ÇàÀ» ¶°³µ´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ µÎÈ£º¸¸£ÀÇ ´Ù¼öÆÄ ÁöµµÀÚ Ç¥Æ®¸£ º£¸®±äÀÌ Ä³³ª´Ù·Î °¡¼­ Áú¼­ ȸº¹¿¡ ³ª¼¹´Ù. 1908³â º£¸®±äÀº ºê¸®Æ¼½ÃÄ÷³ºñ¾Æ¿¡ 6,000¸íÀÌ »ì °øµ¿Ã¼ ¸¶À»À» ¼¼¿ü°í ÀÌ ¸¶À»Àº 1924³â ±×°¡ Á×À» ¶§±îÁö ¹øÃ¢ÇßÀ¸³ª, µÚ¸¦ ÀÌÀº ¾ÆµéÀÇ Áöµµ·Â ºÎÁ·°ú 1930³â´ëÀÇ ´ë°øÈ²À¸·Î °øµ¿Ã¼ »ç¾÷µéÀÌ ÆÄ»êÇÑ µÚ ´Ù½Ã´Â ÀϾÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.

The Dukhobors, renamed in 1939 the Union of Spiritual Communities of Christ, have clashed with the Canadian government because of their noncompliance with land, tax, and education laws. They have striven to avoid schooling on the ground that "the letter killeth" and that "schools teach war." Since World War II the sect has become more prosperous, but extremist elements still survive in a distinct group called the Sons of Freedom. The Sons of Freedom have continued nudist parades, arson, and dynamiting, burning their own as well as their neighbours' and government property to show contempt for material goods. Another group of independents has assimilated into Canadian society.

  1939³â¿¡ µÎÈ£º¸¸£µéÀº '±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¿µÀû °øµ¿Ã¼'(Union of Spiritual Communities of Christ)¶ó°í À̸§À» ¹Ù²Ù¾ú´Ù. ij³ª´ÙÀÇ ÅäÁö¹ý, ¼¼Á¦¿Í ±³À°¹ýÀ» µû¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Æ Á¤ºÎ¿Í Ãæµ¹Çß°í, '¹®ÀÚ´Â »ç¶÷À» Á×À̰í, Çб³´Â ÀüÀïÀ» °¡¸£Ä£´Ù'´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î Çб³±³À°À» ¹Ý´ëÇß´Ù. Á¦2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü µÚ¿¡ ´õ¿í ¹ø¼ºÇßÀ¸³ª 'ÀÚÀ¯ÀÇ ¾Æµé´Ü'(Sons of Freedom)À̶ó´Â Áý´Ü ³»ºÎÀÇ Æ¯ÀÌÇÑ ±Ø´ÜºÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀÜÁ¸ÇØ ¹°Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æ¸êÀ» °ú½ÃÇÒ ¼ÀÀ¸·Î ³ªÃ¼ÇàÁøÀ» ÇÏ°í ¹æÈ­, ´ÙÀ̳ʸ¶ÀÌÆ® ÆøÆÄ µî Àڽŵé°ú ÀÌ¿ô¡¤Á¤ºÎ Àç»êÀ» ºÒÅ¿ì´Â ÀϵéÀ» °è¼ÓÇß´Ù. ÀÌ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ´Ù¸¥ Áý´ÜÀº ij³ª´Ù »çȸ¿¡ µ¿È­µÇ¾ú´Ù.

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