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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


WHAT IS ART?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?


by Leo Tolstoy

TRANSLATED BY RICHARD PEVEAR
AND LARISSA VOLOKHONSKY

What Is Art?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

¡¡

XX

CONCLUSION

°á·Ð

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I have done the best I could with this work which has occupied me for fifteen years on a subject close to me — art. In saying that it has occupied me for fifteen years, I do not mean to say that I have spent fifteen years writing it, but only that when I began writing about art fifteen years ago, I thought the task I had undertaken would be finished without interruption; but it turned out that my thoughts on this subject were then still unclear, that I could not expound them in a way that would satisfy me. Since then, I have thought this subject over incessantly, and have started writing six or seven times, but each time, after writing quite a lot, I felt unable to bring the thing to a conclusion and abandoned work on it. Now I have finished this work, and however poorly I have done it, I hope that my basic thought about the false path that the art of our society has taken and is following, and the cause of this, and what makes up the true purpose of art, is correct, and that therefore my work, though far from complete, and requiring a great many explanations and additions, will not be in vain, and that art will sooner or later abandon the false path it has taken. But in order for that to happen and for art to take a new direction, it is necessary that another human spiritual activity — science, upon which art has always been closely dependent — also abandon the false path on which it finds itself. ³ª´Â ½Ê¿À ³â µ¿¾È ³ª¿¡°Ô ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦ — ¿¹¼ú — ·Î ³ª¸¦ ºÙµé¾î ³õ¾Ò´ø ÀÌ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ ³»°¡ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ¼±À» ´ÙÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½Ê¿À ³â µ¿¾È ³ª¸¦ ºÙµé¾î ³õ¾Ò´Ù°í ¸»ÇÔ¿¡ À־, ³»°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁýÇÊÇÏ´À¶ó ½Ê¿À ³âÀ» ¼ÒºñÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³»°¡ ½Ê¿À ³â Àü ¿¹¼ú¿¡ °üÇØ ¾²±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ» ¶§, ³»°¡ Áû¾î Áø °úÁ¦°¡ ½° ¾øÀÌ ¿Ï¼ºµÉ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÔÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ °üÇÑ ´ç½ÃÀÇ ³» »ý°¢Àº ¾ÆÁ÷ ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °Í, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ³ª¸¦ ¸¸Á·½Ãų ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹àÇô Á³´Ù.  ±× ¶§ ÀÌÈÄ, ³ª´Â ÀÌ ÁÖü¸¦ ²÷ÀÓ ¾øÀÌ °õ°õÀÌ »ý°¢ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿©¼¸ ¹ø ȤÀº Àϰö ¹øÀ̳ª ÁýÇÊÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇßÁö¸¸, ±× ¶§¸¶´Ù, »ó´çÇÑ ¾çÀ» ¾²°í ³ª¼­, ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ °á·Ð¿¡ À̸£°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ´À²¼°í ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷À» Æ÷±âÇß´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ ÀÛ¾÷À» ¸¶ÃÆ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀ» ³»°¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ºó¾àÇÏ°Ô ÀÌ·ç¾î ³Â´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¿ì¸® »çȸÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ÃëÇßÀ¸¸ç µû¶ó °¡°í ÀÖ´Â À§¼±ÀûÀÎ Çà·Î, ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÇ ¿øÀÎ, ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÂüµÈ ¸ñÀû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ ±âº»Àû »ý°¢ÀÌ Å¸´çÇÏ´Ù´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ªÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ, ºñ·Ï °áÄÚ ¿ÏÀüÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, ¾öû³ª°Ô ¸¹Àº ¼³¸íµé ¹× Áõº¸µéÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö¸¸, ÇêµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °Í, ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀº Á¶¸¸°£ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÃëÇÑ À§¼±Àû Çà·Î¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÒ °ÍÀ» Èñ¸ÁÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀϾ°í ¿¹¼úÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ¹æÇâÀ» Àâ±â À§Çؼ­, ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿µÀû Ȱµ¿ — Çй®, ¿¹¼úÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª À̰Ϳ¡ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ÀÇÁöÇØ ¿Ô´Ù — ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ ½º½º·Î ã¾Æ °¡°í ÀÖ´Â À§¼±Àû Çà·Î¸¦ Æ÷±âÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Science and art are as closely tied to each other as lungs and heart, so that if one organ is perverted, the other cannot function properly. °úÇаú ¿¹¼úÀº ÇãÆÄ¿Í ½ÉÀåó·³ ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô ±ä¹ÐÈ÷ ¸Å¿© ÀÖ´Ù, ±×·¡¼­ ¸¸ÀÏ ÇϳªÀÇ ±â°üÀÌ ¿Ö°îµÇ¸é, ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊÀÌ ÀûÀýÈ÷ ÀÛµ¿ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
True science studies and introduces into human consciousness the truths and the knowledge which are regarded as most important by the people of a certain period and society. Art transfers these truths from the realm of knowledge to the realm of feeling. Therefore, if the path that science follows is false, so, too, will the path of art be false. Science and art are like those barges with kedge-anchors, ¡®machines¡¯ as they were called, that used to work our rivers. Like the boats that carry the anchor ahead and drop it, science prepares for the movement, the direction of which is given by religion, while art is like the winch worked from the barge, which, by pulling the barge to the anchor, accomplishes the movement itself. And therefore the false activity of science inevitably entails an equally false activity of art. ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¾È¿¡ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã±â ¹× »çȸÀÇ ¹ÎÁߵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â Áø¸®µé ¹× Áö½ÄÀ» ¿¬±¸ÇÏ¿© ¼Ò°³ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀº ÀÌ Áø¸®µéÀ» Áö½ÄÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´À³¦ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î Àüȯ½ÃŲ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¸¸ÀÏ °úÇÐÀÌ µû¸£°í ÀÖ´Â Çà·Î°¡ °ÅÁþÀ̶ó¸é, ¿¹¼úÀÇ Çà·Î ¿ª½Ã °ÅÁþÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °úÇаú ¿¹¼úÀº, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °­µé¿¡¼­ ÈçÈ÷ ÀÛ¾÷ÇÏ´Â '±â°èµé'À̶ó ºÒ¸®´Â ÀÛÀº ´éÀ» Áö´Ñ ¹ÙÁöµé°ú °°´Ù. Àú ¾Õ¿¡ ´éÀ» °¡Áö°í °¡¼­ ¶³¾î¶ß¸®´Â ¹èµéó·³, °úÇÐÀº ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» ÁغñÇϰí, ±×°ÍÀÇ ¹æÇâÀº Á¾±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â ¹Ý¸é, ¿¹¼úÀº ¹ÙÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ µ¿À۵Ǵ À©Ä¡¿Í °°°í, ±×°ÍÀº ¹ÙÁö¼±À» ´éÀ¸·Î ²ø°í °¨À¸·Î¼­, ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ ÀÚü¸¦ ¿Ï¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °úÇÐÀÇ À§¼±Àû Ȱµ¿Àº ¶È°°Àº À§¼±Àû ¿¹¼ú Ȱµ¿À» ¼ö¹ÝÇÑ´Ù.
As art in general is the conveying of various kinds of feelings — and yet we call art in the narrow sense of the word only that which conveys feelings we recognize as important — so, too, science in general is the conveying of all possible knowledge — and yet we call science in the narrow sense of the word only that which conveys knowledge we recognize as important. ¿¹¼úÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ´À³¦ÀÇ Àü´ÞÀÎ °Íó·³ — ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ¿ì¸®´Â Á¼Àº ÀǹÌÀÇ ¸»·Î ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸À» ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù — °úÇÐ ¿ª½Ã ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç °¡´ÉÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÇ Àü´ÞÀÌ´Ù — ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ¿ì¸®´Â Á¼Àº ÀǹÌÀÇ ¸»·Î ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ÀνÄÇÏ´Â Áö½ÄÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸À» °úÇÐÀ̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù.
The degree of importance both of the feelings conveyed by art and of the knowledge conveyed by science is determined for people by the religious consciousness of the given time and society — that is, the general understanding among people of that time and society of the purpose of their life. ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ´À³¦µé ¹× °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â Áö½Ä Á߿伺ÀÇ Á¤µµ´Â ÁÖ¾îÁø ½Ã´ë ¹× »çȸÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀÇ½Ä — Áï, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ñÀû¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±× ½Ã´ë ¹× »çȸÀÇ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ÀϹÝÀû ÀÌÇØ —¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇØ È®Á¤µÈ´Ù.
That which contributes most of all to the fulfilment of this purpose is studied most of all and is considered the chief science; that which contributes less is considered less important; that which does not contribute at all to the fulfilment of the purpose of human life is not studied at all, or, if it is studied, this study is not considered science. So it has always been, and so it should be now, because such is the property of human knowledge and human life. But the science of the upper classes of our time, which not only recognizes no religion, but considers all religion to be superstition, could not and cannot do this. ÀÌ·± ¸ñÀûÀÇ ´Þ¼º¿¡ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ±â¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¿¬±¸µÇ°í ÇÙ½ÉÀûÀÎ °úÇÐÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù; Àû°Ô ±â¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´ú Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù; »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÇ ´Þ¼º¿¡ ÀüÇô ±â¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀº ÀüÇô ¿¬±¸µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ȤÀº, ¿¬±¸µÇ´õ¶óµµ, ÀÌ ¿¬±¸´Â °úÇÐÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×·¨À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº Áö±Ýµµ ±×·¡¾ß ÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ Áö½Ä ¹× »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¼Ó¼ºÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ °úÇÐÀº, Á¾±³¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸ðµç Á¾±³¸¦ ¹Ì½ÅÀÌ¶ó ¿©±â±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
And therefore the men of science of our time maintain that they study everything equally, but since there is too much of everything (everything being an infinite number of objects), and it is impossible to study everything equally, this is maintained only in theory; in reality, what is studied is not everything and is studied far from equally, but is only that which, on the one hand, is more needed, and, on the other, is more pleasing for those who occupy themselves with science. And for men of science who belong to the upper classes, what is needed most of all is to maintain the order in which those classes enjoy their privileges; and what is most pleasing is what satisfies idle curiosity, does not call for great mental effort, and can have practical applications. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» µ¿µîÇÏ°Ô ¿¬±¸ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸ðµç °ÍÀ̶õ ³Ê¹« ¸¹¾Æ¼­ (¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¹«ÇÑÇÑ °³Ã¼ÀÇ ¼öÀ̱⿡), ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» °øÆòÇÏ°Ô ¿¬±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡, À̰ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î¸¸ ÁÖÀåµÈ´Ù; Çö½ÇÀº, ¿¬±¸µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ÀüÇô °øÆòÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÁ÷, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ´õ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, °úÇп¡ ¸ôµÎÇØ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´õ Áñ°Å¿î °ÍÀÌ ¿¬±¸µÈ´Ù. »ó·ù °è±Þµé¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °úÇÐÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇØ¼­´Â, °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ±×·± °è±ÞµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ Æ¯±ÇÀ» ÇâÀ¯Çϱâ À§ÇÑ Áú¼­¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í °¡Àå Áñ°Å¿î °ÍÀº ÇѰ¡ÇÑ È£±â½ÉÀ» ¸¸Á·½Ã۰í, ¾öû³­ Á¤½ÅÀû ³ë·ÂÀ» ¿ä±¸ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ½Ç¿ëÀû ¿ëµµµéÀ» Áö´Ò ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
And therefore one area of science, including theology, philosophy as applied to the existing order, history and political economy of the same sort, is occupied predominantly with proving that the existing order of life is the very one which ought to exist, which came into being and continues to exist by unchanging laws, not subject to human will, and therefore any attempt to violate it is unlawful and useless. The other area — experimental science, including mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, physics, botany, and all natural science — is occupied only with what has no direct relation to human life, with what is curious and may have profitable applications to the life of upper-class people. And to justify the choice of subjects of study, made in accordance with their own position by the men of science of our time, they have invented a theory of science for science¡¯s sake, exactly like the theory of art for art¡¯s sake. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °úÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ ºÐ¾ß´Â, ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â ½ÅÇÐ, öÇÐ, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿ª»ç, Á¤Ä¡ °æÁ¦¸¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, »îÀÇ ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­°¡ Á¸ÀçÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀ̰í, ±×°ÍÀº ºÒº¯ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ý°Ü³µ°í Á¸ÀçÇØ ³ª°¡¸ç, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ Á¾¼ÓµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À̰ÍÀ» ¹üÇÏ·Á´Â ¾î¶² ½Ãµµµµ ºÒ¹ýÀûÀÌ¸ç ¹«¿ëÇÑ °ÍÀÓÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á ¾ÐµµÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ôµÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ºÐ¾ß — ½ÇÇè °úÇÐ, Áï, ¼öÇÐ, õ¹®ÇÐ, È­ÇÐ, ½Ä¹°ÇÐ, ¹× ¸ðµç ÀÚ¿¬ °úÇÐÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î — ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »î¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± Á÷Á¢Àû °ü°è°¡ ¾ø´Â °Í¿¡, ½Å±âÇÏ¸ç »ó·ù °è±Þ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »î¿¡ À̵æÀÌ »ý±â´Â ¿ëµµ¸¦ °¡Áú ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡ ¸ôµÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿¬±¸ ÁÖÁ¦µéÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀ» Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇÑ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À§Ä¡¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇϰÔ, ±×µéÀº, Á¤È®È÷ ¿¹¼úÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ À̷аú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î °úÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ °úÇÐ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» â¾ÈÇß´Ù. 
As according to the theory of art for art¡¯s sake it appears that to be occupied with all those objects which please us is art, so, according to the theory of science for science¡¯s sake, the study of objects that interest us is science. ¿¹¼úÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®¸¦ Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ´ë»óµé¿¡  ¸ôµÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó°í º¸ÀÌ´Â °Íó·³, °úÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ °úÇÐÀÇ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®¸¦ Èï¹Ì·Ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â ´ë»óµéÀÇ ¿¬±¸°¡ °úÇÐÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.
So that one part of science, instead of studying how people should live in order to fulfil their destiny, demonstrates the lawfulness and immutability of the bad and false existing order of life; and the other — experimental science — occupies itself with questions of simple curiosity or with technical improvements. ±×·¡¼­ °úÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¿î¸íÀ» ¿Ï¼öÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾î¶»°Ô »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °¡¸¦ ¿¬±¸ÇÔ ´ë½Å¿¡, ¾ÇÇϸç À§¼±ÀûÀÎ ±âÁ¸ »îÀÇ Áú¼­ÀÇ ÇÕ¹ý¼º ¹× ºÒº¯¼ºÀ» Áõ¸íÇϸç; ´Ù¸¥ ºÎºÐ — ½ÇÇè °úÇÐ — Àº ´Ü¼øÇÑ È£±â½É¿¡ ȤÀº ±â¼úÀû °³¼±µé¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ¸ôµÎÇÑ´Ù.
The first area of science is harmful not only in that it muddles people¡¯s concepts and provides false solutions, but also in that it exists and takes up the place that ought to be taken by true science. It is harmful in that every man, in order to set about studying the most important questions of life, needs first, before resolving them, to refute those structures of falsehood that have been heaped up over the ages and that are maintained by all the powers of the mind¡¯s inventiveness with regard to each of the most essential questions of life. °úÇÐÀÇ Ã¹Â° ºÐ¾ß´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °³³äµéÀ» È帮°Ô ÇÏ°í °ÅÁþ ÇØ¹ýµéÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÂüµÈ °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ Â÷ÁöµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ÇØ·Ó´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ÇØ·Î¿î °ÍÀº, »î¿¡ °üÇÑ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ Àǹ®µéÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ Âø¼öÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ÕÀú, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÇØ°áÇϱâ Àü¿¡, ¿¾³¯ºÎÅÍ ½×¿©Á® ¿Â ±×¸®°í »îÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀû Àǹ®µé °¢°¢¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸ðµç Á¤½ÅÀû µ¶Ã¢¼ºÀÇ Èûµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯ÁöµÇ¾î ¿Â À§¼±Àû ±¸Á¶µéÀ» ³í¹ÚÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ÀÌ´Ù.
And the second area — the very one that modern science is so especially proud of, and which is regarded by many as the only genuine science — is harmful in that it diverts people¡¯s attention from really important subjects to insignificant ones, and, besides that, is directly harmful in that, granting the false order of things which is justified and maintained by the first area of science, the greater part of the technical achievements of this area of experimental science turn not to the benefit of mankind but to its harm. ±×¸®°í µÎ ¹øÂ° ºÐ¾ß — Çö´ë °úÇÐÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï Ưº°È÷ ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿ö Çϰí, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À¯ÀÏÇÑ Âü °úÇÐÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î — ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °ü½ÉÀ» ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î Áß¿äÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦µé·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¼ÒÇÑ °Íµé·Î Àüȯ½ÃŲ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ÇØ·Ó´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°Í»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ù° ºÐ¾ßÀÇ °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¤´çÈ­µÇ°í À¯ÁöµÇ´Â »ç¹°ÀÇ °ÅÁþ Áú¼­¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤Çϸ鼭, ÀÌ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ½ÇÇè °úÇÐÀÇ ±â¼úÀû ¼ºÃëµéÀÇ ´õ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀÌ ÀηùÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ¸·Î°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇØ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ÇØ·Ó´Ù.
Only to people who have devoted their lives to these studies does it seem that all the discoveries made in the realm of natural science are very important and useful. But it seems so to these people only because they do not look around themselves and do not see what is really important. They need only tear themselves away from the psychological microscope under which they examine the objects they study and look around themselves in order to see how worthless is all the knowledge that is a source of such pride to them — I am not speaking of imaginary geometry, [115] the spectral analysis of the Milky Way, the form of atoms, the size of the skulls of Stone Age people, and other such trifles, but of the knowledge of micro¡©organisms, X-rays, and so on — compared with the knowledge we have neglected and left to be perverted by professors of theology, jurisprudence, political economy, financial science, and so on. We need only look around ourselves to see that the proper activity of genuine science is not the study of something we have accidentally become interested in, but of how human life should be arranged — the questions of religion, morality, social life, without resolving which all our knowledge of nature is harmful and worthless. ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿¬±¸µé¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ »îÀ» Çå½ÅÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¸¸ ÀÚ¿¬ °úÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áø ¸ðµç ¹ß°ßµéÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇϸç À¯¿ëÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×·¸°Ô º¸ÀÌ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀÌ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ÁÖÀ§¸¦ µ¹¾Æ º¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¹«¾ùÀÌ Áø½Ç·Î Áß¿äÇÑÁö¸¦ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×µé¿¡°Ô ±×Åä·Ï ÀÚ¶û°Å¸®ÀÎ ¸ðµç Áö½ÄµéÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª °¡Ä¡ ¾ø´ÂÁö¸¦ ±ú´ÞÀ¸·Á¸é ±×µéÀÌ ¿¬±¸Çϰí ÀÖ´Â ´ë»óµéÀ» °Ë»çÇÏ´Â ½É¸®Àû Çö¹Ì°æ¿¡¼­ ÀڽŵéÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ¶¼¾î ³õÀ» Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù — ³»°¡ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, »ó»óÀÇ ±âÇÏÇÐ, ÀºÇϰèÀÇ ½ºÆåÆ®·³ ºÐ¼®, ¿øÀÚµéÀÇ ÇüÅÂ, ¼®±â½Ã´ë »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °ñ°ÝÀÇ Å©±â, µî »ç¼ÒÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, — ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹«½ÃÇß´ø ±×¸®°í ½ÅÇÐ, ¹ýÇÐ, Á¤Ä¡ °æÁ¦, ±ÝÀ¶ °úÇÐ, µîÀÇ ±³¼öµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿Ö°îµÇµµ·Ï ³²°ÜÁ³´ø Áö½Ä°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿© — ¹Ì»ý¹°µé, ¿¢½º·¹À̵é, µîÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸® ÁÖÀ§¸¦ µÑ·¯ º½À¸·Î½á ÂüµÈ °úÇп¡ °úÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ È°µ¿ÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¿¬È÷ Èï¹Ì¸¦ Áö´Ï°Ô µÈ ¾î¶² °Í¿¡ °üÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾î¶»°Ô »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀÌ ¹èÄ¡µÇ¾î¾ß Çϴ°¡ — Á¾±³, À±¸®, »çȸÀû »îÀÇ ¹®Á¦µé·Î¼­, À̵鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°á ¾øÀÌ´Â ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç Áö½ÄÀº ÇØ·Ó°í °¡Ä¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù — ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸ÀÓÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.

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We rejoice and feel proud that our science makes it possible for us to exploit the energy of a waterfall and make this power work in factories, or that we have pierced tunnels through mountains, and so on. But the trouble is that we make this power of the waterfall work not for the benefit of people, but for the enriching of capitalists, who produce objects of luxury or tools for destroying human beings. The same dynamite with which we blow up mountains to make tunnels through them, we also use in war, which we not only do not want to renounce, but which we regard as necessary and for which we are constantly preparing. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °úÇÐÀÌ ³«¼öÀÇ ÈûÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¸¸µé¸ç ÀÌ ÈûÀÌ °øÀåµé¿¡¼­ ÀÛµ¿Çϵµ·Ï ¸¸µç´Ù´Â °Í, ȤÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ »êµé¿¡ ÅͳÎÀ» ¶Õ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áñ°Å¿ö Çϰí ÀÚ¶û½º·´°Ô ´À³¤´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÌ ³«¼öÀÇ ÈûÀ» »ç¶÷µéÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀ» À§Çؼ­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÚº»°¡µéÀ» ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°Ô Çϵµ·Ï ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ »îµéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â »çġǰµé ȤÀº µµ±¸µéÀ» ¸¸µç´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ »ê¿¡ ÅͳÎÀ» ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ »êµéÀ» ³¯·Á ¹ö¸®´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ´ÙÀ̳ʸ¶ÀÌÆ®¸¦, ¿ì¸®´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ÀüÀï¿¡ »ç¿ëÇϸç, ¿ì¸®´Â À̰ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» À§ÇØ ºÎ´ÜÈ÷ ÁغñÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

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If we now know how to make preventive inoculations against diphtheria, to find a needle in a body by means of X-rays, to straighten a hunchback, to cure syphilis, to perform extraordinary surgeries, and so on, we would not be so proud of these achievements, however indisputable, if we fully understood the true purpose of genuine science. If only one-tenth of the forces now spent on objects of mere curiosity and practical application were spent on true science, on arranging the lives of people, then the greater part of those who are now ill would not have those illnesses, of which only a tiny portion are now cured in clinics and hospitals; there would be no undernourished, hunchbacked children growing up in factories, there would be no fifty per cent infant mortality, as now, whole generations would not become degenerate, there would be no prostitution, no syphilis, no killing of hundreds of thousands in war, no horrors of insanity and suffering which present-day science regards as a necessary condition of human life. ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇöÀç µðÇÁÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹¹æ Á¢Á¾µéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ¹ý, ¿¢½º·¹À̸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ¸ö ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¹Ù´ÃÀ» ã´Â ¹ý, °ö»çµîÀ» Æì´Â ¹ý, ¸Åµ¶À» Ä¡·áÇÏ´Â ¹ý, ƯÀÌÇÑ ¼ö¼úµéÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â ¹ý µîÀ» ¾È´Ù¸é, ÀÌµé ¾÷Àûµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ, ¾Æ¹«¸® ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÇØÇß´Ù¸é, ±×Åä·Ï ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿ö ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´Ü¼øÇÑ È£±â½É ¹× ½Ç¿ëÀû Àû¿ëÀÇ ´ë»óµé¿¡ Áö±Ý ¼ÒºñµÇ´Â ´ÜÁö ½Ê ºÐÀÇ ÀÏ Á¤µµÀÇ Á¤µµ¶óµµ, Âü °úÇп¡, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îµéÀ» Á¶Á¤Çϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù¸é, Áö±Ý º´µç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀϺΰ¡ ±×·± Áúº´µéÀ» °®Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̳ª, ´ÜÁö ±×µé Áß ¾ÆÁÖ ÀûÀº ÀϺθ¸ÀÌ Áø·á¼Ò ¹× º´¿øµé¿¡¼­ Ä¡·áµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù; ¿µ¾ç ½ÇÁ¶¿¡ °É¸®°í µîÀÌ ±ÁÀº ä °øÀåµé¿¡¼­ Àڶ󳪴 ¾î¸°À̵éÀÌ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, Áö±Ý°ú °°ÀÌ ¿À½Ê ÆÛ¼¾Æ®ÀÇ ¿µ¾Æ »ç¸Á·üµµ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, Àüü ¼¼´ëµéÀÌ ¼èÅðÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¸ÅÃáµµ, ¸Åµ¶µµ, ÀüÀï¿¡¼­ ¼ö½Ê¸¸ ¸íÀÇ »ìÇØµµ, ¾Æ¹«·± Á¤½Åº´ÀÇ °øÆ÷ ¹× ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ °úÇÐÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ ÇÊ¿¬Àû »óÅÂ¶ó ¿©±â´Â °íÅëµµ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
We have so perverted the concept of science that people of our time find odd the mention of such sciences as would make it so that there is no infant mortality, no prostitution, no syphilis, no degeneracy of whole generations, no mass killing of people. It seems to us that science is only science when a man in a laboratory pours a liquid from one vial into another, breaks down the spectrum, cuts up frogs and guinea-pigs, or produces, in a special scientific jargon, some obscure theological, philosophical, historical, juridical, or politico-economical lacework of conventional phrases, half-intelligible to himself, which purports to show that things are as they ought to be. ¿ì¸®´Â °úÇÐÀÇ °³³äÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª ¿Ö°î½ÃÄѼ­ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¿µ¾Æ »ç¸ÁÀÌ ¾ø°í, ¸ÅÃáµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¸Åµ¶µµ ¾ø°í, Àüü ¼¼´ëµéÀÇ ¼èÅðµéµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ÀÎ¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë·® »ì»óµµ ¾øµµ·Ï ¸¸µå´Â ±×¿Í °°Àº °úÇеéÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÔÀ» ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô ¿©±ä´Ù. ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô´Â ¸¶Ä¡ °úÇÐÀÌ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼­ ÇÑ °³ÀÇ ¾à º´¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ º´À¸·Î ¾×ü¸¦ ºÑ°í, ½ºÆåÆ®·³À» ºÐ¸®Çϸç, °³±¸¸®¿Í ±â´Ï ÇDZ׸¦ ÀÚ¸£°Å³ª, ȤÀº, Ưº°ÇÑ Á÷¾÷Àû ¿ë¾î ¾È¿¡¼­, Àڽŵµ ¹Ý¸¸ ¾Ë¾Æ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, »ç¹°ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×·¯ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â, ¾î¶² ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ ½ÅÇÐÀû, ¿ª»çÀû, ¹ý·üÀû, ȤÀº Á¤Ä¡ °æÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ÁøºÎÇÑ ¿ë¾îµéÀÇ ²öÀ» »ý»êÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ºñ·Î¼Ò ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀÎ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.
But science, genuine science — a science that would indeed merit the respect now demanded by representatives of one part, and the least important part, of science — does not consist in that; genuine science consists in discovering what ought or ought not to be believed; in discovering how the overall life of mankind ought or ought not to be arranged: how to arrange sexual relations, how to bring up children, how to use the land, how to cultivate it without oppressing others, how to relate to foreigners, how to relate to animals, and many other things important for human life. ±×·¯³ª °úÇÐ, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ °úÇÐÀº — »ç½Ç °úÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ, ±×¸®°í °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ºÐ¾ßÀÇ, ´ëº¯Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ Áö±Ý ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â Á¸ÁßÀ» ÀåÁ¡À¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °úÇÐ — Àº ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¡¿¡ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù; ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀº ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¹Ï¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÔ¿¡; ÀηùÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀû »îÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ´Ù·ç¾îÁ®¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÔ¿¡: ¼º°ü°èµéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô Á¤¸®ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö, ÀÚ³àµéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¾çÀ°ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö, ÅäÁö¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ±×°ÍÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô °æÀÛÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö, ¿Ü±¹µé°ú ¾î¶»°Ô °ü·Ã Áö¾î¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö, »ç¶÷ÀÇ »î¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ µ¿¹°µé ¹× ±âŸ »ç¹°µé°ú ¾î¶»°Ô °ü°è Áö¾î¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Such has true science always been, and such it ought to be. And such science is emerging in our time; but, on the one hand, this true science is rejected and refuted by all those scientists who defend the existing order of life; and, on the other hand, it is considered empty and useless, an unscientific science, by those who are engaged in experimental science. ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×·± °ÍÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ °úÇÐÀº ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ºÎ»óÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù; ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀº ±âÁ¸ »îÀÇ Áú¼­¸¦ ¿ËÈ£ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °úÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ °ÅºÎµÇ°í ¹Ý¹ÚµÇ¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ½ÇÇè °úÇп¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±×°ÍÀÌ °øÇãÇÏ°í ¹«¿ëÇÑ, ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ ºñ°úÇÐÀûÀÎ °úÇÐÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù.
Books and tracts appear, for instance, proving the obsolescence and absurdity of religious fanaticism and the necessity of establishing a reasonable religious world view that corresponds to our time, and yet many theologians occupy themselves with refuting these works, sharpening their wits again and again to maintain and justify long-outlived superstitions. Or there appears a tract showing that one of the main reasons for the poverty of the people is the landlessness of the proletariat that exists in the West. It would seem that science, genuine science, should welcome this tract and develop further conclusions from it. But the science of our time does nothing of the sort; on the contrary, political economy proves the opposite — namely, that landed property, as well as any other, ought to be concentrated more and more in the hands of a small number of owners, as is asserted, for instance, by contemporary Marxists. In the same way, it would seem that the business of genuine science is to prove the unreasonableness and unprofitableness of war, of capital punishment, or the inhumanity and perniciousness of prostitution, or the senselessness, harmfulness and immorality of using drugs or animal foods, or the unreasonableness, wickedness and backwardness of patriotic fanaticism. And there exist such works, but they are all regarded as unscientific. While those works are considered scientific which either prove that all these phenomena must exist or which are engaged with questions of idle curiosity that have no relation to human life. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Á¾±³Àû ±¤½ÅÁÖÀÇÀÇ ¼èÅð¿Í ¸ð¼ø ¹× ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³Àû ¼¼°è°üÀ» È®¸³ÇÒ Çʿ伺À» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â ¼­Àûµé ¹× ¼ÒÃ¥ÀÚµéÀÌ µîÀåÇÑ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸¹Àº ½ÅÇÐÀÚµéÀº À̵é ÀÛǰµéÀ» ³í¹ÚÇÔ¿¡ ¸ôµÎÇϰí, ÄÉÄɹ¬Àº ¹Ì½ÅµéÀ» À¯ÁöÇϰí ÇÕ¸®È­Çϱâ À§ÇØ Àç´ÉÀ» ÀÚ²Ù µÇÇ®ÀÌ ÇÏ¿© ³¯Ä«·Ó°Ô ´Ùµë´Â´Ù. ȤÀº ¹ÎÁßµéÀÇ °¡³­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁÖµÈ ÀÌÀ¯µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ ¼­±¸¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÇÁ·Ñ·ÎŸ¸®¾ÆÀÇ ¹«ÅäÁöÀÓÀ» º¸¿©Áö´Â ³í¹®ÀÌ µîÀåÇÑ´Ù. °úÇÐ, ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀ̶ó¸é ÀÌ ³í¹®À» ȯ¿µÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¾Æ°¡ °á·ÐµéÀ» ¹ßÀü½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀº ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀº ÇàÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù; ¹Ý´ë·Î, Á¤Ä¡ °æÁ¦´Â ¹Ý´ë¸¦ Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù — Áï, ÅäÁö Àç»ê, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ °Íµéµµ, ´õ¿í ´õ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚµé ¼Õ¿¡ ÁýÁߵǾî¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ, ¿¹µé µé¸é, ÇöÀçÀÇ ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÁÖÀÇÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ÁÖÀåµÈ´Ù. ¶È°°Àº ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î, ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀÇ »ç¸íÀº ÀüÀïÀÇ, ȤÀº »çÇüÀÇ ºÒÇÕ¸®¼º ¹× ¹« ÀÌÀͼºÀ», ȤÀº ¸ÅÃáÀÇ ºñÀΰ£¼º ¹× ÇØ¾Ç¼ºÀ», ȤÀº ¸¶¾à ȤÀº µ¿¹° À½½ÄµéÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ¸ô Áö°¢¼º, ÇØ¾Ç¼º ¹× ºñÀ±¸®¼ºÀ», ȤÀº ¾Ö±¹Àû ±¤½ÅÁÖÀÇÀÇ ºÒÇÕ¸®¼º ¹× ÈÄÁø¼ºÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÛǰµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ºñ°úÇÐÀûÀÌ¶ó ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ÀÌ ¸ðµç Çö»óµéÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¸ÀçÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇϰųª ȤÀº »ç¶÷ÀÇ »î¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ¿¬°üÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÇѰ¡ÇÑ È£±â½É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ®µé¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â ±×·± ÀÛǰµéÀÌ °úÇÐÀûÀÌ¶ó ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù.
The deviation of the science of our time from its true purpose can be seen with striking clarity in the ideals that some men of science set up for themselves and which are not rejected but are acknowledged by the majority of scientists. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀÌ ±× ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÏÅ»ÇÔÀº ÀϺΠ°úÇÐ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÑ ±×¸®°í ´ë´Ù¼ö °úÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ °ÅºÎµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â ÀÌ»óµé¿¡¼­ ³î¶ó¿ì¸® ¸¸Ä¡ ¸í·áÇÏ°Ô ±ú´Þ¾Æ Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
These ideals are voiced not only in stupid, fashionable books describing the world 1,000 or 3,000 years from now, but also by sociologists who regard themselves as serious scientists. These ideals are that food, instead of being obtained from the earth by agriculture and the raising of livestock, will be prepared in laboratories by chemical means, and that human labour will be replaced almost entirely by the utilization of natural forces ÀÌ·± ÀÌ»óµéÀº Áö±ÝºÎÅÍ 1,000 ȤÀº 3,000À» ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â ¸ÛûÇϰí, ÃֽŽÄÀΠåµé¿¡¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀڽŵéÀ» ÁøÁöÇÑ °úÇÐÀÚµé·Î ¿©±â´Â »çȸÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­µµ Ç¥¸íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÌ»óµéÀÎ Áï, À½½ÄÀº, ³ó¾÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¶¥À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¾ò¾îÁö°Å³ª °¡ÃàÀÇ »çÀ°¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, È­ÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼ö´Üµé·Î ½ÇÇè½Çµé¿¡¼­ ¸¶·ÃµÈ´Ù´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ëµ¿Àº °ÅÀÇ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ÈûµéÀÇ È°¿ëÀ¸·Î ´ëüµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Man will not, as he does now, eat an egg laid by a hen he has raised, or bread grown in his own field, or an apple from a tree he has been tending for years, which blossomed and ripened before his eyes, but will eat tasty, nourishing food prepared in laboratories by the combined labours of many people, in which he will take no part. »ç¶÷Àº, Áö±ÝÀº ±×·¯°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×°¡ Ű¿î ¾ÏżÀÌ ³ºÀº ´Þ°¿, ȤÀº ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µéÆÇ¿¡¼­ Àç¹èµÇ´Â »§, ȤÀº ±×°¡ ¼ö³â µ¿¾È µ¹º¸°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×ÀÇ ´« ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ²ÉÀÌ Çǰí ÀÍÀº ³ª¹«·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç°ú¸¦ ¸Ô´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ È¥ÇÕµÈ ³ëµ¿µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼­ ÁغñµÈ ¸ÀÀÖ°í ¿µ¾ç ¸¹Àº À½½ÄÀ» ¸Ô´Â´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×´Â ³ëµ¿¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
There will be almost no need for man to labour, and thus all people will be able to give themselves to that same idleness to which the ruling upper classes now give themselves. »ç¶÷ÀÌ ³ëµ¿ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº °ÅÀÇ ÇÊ¿ä ¾øÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº Áö±Ý Áö¹èÇÏ´Â »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÌ ½º½º·Î ´©¸®´Â °Í°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ³ªÅÂÇÔ¿¡ ºüÁú ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Nothing shows more obviously than these ideals how far the science of our time has deviated from the true path. ±× ¾î´À °Íµµ ¾ó¸¶³ª ¸Ö¸® ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀÌ ÂüµÈ ±æ·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÅ»ÇÏ¿´´ÂÁö À̵é ÀÌ»óµéº¸´Ù ºÐ¸íÈ÷ º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
People in our time, the vast majority of people, lack wholesome and sufficient nourishment (the same holds for housing, clothing, and all primary necessities). Moreover, this same vast majority of people are forced to work constantly, beyond their strength and to the detriment of their well-being. Both misfortunes can very easily be removed by abolishing mutual struggle, luxury, the improper distribution of wealth, and generally by abolishing the false, harmful order of things and arranging human life in a reasonable way. Yet according to science, the existing order of things is immutable, like the movement of the heavenly bodies, and therefore the task of science lies not in elucidating the falseness of this order and establishing a new, reasonable system of life, but in feeding all the people while maintaining the existing order, and giving them all the opportunity to be as idle as the ruling classes are now, living their depraved life. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¹æ´ëÇÑ ´ë´Ù¼öÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, °Ç°­¿¡ À¯ÀÍÇϰí ÃæºÐÇÑ ¿µ¾çÀÌ ºÎÁ·ÇÏ´Ù(ÁÖÅÃ, ÀǺ¹, ¹× ¸ðµç ±âº» »ýÇÊǰµé¿¡µµ °øÈ÷ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù). °Ô´Ù°¡, ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¶È°°ÀÌ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ´ë´Ù¼ö »ç¶÷µéÀº  ±×µéÀÇ ÈûÀ» ÃʰúÇØ¼­ ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ ÇູÀ» ÇØÄ¡¸é¼­±îÁö ²÷ÀÓ ¾øÀÌ ÀÏÇϵµ·Ï °­¿ä ¹Þ´Â´Ù. µÎ °¡Áö ºÒÇàµéÀº »óÈ£ ÅõÀï, »çÄ¡, ºÎÀÇ ºÎÀûÀýÇÑ ºÐ¹è, ±×¸®°í À§¼±ÀûÀ̸ç, ÇØ·Î¿î »ç¹°ÀÇ Áú¼­¸¦ ÆóÁöÇϰí Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀ» ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¶Á¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¸Å¿ì ½±°Ô Á¦°ÅµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸, °úÇп¡ µû¸£¸é, ±âÁ¸ »ç¹°ÀÇ Áú¼­´Â, ¸¶Ä¡ õüµéÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓó·³, ºÒº¯ÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °úÇÐÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â ÀÌ·± Áú¼­ÀÇ ÇãÀ§¸¦ ÇØ¸íÇÔ ¹× »õ·Ó°í ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» È®¸³ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±âÁ¸ Áú¼­¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϸ鼭 ¸ÔÀ̰í, ±×µé¿¡°Ô Ÿ¶ôÇÑ »îÀ» »ì¾Æ°¡´Â Áö±ÝÀÇ Áö¹è °è±Þµéó·³ ÇѰ¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç ±âȸ¸¦ ÁÜ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
With all that, it is forgotten that nourishment on bread, vegetables, fruits grown from the earth by one¡¯s own labour is the most pleasant, healthful, light and natural nourishment, and that the work of exercising one¡¯s muscles is as necessary a condition of life as the oxygenating of the blood by means of breathing. ±× ¸ðµç °Íµé¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³ëµ¿À¸·Î ¶¥¿¡¼­ °¡²Û »§, ä¼Ò, °úÀÏ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À½½Ä¹°ÀÌ °¡Àå »óÄèÇϸç, °Ç°­Çϰí, °¡º±°í ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ À½½Ä¹°À̶ó´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í È£ÈíÀ¸·Î ÇÇ¿¡ »ê¼Ò¸¦ °ø±ÞÇÏ´Â ¸¸Å­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±ÙÀ°µéÀ» ¿îµ¿ÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ »îÀÇ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Á¶°ÇÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» Àذí ÀÖ´Ù.
To invent ways for people to be well nourished by means of chemically prepared food and to make the forces of nature work for them, while the distribution of property and labour remains wrong, is the same as inventing a means of pumping oxygen into the lungs of a man who is locked up in a room with bad air, when all that need be done is to stop keeping the man in the locked room. ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î Àç»ê°ú ³ëµ¿ÀÇ ºÐ¹è°¡ ¿Ö°îµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ È­ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÁغñµÈ À½½ÄÀ¸·Î Àß ¸Ô°Ô µÇµµ·Ï ±×¸®°í ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ÈûµéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» À§ÇØ ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¹ß¸íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, »ç¶÷À» ¹æ¿¡ °¡µÎ¾î µÎ±â¸¦ ¸ØÃß´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇàÇØÁ®¾ß ÇÒ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÓ¿¡µµ, ÇØ·Î¿î °ø±â·Î Â÷ÀÖ´Â ¹æ ¾È¿¡ °¤ÇôÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇãÆÄ¿¡ »ê¼Ò¸¦ ¹Ð¾î ³Ö´Â ¼ö´ÜµéÀ» ¹ß¸íÇÏ´Â °Í°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù.
No professors will ever set up a laboratory for the production of food that is better than the one that has been set up in the vegetable and animal world, and to use the fruits of this laboratory and participate in it, man has only to give himself to the ever-joyful need for labour, without which man¡¯s life is a torment. And here the scientists of our age, instead of applying all their forces to removing what hinders man from using these blessings prepared for him, recognize the situation in which man is deprived of these blessings as immutable, and, instead of arranging the life of men so that they could work joyfully and be nourished by the earth, they devise ways of turning them into artificial freaks. It is the same as if, instead of taking a man from a locked room out into the fresh air, one invented ways of pumping the necessary oxygen into him, enabling him to live not in a house but in a stuffy basement. ¾î¶² ±³¼öµéµµ ½Ä¹° ¹× µ¿¹° ¼¼°è¿¡ ¼³Ä¡µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ³ªÀº À½½Ä »ý»êÀ» À§ÇÑ ½ÇÇè½ÇÀ» ¼¼¿ìÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̰í, ÀÌ ½ÇÇè½ÇÀÇ °á°úµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¸ç ±×°Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ëµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µ¿øÈ÷ Áñ°Å¿î Çʿ信 ³»¸Ã±â±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é µÇ¸ç, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀº °íÅëÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿©±â¿¡ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀº, »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±× ¾Õ¿¡ ÁغñµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·± ÃູµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸·´Â °ÍÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ÈûµéÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡, »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÌ·± ÃູµéÀ» »©¾Ñ±ä »óŰ¡ ºÒº¯À̶ó°í ÀνÄÇϸç, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áñ°Ì°Ô ÀÏÇÏ°í ¶¥¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À½½ÄÀ» ¸Ôµµ·Ï »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» Á¶Á¤ÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å, ÀΰøÀûÀÎ µ¹¿¬º¯ÀÌ·Î º¯È­½ÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» °í¾ÈÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ²Ë ´ÝÇô ÀÖ´Â ¹æÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½Å¼±ÇÑ °ø±â·Î »ç¶÷À¸·Î µ¥¸®°í ³ª¿À´Â ´ë½Å, ±×°¡ Áý ¾È¿¡¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼û¸·È÷´Â ÁöÇϽǿ¡ »ì¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÊ¿äÇÑ »ê¼Ò¸¦ ±×¿¡°Ô ÁÖÀÔ½ÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» ¹ß¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù.
Such wrong ideals could not exist if science were not on the wrong path. ÀÌÅä·Ï ¿Ö°îµÈ ÀÌ»óµéÀº ¸¸ÀÏ °úÇÐÀÌ ¿Ö°îµÈ ±æÀ» °¡Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
And yet the feelings conveyed by art arise on the bases given by science. ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ´À³¦µéÀº °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁÖ¾îÁø Åä´ëµé À§¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Ù.
What feelings can be called up by this science which stands on the wrong path? One part of this science calls up backward feelings which have been outlived by mankind, feelings which in our time are bad and exclusive. The other part, occupied with the study of subjects that by their very essence have no relation to human life, cannot serve as a basis for art. ¿Ö°îµÈ ±æ¿¡ ¼­ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ·± °úÇп¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¾î¶² ´À³¦µéÀÌ ºÒ·¯¿Í Áú °ÍÀΰ¡? ÀÌ °úÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ ºÎ·ù´Â Àηù¿¡°Ô ¾µ¸ð ¾ø°Ô µÇ¾î ¹ö¸° ÈÄÁøÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µéÀ», ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾ÇÇÏ¸ç ¹èŸÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µéÀ» ºÒ·¯ ¿Â´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ºÎ·ù´Â, ±× ÀÚü·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ »î°ú´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ¿¬°üÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÁÖÁ¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡ ¸ôµÎÇÏ¿©¼­, ¿¹¼úÀÇ Åä´ë·Î¼­ ÀÛ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
So that the art of our time, in order to be art, must by-pass science and make its own path, or else take direction from the unacknowledged science that is rejected by scientific orthodoxy. And this is what art does when it at least partially fulfils its purpose. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº, ¿¹¼úÀ̱â À§Çؼ­, ¹Ýµå½Ã °úÇÐÀ» ¿ìȸÇÏ¿© ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±æÀ» ¸¸µé°Å³ª, ȤÀº °úÇÐÀû Á¤ÅëÆÄ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ÅºÎµÇ¾î ÀÎÁ¤µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº °úÇÐÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹æÇâÀ» Àâ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
It is to be hoped that the work I have attempted to do with respect to art will also be done with respect to science; that the incorrectness of the theory of science for science¡¯s sake will be pointed out to people, that they will be clearly shown the necessity of accepting the Christian teaching in its true meaning, and that on the basis of this teaching a re-evaluation will be made of all the knowledge we possess and of which we are so proud; that they will be shown how secondary and worthless experimental knowledge is, and how primary and important religious, moral and social knowledge are; and that such knowledge will not be left to the guidance of the upper classes only, but will constitute the chief object of all those free, truth-loving people who, not always in agreement with the upper classes, but running counter to them, have moved forward the true science of life. Èñ¸ÁÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ¿¹¼ú¿¡ °üÇØ¼­ ³»°¡ ÇàÇϰíÀÚ ½ÃµµÇÑ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ ¶ÇÇÑ °úÇп¡ °üÇØ¼­µµ ÇàÇØÁú °Í; °úÇÐÀ» À§ÇÑ °úÇÐÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ¿À·ù°¡ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÁÖÀǸ¦ ²ø °Í,±×µéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» Áø½ÇµÈ Àǹ̷Π¼ö¿ëÇÒ Çʿ並 ±ú¾ËÀ» °Í, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§À» Åä´ë·Î ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯Çϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×Åä·Ï ÀÚ¶û½º·¯¿ö ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ½Ã½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀçÆò°¡°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áú °Í; ½ÇÇèÀû Áö½ÄÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ºÎÂ÷ÀûÀÌ¸ç ¹«°¡Ä¡ÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö, ±×¸®°í Á¾±³Àû, À±¸®Àû ¹× »çȸÀû Áö½ÄÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª ±âº»ÀûÀ̸ç Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö¸¦ ±×µéÀÌ ±ú´Ý°Ô µÉ °Í; ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÌ »ó·ù °è±Þµé¿¡ Àεµ¿¡ ¸Ã°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ó·ù °è±Þµé°ú ¾ðÁ¦³ª µ¿ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µé¿¡°Ô ´ëÀûÇϸ鼭, »î¿¡ °üÇÑ ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀ» ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ÀüÁø½ÃŲ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í, Áø¸®¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ±×·± »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¸ñÀûÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
As for mathematics, astronomy, physics, chemistry, as well as biological, technical and medical sciences, they will be studied in so far as they contribute to liberating people from religious, juridical and social deceptions, or serve the good of all and not of one class. ¼öÇÐ, õ¹®ÇÐ, ¹°¸®ÇÐ,È­ÇÐ, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ý¹°, ±â¼ú ¹× ÀÇ·á °úÇе鿡 ´ëÇØ¼­´Â, »ç¶÷µéÀ» Á¾±³Àû, ¹ý·üÀû ¹× »çȸÀû ±â¸¸µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇØ¹æ½ÃÅ´¿¡ ±â¿©Çϰųª, ȤÀº ÇÑ °è±ÞÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµÎÀÇ ¼±¿¡ ºÀ»çÇÏ´Â ÇÑ, ¿¬±¸µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Only then will science cease to be what it is now — on the one hand, the system of sophisms necessary for maintaining an obsolete order of life; on the other hand, a formless heap of varied knowledge, mostly of little use or altogether unnecessary — and become a harmonious, organic whole with a definite and reasonable purpose, understandable to all people — namely, the introducing into people¡¯s consciousness of the truths that come from the religious conscious¡©ness of our time. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±× ¶§¿¡ °úÇÐÀº Áö±ÝÀÇ »óÅ —  ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ¾µ¸ð ¾ø¾îÁø »îÀÇ Áú¼­¸¦ À¯ÁöÇÔ¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ±Ëº¯µéÀÇ Ã¼°è; ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, Çüü°¡ ¾ø´Â, ´ë°³ ¼Ò¿ëÀÌ ¾ø°Å³ª ȤÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Áö½Ä µ¢¾î¸® — ¸¦ ÁßÁöÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç È®°íÇÑ ±×¸®°í ÇÕ¸®Àû ¸ñÀûÀ» Áö´Ñ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, Á¶È­·Ó°í À¯±âÀûÀÎ Àüü — Áï, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇ½Ä ¼Ó¿¡ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄ(ëòãÛ)¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â Áø¸®µéÀ» ¾È³»ÇÔ — ÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
And only then will art, which always depends on science, be what it can and should be — an organ of the life and progress of mankind as important as science. ±×¸®°í ±× ¶§¿¡ ºñ·Î¼Ò, ¾ðÁ¦³ª °úÇп¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, ¿¹¼úÀº º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ°í º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ð½À  — °úÇÐ ¸¸Å­ Áß¿äÇÑ »îÀÇ ÇÑ ±â°ü ¹× ÀηùÀÇ Áøº¸ — À̾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Art is not pleasure, consolation, or amusement; art is a great thing. Art is an organ of mankind¡¯s life, which transmutes people¡¯s reasonable consciousness into feeling. In our time, the common religious consciousness of men is the consciousness of the brotherhood of men and their well-being in mutual union. True science should indicate various ways of applying this consciousness to life. Art should transmute this consciousness into feeling. ¿¹¼úÀº Äè¶ô, À§¾È, ȤÀº ¿À¶ôÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ¿¹¼úÀº À§´ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀº ÀηùÀÇ »îÀÇ ±â°üÀ¸·Î¼­, ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇÕ¸®Àû ÀǽÄÀ» ´À³¦À¸·Î º¯È­½ÃŲ´Ù. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °øÅëÀûÀÎ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÇ½Ä ¹× »óÈ£ ¿¬ÇÕ ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÇູÀÌ´Ù. ÂüµÈ °úÇÐÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀǽÄÀ» »î¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¾Ï½ÃÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
The task facing art is enormous: art, genuine art, guided by religion with the help of science, must make it so that men¡¯s peaceful life together, which is now maintained by external measures — courts, police, charitable institutions; workplace inspections, and so on — should be achieved by the free and joyful activity of men. Art should eliminate violence. ¿¹¼úÀ» ¸ÂÀÌ ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¦´Â ¾öû³ª´Ù: ¿¹¼ú, ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀº, °úÇÐÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇÑ Á¾±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àεµ µÇ¾î, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇÔ²²ÇÏ´Â ÆòÈ­·Î¿î »îÀÌ, Áö±ÝÀº ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýµé — ¹ýÁ¤µé, °æÂû, ÀÚ¼± ´Üüµé; ÀÛ¾÷Àå °Ë¿­µé — ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ À¯ÁöµÇ°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ¹Ýµå½Ã »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°í Áñ°Å¿î Ȱµ¿¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¼ºÃëµÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Æø·ÂÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
And only art can do that. ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿¹¼ú¸¸ÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇØ ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
All that presently makes it possible for men to live together, independently of the fear of violence and punishment (and in our time an enormous part of the order of life is based on this) — all of it has been brought about by art. If through art there could be conveyed the customs of treating religious objects in a certain way, of treating parents, children, wives, relations, strangers, foreigners in a certain way, of treating elders, persons of higher rank, enemies, animals, the suffering in a certain way — and this has been observed by millions of people over generations, not only without the least violence, but in such a way that it cannot be shaken by anything but art — then this same art can evoke other customs, more closely corresponding to the religious consciousness of our time. If art could convey the feeling of reverence for icons, for the Eucharist, for the person of a king, of shame at the betrayal of friendship, of loyalty to a flag, the necessity of revenging an insult, the need of donating one¡¯s labour for the building and adorning of churches, the duty of defending one¡¯s honour or the glory of one¡¯s fatherland, then the same art can evoke reverence for each man¡¯s dignity, for every animal¡¯s life; it can evoke the shame of luxury, of violence, of revenge, of using for one¡¯s pleasure objects that are a necessity for other people; it can make people sacrifice themselves to serve others freely and joyfully, without noticing it. ÇöÀç·Î Æø·Â ¹× ó¹ú (±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë´Â »îÀÇ Áú¼­ÀÇ ¾öû³­ ºÎºÐÀÌ À̰Ϳ¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù)¿¡ ÀÇÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÔ²² »ç´Â °ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ¸ðµç °Í — ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿¹¼úÀ» ÅëÇØ¼­ ¾î¶² ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¾±³Àû ´ë»óµéÀ» ´ëÇÏ´Â, ¾î¶² ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ºÎ¸ðµé, ¾ÆÀ̵é, ¾Æ³»µé, ģôµé, ³¸¼± »ç¶÷µé, ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀ» ´ëÇÏ´Â, ¾î¶² ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾î¸¥µé, Á÷À§°¡ ³ôÀº »ç¶÷µé, ¿ø¼öµé, µ¿¹°µéÀ» ´ëÇÏ´Â °ü½ÀµéÀÌ Àü´ÞµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é — ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀÌ ¿©·¯ ¼¼´ë¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ Æø·Âµµ ¾øÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿¹¼ú ¿Ü¿¡´Â Èçµé¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±×·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î  ÁöÄÑÁ® ¿Ô´Ù¸é — ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ÀÌ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀº ´Ù¸¥ °ü½Àµéµµ, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ ´õ¿í ±ä¹ÐÈ÷ ºÎÇÕÇϵµ·Ï, Àϱú¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¼º»óµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ¼ºÃ¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´À³¦, ¿ÕÀÇ, ¿ìÁ¤ÀÇ ¹è¹Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ä¡¿åÀÇ, ±¹±â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ãæ¼ºÀÇ È­½Å, ¸ð¿å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹¼öÀÇ Çʿ伺, ±³È¸µéÀÇ °ÇÃà ¹× Ä¡ÀåÀ» À§ÇÑ ³ëµ¿À» ±âÁõÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¶±¹ÀÇ ¸í¿¹ ȤÀº ¿µ±¤À» ¼öÈ£ÇÒ Àǹ«¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´À³¦À» Àü´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¹Ù·Î ±× ¿¹¼úÀÌ °¢±â »ç¶÷ÀÇ Á¸¾ö¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ¸ðµç µ¿¹°ÀÇ »ý¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¸°æÀ» ºÒ·¯ ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº »çÄ¡ÀÇ, Æø·ÂÀÇ, º¹¼öÀÇ, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇʼöǰÀÎ ´ë»óµéÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Äè¶ôÀ» À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇÔÀÇ ¼öÄ¡¸¦ Àϱú¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý, ¾ËÁöµµ ¸øÇÏ´Â »çÀÌ¿¡, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇØ ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô ±×¸®°í ±â»Ú°Ô ºÀ»çÇϵµ·Ï Çå½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Art should make it so that the feelings of brotherhood and love of one¡¯s neighbour, now accessible only to the best people of society, become habitual feelings, an instinct for everyone. By calling up the feelings of brotherhood and love in people under imaginary conditions, religious art will accustom people to experiencing the same feelings in reality under the same conditions; it will lay in people¡¯s souls the rails along which the life behavior of people brought up by art will naturally run. And uniting the most diverse people in one feeling and abolishing separation, the art of the whole people will educate mankind for union, will show them, not in reasoning but in life itself, the joy of general union beyond the barriers set up by life. ¿¹¼úÀº, Áö±ÝÀº ºñ·Ï »çȸÀÇ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¸¸ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÇüÁ¦¾Ö ¹× ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀÌ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÇϳªÀÇ º»´ÉÀ¸·Î, ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µéÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »ó»óÀÇ »óȲµé¿¡¼­ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö ¹× »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡ »ç¶ûÀÇ ´À³¦À» ºÒ·¯ ¿ÈÀ¸·Î½á, Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÑ »óȲµé ¾Æ·¡ Çö½Ç¿¡¼­µµ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» °æÇèÇÔ¿¡ Àͼ÷Çϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿µÈ¥µé ¾È¿¡ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±æ·¯Áø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀÇ Åµµ°¡ ÀÚ¿¬½º·¹ ´Þ·Á °¥ ·¹ÀÏÀ» ³õÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇÑ °¡Áö ´À³¦ ¾È¿¡ ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ°í ºÐ¿­À» ÆóÁö ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, Àüü ¹ÎÁßÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº Àηù¸¦ ¿¬ÇÕÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±³À°ÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, Ãß·ÐÀ¸·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »î ÀÚü·Î¼­, »î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼¼¿öÁø À庮µéÀ» ³Ñ¾î¼­ º¸ÆíÀû ¿¬ÇÕÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ±×µé¿¡°Ô º¸¿© ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
The purpose of art in our time consists in transferring from the realm of reason to the realm of feeling the truth that people¡¯s well-being lies in being united among themselves and in establishing, in place of the violence that now reigns, that Kingdom of God — that is, of love — which we all regard as the highest aim of human life. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº, À̼ºÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´À³¦ÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇູÀº ½º½º·Î ¿¬Çյʿ¡ ±×¸®°í, Áö±Ý ¸¸¿¬Çϰí ÀÖ´Â Æø·Â ´ë½Å¿¡, ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀÇ °¡Àå ³ôÀº ¸ñÇ¥·Î ¿©±â´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ — Áï, »ç¶ûÀÇ — ³ª¶ó¸¦ È®¸³ÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â Áø¸®¸¦ ¿Å±â´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
Perhaps in the future science will open to art still newer, higher ideals, and art will realize them; but in our time, the purpose of art is clear and definite. The task of Christian art is the realization of the brotherly union of men. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ °úÇÐÀº ´õ¿í »õ·Ó°í ¼þ°íÇÑ ÀÌ»óµé¿¡ ¿­¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀº ±×°ÍµéÀ» ½ÇÇöÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¸í¹éÇϰí È®½ÇÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼úÀÇ °úÁ¦´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀûÀÎ ¿¬ÇÕÀÇ ½ÇÇöÀÌ´Ù.
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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


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