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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


WHAT IS ART?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?


by Leo Tolstoy

TRANSLATED BY RICHARD PEVEAR
AND LARISSA VOLOKHONSKY

What Is Art?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

¡¡

XVI

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How determine whether art is good or bad in its content?¡¡ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ³»¿ë ¸é¿¡¼­ ¼±ÇÑÁö ¾ÇÇÑÁö ¾î¶»°Ô °áÁ¤µÇ´Â°¡?¡¡
Art, together with speech, is a means of communication, and therefore also of progress — that is, of mankind¡¯s movement forward towards perfection. Speech enables people of later generations to know all that preceding generations knew and that the best of their most advanced contemporaries know through experience and reflection; art enables people of later generations to experience all the feelings that people experienced before them and that the best of the most advanced people experience now. And just as in the evolution of knowledge — that is, the forcing out and supplanting of mistaken and unnecessary knowledge by truer and more necessary knowledge — so the evolution of feelings takes place by means of art, replacing lower feelings, less kind and less needed for the good of humanity, by kinder feelings, more needed for that good. This is the purpose of art. And therefore art is better in its content in so far as it fulfils this purpose better, and is worse in so far as it fulfils it less. ¿¹¼úÀº, ¾ð¾î¿Í ÇÔ²², Åë½ÅÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ̸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¶ÇÇÑ Áøº¸ÀÇ — Áï, ¿Ïº®À» ÇâÇÑ ÀηùÀÇ ÀüÁøÀÇ — ¼ö´ÜÀÌ´Ù. ¾ð¾î´Â ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼´ëµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¾Õ¼­°£ ¼¼´ëµéÀÌ ¾Ë¾Ò´ø ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ °¡Àå Áøº¸ÇÑ µ¿½Ã´ëÀεé Áß °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °æÇè°ú »çÀ¯¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù; ¿¹¼úÀº ´ÙÀ½ ¼¼´ëÀÇ ¹ÎÁßÀ¸·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×µé ÀÌÀü¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °æÇèÇÑ ±×¸®°í ÇöÀç °¡Àå Áøº¸ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé Áß °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ °æÇèÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç ´À³¦µéÀ» °æÇèÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Áö½ÄÀÇ Çõ¸í — Áï, ¿À·ù¿¡ ¹°µç ±×¸®°í ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ» ¹Ð¾î³»°í ´õ ÂüµÇ°í ´õ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Áö½ÄÀ¸·Î ´ëüÇÔ — °ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ´À³¦µéÀÇ Çõ¸íÀº ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¿© ¹ß»ýÇϸç, ÀηùÀÇ ¼±À» À§ÇØ ´ú Ä£ÀýÇÏ°í ´ú ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Àú±ÞÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ», ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼±À» À§ÇØ ´õ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í ´õ Ä£ÀýÇÑ ´À³¦µé·Î ±³Ã¼ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼úÀº ÀÌ·± ¸ñÀûÀ» ´õ ÈǸ¢È÷ ÃæÁ·½ÃŰ´Â ÇÑ ±× ³»¿ë¿¡¼­ ´õ ¼±ÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ´ú ÃæÁ·½ÃŰ´Â ÇÑ ´õ ¾ÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
The evaluation of feelings — that is, the recognition of these or those feelings as being more or less good, meaning more or less needed for people¡¯s good — is accomplished by the religious consciousness of a given time. ´À³¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Æò°¡ — Áï, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼±À» À§ÇØ ´õ ȤÀº ´ú À¯ÀÍÇÔÀ¸·Î, ´õ ȤÀº ´ú ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â Àǹ̷μ­ ÀÌ·± ȤÀº Àú·± ´À³¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÎ½Ä — ´Â ÁÖ¾îÁø ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼öÇàµÈ´Ù.
In every specific historical age and in every human society there exists an understanding of the meaning of life which is the highest that has been reached by the people of that society and which defines the highest good for which that society strives. This understanding is the religious consciousness of the given time and society. This religious consciousness is always clearly expressed by certain advanced members of the society, and is more or less vividly felt by all. This religious consciousness, corresponding to its expression, always exists in every society. If it seems to us that there is no religious consciousness in society, that is not because there is indeed none, but because we do not want to see it. And often we do not want to see it because it exposes our life, which often does not conform to it. ¸ðµç Á¦°¢±â ¿ª»ç ½Ã´ë ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ »çȸ¿¡´Â »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ú´ÞÀ½ÀÌ ±× »çȸÀÇ ¹ÎÁß¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µµ´ÞµÈ ÃÖ°íÀÇ °æÁöÀÌÀÚ ±× »çȸ°¡ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¼±À» Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÎ ¶§°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ±ú´ÞÀ½Àº ÁÖ¾îÁø ½Ã´ë ¹× »çȸÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª »çȸÀÇ ¾î¶² Áøº¸ÇÑ ±¸¼º¿øµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸í¹éÈ÷ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¸ç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Ù¼Ò »ý»ýÇÏ°Ô ´À²¸Áø´Ù. ÀÌ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº, ±× Ç¥Çö°ú ÀÏÄ¡Çϸ鼭, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¸ðµç »çȸ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »çȸ¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸Àδٸé, ±×°ÍÀº »ç½Ç Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇϱ⸦ ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ÈçÈ÷ ±×°ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇϱ⸦ ¿øÄ¡ ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» ³ëÃâ½Ã۸ç, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÌ ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
The religious consciousness of society is the same as the direction of a flowing river. If a river flows, there is a direction in which it flows. If a society lives, there is a religious consciousness that indicates the direction in which all the people of this society more or less consciously strive. »çȸÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº È帣´Â °­ÀÇ ¹æÇâ°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ °­ÀÌ È帥´Ù¸é, È帧¿¡´Â ¹æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ »çȸ°¡ »ì¾Æ°£´Ù¸é, ÀÌ »çȸÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁßÀÌ ¸¹µç Àûµç ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ¹æÇâÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.
And therefore religious consciousness has always existed and exists now in every society. And the feelings conveyed by art have always been evaluated in correspondence with this religious consciousness. Only on the basis of this religious consciousness of its time has it ever been possible to single out from the whole boundlessly diverse sphere of art the art which conveyed those feelings which realized in life the religious consciousness of the given time. Such art has always been highly appreciated and encouraged; but art that conveyed feelings coming from the religious consciousness of a previous time — backward, outlived art — has always been condemned and despised. The rest of art, conveying the great variety of feelings by means of which people communicate among themselves, was not condemned but was allowed, as long as it did not convey any feelings contrary to religious consciousness. Thus, for instance, among the Greeks, art conveying the feelings of beauty, strength and manliness (Hesiod, Homer, Phidias) was singled out, approved and encouraged, while art that conveyed feelings of coarse sensuality, dejection and effeminacy was condemned and despised. The Jews singled out and encouraged art that conveyed the feelings of devotion and obedience to the God of the Jews and his covenants (some parts of the Book of Genesis, the Prophets, the Psalms), and condemned and despised art that conveyed feelings of idolatry (the golden calf); while the rest of art — stories, songs, dances, decoration of houses, utensils, clothing — which was not contrary to religious consciousness was neither noticed nor discussed. This is how the content of art has been evaluated always and everywhere, and this is how it ought to be evaluated, because such an attitude towards art comes from the properties of human nature, and these properties do not change. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº ¸ðµç »çȸ¿¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¸ÀçÇØ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç Áö±Ýµµ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÈ ´À³¦µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÌ Á¾±³Àû Àǽİú ÀÏÄ¡Çϵµ·Ï Æò°¡µÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ¿À·ÎÁö ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀÌ °°Àº Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ ±âÃÊÇØ¼­ ÀüüÀûÀ¸·Î ³¡¾øÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÁÖ¾îÁø ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ» »î¿¡ ½ÇÇöÇÑ ±×·± ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀ» °£Ãß·Á ³»´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇØÁö°Ô µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡µÇ¾ú°í ÁøÈïµÇ¾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ëÀÇ — ÈÄÁøÀûÀÌ¸ç ½Ã´ë¿¡ µÚ¶³¾îÁø ¿¹¼úÀÇ — Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª ºñ³­ ¹Þ°í °æ¸êµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ³ª¸ÓÁö ¿¹¼úÀº, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼­·Î Åë½ÅÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î¼­ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´Þ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ ¹ÝÇÏ´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÇÑ ºñ³­ ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çã¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ±×¸®½ºÀε鿡°Ô´Â, ¹Ì, Èû, ¹× ¿ë¸Í (Çì½Ã¿Àµå, È£¸ç, ÇÇµð¾Æ½º)ÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¼±º°µÇ¾î ÀÎÁ¤À» ¹Þ°í ÁøÈïµÈ ¹Ý¸é, õ¹ÚÇÑ °ü´É, ¿ì¿ï, ³ª¾àÇÔÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ºñ³­ ¹Þ°í °æ½ÃµÇ¾ú´Ù. À¯´ëÀεéÀº À¯´ëÀεéÀÇ Çϳª´Ô ¹× ±×ÀÇ °è¾à (â¼¼±âÀÇ ÀϺÎ, ¼±ÁöÀÚ, ½ÃÆí)¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çå½Å ¹× º¹Á¾ÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀ» ¼±º°ÇÏ¿© Àå·ÁÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¿ì»ó (±Ý¼Û¾ÆÁö)ÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀ» ºñ³­ÇÏ°í °æ¸êÇÏ¿´´Ù; ÇÑÆí ³ª¸ÓÁö ¿¹¼ú — À̾߱â, °¡¿ä, Ãã, ÁÖÅÃÀÇ Àå½Ä,µµ±¸µé, ÀÇ»ó — Àº Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì ´«¿¡ ¶çÁöµµ ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³íÀǵÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀÌ Á¡ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×¸®°í ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­³ª Æò°¡µÇ¾î ¿Â ¹æ¹ýÀ̸ç, ÀÌ Á¡ÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô Æò°¡µÇ¾î¾ß Çϴ°¡ ÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×·¯ÇÑ °æÇâÀº Àΰ£ º»¼ºÀÇ Æ¯¼ºµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À¸ç ÀÌ·± Ư¼ºµéÀº º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
I know that according to an opinion widely spread in our time religion is a superstition which mankind has outlived, and it is therefore supposed that in our time there exists no religious consciousness common to all people according to which art could be evaluated. I know that this is the opinion spread among the supposedly educated circles of our time. People who do not recognize Christianity in its true sense, who therefore invent various sorts of philosophical and aesthetic theories for themselves which conceal from them the meaninglessness and depravity of their lives, cannot think otherwise. These people intentionally, and sometimes unintentionally, confuse the concept of religious cult with the concept of religious consciousness, and think that by rejecting cult they are thereby rejecting religious consciousness. But all these attacks on religion and the attempts to establish a world outlook opposite to the religious consciousness of our time are the most obvious proof of the presence of this religious consciousness, which exposes the life of people not in accord with it. ³ª´Â, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Â Àǰ߿¡ µû¸£¸é, Á¾±³´Â Àΰ£¿¡°Ô ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â ¹Ì½ÅÀ̸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿¹¼úÀÌ Æò°¡µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °øÅëÀû Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í °£ÁÖµÊÀ» ¾È´Ù. ³ª´Â À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¼ÒÀ§ ±³À°¹ÞÀº ºÎ·ùµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÆÛÁ®ÀÖ´Â ÀǰßÀÓÀ» ¾È´Ù. ÂüµÈ ÀǹÌÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸¦ ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹«ÀǹÌÇÔ ¹× Ÿ¶ôÀ» °¡·ÁÁÖ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ ¹× ¹ÌÇÐ À̷еéÀ» ÀڽŵéÀ» À§ÇØ °í¾ÈÇØ ³»¸ç, Á¤ ¹Ý´ë·Î´Â »ý°¢ÇØ ³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ¶§·Î´Â ÀǵµÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô, Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)ÀÇ °³³äÀ» Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄ(ëòãÛ)ÀÇ °³³ä°ú È¥µ¿Çϸç, ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)À» °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄ(ëòãÛ)À» °ÅºÎÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ø°Ýµé ¹× ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ¼¼°è°üÀ» È®¸³ÇÏ·Á´Â ½ÃµµµéÀº ÀÌ °°Àº Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÇ ½ÇÀ縦 °¡Àå ¸íÈ®È÷ Áõ°ÅÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ» µû¸£Áö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» ³ëÃâ½ÃŲ´Ù.
If there does occur a progress — that is, a movement forward — in mankind, then there must inevitably exist an indicator of the direction of this progress. This indicator has always been religion. All of history shows that the progress of mankind cannot be accomplished otherwise than with the guidance of religion. And if the progress of mankind cannot be accomplished without the guidance of religion — and progress is always being accomplished, which means it is also being accomplished in our time — then there must be religion in our time. And so, whether the so-called educated people of our time like it or not, they must recognize the existence of religion — not the religion of cult, Roman Catholic, Protestant, etc., but religious consciousness — as the necessary guide of progress in our time as well. And if there exists a religious consciousness among us, then our art must be evaluated on the basis of this religious consciousness; and in exactly the same way as always and every¡©where, the art which conveys feelings coming from the religious consciousness of our time should be singled out from all indifferent art, should be recognized, highly appreciated and encouraged, while art that is contrary to this consciousness should be condemned and despised, and the remaining indifferent art should neither be singled out nor encouraged. ¸¸ÀÏ Àηù ¾È¿¡ Áøº¸ — Áï, ¾ÕÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ — °¡ ÀÏ¾î ³­´Ù¸é, ±×·¸´Ù¸é ÇÊ¿¬ÄÚ ÀÌ·± Áøº¸ÀÇ ¹æÇâ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöħÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ÁöħÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª Á¾±³¿´´Ù. ¿ª»çÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ÀηùÀÇ Áøº¸°¡ Á¾±³ÀÇ Àεµ°¡ ¾ø´Ù¸é ¼ºÃëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ÀηùÀÇ Áøº¸°¡ Á¾±³ÀÇ Àεµ·Î ¼ºÃëµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é  — ±×¸®°í Áøº¸´Â ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¼ºÃëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¼ºÃëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ Á¾±³´Â Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¼ÒÀ§ ±³À°¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏµç ¸»µç, ±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Áøº¸ÀÇ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÁöħÀ¸·Î¼­ Á¾±³ — ÀǽÄ(ëðãÒ)ÀÇ Á¾±³, ·Î¸¶ Ä«Å縯, °³½Å±³, µîÀÇ Á¾±³°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĠ — ÀÇ Á¸À縦 ÀÎÁ¤Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®µé ¾È¿¡ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ» Åä´ë·Î Æò°¡µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¾ðÁ¦ ¾îµð¿¡¼­³ª Á¤È®È÷ °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ¸ðµç »ç¼ÒÇÑ ¿¹¼ú·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼±º°µÇ¾î, ³ôÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ°í, Àå·ÁµÇ¾î¾ß Çϸç, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·± ÀǽĿ¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ºñ³­ ¹Þ°í °æ½ÃµÇ¾î¾ß Çϰí, ¿©Å¸ÀÇ »ç¼ÒÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀº ¼±º°µÇ¾î¼­µµ Àå·ÁµÇ¾î¼­µµ ¾È µÈ´Ù.
The religious consciousness of our time, in its most general practical application, is the consciousness of the fact that our good, material and spiritual, individual and general, temporal and eternal, consists in the brotherly life of all people, in our union of love with each other. This consciousness was expressed not only by Christ and all the best people of the past; it is not only repeated in the most diverse forms and from the most diverse sides by the best people of our time; but it already serves as a guiding thread for the whole complex labour of mankind, which consists, on the one hand, in destroying the physical and moral obstacles that hinder the union of people, and, on the other hand, in establishing those principles, common to all, which can and must unite people into one universal brotherhood. It is on the basis of this consciousness that we must evaluate all the phenomena of our life, including our art, singling out from its whole sphere that which conveys feelings coming from this religious consciousness, highly appreciating and encouraging this art, while rejecting that which is contrary to this consciousness, and not ascribing to the rest of art a significance that is not proper to it. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº, °¡Àå ÀϹÝÀû ½Ç¿ëÀû Àû¿ë¿¡¼­, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼±ÀÌ, ¹°ÁúÀû ¹× Á¤½ÅÀû, °³ÀÎÀû ¹× ÀϹÝÀû, ÀϽÃÀû ¹× ¿µ¿ø¼ºÃø¸é¿¡¼­, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀûÀÎ »î, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼­·Î »ç¶ûÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ¿¬ÇÕÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀǽÄÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÀǽÄÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ ¹× °ú°ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç °¡Àå ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¸¸ ¼±¾ðµÇ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °¡Àå ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °¡Àå ´Ù¾çÇÑ Çü½Ä ¾È¿¡ ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ãø¸éµé ¾È¿¡¼­¸¸ ¹Ýº¹µÈ °Íµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Àηù ÀüüÀÇ º¹ÀâÇÑ ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇâÇÑ ÁöħÀÌ µÇ´Â ¸Æ¶ôÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÛ¿ëÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ¸ðµç À̵鿡°Ô °øÅëÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ÀúÇØÇÏ´Â À°Ã¼Àû ¹× µµ´öÀû Àå¾Ö¹°µéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ÇϳªÀÇ º¸ÆíÀû ÇüÁ¦¾Ö·Î °áÇյǾî Áú ¼ö ÀÖ°í ±×¸® µÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â ±×·± ¿ø¸®µéÀ» È®¸³ÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Åä´ë À§¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç Çö»óµéÀ» Æò°¡ÇÏ¿©¾ß¸¸ Çϰí, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ¿©, ±× Àüü ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·± Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡¼­ ¿ì·¯³ª¿À´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ñ¶ó³»°í, ÀÌ·± ¿¹¼úÀ» ³ôÀÌ ÀνÄÇϰí Àå·ÁÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí, ÀÌ·± ÀǽĿ¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇϸç, ³ª¸ÓÁö ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©¼­´Â ±×¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº Àǹ̵éÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÏÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
The chief mistake made by upper-class people in the time of the so-called Renaissance — a mistake which we still perpetuate — consisted, not in ceasing to appreciate and ascribe significance to religious art (people of that time could not ascribe any significance to it because, just like the upper-class people of our time, they could not believe in what the majority regarded as religion), but in putting in place of this absent religious art a worthless art that had pleasure as its only aim — that is, they began to single out, appreciate and encourage as religious an art that in no way deserved such appreciation and encouragement. ¼ÒÀ§ ¸£³×»ó½º ½Ã´ë¿¡ »ó·ù °è±Þ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¹üÇÑ ÁÖµÈ ¿À·ù — ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¿ì¸®°¡ °è¼ÓÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¿À·ù — ´Â Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϰí Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϱ⸦ Áß´ÜÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó (±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î¶² Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ó·ù °è±Þµé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ±×µéÀº ´ëÁßÀÌ Á¾±³·Î ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù), ¿À·ÎÁö Äè¶ôÀ» À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »ï´Â ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â ¿¹¼úÀ» ÀÌ·± °øÇãÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼ú·Î ´ë½ÅÇÔ¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù — Áï, ±×µéÀº °áÄÚ Æò°¡³ª Àå·Á¸¦ ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±×·± °ÍÀ» °ñ¶ó³»¾î, Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼ú·Î Æò°¡Çϰí, Àå·ÁÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
One of the Fathers of the Church said that people¡¯s main trouble is not that they do not know God, but that they have put in place of God that which is not God. It is the same with art. The main trouble of the upper-class people of our time is not that they have no religious art, but that in place of lofty religious art, singled out from everything else as especially important and valuable, they have singled out the most worthless and generally the most harmful art, which aims at giving pleasure to some and which by that exclusiveness alone is already contrary to the Christian principle of universal union which constitutes the religious consciousness of our time. In place of religious art, an empty and often depraved art has been set up, and this conceals from people the need for that true religious art which should be present in life, in order for it to be improved. ±³ºÎ(ÎçÝ«)µé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ¸»Çϱ⸦, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¹®Á¦´Â ±×µéÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀ» ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀ» Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾î ¹ö·È´Ù´Â Á¡À̶ó°í Çß´Ù. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë »ó·ù °è±Þ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¹®Á¦´Â ±×µéÀÌ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼þ°íÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼ú ´ë½Å¿¡, ±× ¿Ü¿¡ Ưº°È÷ Áß¿äÇϰųª °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í¿¡¼­ °ñ¶ó ³½ ´ÙÀ½, ±×µéÀº °¡Àå °¡Ä¡ ¾ø°í ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Àå ÇØ·Î¿î ¿¹¼úÀ» °ñ¶ó ³»¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Äè¶ôÀ» ÁÖ·Á´Â ÀǵµÇÏ¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹èŸ¼º¸¸À¸·Î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â º¸ÆíÀû ¿¬ÇÕ¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀ» ´ëüÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, °øÇãÇϰí ÈçÈ÷ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î Á®¼­´Â, À̰ÍÀÌ »î¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇØ¾ß Çϸç, »îÀÌ °³¼±µÇµµ·Ï ÇÏ·Á´Â ±×·± ÂüµÈ Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀÇ Çʿ伺À» »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¼û±ä´Ù.
It is true that art which satisfies the demands of the religious consciousness of our time is totally unlike former art, but despite this dissimilarity, for a man who does not deliberately conceal the truth from himself, it is quite clear and definite what constitutes the religious art of our time. In former times, when the loftiest religious consciousness united only one part of human society among others, even though a very large part — Jews, Athenians, Roman citizens — the feelings conveyed by the art of those times came from a desire for the power, grandeur, glory and prosperity of those societies, and the heroes of art could be people who contributed to that prosperity by their strength, perfidy, cunning, cruelty (Odysseus, Jacob, David, Samson, Hercules, and all mighty men). The religious consciousness of our time does not single out any ¡®one¡¯ society of people, but, on the contrary, demands the union of all, absolutely all people, without exception, and places brotherly love for all people above all other virtues, and therefore the feelings conveyed by the art of our time not only cannot coincide with the feelings conveyed by former art, but must be opposed to them. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ´Â ¿¹¼úÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀüÀÇ ¿¹¼ú°ú´Â ´Ù¸£´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ °°Àº »óÀÌÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ÀǵµÀûÀ¸·Î ½º½º·Î¿¡°Ô Áø¸®¸¦ ¼û±âÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö´Â ¸Å¿ì ¸í¹éÇϰí È®½ÇÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ë´Â, Áï, ¼þ°íÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÌ ¿©Å¸ÀÇ »çȸµé Áß¿¡¼­ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀϺÎÀÇ Àΰ£ »çȸ¸¸À» ¿¬ÇÕÇÒ ¶§´Â, ºñ·Ï ¸Å¿ì Å« ÀϺΠ— À¯´ëÀÎ, ¾ÆÅ׳×ÀÎ, ·Î¸¶ ½Ã¹Î — ÀÏÁö¶óµµ, ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ´À³¦µéÀº ±× »çȸµéÀÇ ±Ç·Â, À§¾ö, ¿µ¿¹ ¹× ¹ø¿µ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¥¸Á¿¡¼­ ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÁÖÀΰøµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Èû, ¹è½Å, Ã¥·«, ÀÜÀμºÀ¸·Î¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹ø¿µ¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé(¿Àµð¼¼¿ì½º, ¾ß°ö, ´ÙÀ­, »ï¼Õ, Çì¶óŬ·¹½º, ¹× ¸ðµç ´É·ÂÀÚµé)ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾î¶² "ƯÁ¤ÇÑ" »çȸ¸¦ °¡¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ý´ë·Î, ¸ðµç, ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ, ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϸç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ´À³¦µéÀº ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ´À³¦µé°ú´Â ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ±×°Íµé°ú ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù.
Christian, truly Christian, art could not establish itself and has not yet established itself precisely because Christian religious consciousness was not one of those small steps with which mankind regularly proceeds, but was an enormous revolution which, if it has not yet changed, is bound inevitably to change mankind¡¯s whole understanding of life and the whole internal arrangement of that life. True, the life of mankind, like the life of an individual man, proceeds regu¡©larly, but amidst this regular movement there occur turning points, as it were, which sharply divide the life before from the life after. Christianity was such a turning point for mankind, or so at least it should seem to us, who live by Christian consciousness. Christian consciousness gave a different, new direction to all human feelings, and therefore completely changed both the content and the significance of art. The Greeks could make use of Persian art, and the Romans of Greek art, as the Jews did of Egyptian art — the basic ideals were the same. The ideal was now the grandeur and prosperity of the Persians, now the grandeur and prosperity of the Greeks or Romans. One and the same art was transferred to different conditions and suited to a new nation. But the Christian ideal changed and turned over everything in such a way that, as the Gospel says, ¡®what was great among men is abomination in the sight of God¡¯. [102] The ideal became not the grandeur of a pharaoh or a Roman emperor, not the beauty of a Greek or the wealth of Phoenicia, but humility, chastity, compassion, love. The hero was no longer the rich man, but the beggar Lazarus; Mary of Egypt, not in the time of her beauty, but of her repentance; [103] not the acquirers of wealth, but those who gave it away; not those who lived in palaces, but those who lived in catacombs and hovels; not people ruling over others, but people who recognize no other power than God¡¯s. And the highest work of art was no temple of victory with statues of the victors, but the image of a human soul so transformed by love that a tortured and murdered man could pity and love his tormentors. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº È®¸³µÉ ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¾ÆÁ÷µµ È®¸³µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â Á¤È®È÷ ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº Àηù°¡ ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ³ª¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Â Á¶±×¸¸ ¹ß°ÉÀ½µé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °Å´ëÇÑ Çõ¸íÀ¸·Î¼­, ¾ÆÁ÷ º¯¸ðÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÀηùÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüüÀû ±ú´ÞÀ½ ¹× ±×·± »îÀÇ ÀüüÀû ³»Àû Á¤µ·À» ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾î ³ª°¡µµ·Ï µÇ¾î Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »ç½Ç, ÀηùÀÇ »îÀº, °³ÀÎÀÇ »îó·³, ÀÏÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ÀüÁøÇÑ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀÎ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀüȯÁ¡µéÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϸç, ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ÀÌÀüÀÇ »î°ú ÀÌÈÄÀÇ »îÀ» ¿¹¸®ÇÏ°Ô °¥¶ó ³õ´Â´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â Àηù¿¡°Ô À־ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀüȯÁ¡À̰ųª, ȤÀº, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î »ç´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Àû¾îµµ ±×·¯ÇÑ °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀº ¸ðµç Àΰ£ÀÇ ´À³¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ »óÀÌÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ¹æÇâÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´°í, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ë°ú Àǹ̸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ º¯¸ð½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀεéÀº Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ», ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀº ±×¸®½º ¿¹¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú°í, ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î À¯´ëÀεéÀº ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ ¿¹¼ú — ±âº» ÀÌt»óµéÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÏ¿´´Ù — À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¶§¶§·Î ÀÌ»óÀº Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀεéÀÇ Àå¾öÇÔ ¹× ¹ø¿µÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ¶§¶§·Î ±×¸®½ºÀεé ȤÀº ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀÇ Àå¾öÇÔ ¹× ¹ø¿µÀ̾ú´Ù. ÇϳªÀÌÀÚ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÌ »óÀÌÇÑ »óȲµé¿¡ ÀüÆÄµÇ¾î »õ·Î¿î ³ª¶ó¿¡ ÀûÀÀµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀº, º¹À½¼­¿¡¼­ '»ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ À§´ëÇÑ °ÍÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÌ º¸±â¿¡ Çø¿ÀÀ̴϶ó'¶ó°í ¸»Çϵí, ¸ðµç ¸é¿¡¼­ ¹Ù²î°í ÀüµµµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ»óÀº ÆÄ¶ó¿À ȤÀº ·Î¸¶ ȲÁ¦ÀÇ Àå¾öÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ±×¸®½ºÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò ȤÀº Æä´ÏÄ¡¾ÆÀÇ ºÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °â¼Õ, ¼ø°á, ¿¬¹Î, »ç¶ûÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÁÖÀΰøÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ºÎÀÚ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °ÅÁö ³ª»ç·Î¿´À¸¸ç; ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ ¸¶¸®¾Æ´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ½ÃÀýÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ȸ°³ÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç; ºÎ¸¦ ÃàÀûÇÏÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×°ÍÀ» ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç; ±Ã±È¿¡ »ç´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÁöÇÏ ¹¦Áöµé ¹× ¿ÀµÎ¸·Áý¿¡ »ç´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̸ç; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÅëÄ¡ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ±Ç¼¼ ¿Ü¿¡ ¾î¶² °Íµµ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀº ½Â¸®ÀÚÀÇ Çü»óµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ½Â¸®ÀÇ »ç¿øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Àΰ£ÀÇ ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ À̹ÌÁö·Î¼­ ³Ê¹«³ªµµ »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î º¯¸ðµÇ¾î °í¹® ¹Þ°í »ìÇØ ´çÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ ±×¿¡°Ô °íÅë ÁØ »ç¶÷À» ¿¬¹ÎÇÏ°í »ç¶ûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
And therefore people of the Christian world have difficulty resisting the inertia of pagan art, with which they have grown up all their lives. The content of Christian religious art is so new for them, is so unlike the content of former art, that it seems to them that Christian art is a denial of art, and they cling desperately to the old art. And yet in our time this old art, no longer having its source in religious consciousness, has lost all meaning, and we must renounce it, whether we will or no. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¼¼»óÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ Àü »ý¾Ö¸¦ Åë;ÇØ ÇÔ²² ¼ºÀåÇØ¿Â À̱³µµ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¹«±â·ÂÇÔÀ» °ÅºÎÇϱⰡ ¾î·Æ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª »õ·Ó°í, ÀÌÀü ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ë°ú´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ´Þ¶ó¼­, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¿¹¼úÀº ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¸¶Ä¡ ¿¹¼úÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, ±×·¡¼­ ±×µéÀº ¿¾³¯ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÇÊ»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¸Å´Þ¸°´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë ¾È¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ¿¾³¯ ¿¹¼úÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄ(ëòãÛ)¿¡ ±× ±Ù¿øÀ» µÎÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç Àǹ̸¦ ÀÒ¾î ¹ö·ÈÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¿øÇÏµç ¾Æ´ÏÇÏµç ±×°ÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.
The essence of Christian consciousness consists in each man¡¯s recognition of his sonship to God, and their consequent union with God and with each other, as it is said in the Gospel, [104] and therefore the content of Christian art is such feelings as contribute to the union of men with God and with each other. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ÀǽÄÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀº, º¹À½¼­¿¡ ±â·ÏµÈ ¹Ù, °¢ÀÚ »ç¶÷ÀÌ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¾Æµé µÊ°ú, ±×¿¡ µû¶ó Çϳª´Ô ¹× »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¼­·ÎÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕÇÔÀÇ ÀνĿ¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Çϳª´Ô°ú ¹× ¼­·Î¿Í ¿¬ÇÕÇÔ¿¡ ±â¿©ÇÏ´Â ´À³¦µéÀÌ´Ù.
The expression, the union of men with God and with each other, may appear vague to people accustomed to hearing these words so often abused, and yet the words have a very clear meaning. These words mean that the Christian union of people, contrary to the partial, exclusive union of some people, is one that unites all people without exception. "»ç¶÷µéÀÌ Çϳª´Ô°ú ±×¸®°í ¼­·Î¿Í ¿¬ÇÕÇÔ"À̶õ Ç¥ÇöÀº ÀÌ ¸»µéÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ÀÚÁÖ ¿À¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» µéÀ½¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇØÁø »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°Ô º¸À̰ÚÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ¸»Àº ¸Å¿ì ¸í·áÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸»µéÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àû ¿¬ÇÕÀº, ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹èŸÀû ¿¬ÇÕÀÎ ºÎºÐÀûÀÎ °Í°ú´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ¿¬ÇÕÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù.
Art, all art, has in itself the property of uniting people. All art causes those who perceive the feeling conveyed by the artist to unite in soul, first with the artist, and secondly with all who have received the same impression. But non-Christian art, by uniting certain people with each other, thereby separates them from other people, so that this partial union often serves as a source not only of disunity but of hostility towards other people. Such is all patriotic art, with its hymns, poems, monuments; such is all Church art — that is, the art of particular cults, with its icons, statues, processions, services, churches; such is military art; such is all refined art, essentially depraved, accessible only to people who oppress others, people of the idle, wealthy classes. Such art is backward, non-Christian, uniting some people only in order to separate them still more sharply from other people and even to place them in an attitude of hostility towards other people. Christian art is that alone which unites all people without exception — either by calling up in them the awareness that they are all in the same position with regard to God and their neighbors, or by calling up in them one and the same feeling, even the most simple, but not contrary to Christianity and proper to all people without exception. ¿¹¼úÀº, ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀº, ±× ÀÚü·Î »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â ¼Ó¼ºÀ» Áö´Ñ´Ù. ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀº ¿¹¼ú°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ´À³¦À» ÀνÄÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î, ¿ì¼± ¿¹¼ú°¡¿Í, ±×¸®°í µÑ°·Î µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀλóÀ» ¹ÞÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿µÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬ÇÕµÇ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºñ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀº, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¼­·Î ¿¬ÇÕÇϰí, ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×µéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ºÐ¸®Çϸç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÀÌ ÆíÆÄÀû ¿¬ÇÕÀº ºÐ¸® »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àû´ë°¨ÀÇ ¿øÃµÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ¾Ö±¹Àû Âù¾çµé, ½Ãµé, ±â³äºñµéÀ» ´ãÀº ¸ðµç ¾Ö±¹Àû ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù; ±³È¸ ¿¹¼ú — Áï, ¼º»óµé, Á¶»ó(ðÁßÀ)µé, Çà·Äµé, ¿¹¹èµé, ±³È¸µéÀ» ´ãÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¼þ¹èµé¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¹¼ú — ÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù; ±º´ë ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±×·¯Çϸç; ¸ðµç ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¿¹¼ú, ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î Ÿ¶ôÇÏ¿© ¿À·ÎÁö ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾ï¾ÐÇÏ´Â ÀÚµé, ³ªÅÂÇÑ ÀÚµé, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±Þµé¿¡°Ô¸¸ ¿­·Á ÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀº ÈÄÁøÀûÀ̸ç, ºñ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀ̸ç, ÀϺÎÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ´õ¿í öÀúÈ÷ ºÐ¸®ÇÏ°í ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àû´ëÀû °æÇâÀ» ¶ìµµ·Ï ÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀº ´ÜÁö ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ — ±×µé ¸ðµÎ°¡ Çϳª´Ô°ú ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿© µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀÔÀå¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀÚ°¢À» ±×µé ¾È¿¡ ºÒ·¯ ³»°Å³ª, ȤÀº ±×µé ¾È¿¡ ÇϳªÀÌÀÚ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ´À³¦, ½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ºÒ·¯ ¿ÈÀ¸·Î½á — ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Good Christian art of our time may fail to be understood by people owing to formal flaws or to people¡¯s lack of attention, but it must be such that everyone can experience the feelings that are being conveyed to them. It must be art not of some one circle of people, not of some one rank, one nationality, one religious cult — that is, it must not convey feelings accessible only to a person brought up in a certain way, only to a nobleman, a merchant, or only to a Russian or a Japanese, or a Catholic, a Buddhist, etc., but feelings accessible to any man. Only such art can be considered good art in our time, can be singled out from the rest of art and encouraged. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¿¹¼úÀº Çü½Ä»ó °áÇÔµé ȤÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °ü½É ºÎÁ·À¸·Î »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±ú´ÞÀ½¿¡ ¸ø ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀº ´©±¸³ª ±×µé¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ´ë·ÎÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» °æÇèÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±×·± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¾î¶² ÇÑ ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ, ¾î¶² ÇÑ °è±Þ, ÇÑ ±¹Àû, ÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ¼þ¹èÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ̾´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù — ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ±æ·¯Áø ¾î¶² »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô¸¸, ±ÍÁ·, »óÀο¡°Ô¸¸, ȤÀº ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀΠȤÀº ÀϺ»ÀΠȤÀº õÁÖ±³ÀÎ, ºÒ±³ÀÎ, µî¿¡°Ô¸¸ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ¿©¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú¸¸ÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ³ª¸ÓÁö ¿¹¼úµé¿¡¼­ ¼±º°µÇ¾î Àå·ÁµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Christian art, meaning the art of our time, must be catholic in the direct sense of the word — that is, universal — and must therefore unite all people. And there are only two kinds of feelings that unite all people: feelings that come from the consciousness of sonship to God and the brotherhood of men, and feelings of the simplest, most everyday sort, accessible to all people without exception, such as the feelings of merriment, tenderness, cheerfulness, peacefulness, and so on. Only these two kinds of feelings constitute in our time the subject matter of art that is good in content. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÇ Àǹ̷μ­, ¹Ýµå½Ã Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡¼­ ¸¸Àο¡ À̸£´Â(catholic) — Áï, º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ(universal) — °ÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â ´À³¦µé¿¡´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ µÎ °¡Áö Á¾·ù°¡ ÀÖ´Ù: Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚ³à µÊ ¹× »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ´À³¦µé, ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í °¡Àå ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ Á¾·ùÀÇ ´À³¦µé·Î¼­, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ¿­·Á ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, Áñ°Å¿ò, ºÎµå·¯¿ò, ¸í¶ûÇÔ, ÆòÈ­·Î¿ò, µîÀÇ ´À³¦µé °°Àº °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌµé µÎ °¡Áö ´À³¦µéÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­ ³»¿ë¿¡ À־ ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
The effect produced by these two apparently so dissimilar kinds of art is one and the same. The feelings that come from the consciousness of sonship to God and the brotherhood of men, such as feelings of firmness in the truth, trust in the will of God, self-denial, respect and love for man — feelings that come from Christian religious consciousness; and the simplest feelings — of being moved or made joyful by a song or an amusing joke understandable to all, or by a moving story, or a drawing, or a doll — produce one and the same effect: the loving union of people. It sometimes happens that people, while together, are, if not hostile, at least alien to each other in their moods and feelings, and suddenly a story, a performance, a painting, even a building or, most frequently, music, will unite them all with an electric spark, and instead of their former separateness, often even hostility, they all feel unity and mutual love. Each rejoices that another feels the same thing he does, rejoices at the communion that has been established not only between him and all those present, but also with all people now living who will receive the same impression; moreover, one feels the mysterious joy of a communion beyond the grave with all those in the past who experienced the same feeling, and chose who will experience it in the future. This effect is produced equally by art that conveys the feelings of the love of God and one¡¯s neighbor and by everyday art that conveys the simplest feelings common to all people. ÀÌµé µÎ °¡Áö ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô Áö±ØÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ¿¹¼úÀÇ Á¾·ùµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾î Áö´Â È¿°ú´Â ÇϳªÀÌÀÚ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ÀÚ³à µÊ ¹× »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Â ´À³¦µé, ¿¹·Î µé¸é Áø¸® ¾È¿¡¼­ È®°íÇÑ ´À³¦µé, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¶æ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å·Ú, Àڱ⠺ÎÁ¤, »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¸°æ ¹× »ç¶û — ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀνÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ´À³¦µé; ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ ´À³¦µé — ¾î¶² ³ë·¡ ȤÀº ¸ðµç ÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØµÇ´Â Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ³ó´ã¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ȤÀº °¨µ¿ÀûÀÎ À̾߱â, ȤÀº ±×¸², ȤÀº ÀÎÇü¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °¨µ¿¹Þ°Å³ª Áñ°Å¿öÁö´Â ´À³¦µé — Àº ÇϳªÀÌ¸ç µ¿ÀÏÇÑ È¿°ú¸¦ ³º´Â´Ù: »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ¿¬ÇÕÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ÇÔ²² ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­, Àû´ëÀûÀº ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ, Àû¾îµµ ±×µéÀÇ ±âºÐ ȤÀº ´À³¦¿¡¼­ ¼­·Î ÀÌÁúÀûÀÎ ÀÏÀÌ Á¾Á¾ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×¸®°í °©Àڱ⠾ À̾߱â, ¿¬ÁÖ, ±×¸², ½ÉÁö¾î ¾î¶² °ÇÃ๰ ȤÀº, °¡Àå ÈçÇÏÁö¸¸, À½¾ÇÀÌ ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¸¦ Àü±âÀû ºÒ²É°ú ÇÔ²² ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¸¦ ¿¬ÇÕÇϸç, ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ±«¸®°¨, °¡²û ½ÉÁö¾î Àû´ë°¨ ´ë½Å¿¡, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ÀÏü°¨ ¹× ¼­·ÎÀÇ »ç¶ûÀ» ´À³¤´Ù. °¢ÀÚ´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×¿Í µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ´À³¤´Ù´Â °Í¿¡ Áñ°Å¿öÇϸç, ±×¿Í Âü¿©ÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ ¼¼¿öÁ³À» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀλóÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÉ Áö±Ý »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°úÀÇ ±³Á¦µµ Áñ°Å¿öÇϸç; °Ô´Ù°¡, °ú°Å¿¡ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ´À³¦À» °æÇèÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» °æÇèÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö °áÁ¤ÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé°ú ¹«´ýÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ ±³Á¦ÀÇ ½ÅºñÇÑ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ´À³¤´Ù. ÀÌ·± È¿°ú´Â Çϳª´Ô°ú ÀÌ¿ôÀÇ »ç¶û¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¿Í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °øÅëÀÎ °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ÀÏ»óÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ °øÈ÷ ¸¸µé¾î Áø´Ù.
The difference between evaluating the art of our time and that of former times consists above all in this, that the art of our time — that is, Christian art — being based on a religious consciousness that calls for the union of people, excludes from the sphere of art which is good in content all that conveys exclusive feelings which do not unite people but which separate them, and regards such art as bad in content, while, on the other hand, it includes in the category of art that is good in content an area of art which hitherto was not regarded as worthy of being singled out and respected — universal art, conveying feelings which are most simple and insignificant, yet accessible to all people without exception, and which therefore unite them. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼ú°ú °ú°Å ½Ã´ëµéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ» Æò°¡ÇÔ¿¡ À־ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ÀÌ Á¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù, Áï, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú — Àº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÏ´Â Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄ(ëòãÛ)¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ³»¿ëÀÌ ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ºÐ¸®½ÃŰ´Â ¹èŸÀû ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¹èÁ¦½Ã۸ç, ±×·± ¿¹¼úÀ» ³»¿ë»ó ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ¹Ý¸é, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ³»¿ë»ó ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ¾È¿¡ ¿©Å±îÁö ¼±º°µÇ°í Á¸ÁßµÉ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁöÁö ¾Ê´ø ¿¹¼úÀÇ — º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú·Î¼­, À̰ÍÀº °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇϸç ÇÏÂúÀº ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ¿­·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇϴ  — ¿µ¿ªÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.
Such art cannot fail to be recognized as good in our time, because it achieves the very aim that Christian religious consciousness sets before mankind in our time. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀº ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡¼­ ¼±ÇÏ´Ù°í ÀνĵÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Àηù ¾Õ¿¡ Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±× ¸ñÀûÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
Christian art either calls up in people those feelings which, through love of God and one¡¯s neighbor, draw them towards greater and greater union, which make them ready for and capable of this union, or else it calls up in them feelings which show that they are already united in the oneness of life¡¯s joys and sorrows. And therefore Christian art in our time can be and is of two kinds: (1) religious art, which conveys feelings coming from a religious consciousness of man¡¯s position in the world with regard to God and his neighbor; and (2) universal art, which conveys the simplest everyday feelings of life, such as are accessible to everyone in the world. Only these two kinds of art can be considered good art in our time. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼úÀº »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡, Çϳª´Ô°ú ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ» ÅëÇØ, ´õ¿í ´õ Å« ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ÇâÇØ À̲ô´Â, ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ÀÌ·± ¿¬ÇÕÀ» ´ëºñÇÏ°í °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â ±×·± ´À³¦µéÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°°Å³ª, ȤÀº ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ±×µé ¾È¿¡ »îÀÇ ±â»Ýµé ¹× ½½ÇÄµé ¿¡ ´ëÇØ Çϳª·Î¼­ ¿¬ÇյǾî ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼úÀº µÎ °¡Áö Á¾·ùÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×·¸´Ù: (1) Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú, À̰ÍÀº Çϳª´Ô ¹× ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ °üÇØ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ±×ÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ» ÅëÇØ ³ª¿À´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇϸç; (2) º¸ÆíÀû ¿¹¼ú, À̰ÍÀº »îÀÇ °¡Àå ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇϸç, ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¿­·Á ÀÖ´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌµé µÎ °¡Áö Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿¹¼ú ¸¸ÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
The first kind, religious art, conveying positive feelings (the love of God and one¡¯s neighbor) as well as negative ones (indignation, horror at the violation of this love), manifests itself mainly in verbal form and partly in painting and sculpture; the second kind, universal art, conveying feelings accessible to everyone, manifests itself in words, painting, sculpture, dance, architecture, and mainly in music. ù ¹øÂ° Á¾·ù·Î, Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀº, ±àÁ¤Àû ´À³¦µé (Çϳª´Ô ¹× ±×ÀÇ ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ °üÇÑ »ç¶û) »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °Íµé (ÀÌ·± »ç¶ûÀÇ Ä§ÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ë, °øÆ÷)¸¦ Àü´ÞÇϸç, ÁÖ·Î ¾ð¾î Çü½Ä ¹× ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸²À̳ª Á¶°¢ ¾È¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù; µÎ ¹øÂ° Á¾·ù·Î, º¸ÆíÀû ¿¹¼úÀº, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿­·Á ÀÖ´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇϸç, ¾ð¾î, ±×¸², Á¶°¢, ¹«¿ë, °ÇÃà ¾È¿¡, ±×¸®°í ÁÖ·Î À½¾Ç ¾È¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù.
If I were asked to point to examples of each of these kinds of art in modern art, then, as examples of the highest religious art coming from the love of God and one¡¯s neighbour, I would point in literature to Schiller¡¯s Robbers; and among more recent works, to Les pauvres gens of Victor Hugo and his Les Misérables; to the stories, tales, and novels of Dickens — A Tale of Two Cities, The Chimes, and others; to Uncle Tom¡¯s Cabin; to Dostoevsky, most of all to his Dead House; to Adam Bede by George Eliot. ³»°¡ Çö´ë ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ °¢±â ¿¹µéÀ» µé¾î º¸¶ó°í ¿äû ¹Þ´Â´Ù¸é, Çϳª´Ô°ú ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿¹µé·Î¼­, ³ª´Â ¹®ÇÐ ¾È¿¡¼­´Â ½¯·¯ÀÇ Robbers; ±×¸®°í Á»´õ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ÀÛǰµé Áß¿¡´Â ºòÅÍ ÈÞ°íÀÇ Les pauvres gens ¹× Les Misérables; µðŲÁîÀÇ ´ÜÆí ¼Ò¼³, ÀÌ¾ß±â ¹× ¼Ò¼³ A Tale of Two Cities, The Chimes, ±×¸®°í ±âŸ ÀÛǰµé; Uncle Tom¡¯s Cabin; µµ½ºÅ俹ÇÁ½ºÅ°´Â ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù Dead House; Á¶Áö ¿¤¸®¾îÆ®ÀÇ  Adam Bede¸¦ µé °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Among paintings of modern times, strange as it seems, there are almost no works of the kind that directly convey the Christian feelings of love of God and one¡¯s neighbour, especially among famous painters. There are Gospel paintings, very many of them, all representing historical events with a great wealth of detail, yet they do not and cannot convey religious feelings which their authors do not have. There are many paintings that portray the personal feelings of various people, but there are very few paintings — and most of those by little-known painters, and not finished pictures but more often sketches — that portray deeds of self-denial and Christian love. Such is the sketch by Kramskoy, worth many of his paintings, which portrays a drawing room with a balcony, past which a returning army is solemnly marching. A nurse with a baby and a little boy stand on the balcony. They admire the marching army. But the mother, her face covered with a handkerchief, weeps, leaning on the back of the sofa. Such, too, is the painting by Langley which I have already mentioned; such, too, is the painting by the French artist Morion, [105] depicting a lifeboat hastening in a bad storm to help a foundering steamer. There are also paintings that approach this kind, portraying the labouring man with respect and love. Such are the pictures of Millet, particularly his drawing of the man with the hoe; to this same kind belong paintings by Jules Breton, Lhermitte, Defregger [106] and others. As examples of paintings that call up indignation and horror at the violation of the love of God and one¡¯s neighbour, Ge¡¯s Judgement may serve, as may Liezen-Mayer¡¯s Signing the Death Sentence. [107] Paintings of this kind are also very few. For the most part, a preoccupation with technique and beauty overshadows feeling. Thus, for instance, Gerome¡¯s painting, Pollice verso, [108] expresses not so much a feeling of horror at what is happening as a fascination with the beauty of the spectacle. Çö´ëÀÇ ±×¸²µé Áß¿¡¼­, ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô º¸À̰ÚÁö¸¸, Ưº°È÷ À¯¸íÇÑ È­°¡µé Áß¿¡¼­, Çϳª´Ô°ú ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µéÀ» Á÷Á¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ÀÛǰµéÀÇ Á¾·ù´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. º¹À½¼­ ȸȭµéÀº ¸Å¿ì ¸¹ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸ðµÎ´Ù ¿ª»çÀû »ç°ÇµéÀ» ¸Å¿ì dzºÎÇÏ°Ô »ó¼¼È÷ ³ªÅ¸³»Áö¸¸, ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀº Á¾±³Àû ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏÁöµµ ÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù. ´Ù¾çÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎÀû ´À³¦µéÀ» ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº ±×¸²µéÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, Àڱ⠺ÎÁ¤°ú ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â ±×¸²µéÀº — ±×¸®°í ´ëºÎºÐÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº È­°¡µéÀÇ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿Ï¼ºµÈ ±×¸²µéÀ̶ó±â º¸´Ù ÈçÈ÷ ½ºÄÉÄ¡µéÀÌ´Ù — ¸Å¿ì Àû´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ Å©¶÷½ºÄÚÀÌÀÇ ½ºÄÉÄ¡·Î¼­, ±×ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ±×¸²µéÀÌ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¹ßÄڴϰ¡ ÀÖ´Â ÀÀÁ¢½ÇÀ» ¹¦»çÇϰí Àִµ¥, ÀÌ ¿·À¸·Î ±ÍȯÇÏ´Â ±º´ë°¡ ¾ö¼÷ÇÏ°Ô ÇàÁøÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ±â¸¦ ¾È°í ÀÖ´Â °£È£»ç¿Í Á¶±×¸¸ ¾ÆÀ̰¡ ¹ßÄÚ´Ï¿¡ ¼­ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÇàÁøÇÏ´Â ±º´ë¸¦ Âù¹ÌÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Â, ¾ó±¼À» ¼Õ¼ö°ÇÀ¸·Î µ¤°í¼­ ¿ï°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¼ÒÆÄ¿¡ µîÀ» ±â´ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ·©¸®ÀÇ ±×¸²À¸·Î, ³ª´Â ÀÌ¹Ì À̰ÍÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù; ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÁ¶û½º È­°¡ ¸ð¸®¿ÂÀÇ ±×¸²À¸·Î, Áöµ¶ÇÑ ÆøÇ³ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ °¡¶ó ¾É°í ÀÖ´Â ±â¼±À» ±¸Á¶ÇϰíÀÚ ¼­µÎ¸£´Â ±¸¸íÁ¤À» ¹¦»çÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·± Á¾·ù¿¡ Á¢±ÙÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ±×¸²µéÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, À̰͵éÀº ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â ³²ÀÚ¸¦ Á¸°æ°ú »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº ¹Ð·¹ÀÇ ±×¸²µé·Î, ƯÈ÷ ±ªÀ̸¦ µç ³²ÀÚÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÌ´Ù; ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Á¾·ù¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀº ÁÙ¸® ºê·¹Åæ, ·¹¸£¹ÌÆ®, µðÇÁ·¹°Å µîÀÇ ±×¸²µéÀÌ´Ù. Çϳª´Ô°ú ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ Ä§ÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ë¿Í °øÆ÷¸¦ ºÒ·¯ ¿À´Â ±×¸²µéÀÇ ¿¹µé·Î¼­, ÁöÀÇ Judgement°¡ ÇÕ´çÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¸®Á¨ ¸ÞÀ̾îÀÇ Signing the Death Sentenceµµ ±×·¯ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ ±×¸²µéÀº ¿ª½Ã ¸Å¿ì Àû´Ù. ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î, ±â±³¿Í ¹Ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁýÂøÀº ´À³¦À» È帮°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, Á¦·Î¿òÀÇ ±×¸², Pollice verso´Â ±¸°æ°Å¸®ÀÇ ¹Ì¿¡ ¸Å·áµÇ¾î ¹«¾ùÀÌ ÀÏ¾î ³ª°í ÀÖ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇØ °øÆ÷ÀÇ ´À³¦À» ±×´ÙÁö Å©°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
It is still more difficult to point in modern art to examples of the second kind, of good universal everyday art, especially in verbal art and in music. If there do exist works which by their inner content might be placed in this category, such as Don Quixote, the comedies of Molière, Dickens¡¯s David Copperfield and Pickwick Papers, the tales of Gogol and Pushkin, and some of the writings of Maupassant, even so these works, by the exclusiveness of the feelings they convey, by the superfluity of specific details of time and place, and above all by the poverty of their content as compared with examples of universal ancient art (for instance, the story of Joseph and his brothers), are mostly accessible only to people of their own nation and even of their own circle. That Joseph¡¯s brothers, being jealous over their father, sold him into slavery; that Potiphar¡¯s wife wanted to seduce the youth; that the youth attained a high position, felt sorry for his brothers, for his favourite, Benjamin, and all the rest — these are all feelings accessible to a Russian peasant, to a Chinese, to an African, to a child, to an old man, to an educated man or an uneducated; and it is all written with such restraint, is so free of superfluous details, that the story can be transferred to any other milieu you like and still be as understandable and moving for everyone. Not so the feelings of Don Quixote or of Moliere¡¯s heroes (though Moliere is all but the most universal and therefore the most excellent artist of modern times), still less of Pickwick and his friends. These feelings are very exclusive, not all-human, and therefore, to make them infectious, the authors have surrounded them — with abundant details of time and place. And this abundance of detail makes these stories still more exclusive, scarcely understandable for all those who live outside the milieu the author describes. Çö´ë ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ µÎ ¹øÂ° Á¾·ùÀÇ, ÈǸ¢ÇÑ º¸ÆíÀû ÀÏ»óÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÇ, ƯÈ÷ ¾ð¾î ¿¹¼ú ¹× À½¾Ç¿¡¼­, ¿¹µéÀ» µé±â´Â ÈξÀ ¾î·Æ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³»ÀûÀÎ ³»¿ë¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·± ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ³õ¿© Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÛǰµé — ¿¹·Î, Don Quixote, ¸ô¸®¿¡¸£ÀÇ Èñ±Øµé, µðŲÁîÀÇ David Copperfield ¹× Pickwick Papers, °í°ñ°ú Ǫ½¬Å²ÀÇ À̾߱âµé, ±×¸®°í ¸ðÆÄ»óÀÇ ¸î °¡Áö ÀÛǰµé —ÀÌ Á¤¸» Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×·¯ÇÔ¿¡µµ À̵é ÀÛǰµéÀº, Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ´À³¦µéÀÇ ¹èŸ¼º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ½Ã°£°ú Àå¼ÒÀÇ ±¸Ã¼Àû »ó¼¼ÇÔ µéÀÇ °úÀ×À¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ±× ³»¿ëÀÇ ºó°ïÇÔÀ¸·Î º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ °í´ë ¿¹¼ú(¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¿ä¼Á°ú ±×ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÇ À̾߱â)ÀÇ ¿¹µé°ú ºñ±³ÇÏ¿©, ´ëºÎºÐ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ· ȤÀº ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¸¸ ¿ÀÁ÷ Àû¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. ¿ä¼ÁÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¿¡°Ô ÁúÅõ¸¦ ´À³¢°í ±×µé ³ë¿¹·Î ÆÈ¾Æ ¹ö·È´Ù´Â °Í; Æ÷ƼÆÄ¸£ÀÇ ¾Æ³»°¡ ÀþÀºÀ̸¦ À¯È¤ÇϰíÀÚ Çß´ø °Í; ÀþÀºÀÌ´Â ³ôÀº ÁöÀ§¿¡ ¿À¸£°í, ±×ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ, ±×°¡ °¡Àå ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â º¥ÀÚ¹Î, ±×¸®°í ³ª¸ÓÁö ¸ðµÎµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½½ÇÄÀ» ´À²¼´Ù´Â °Í — À̰͵éÀº ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ³óºÎ¿¡°Ô, Áß±¹Àο¡°Ô, ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«Àο¡°Ô, ¾ÆÀÌ¿¡°Ô, ³ëÀο¡°Ô, ±³À°¹Þ¾Ò°Å³ª ±³À°¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸ðµÎ ¿­·Á ÀÖ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ ±×Åä·Ï ½ÅÁßÇÔÀ¸·Î ¾²¿©Á® Áö±ØÈ÷ ³²¾Æµµ´Â ¼³¸íµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ö¼­ À̾߱â´Â µ¶ÀÚ°¡ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ȯ°æÀ¸·Îµµ ¿Å°Ü Áú ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ°í °¨µ¿ÀûÀÌ´Ù. µ·Å°È£Å×ÀÇ È¤Àº ¸ô¸®¿¡¸£ÀÇ ÁÖÀΰøµé (ºñ·Ï ¸ô¸®¿¡¸£´Â °ÅÀÇ °¡Àå º¸ÆíÀûÀÌ¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Çö´ë¿¡ °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³­ ¿¹¼ú°¡ÀÌÁö¸¸) °¡Àå  ÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀº ±×·¸Áö ¸øÇϸç, ÇÇÅ©À§Å©¿Í ±×ÀÇ Ä£±¸µéÀÇ °ÍÀº ÈξÀ ¸øÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌµé ´À³¦µéÀº ¸Å¿ì ¹èŸÀûÀ̸ç, ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£ÀûÀÌÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Àü¿°ÀûÀÌ µÇµµ·Ï ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ, ÀÛ°¡µéÀº ´À³¦µéÀ» ½Ã°£°ú Àå¼Ò¸¦ dzºÎÇÏ°Ô ±â¼úÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Æ÷ÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌó·³ dzºÎÇÑ ¼­¼úÀÌ À̵é À̾߱âµéÀÌ ´õ¿í ´õ ¹èŸÀûÀÌ°Ô ¸¸µé¸ç, ÀÛ°¡°¡ ¹¦»çÇϴ ȯ°æ ¹Ù±ù¿¡ »ç´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â °ÅÀÇ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ¾ø°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù.
In the narrative of Joseph there was no need to describe in detail, as is done nowadays, Joseph¡¯s blood-stained clothes, Jacob¡¯s dwelling and clothes, and the pose and attire of Potiphar¡¯s wife when, straightening a bracelet on her left arm, she said, ¡®Come to me,¡¯ and so on, because the feeling contained in this story is so strong that all details except the most necessary ones — for instance, that Joseph went into the next room to weep — all details are superfluous and would only hinder the conveying of the feeling, and therefore this story is accessible to all people, it touches people of all nations, ranks, ages, has come down to our time, and will live on for thousands of years. But take the details from the best novels of our time and what will remain? ¿ä¼ÁÀÇ À̾߱â´Â, Æ÷ƼÆÄ¸£ÀÇ ¾Æ³»°¡ ¿Þ ÆÈ¿¡ ÆÈÂ ´Ã¾î¶ß¸° ä, '³ª¿¡°Ô ¿À¼¼¿ä', µîµîÀ» ¸»ÇÒ ¶§, ¿À´Ã³¯ ÇàÇØÁöµí, ¿ä¼ÁÀÇ ÇÇ¿¡ ¹°µç ÀǺ¹, ¾ß°öÀÇ °Åó¿Í ÀǺ¹, ±×¸®°í ±×³àÀÇ ÀÚÅÂ¿Í ÀÇ»óÀ» »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô ¹¦»çÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ À̾߱⠾ȿ¡ ´ã±ä ´À³¦Àº ³Ê¹«³ª °­·ÄÇØ¼­ °¡Àå ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ¸ðµç ¼³¸íµé , ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¿ä¼ÁÀÌ ¿ï±â À§ÇØ ¿· ¹æÀ¸·Î °¬´Ù´Â °Í  — Àº, ¸ðµç ¼³¸íµéÀº ±º´õ´õ±âÀÌ¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ´À³¦ÀÇ Àü´ÞÀ» ¹æÇØÇÒ »ÓÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ À̾߱â´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¿­·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁ·µé, °è±Þµé, ¿¬·Éµé¿¡°Ô °¨µ¿À» ÁÖ¸ç, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë±îÁö ÀüÇØÁ® ¿Ô°í, ¼ö õ³â µ¿¾È »ì¾Æ ³²À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼Ò¼³µé¿¡¼­ ¼³¸íµéÀ» µé¾î ³½´Ù¸é ¹«¾ùÀÌ ³²À» °ÍÀΰ¡?
Thus it is not possible to point to works of modern verbal art that fully satisfy the demand of universality. Even such as do exist are mostly spoiled by what is called realism and would better be called artistic provincialism. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î º¸Æí¼ºÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÃæÁ·½ÃŰ´Â Çö´ëÀÇ ¾ð¾î ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀ» °¡·Á³»´Â °ÍÀº °¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÁ¶Â÷µµ ´ëºÎºÐ »ç½ÇÁÖÀǶó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸Á°¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿¹¼úÀû Áö¹æÁÖÀǶó ºÒ¸²ÀÌ ³ªÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
In music the same thing occurs as in verbal art, and for the same reasons. Owing to a poverty of content, of feeling, the melodies of modern composers are strikingly vapid. And so, to enhance the impression produced by the vapid melody, modern composers heap every worthless melody with complex modulations, not only in their own national harmony, but modulations exclusively peculiar to a certain circle, to a certain musical school. A melody — any melody — is free and can be understood by anyone; but as soon as it is tied to a certain harmony and encumbered by it, it becomes accessible only to people who are accustomed to this harmony, and becomes completely alien not only to other nationalities, but also to people who do not belong to the circle of those who have accustomed themselves to certain forms of harmony. So music, like poetry, turns round in the same false circle. Worthless, exclusive melodies, to be made attractive, are encumbered with harmonic, rhythmic and orchestral complications, become thereby still more exclusive, and not only not universal, but not even national — that is, accessible only to some people and not to the whole nation. À½¾Ç ¾È¿¡¼­µµ ¾ð¾î ¿¹¼ú ¾È¿¡¼­Ã³·³, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯µé·Î, ¶È°°Àº ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. ³»¿ë, ´À³¦ÀÇ ºó°ïÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ, Çö´ë ÀÛ°î°¡µéÀÇ ¼±À²µéÀº ³î¶ø°Ôµµ »ý±â°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ¸Æ ºüÁø ¼±À²ÀÌ ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â ÀλóÀ» °³¼±Çϱâ À§ÇØ, Çö´ë ÀÛ°î°¡µéÀº Àú¸¶´Ù °¡Ä¡ ¾ø´Â ¸á·Îµð¿¡, º¹ÀâÇÑ Á¶¹Ù²ÞµéÀ», ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·Àû È­¼º »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ƯÁ¤ ¹üÁÖ, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ À½¾Ç ÇÐÆÄ¿¡ ¹èŸÀûÀ¸·Î °íÀ¯ÇÑ Á¶¹Ù²Þµé ¾È¿¡ ½×¾Æ µÐ´Ù. ÇÑ °¡Áö ¼±À²Àº  — ¾î¶² ¼±À²ÀÌµç — ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ì¸ç ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù; ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ È­¼º¿¡ ¸ÅÀÌ°Ô µÇ°í ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦¾àÀ» ¹ÞÀÚ¸¶ÀÚ, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ È­¼º¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¸¸ Á¢±ÙÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ±¹ÀûÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Çü½ÄÀÇ È­¼º¿¡ ÀûÀÀµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÀÌÁúÀûÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ À½¾ÇÀº, ½Ã¹®ÇÐó·³, ¶È°°ÀÌ À§¼±Àû ¹üÁÖ¿¡¼­ ¸Éµ·´Ù. °¡Ä¡ ¾ø°í ¹èŸÀûÀÎ ¼±À²µéÀº, ¸Å·ÂÀûÀ¸·Î µÇ±â À§Çؼ­, È­¼ºÀû, ¸®µëÀû ¹× ¿ÀÄɽºÆ®¶óÀûÀÎ º¹À⼺À¸·Î °ÅÄ¡Àû°Å¸®°Ô µÇ¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÈξÀ ´õ ¹èŸÀûÀ̸ç, º¸ÆíÀûÀÌ ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÉÁö¾î ¹ÎÁ·ÀûÀÌÁöµµ ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, Àüü ¹ÎÁ·ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀϺΠ»ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¸¸ ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
In music, apart from marches and dances by various composers, which approximate to the demands of universal art, one can point only to the folk songs of various peoples, from Russian to Chinese; in learned music, to very few works — the famous violin aria of Bach, the E-flat major nocturne of Chopin, and perhaps a dozen other things, not whole pieces but selected passages from the works of Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Beethoven, Chopin. [109] À½¾Ç¿¡´Â, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÛ°î°¡µéÀÇ ÇàÁø°îµé ¹× ¹«°îµé°ú´Â ´Þ¸®, º¸ÆíÀû ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿ä±¸µé¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ·¯½Ã¾Æ·ÎºÎÅÍ Áß±¹±îÁö ¿ÀÁ÷ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹ÎÁ·µéÀÇ ¹Î¿ä¸¦ µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù; ±íÀÌ ÀÖ´Â À½¾Ç¿¡´Â, ¸Å¿ì ÀûÀº ¼öÀÇ ÀÛǰµé — ¹ÙÇÏÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ ¹ÙÀ̿ø° ¾Æ¸®¾Æ, ¼îÆØÀÇ ³»¸² ¸¶ ÀåÁ¶ ¾ß»ó°î, ¹× ¾Æ¸¶µµ ½Ê¿© °îÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °Íµé, Àüü ÀÛǰµéÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ ÇÏÀ̵ç, ¸ðÂ¥¸£Æ®, ½´º£¸£Æ®, º£Å亥, ¼îÆØÀÇ ÀÛǰµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼±°îµÈ ¾ÇÀýµé — À» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Although the same thing is repeated in painting as in poetry and music — that is, works of weak content are made more interesting by being supplied with thoroughly studied accessories of time and place, which endow these works with temporal and local interest but make them less universal — still, in painting, more than in other kinds of art, one can point to works that satisfy the demands of universal Christian art, that is, which express feelings accessible to all people. ºñ·Ï ½Ã¹®ÇÐ ¹× À½¾Ç¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ¹Ì¼ú¿¡¼­µµ ¶È°°Àº °ÍÀÌ ¹Ýº¹µÇÁö¸¸ — Áï, ºó¾àÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÇ ÀÛǰµéÀÌ ½Ã°£°ú Àå¼Ò¶ó´Â ¼¼¹ÐÈ÷ ¿¬±¸µÈ ºÎ°¡ÀåÄ¡µéÀ» °ø±Þ¹ÞÀ½À¸·Î½á ´õ Èï¹Ì ÀÖµµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾îÁö¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ À̵é ÀÛǰµé¿¡ ¼¼¼ÓÀûÀ̸ç Áö¿ªÀû Èï¹Ì¸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ´ú º¸ÆíÀûÀÌ°Ô ¸¸µç´Ù —  ¹Ì¼ú¿¡¼± ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ¿¹¼úÀÇ Á¾·ùµé¿¡¼­º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ, º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ, Áï,  ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿­·Á ÀÖ´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿ä±¸µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃŰ´Â ÀÛǰµéÀ» ¿¹·Î µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
In the arts of painting and sculpture, so-called genre painting and statues, portrayals of animals, landscapes, caricatures of a content understandable to all, and various sorts of ornaments are universal in content. There are many such works in painting and sculpture (porcelain dolls), but the majority of these objects — various ornaments, for instance — are not considered art, or are considered art of an inferior sort. In reality, all such objects, if they sincerely convey the feeling of the artist (however insignificant it may seem to us) and are understandable to all people, are works of genuine good Christian art. ¹Ì¼ú ¹× Á¶°¢ ¿¹¼úµé, ¼ÒÀ§ ±×¸²°ú Á¶»óÀ̶õ À帣¿¡¼­, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØ °¡´ÉÇÑ ³»¿ëÀÇ µ¿¹°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹¦»çµé, dz°æÈ­µé, dzÀÚ¸¸È­µé ¹× ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ Àå½ÄµéÀº ³»¿ë¸é¿¡¼­ º¸ÆíÀûÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸²°ú Á¶°¢ (µµÀÚ±â ÀÎÇü)¿¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÛǰµéÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÌµé ´ë»óµé ´ë´Ù¼ö — ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àå½ÄǰµéÀ» ¿¹·Î µé¸é — ´Â ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁöÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª, ȤÀº Àú¼ÓÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. »ç½Ç¿¡ À־, ±×·± ¸ðµç ´ë»óµéÀº, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô ¿¹¼ú°¡ÀÇ ´À³¦À» Àü´ÞÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØ°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù¸é (±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«¸® »ç¼ÒÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÏÁö¶óµµ), ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î ¼±ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀÌ´Ù.
I fear that at this point I will be reproached that, while denying that the concept of beauty should constitute the subject of art, I contradict myself by recognizing ornaments as objects of good art. This reproach is unjust, because the artistic content of various decorations consists not in beauty but in the feeling of admiration, of delight, which the artist experienced in the combining of lines or colours and with which he infects the viewer. Art was, and is, and cannot be anything else but the infection by one person of another or others with a feeling experienced by the infector. Among these feelings there is the feeling of admiring what pleases the eye. Objects pleasing to the eye may please a small or a large number of people, and some may please everyone. Such are almost all ornaments. A landscape painting of some exceptional locale or a very special genre painting may not be pleasing to everyone, but ornaments from Yakut to Greek are accessible to everyone and evoke the same feeling of admiration in everyone, and therefore this neglected kind of art should be valued in Christian society more highly than exclusive, pretentious paintings and sculptures. ³ª´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¡¿¡¼­, ¹ÌÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ÇÑÆí, Àå½ÄǰµéÀ» ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ´ë»óµé·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ½º½º·Î¸¦ ¸ð¼ø¿¡ ºüÆ®¸°´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ºñ³­ ¹ÞÀ»±î µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ºñ³­Àº Á¤´çÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àå½ÄǰµéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀû ³»¿ëÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Âù¹ÌÀÇ, Èñ¿­ÀÇ ´À³¦¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼ú°¡´Â ¼±µé ȤÀº »ö»óµéÀ» Á¶ÇÕÇÔ¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» °æÇèÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î º¸´Â »ç¶÷À» Àü¿°½Ã۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀº °¨¿°ÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °æÇèµÈ ´À³¦À¸·Î ÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ȤÀº ¿©Å¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °¨¿°À̾ú°í ±×·¯ÇÏ¸ç ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÏ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌµé ´À³¦µé °¡¿îµ¥´Â ´«À» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Âù¹ÌÇÏ´Â ´À³¦ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ´«¿¡ Áñ°Å¿î ´ë»óµéÀº Àû°Å³ª ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀ» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í, ÀϺδ ¸ðµÎ¸¦ Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµÎ Àå½ÄǰµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀϺΠ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ Àå¼Ò¸¦ ±×¸° dz°æÈ­ ȤÀº ¸Å¿ì Ưº°ÇÑ À帣ÀÇ ±×¸²Àº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾ßÄíÆ®¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½º¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö Àå½ÄǰµéÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¿­·ÁÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Âù¹ÌÀÇ ´À³¦À» ºÒ·¯³½´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ·± ¼ÒȦÈ÷ ¿©°ÜÁö´ø ¿¹¼úÀÇ Á¾·ùµµ ¹èŸÀûÀ̸ç, °¡½ÄÀûÀÎ ±×¸²µé ¹× Á¶°¢µéº¸´Ù ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ »çȸ¿¡¼­´Â ÈξÀ ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
Thus there exist only two kinds of good Christian art; all the rest that does not fit into these two kinds should be recogn ized as bad art, which not only should not be encouraged, but should be banished, rejected and despised as art that does not unite but divides people. Such, in verbal art, are all dramas, novels and poems that convey churchly or patriotic feelings, as well as exclusive feelings proper only to the rank of the wealthy, idle people — feelings of aristocratic honour, satiety, tedium, pessimism, and refined, perverse feelings coming from sexual love, which are totally incomprehensible to the vast majority of people. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¼±ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ¿¹¼ú¿¡´Â ¿À·ÎÁö µÎ °¡Áö Á¾·ù°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù; ÀÌ µÎ °¡Áö Á¾·ù¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ³ª¸ÓÁö ¸ðµÎ´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ¿¹¼ú·Î ÀνĵǾî¾ß Çϸç, Àå·ÁµÇÁö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ºÐ¿­½ÃŰ´Â ¿¹¼ú·Î¼­ Ãß¹æµÇ°í, °ÅºÎµÇ¸ç °æ¸êµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾ð¾î ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­, ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀº ±³È¸ÀûÀΠȤÀº ¾Ö±¹ÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µé»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°í ³ªÅÂÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °è±Þ¿¡¸¸ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¹èŸÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µé — ±ÍÁ·Àû ¸í¿¹, Ãæ¸¸°¨, ±ÇÅÂ, ºñ°üÁÖÀÇÀÇ ´À³¦µé, ¼º¿åÀûÀÎ »ç¶û¿¡¼­ ³ª¿À´Â ¼¼·ÃµÇ°í ¿Ö°îÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µé — À» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç µå¶ó¸¶µé, ¼Ò¼³µé ¹× ½ÃµéÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æ´ëÇÑ ´ë´Ù¼ö »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù.
In painting, such are all falsely religious and patriotic pictures, as well as pictures representing the amusements and delight s of exclusive, wealthy and idle living; and such are all so-called symbolic paintings, in which the very meaning of the symbol is accessible only to persons of a certain circle; and, chiefly, all paintings of sensual objects, all that outrageous female nudity which fills all exhibitions and galleries. To the same kind belongs almost all concert and operatic music of our time, beginning with Beethoven — Schumann, Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner — the content of which is accessible only to people who have cultivated in themselves a morbid nervous excitability aroused by this artificial and exceptionally complex music. ±×¸²¿¡¼­, ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀº ¸ðµÎ À§¼±ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³Àû ¹× ¾Ö±¹Àû ±×¸²µéÀ̸ç, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¹èŸÀûÀ̸ç, ºÎÀ¯ÇÏ°í ³ªÅÂÇÑ »îÀÇ Áñ°Å¿ò ¹× ȯÈñ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ±×¸²µéÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍµéÀº ¼ÒÀ§ »ó¡ÁÖÀÇ ±×¸²µé·Î¼­, »ó¡ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÚü°¡ ¿À·ÎÁö ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¸¸ ÇØ´çµÇ¸ç; ±×¸®°í, ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î, °ü´ÉÀû ´ë»óµéÀ» ±×¸° ¸ðµç ±×¸²µé, ¸ðµç Àü½Ãȸµé ¹× È­¶ûµéÀ» ä¿ì´Â ±× ¸ðµç °úµµÇÑ ¿©¼º ´©µå°¡ ±×·± °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù. µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Á¾·ù¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿¬ÁÖȸ ¹× ¿ÀÆä¶ó À½¾ÇÀ¸·Î, º£Å亥 — ½´¸¸, º£¸¦¸®¿ÀÁî, ¸®½ºÆ®, ¹Ù±×³Ê — À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿ, ±× ³»¿ëÀº ÀÌ·± ÀÎÀ§Àû ¹× ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î º¹ÀâÇÑ À½¾Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ß±âµÇ´Â ¿À·ÎÁö º´ÀûÀÎ ½Å°æÀÇ ÀڱؼºÀ» ½º½º·Î ¾ç¼ºÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¿À·ÎÁö ÇØ´çµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡®What, the Ninth Symphony belongs to the category of bad art?¡¯ I hear indignant voices exclaim. '¹¹¶ó°í, Á¦ 9¹ø ±³Çâ°îÀÌ ¾ÇÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù°í?' ³ª´Â ºÐ³ëÇÑ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®µéÀÌ ¿ÜħÀ» µè´Â´Ù.
¡®Without any doubt,¡¯ I reply. All that I have written, I have written only in order to find a clear, reasonable criterion by which to judge the merits of works of art. And this criterion, coinciding with simple and common sense, unquestionably shows me that Beethoven¡¯s symphony is not a good work of art. Of course, for people brought up in the adulation of certain works and their authors, for people whose taste is perverted precisely because they were brought up in this adulation, to acknowledge such a famous work as bad is astonishing and strange. But what is to be done with the indications of reason and common sense? 'ÇÑÄ¡ÀÇ Àǽɵµ ¾ø¼Ò,'¶ó°í ³ª´Â ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù. ³»°¡ ±â·ÏÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº, ³ª´Â ¿À·ÎÁö ¸í·áÇϰí, Ÿ´çÇÑ ±âÁØÀ» ã¾Æ¼­ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀÇ ÀåÁ¡µéÀ» ÆÇº°Çϱâ À§ÇØ ±â·ÏÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ±âÁØÀº, ´Ü¼øÇÏ°í Æò¹üÇÑ Àνİú ÀÏÄ¡Çϸç, Àǹ®ÀÇ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ³ª¿¡°Ô º£Å亥ÀÇ ±³Çâ°îÀº ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. ¹°·Ð, ƯÁ¤ ÀÛǰµé ¹× ±× ÀÛ°¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ØµµÀÇ Âù»ç ¼Ó¿¡ ÀÚ¶ó³­ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â, Á¤È®È÷ ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌ·± Âù»ç ¾È¿¡¼­ ±³À°¹Þ¾Ò±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ±×µéÀÇ ÃëÇâÀÌ ¿Ö°îµÈ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â, ±×Åä·Ï À¯¸íÇÑ ÀÛǰÀ» ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ³î¶ø°í ÀÌ»óÇÏ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̼º°ú »ó½ÄÀÇ Â¡Ç¥µéÀº ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¾ß Çϴ°¡?
Beethoven¡¯s Ninth Symphony is considered a great work of art. To test this assertion, I first of all ask myself: does this work convey the highest religious feeling? And I reply in the negative, because music by itself cannot convey these feelings; and therefore I next ask myself: if this work does not belong to the highest order of religious art, does it have the other property of good art of our time — the property of uniting all people in one feeling; does it belong to universal everyday Christian art? And I cannot help answering in the negative, because not only do I not see how the feelings conveyed by this work could unite people who have not been especially brought up to be subject to this complex hypnosis, but I cannot even imagine a crowd of normal people who could understand anything in this long, intricate and artificial work but short fragments drowning in a sea of the incomprehensible. And therefore I must conclude, whether I will or no, that this work belongs to bad art. Remarkably, to the end of this symphony there is attached a poem by Schiller which, though not clearly, does express precisely the thought that feeling (Schiller speaks only of the feeling of joy) unites people and evokes love in them. Despite the singing of this poem at the end of the symphony, the music does not correspond to the thought of the poem, because it is exclusive music and unites not all but only certain people, singling them out from the rest. º£Å亥ÀÇ 9¹ø ±³Çâ°îÀº ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. ÀÌ ´ÜÁ¤À» ½ÃÇèÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ³ª´Â ¸ÕÀú Àڽſ¡°Ô ¹°¾î º»´Ù: ÀÌ ÀÛǰÀº ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ´À³¦À» Àü´ÞÇϴ°¡? ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù¶ó°í ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé À½¾Ç ÀÚü´Â ÀÌ·± ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù; ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ³ª´Â Àڽſ¡°Ô ¹¯´Â´Ù: ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ ÀÛǰÀÌ Á¾±³Àû ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ µî±Þ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, À̰ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú·Î¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ¼Ó¼º — ¸ðµç »ç¶÷À» ÇϳªÀÇ ´À³¦À¸·Î ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â ¼Ó¼º —À» °¡Áö´Â°¡? À̰ÍÀº º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ÀÏ»óÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àû ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ¼ÓÇϴ°¡? ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ºÎÁ¤À¸·Î ´äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé ÀÌ ÀÛǰ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÈ ´À³¦µéÀÌ ÀÌ·± º¹ÀâÇÑ Ãָ鿡 Á¾¼ÓµÇµµ·Ï Ưº°È÷ ±³À°¹ÞÁö ¾ÊÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¿¬ÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÎÁö ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ª´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌó·³ ±æ°í º¹ÀâÇϸç ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀÎ ÀÛǰÀ̸鼭 ³­ÇØÇÔÀÇ ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ ºüÁø ªÀº ´ÜÆíµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â º¸Åë »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹«¸®¸¦ »ó»óÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ³ª´Â, ³»°¡ ¿øÇÏµç ¾Æ´ÏÇϵç, ÀÌ ÀÛǰÀÌ ³ª»Û ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù°í °á·ÐÀ» ³»·Á¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀº, ÀÌ ±³Çâ°îÀÇ ¸»¹Ì¿¡ ½¯·¯ÀÇ ½Ã°¡ ÷ºÎµÇ¾î ÀÖ°í, ºñ·Ï ¸í¹éÇÏÁö ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ½Ã´Â ´À³¦(½¯·¯´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ȯÈñÀÇ ´À³¦¸¸À» À̾߱âÇÑ´Ù)ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ°í ±×µé ¾È¿¡ »ç¶ûÀ» ºÒ·¯³»´Â »ý°¢À» Á¤È®È÷ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù. ±³Çâ°îÀÇ ³¡ ºÎºÐ¿¡ ÀÌ ½Ã¸¦ ³ë·¡ÇÔ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, À½¾ÇÀº ½ÃÀÇ »ý°¢°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¹èŸÀû À½¾ÇÀ̸ç ÀüºÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ª¸ÓÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼±ÅõÈ, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀϺΠƯÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¸¸À» ¿¬ÇÕÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
In exactly the same way many, many other works of art that are considered great among the upper classes of our society are to be evaluated. Thus, by this one firm criterion are also to be evaluated the famous Divine Comedy, the Jerusalem Delivered, and the greater part of the works of Shakespeare and Goethe, as well as the various portrayals of miracles in painting, Raphael¡¯s Transfiguration, and others. Whatever the object that passes for a work of art, and however it is praised by people, in order to find out its worth it is necessary to apply to it the question of whether the object belongs to genuine art or to the artistic counterfeits. Having recognized a given object, based on the token of infectiousness for at least a small circle of people, as belonging to the realm of art, it is necessary, based on the token of general accessibility, to decide the next question: does the work belong to bad, exclusive art, opposed to the religious consciousness of our time, or to Christian art which unites people? Then, having recognized the object as belonging to true Christian art, it is necessary, according to whether the work conveys feelings coming from the love of God and one¡¯s neighbour, or merely those simple feelings that unite all people, to assign it a place either in religious or in universal everyday art. Á¤È®È÷ °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ¿ì¸® »çȸÀÇ »ó·ù °è±Þµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ÈǸ¢ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¸¹°í, ¸¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéµµ Æò°¡µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ÀÌ ÇÑ °¡Áö ±»°ÇÇÑ ±âÁØ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¶ÇÇÑ À¯¸íÇÑ Divine Comedy, the Jerusalem Delivered, ±×¸®°í ½¦ÀͽºÇÇ¾î ¹× ±«Å×ÀÇ ÀÛǰµé Áß ´õ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÀϺÎ, »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×¸²¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ±âÀûÀÇ ¹¦»çµé, ¶óÆÄ¿¤ÀÇ Transfiguration, ¹× ±âŸ ÀÛǰµéµµ Æò°¡µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǴ ´ë»óÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̵çÁö ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¹«¸® ±×°ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Ī¼ÛµÇµçÁö, ±×°ÍÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ã¾Æ³»±â À§ÇØ, ±× ´ë»óÀÌ ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ðÁ¶Ç°µé¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´ÂÁöÀÇ Áú¹®¿¡ Àû¿ëÇØº¼ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­, ÁÖ¾îÁø ´ë»óÀ» ÀνÄÇϰí, Àû¾îµµ ÀÛÀº ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â Àü¿°¼ºÀÇ Â¡Ç¥¸¦ Åä´ë·Î, ÀϹÝÀû ÇØ´ç¼ºÀÇ Â¡Ç¥¸¦ Åä´ë·Î, ´ÙÀ½ Áú¹®À» Á¤Çغ¼ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù: ÀÛǰÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄ(ëòãÛ)¿¡, ȤÀº »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â, ¾ÇÇϰí, ¹èŸÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ¼ÓÇϴ°¡? ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ±× ´ë»óÀÌ ÂüµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù°í ÀνÄÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é, ÀÛǰÀÌ Çϳª´Ô ¹× ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿À´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» ȤÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇϴ°¡¿¡ µû¶ó¼­ Á¾±³Àû ȤÀº º¸ÆíÀû ÀÏ»óÀû ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ À§Ä¡¸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù.
Only on the basis of such testing will we be able to single out from the whole mass of what passes for art in our society those objects which constitute a real, important, necessary spiritual nourishment, and separate them from all the harmful and useless art that surrounds us. Only on the basis of such testing will we be able to rid ourselves of the pernicious consequences of harmful art and avail ourselves of the influence of true and good art, which constitutes its purpose, an influence beneficial and necessary for the spiritual life of man and of mankind. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ ½ÃÇè´ë À§¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® »çȸ¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â Àüü µ¢¾î¸®·ÎºÎÅÍ ÂüµÇ¸ç, Áß¿äÇϰí, ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¿µÀûÀÎ ¾çºÐÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â ±×·± ´ë»óµéÀ» °ñ¶ó³»°í, ¿ì¸®µéÀ» µÑ·¯½Ñ ¸ðµç ÇØ·Ó°í ¾µ¸ð ¾ø´Â ¿¹¼ú·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ºÐ¸®ÇØ ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·¯ÇÑ ½ÃÇè´ë À§¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® Àڽſ¡°Ô¼­ ÇØ·Î¿î ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÇØµ¶À» ³¢Ä¡´Â °á°úµéÀ» Á¦°ÅÇϰí ÂüµÇ°í ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿µÇâÀ» Ȱ¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀû, Áï, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ÀηùÀÇ ¿µÀû »î¿¡ À¯ÀÍÇϸç ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


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