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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


WHAT IS ART?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?


by Leo Tolstoy

TRANSLATED BY RICHARD PEVEAR
AND LARISSA VOLOKHONSKY

What Is Art?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

¡¡

IX

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The unbelief of the upper classes of the European world created a situation in which the activity of art, the aim of which was to convey the loftiest feelings mankind has attained to in its religious consciousness, was replaced by an activity the aim of which was to afford the greatest pleasure to a certain group of people. And from the whole vast area of art, that alone which affords pleasure to people of a certain circle has been singled out and has come to be called art. À¯·´ ¼¼°èÀÇ »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ ºÒ½Å¾ÓÀº ¿¹¼ú Ȱµ¿ÀÌ, ±× ¸ñÀûÀÌ ±× Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡¼­ Àηù°¡ µµ´ÞÇÑ °¡Àå ¼þ°íÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÓ¿¡µµ, ƯÁ¤ ¹«¸®ÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÃÖ°íÀÇ Äè¶ôÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀûÀ» Áö´Ñ Ȱµ¿À¸·Î ´ëüµÇ´Â »óȲÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í Àüü ±¤´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­, ¿ÀÁ÷ ƯÁ¤ ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Äè¶ôÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼±º°µÇ¾î ¿¹¼ú·Î ºÒ·¯Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Not to mention the moral consequences for European society of this singling out from the whole area of art and bestowing importance upon an art not deserving of such evaluation, this perversion of art weakened art itself and drove it almost to ruin. The first consequence was that art lost the infinitely diverse and profound religious content proper to it. The second consequence was that, having only a small circle of people in mind, it lost beauty of form, became fanciful and unclear; and the third and chief consequence was that it ceased to be sincere and became artificial and cerebral. À¯·´ »çȸ°¡ ÀÌó·³ Àüü ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ °¡·Á³»°í ±× °°Àº Æò°¡ÀÇ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Â ¾î¶² ¿¹¼ú¿¡ Á߿伺À» ºÎ¿©ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµ´öÀû °á°úµéÀº ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾ø°í, ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ¿Ö°îÀº ¿¹¼ú ÀÚü¸¦ ¾àÈ­½ÃÄ×°í ±×°ÍÀ» °ÅÀÇ ÆÄ±«·Î ¸ô¾Æ°¬´Ù. ù ¹øÂ° °á°ú´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±×¿¡ °íÀ¯ÇÑ ¹«ÇÑÈ÷ ´Ù¾çÇÏ¸ç ½É¿ÀÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ³»¿ëÀ» ÀÒ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. µÎ ¹øÂ° °á°ú´Â, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀûÀº ºÎ·ùÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ°í ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» ÀÒ°í¼­, ºñÇö½ÇÀûÀÌ¸ç ³­ÇØÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù;±×¸®°í ¼¼ ¹øÂ°ÀÌÀÚ ÁÖµÈ °á°ú´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ÁøÁöÇϱ⸦ ¸ØÃß¾ú°í ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀ̸ç Áö¼ºÀûÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
The first consequence — impoverishment of content — occurred because the only true work of art is one that conveys a new feeling not experienced by people before. As a product of thinking is only a product of thinking when it conveys new observations and thoughts, and does not repeat what is already known, in exactly the same way a work of art is only a work of art when it introduces a new feeling (however insignificant) into the general usage of human life. The only reason why children and adolescents experience works of art so strongly is that they convey to them for the first time feelings that they have not experienced before. ù ¹øÂ° °á°ú — ³»¿ëÀÇ ÀúÁúÈ­ — Àº À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌÀü¿¡ °æÇèµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø »õ·Î¿î ´À³¦À» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. »çÀ¯ÀÇ °á°ú´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ »õ·Î¿î ¹ß°ßµé ¹× »ç»óµéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÒ ¶§ ¿À·ÎÁö »çÀ¯ÀÇ »ê¹°À̸ç, ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë·ÁÁø °ÍÀ» ¹Ýº¹ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®À̵íÀÌ, Á¤È®È÷ °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ »õ·Î¿î ´À³¦À» Àΰ£ÀÇ »î¿¡ º¸ÆíÀû ÀÌ¿ëÀ¸·Î µµÀÔÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ºñ·Î¼Ò ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾ÆÀ̵é°ú û¼Ò³âµéÀÌ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀ» °­·ÄÇÏ°Ô °æÇèÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ °æÇèÇØ º¸Áö ¸øÇß´ø ´À³¦µéÀ» ±×°ÍµéÀÌ Ã³À½À¸·Î Àü´ÞÇØ Áشٴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
A completely new feeling, never before expressed by anyone, has a similarly strong effect upon adults. The art of the upper classes, evaluating feelings not according to religious consciousness, but by the degree of pleasure they afford, deprived itself of the source of these feelings. There is nothing older or more hackneyed than pleasure; and there is nothing newer than the feelings that emerge from the religious consciousness of a particular time. And it could not be otherwise: a limit is set to man¡¯s pleasure by nature; but mankind¡¯s movement forward — which is expressed by religious consciousness — has no limits. With each step forward that mankind takes, and these steps are made through an ever-increasing clarification of religious consciousness — people experience more and more new feelings. And therefore it is only on the basis of religious consciousness, which reveals the highest degree of understanding of life attained by the people of a certain period, that there can emerge new feelings never before experienced by men. From ancient Greek religious consciousness there came truly new and infinitely diverse feelings, important for the Greeks, expressed by Homer and the tragedians. It was the same for the Jews, who attained to the religious consciousness of monotheism. This consciousness also produced all the new and important feelings expressed by the prophets. ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »õ·Î¿ò ´À³¦Àº, ÀÌÀü¿¡ ´©±¸¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­µµ Ç¥ÇöµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ¼ºÀε鿡°Ôµµ ºñ½ÁÇÏ°Ô °­·ÄÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù. »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº, ´À³¦µéÀ» Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×°ÍµéÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â Äè¶ôÀÇ Á¤µµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Æò°¡ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ½º½º·Î ÀÌ·± ´À³¦µéÀÇ ¿øÃµÀ» ¸·¾Æ ¹ö·È´Ù. Äè¶ôº¸´Ù ´õ ¿À·¡µÈ °ÍÀ̳ª ´õ ÁøºÎÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù; ±×¸®°í ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ½Ã´ëÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡¼­ ¼Ú¾Æ ³ª¿À´Â ´À³¦µé º¸´Ù ´õ »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× ¹Ý´ë´Â ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù: º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ Äè¶ôÀº ÇѰ谡 ÀÖ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ÀηùÀÇ Áøº¸¸¦ ÇâÇÑ — Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Â — ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀº ÇѰ谡 ¾ø´Ù. Àηù°¡ ÃëÇÏ´Â Áøº¸¸¦ ÇâÇÑ Á¦°¢±â ¹ß°ÉÀ½À¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé °ÉÀ½µéÀº ²÷ÀÓ ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÇ Á¤È­¸¦ ÅëÇØ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áø´Ù  — »ç¶÷µéÀº Á¡Á¡ ´õ »õ·Î¿î ´À³¦µéÀ» °æÇèÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ƯÁ¤ ½Ã±âÀÇ ¹ÎÁß¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Þ¼ºµÇ´Â ÃÖ°íµµÀÇ »îÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¸¦ µå·¯³»´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀÇ Åä´ë À§¿¡¼­¾ß ºñ·Î¼­, »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÌÇØ ÀÌÀü¿¡ °áÄÚ °æÇèµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ´À³¦µéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °í´ë ±×¸®½ºÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®½ºÀε鿡°Ô Áß¿äÇϸç, È£¸Ó¿Í ºñ±Ø ÀÛ°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾ú´ø, ÂüÀ¸·Î »õ·Ó°í ¹«ÇÑÈ÷ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀÌ ¿Ô´Ù. ÀϽű³¶ó´Â Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ µµ´ÞÇÏ¿´´ø À¯ÅÂÀε鿡°Ôµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¿´´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·± ÀÇ½Ä ¶ÇÇÑ ¼±ÁöÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ Ç¥ÇöµÈ ¸ðµç »õ·Ó°í Áß¿äÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ̾ú´Ù.
It was the same for medieval man, who believed in the Church community and the heavenly hierarchy; and it is the same for the man of our time who has adopted the religious consciousness of true Christianity — the consciousness of the brotherhood of men. ±³È¸ °øµ¿Ã¼¿Í õ»ç °è±ÞÀ» ½ÅºÀÇÑ Áß¼¼ Àο¡°Ôµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¿´´Ù; Âü ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¾±³Àû ÀÎ½Ä  — Àηù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ ÀÎ½Ä  — À» äÅÃÇÑ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù.
The diversity of feelings produced by religious consciousness is infinite, and they are all new, because religious consciousness is nothing other than the indication of the new, creative attitude of man towards the world, while the feelings arising from the desire for pleasure are not only limited, but have long since been experienced and expressed. And therefore the unbelief of the European upper classes led them to an art most poor in content. Á¾±³Àû ÀǽĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾î Áö´Â ´À³¦µéÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀº ¹«ÇÑÇÏ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸ðµÎ »õ·Ó´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Á¾±³Àû ÀǽÄÀº ¹Ù·Î ¼¼»óÀ» ÇâÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »õ·Ó°í âÀÇÀûÀΠŵµÀÇ Ç¥½ÃÀÌ´Ù, ¹Ý¸é, Äè¶ôÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿å¸ÁÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀϾ´Â ´À³¦µéÀº ÇѰ谡 ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿À·¡ ÀüºÎÅÍ °æÇèµÇ°í Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À¯·´ »ó·ù »çȸµéÀÇ ºÒ½Å¾ÓÀº ±×µéÀ» ³»¿ë¿¡ À־ °¡Àå ºó¾àÇÑ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ À̸£°Ô Çß´Ù.
The impoverishment of the content of upper-class art was increased by the fact that, having ceased to be religious, it also ceased to be popular, thereby diminishing still further the range of feelings it conveyed, since the range of feelings experienced by the ruling, wealthy men, who do not know the labor that maintains life, is much smaller, poorer and more insignificant than the range of feelings of working people. »ó·ù °è±Þ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀÇ ÀúÁúÈ­´Â, Á¾±³ÀûÀ̱⸦ Áß´ÜµÇ°í ³ª¼­, ´ëÁßÀûÀ̱⸦ ¸ØÃß°í, ±×·³À¸·Î½á ±×°ÍÀÌ Àü´ÞÇÏ´ø ÈξÀ ´õ ³ÐÀº ¹üÀ§ÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» °¨¼â½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áõ°¡µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »îÀ» ÁöÅÊÇØ ÁÖ´Â ³ëµ¿À» ¸ð¸£´Â Áö¹è°èÃþ ¹× ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °æÇèµÇ´Â ´À³¦µéÀÇ ¹üÀ§°¡, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀÇ ¹üÀ§º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ÀÛ°í, ºó¾àÇÏ°í »ç¼ÒÇÑ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
People of our circle, aestheticians, usually think and say the opposite. I remember the writer Goncharov, an intelligent, educated man, though a thorough city-dweller and an aesthetician, telling me that after the Hunter¡¯s Notes of Turgenev there was nothing left to write about the life of the people. It was all used up. The life of laboring people seemed so simple to him that after Turgenev¡¯s stories of the people there was nothing left to describe. But the life of the wealthy people, with its love affairs and self-dissatisfactions, seemed to him full of infinite content. One hero kissed his lady¡¯s palm, another her elbow, a third in some other way. One languishes from laziness, another because he is unloved. And it seemed to him there was no end of diversity in this area. And this opinion, that the life of laboring people is poor in content, while our life, the life of idle people, is full of interesting things, is shared by a great many people of our circle. The life of the laboring man, with its infinitely diverse forms of labor and the dangers connected with it on the sea or under the ground, with his travels, dealings with proprietors, superiors, comrades, with people of other confessions and nationalities, his struggle with nature, wild animals, his relations with domestic animals, his labors in the forest, the steppe, the fields, the orchard, the kitchen garden, his relations with his wife and children, not only as close and dear people but as co-workers, helpers, replacements in his work, his relation to all economic questions, not as subjects of discussion or vanity, but as questions vital for himself and his family, with his pride in self-sufficiency and service to others, with his pleasure in time off, and all these interests pervaded by a religious attitude towards these phenomena — to us, who have no such interests and no religious understanding, this life seems monotonous compared with the small pleasures and insignificant cares of our life, not of labor and creativity, but of the use and destruction of what others have made for us. We think that the feelings experienced by people of our own time and circle are very significant and diverse, but in reality almost all the feelings of people of our circle come down to three very insignificant and uncomplicated feelings: the feelings of pride, sexual lust, and the tedium of living. And these three feelings, with their ramifications, make up almost exclusively the contents of the art of the wealthy classes. ¿ì¸® ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µé, ¹ÌÇÐÀÚµéÀº, ÈçÈ÷µé Á¤¹Ý´ë¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â Áö¼ºÀûÀÌ¸ç ±³À°¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷ÀÎ ÀÛ°¡ °ïÂ÷·ÎÇÁ¸¦ ±â¾ïÇϴµ¥, ±×´Â ºñ·Ï µµ½Ã °ÅÁÖÀÚ¸ç ¹ÌÇÐÀڸ鼭µµ, Åõ¸£°Ô³×ÇÁÀÇ »ç³É²ÛÀÇ ¸Þ¸ð ÈÄ¿¡ ¹ÎÁßÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾µ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ³²Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ¸ðµÎ ¼ÒÁøµÇ¾î ¹ö·È´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀº ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ³Ê¹«³ª ´Ü¼øÇؼ­ Åõ¸£°Ô³×ÇÁÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ À̾߱âµé ÈÄ¿¡ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¹¦»çÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ³²Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀº, ¾ÖÁ¤ Çà°¢µé ¹× Àڱ⠺Ҹ¸Á·µé·Î °¡µæ Â÷¼­ ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ³»¿ëµé·Î °¡µæ Âù °Íó·³ º¸ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾î¶² ÁÖÀΰøÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¼÷³àÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ , ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº ÆÈ²ÞÄ¡¿¡, ±×¸®°í Á¦ »ïÀÚ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î  Ű½ºÇß´Ù. ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº °ÔÀ»·¯¼­, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº »ç¶ûÀ» ÀҾ  ºñÂüÇØÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÌ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀÇ ³¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ º¸¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ÀǰßÀº, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀº ³»¿ëÀÌ ºó¾àÇÏ°í ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »î, °ÔÀ¸¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀº, Èï¹Ì·Î¿î °Íµé·Î °¡µæ Â÷ ÀÖ´Ù´Â ÀǰßÀº, ¿ì¸® ¹üÁÖÀÇ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °øÀ¯µÈ´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀº, ÇØ»óÀ̵ç À°»óÀÌµç ±×¿Í ¿¬°üµÇ´Â ¹«ÇÑÈ÷ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¸ð½ÀµéÀÇ ³ëµ¿°ú À§Çèµé·Î Â÷ÀÖ°í, ¿©Çàµé, °æ¿µÀÚµé, »ó°üµé, µ¿·áµé°ú °Å·¡µé, ´Ù¸¥ Á¾±³µé ¹× ±¹ÀûµéÀ» Áö´Ñ »ç¶÷µé°ú ÇÔ²² Çϸç, ÀÚ¿¬, ¾ß»ýµ¿¹°µé°úÀÇ ÅõÀï, °¡Ãàµé°úÀÇ °ü°èµé, ½£ ¼Ó, ÃÊ¿ø, ¹çµé, ³óÀå, ä¼Ò¹ç¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×ÀÇ ³ëµ¿µé, ¾Æ³»¿Í Àڽĵé°úÀÇ °ü°èµé·Î ÇÔ²²Çϸç, °¡±î¿ì¸ç »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé·Î¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×ÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡¼­ µ¿·áµé, Á¶¼öµé, ´ëü Àϲ۵é·Î¼­, ¸ðµç °æÁ¦ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ °ü°è, Åä·Ð ȤÀº Ç㿵ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÀڽŰú °¡Á·µé¿¡°Ô Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ ÀÖ°í, ÀÚÁ·ÇÏ´Â ÀÚÁ¸½É ¹× ŸÀε鿡 ´ëÇÑ ºÀ»ç·Î¼­, ÈÞ½Ä ½Ã°£ÀÇ Áñ°Å¿ò, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± Çö»óµéÀ» ÇâÇÑ Á¾±³Àû °æÇâµéÀÌ ½º¸çµç ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ü½ÉµéÀº — ¾Æ¹«·± °ü½Éµé ¹× ¾Æ¹«·± Á¾±³Àû ±ú´ÞÀ½À» Áö´ÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô, ÀÌ·± »îÀº ¿ì¸® Á¶±×¸¸ Äè¶ôµé ¹× »ç¼ÒÇÑ °ü½Éµé¿¡ ºñÇØ ´ÜÁ¶·Î¿ö º¸ÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀº ³ëµ¿ ¹× âÀǼº¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¸¦ À§ÇØ ¸¸µç °ÍÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¸ç ÆÄ±«ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ë ¹× ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °æÇèµÇ´Â ´À³¦µéÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Àǹ̽ÉÀåÇÏ°í ´Ù¾çÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ Çö½ÇÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸® ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ´À³¦µéÀº ¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÇ ¸Å¿ì ÇÏÂú°í ´Ü¼øÇÑ ´À³¦µé·Î ±ÍÂøµÈ´Ù: Ç㿵, ¼º¿å, ±×¸®°í »îÀÇ ±ÇÅÂÀÇ ´À³¦µé. ±×¸®°í ÀÌµé ¼¼°¡Áö ´À³¦µéÀº, ±×°ÍµéÀÇ °ç°¡Áöµé°ú ÇÔ²², °ÅÀÇ ¹èŸÀûÀ¸·Î ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëµéÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
Earlier, at the very beginning of the separation of upper-class art from popular art, the chief content of art was the feeling of pride. So it was during the time of the Renaissance and after, when the chief subject of works of art was praise of the powerful — popes, kings, dukes. Odes, madrigals, cantatas, hymns were written in their praise; their portraits were painted, their statues were sculpted, glorifying them in various ways. Later the element of sexual lust began to enter art more and more, becoming (with very few exceptions, and in novels and dramas with no exceptions) the necessary condition of every work of art of the wealthy classes. ÀÌÀü¿¡, »ó·ù °è±ÞÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ´ëÁß ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸®µÇ´ø ¹Ù·Î Ãʱ⿡, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ³»¿ëÀº Ç㿵ÀÇ ´À³¦À̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸£³×»ó½º ½Ã´ë ¹× ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀÇ ÇÙ½É ÁÖÁ¦´Â ±Ç·Â — ±³È²µé, ¿Õµé, ±ºÁÖµé — ÀÇ Âù¾çÀ̾ú´Ù. ¼Û½Ãµé, ¼Ò ¿¬°¡µé, ĭŸŸµé, ¹× Âù¼Û°¡µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» Âù¾çÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾²¿©Á³´Ù; ±×µéÀÇ ÃÊ»óÈ­µéÀÌ ±×·ÁÁ³À¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ Çü»óµéÀÌ Á¶°¢µÇ¾î¼­, ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµé·Î ±×µéÀ» ¹ÌÈ­½ÃÄ×´Ù. ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î ¼ºÀû Ž¿å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ä¼Ò°¡ ´õ¿í ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ µé¾î áÀ¸¸ç, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰ¿¡(°ÅÀÇ ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ¼Ò¼³µé ¹× ¿¬±Øµé¿¡´Â ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ) ÇÊ¿ä Á¶°ÇÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.

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Still later, the number of feelings conveyed by the new art was increased by the third feeling that makes up the content of the art of the wealthy classes — namely, the feeling of the tedium of living. This feeling was expressed at the beginning of the present century only by exceptional people — Byron, Leopardi and later Heine — but has recently become fashionable and is now expressed by the most banal and ordinary people. The French critic Doumic says quite correctly of the main feature of the works of the new writers: Á¶±Ý µÚ¿¡, »õ·Î¿î ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ´À³¦µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¼¼ ¹øÂ° ´À³¦ — Áï, »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±ÇÅÂÀÇ ´À³¦ — À¸·Î Áõ°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ´À³¦Àº Çö ¼¼±âÀÇ ½ÃÀÛ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µé — ¹ÙÀÌ·±, ·¹¿ÀÆÄµð ¹× ÈıâÀÇ ÇÏÀ̳נ — ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾úÁö¸¸ ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ À¯ÇàÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÇöÀç´Â ´ë°³ÀÇ ÁøºÎÇÏ¸ç Æò¹üÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ºñÆò°¡ µÎ¹Ì´Â »õ·Î¿î ÀÛ°¡µéÀÇ ÀÛǰµéÀÇ ÁÖµÈ Æ¯Â¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸Å¿ì Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
. . . c¡¯est la lassitude de vivre, le mépris de l¡¯époque présente. le regret d¡¯un autre temps aperçu à travers l¡¯illusion de l¡¯art, le goût du paradoxe, le besoin de se singulariser, une aspiration de raffinés vers la simplicité, l¡¯adoration enfantine du merveilleux, la séduction maladive de la rêverie, l¡¯ébranlement des nerfs, surtout l¡¯appel exaspere de la sensualité. [52] '... ±×°ÍÀº »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÇÁõ, Çö ½Ã´ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æ¸ê, ¿¹¼úÀ̶õ ȯ»óÀ» ÅëÇØ ÀνĵǴ ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã´ë, ¿ª¼³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃëÇâ, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¾Ë¸®°í ½ÍÀº ÇÊ¿ä, ¼¼·ÃµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´Ü¼ø¼ºÀ» ÇâÇÑ °¥¸Á, °æÀÌ·Î¿î °Íµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯¾ÆÀû ¼þ¹è, ¸ù»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º´ÀûÀÎ À¯È¤, Â÷ºÐÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ½Å°æÁú, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ À°¿å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Â¥Áõ³ª´Â È£¼ÒÀÌ´Ù.'
And, indeed, of these three feelings, sensuality, being the lowest, accessible not only to all people but also to all animals, constitutes the chief subject of all works of art in modern times. ±×¸®°í, »ç½Ç»ó, ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö ´À³¦µé Áß¿¡¼­, À°¿åÀº, °¡Àå Àú±ÞÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó µ¿¹°µé¿¡°Ôµµ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, Çö ½Ã´ëµé¿¡ À־ ¸ðµç ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀÇ ÇÙ½É ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
From Boccaccio to Marcel Prevost, [53] all novels, narrative poems and lyrics invariably convey feelings of sexual love in its various forms. Adultery is not just the favorite but the only theme of all novels. A performance is not a performance unless women bared above or below appear in it under some pretext. Ballads, songs — all these express lust with various degrees of poeticizing. º¸Ä«Ä¡¿ÀºÎÅÍ ¸¶¸£¼¿ ÇÁ·¹º¸½ºÆ®±îÁö, ¸ðµç ¼Ò¼³µé, ¼³È­Ã¼ ½Ãµé ¹× ¼­Á¤½ÃµéÀº ÇѰᰰÀÌ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Çüŵé·Î ¼ºÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÑ´Ù. °£ÅëÀº ¸ðµç ¼Ò¼³µéÀÇ ´Ü°ñ ¹× À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦ÀÌ´Ù. °ø¿¬Àº ¾î¶² ÇΰèµçÁö ±× ¾È¿¡ »óü³ª ÇÏü¸¦ ¹ú°Å¹þÀº ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ µîÀåÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é °ø¿¬ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¹ß¶óµå, °¡¿äµé — ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô ½ÃÀûÀÎ ºÐÀ§±â·Î À°¿åÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù.
The majority of paintings by French artists portray female nakedness in various forms. There is hardly a page or a poem in the new French literature without a description of nakedness or the use here and there, appropriately or inappropriately, of the favorite word and notion nu [¡®nude¡¯]. There is a certain writer named Remy de Gourmont, who is published and considered talented. In order to form an idea of the new writers, I read his novel Les chevaux de Diomède. [54] This is an unbroken, detailed description of the sexual relations some gentleman had with various women. Not a page is without lust-arousing descriptions. It is the same with Pierre Louys¡¯s successful book Aphrodite, and the same with another book I recently came across, Certains, by Huysmans, [55] which is supposed to be a criticism of painters; it is the same, with the rarest exceptions, in all French novels. These are all works by people suffering from erotic mania. These people are apparently convinced that, since their entire life, as a result of their morbid condition, is concentrated on the smearing about of sexual abominations, it must mean that the entire life of the world is concentrated on the same thing. And the entire artistic world of Europe and America imitates these people suffering from erotic mania. ÇÁ¶û½º È­°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±×¸²µéÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ Çüŵé·Î ¿©¼ºÀÇ ³ªÃ¼¸¦ ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ÇÁ¶û½º ¹®ÇÐÀÇ ±ÛÀ̳ª ½Ã¿¡¼­ ³ªÃ¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹¦»ç ȤÀº ¿©±â Àú±â¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ°Ô È¤Àº ºÎÀûÇÕÇÏ°Ô Áñ°Ü ã´Â ´Ü¾î ¹× °³³äÀÎ nu ['³ªÃ¼']ÀÇ »ç¿ëÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù. ·¹¹Ì ±¸¸ùÀ̶ó´Â ¾î¶² ÀÛ°¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù, ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰÀº ÃâÆÇµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç Àç´ÉÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù. »õ·Î¿î ÀÛ°¡µéÀÇ °³³äÀ» Çü¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ³ª´Â ±×ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³ Les chevaux de Diomède¸¦ ÀÐ¾î º¸¾Ò´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¾î¶² ½Å»ç°¡ ¸¹Àº ¿©¼ºµé°ú °¡Áø ¼º °ü°èµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÌ¸ç »ó¼¼ÇÑ ¹¦»çÀÌ´Ù. ´Ü ÇÑ ÆäÀÌÁöµµ À°¿åÀ» Àϱú¿ì´Â ¹¦»çµéÀÌ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. »ß¿¡¸£ ·çÀ̽ºÀÇ ¼º°øÀûÀΠå AphroditeÀÇ °æ¿ìµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö¸ç, ³»°¡ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÀÐÀº ´Ù¸¥ ÀÛ°¡ ÈÖ½º¸ÁÀÇ Certainsµµ µ¿ÀÏÇϸç, ±×°ÍÀº È­°¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆòÀÌ´Ù; µå¹® ¿¹¿ÜµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¸ðµç ÇÁ¶û½º ¼Ò¼³µé¿¡¼­ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. À̰͵éÀº ¸ðµÎ È£»öÁõ¿¡ ºüÁ® ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÛǰµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷, ±×µéÀÇ º´ÀûÀÎ »óÅÂÀÇ °á°ú·Î¼­ ±×µéÀÇ Àüü »îÀÌ ¼ºÀûÀÎ Çø¿Àµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹¦»ç¿¡ ÁýÁߵǾî Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¼¼°èÀÇ Àüü »îÀÌ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °Í¿¡ ÁýÁߵǾî ÀÖ´Ù°í  È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À¯·´ ¹× ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ Àüü ¿¹¼ú ¼¼°è´Â È£»öÁõ¿¡ ºüÁø ÀÌ·± »ç¶÷µéÀ» Èä³» ³»°í ÀÖ´Ù.
And so, as a result of the unbelief and the exclusive life of the upper classes, the art of these classes became impoverished in content and was all reduced to the conveying of the feelings of vanity, the tedium of living and, above all, sexual lust. ±×¸®°í »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ ºÒ½Å¾Ó ¹× ¹èŸÀû »îÀÇ °á°ú·Î, ÀÌ·± °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº ³»¿ëÀÌ ºó°ïÇØÁ³À¸¸ç ¸ðµÎ°¡ Ç㿵, »îÀÇ ±ÇÅ ¹×, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù, ¼ºÀû Ž¿åÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÔÀ¸·Î Àü¶ôµÇ¾ú´Ù.
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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


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