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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


WHAT IS ART?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?


by Leo Tolstoy

TRANSLATED BY RICHARD PEVEAR
AND LARISSA VOLOKHONSKY

What Is Art?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

¡¡

VIII

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But if art is a human activity the aim of which is to convey to others the loftiest and best feelings people have attained to in life, how could it happen that mankind should live a certain, rather long, period of its life — from the time when people ceased to believe in the Church teaching down to the present day — without this important activity, and be satisfied instead with the worthless activity of art that merely affords pleasure? ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ ¿¹¼úÀÌ Àΰ£ÀÇ È°µ¿À¸·Î ±× ¸ñÀûÀº »î¿¡ À־ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼ºÃëÇÏ´Â °¡Àå ¼þ°íÇÑ ±×¸®°í °¡Àå ¼±ÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó¸é, Àηù°¡ ¾î´À Á¤µµ, »ó´çÈ÷ ±ä »îÀÇ ±â°£ — »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±³È¸ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ¹Ï´Â °ÍÀ» Áß´ÜÇÑ ¶§·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁö — À» ÀÌ·± Áß¿äÇÑ È°µ¿ ¾øÀÌ »ì¸ç, ´ë½Å¿¡ ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Äè¶ôÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °¡Ä¡ ¾ø´Â ¿¹¼ú Ȱµ¿¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾îÂî ÀϾ ¼ö Àִ°¡?
In order to answer this question, it is necessary first of all to correct the error people commonly make in ascribing to our art the significance of true, universally human art. We are so used to regarding naively as the best human race not just the Caucasian race, but also the Anglo-Saxon if we are English or American, the German if we are German, the Gallo-Latin if we are French, and the Slavic if we are Russian, that when we speak of our art, we are as fully convinced that it is not only true art, but is also the best and the only art. Yet not only is our art not the only art, as the Bible used to be regarded as the only book, but it is not even the art of all Christian mankind, but just the art of a very small section of that part of mankind. It was possible to speak of Hebrew, Greek or Egyptian national art, as it is now possible to speak of a Chinese, Japanese or Indian art common to the whole nation. Such art, common to the whole nation, existed in Russia before Peter the Great, and also in European societies until the thirteenth or four¡©teenth century; but since people of the upper classes of European society, having lost faith in the Church teaching, did not embrace true Christianity and were left with no faith at all, it is no longer possible to speak of the art of the upper classes of Christian nations as if it were the whole of art. Since the upper classes of the Christian nations lost their faith in Church Christianity, their art has become separated from the art of the whole people, and there have been two arts: the art of the people, and the art of the masters. And therefore the answer to the question of how it could happen that mankind should live for a certain period of time without real art, having replaced it with art that serves pleasure alone, is that it was not the whole of mankind that lived without true art, and not even a considerable part of it, but only the upper classes of European Christian society, and that only for a short period of time — from the beginning of the Renaissance and Reformation to our own day. ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´äÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÂüµÇ°í º¸ÆíÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£ÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼úÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ °®´Ù ºÙÀÓ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÈçÈ÷ ÀúÁö¸£´Â ¿À·ù¸¦ ½ÃÁ¤ÇÔÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¼øÁøÇϰԵµ  ÄÚÄ«¼­½ºÀÎ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸¸ÀÏ ¿µ±¹ ȤÀº ¹Ì±¹ÀÎÀ̶ó¸é ¾Þ±Û·Î »ö½¼Á·, ¿ì¸®°¡ µ¶ÀÏÀÎÀ̶ó¸é °Ô¸£¸¸Á·À», ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÎÀ̶ó¸é °ñ-¶óƾÁ·, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀ̶ó¸é ½½¶óºêÁ·À» °¡Àå ¼±ÇÑ Àηù·Î ¿©±è¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª Àͼ÷ÇØ¼­, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ» ³íÇÒ ¶§, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °¡Àå ¼±ÇÑ À¯ÀÏÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó°í ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº, ¸¶Ä¡ ¼º°æÀÌ ÈçÈ÷ À¯ÀÏÇÑ Ã¥À¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °Íó·³, À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î ¸ðµç ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ÀηùÀÇ ¿¹¼úµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ÀηùÀÇ ÀϺÎÀÇ ¾ÆÁÖ Á¶±×¸¸ Áö¿ªÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù. Àüü ±¹°¡¿¡ °øÅëÀÎ Áß±¹, ÀϺ» ȤÀº Àεµ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ Áö±Ý À̾߱âÇÔÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϵíÀÌ, È÷ºê¸®, ±×¸®½º ȤÀº ÀÌÁýÆ® ±¹¹Î ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱âÇÔÀº °¡´ÉÇß´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀº, Àüü ±¹¹Î¿¡ °øÅëÀ¸·Î, ÇÇÅÍ ´ëÁ¦ ÀÌÀüÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡, ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ 13 ȤÀº 14¼¼±â±îÁö À¯·´ »çȸµé¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇß´Ù; ±×·¯³ª À¯·´ »çȸÀÇ »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ±³È¸ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» »ó½ÇÇÏ°í ³ª¼­, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¸¦ ¼ö¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¾Æ¹«·± ½Å¾ÓÀ» Áö´ÏÁö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ ÈķκÎÅÍ, ¸¶Ä¡ ±× ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¿¹¼ú ÀüüÀÎ °Íó·³ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱â ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó °¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ±¹¹ÎµéÀÇ »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÌ ±³È¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀ» »ó½ÇÇÑ ÈÄ·Î, ±×µéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº Àüü ¹ÎÁßÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ ºÐ¸®µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, µÎ °¡Áö ¿¹¼úµéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇØ ¿Ô´Ù: ¹ÎÁßÀÇ ¿¹¼ú, ±×¸®°í Áö¹èÀÚµéÀÇ ¿¹¼ú. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Àηù°¡ ¾î¶² ±â°£ µ¿¾È ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼ú ¾øÀÌ, ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ Äè¶ô¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ´Â ¿¹¼ú·Î ´ëüÇÏ°í¼­, »ê´Ù´Â ÀÏÀÌ ¾îÂî ÀÏ¾î ³¯ ¼ö Àִ°¡ ÇÏ´Â Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äÀº, ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼ú ¾øÀÌ »ê °ÍÀº Àηù Àüü°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¾úÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ±× »ó´çÇÑ ÀϺεµ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿ÀÁ÷ À¯·´ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »çȸÀÇ »ó·ù °è±Þµé¸¸ÀÌ, ±×¸®°í ±×°Íµµ ¿ÀÁ÷ ªÀº ±â°£ µ¿¾È¸¸ — ¸£³×»ó½º¿Í Á¾±³°³Çõ ½ÃÀÛºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã´ë±îÁö — ±×·¸°Ô »ê °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
And the consequence of this absence of true art has proved to be the very one it had to be: the depravity of the class that avails itself of this art. All the confused, incomprehensible theories of art, all the false and contradictory judgments of it, and, above all, the self-confident stagnation of our art on its own erroneous path — all this is the result of the assertion, now commonly in use and taken as an indisputable truth, but striking in its obvious falseness, that the art of our upper classes is the whole of art, the only true, universal art. In spite of the fact that this assertion, perfectly identical with the assertions of religious people of various confessions who consider theirs the only true religion, is perfectly arbitrary and clearly incorrect, it is calmly repeated by all people of our circle with complete confidence in its infallibility. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ °°Àº ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀÇ °á¿©ÀÇ °á°ú´Â ±×·¸°Ô µÉ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù: ÀÌ·± ¿¹¼úÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °è±ÞÀÇ Å¸¶ô. ¸ðµç È¥¶õ½º·´°í, ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¿¹¼ú À̷еé, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç À§¼±ÀûÀÌ¸ç ¸ð¼øÀûÀÎ ÆÇ´Üµé, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, ±× ÀÚüÀÇ À߸øµÈ ±æ¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸® ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀÚ¸íÇÑ Á¤Ã¼ — ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ÁÖÀå, Áï, Áö±Ý ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö ¾ø´Â Áø¸®·Î ¿©°ÜÁö¸é¼­µµ, ±× ¸í¹éÇÑ À§¼±ÀÌ µÎµå·¯Áö´Â, ¿ì¸® »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀüºÎÀ̸ç À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÂüµÈ º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó´Â, ÁÖÀåÀÇ °á°ú¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀÌ, ±×µéÀÇ °ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÂüµÈ Á¾±³¶ó°í ¿©±â´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ´ÜüÀÇ Á¾±³Àû »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁÖÀåµé°ú ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ µ¶´ÜÀûÀÌ¸ç ¸í¹éÈ÷ ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ¹üÁÖÀÇ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±×°ÍÀÇ ¹«¿À·ù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ È®½ÅÀ¸·Î Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ¹Ýº¹µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
The art we possess is the whole of art, the true, the only art, and yet not only do two-thirds of the human race, all the peoples of Asia and Africa, live and die without knowing this only true art, but, furthermore, barely one per cent of all the people in our Christian society benefit from this art which we call the whole of art; the remaining ninety-nine per cent of our European people live and die by generations, working hard, without ever tasting this art, which besides is of such a kind that, even if they could avail themselves of it, they would not understand anything. We, according to the aesthetic theory we confess, recognize that art is either one of the highest manifestations of the idea, of God, of beauty, or else is the highest spiritual pleasure; besides that, we recognize that all people have equal rights, if not to material, at least to spiritual, blessings; and meanwhile ninety-nine per cent of our European people, generation after generation, live and die working hard at tasks necessary for the production of our art, from which they do not benefit, and even so we calmly assert that the art we produce is the real, the true, the only, the whole of art. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀüºÎÀ̰í, ÂüµÇ¸ç, À¯ÀÏÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ÀηùÀÇ »ïºÐÀÇ ÀÌ´Â, ¾Æ½Ã¾Æ ¹× ¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁßµéÀº, ÀÌ·± À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀ» ¸ð¸¥ ä »ì°í Á״´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸, °Ô´Ù°¡, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ »çȸ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÏ ÆÛ¼¾Æ® ¸¸ÀÌ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀüºÎ¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Â ÀÌ·± ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾ò´Â´Ù; ¿ì¸® À¯·´ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ª¸ÓÁö ±¸½Ê±¸ ÆÛ¼¾Æ®´Â, ¿­½ÉÈ÷ ÀÏÇϸç, ÀÌ·± ¿¹¼úÀ» ¸Àº¸Áöµµ ¸øÇÑ Ã¤, ´ë¸¦ ÀÌ¾î »ì°í Á×À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº °Ô´Ù°¡, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» Á¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ, ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±×·± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â, ¿ì¸®°¡ °í¹éÇÏ´Â ¹ÌÇÐ À̷п¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¹¼úÀº À̳ä, ½Å, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ Ç¥Çöµé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̰ųª, ÃÖ°íÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀû Äè¶ôÀ̶ó°í ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù; ±×°Í»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº, ¹°Áú¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ Àû¾îµµ Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ Çູµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ÆòµîÇÑ ±Ç¸®µéÀ» °¡Áø´Ù°í ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â, ¿ì¸® À¯·´ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ±¸½Ê±¸ ÆÛ¼¾Æ®°¡, ¼¼´ë¸¶´Ù, ¿ì¸® ¿¹¼úÀÇ »ý»êÀ» À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ú¾÷µéÀ» À§ÇØ ¿­½ÉÈ÷ ÀÏÇϸ鼭 »ì°í Á×À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹ÞÁöµµ ¸øÇϰí, ±×·³¿¡µµ ¿ì¸®´Â Á¶¿ëÈ÷ ÁÖÀåÇϱ⸦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸¸µå´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ̸ç, Áø¸®À̸ç, À¯ÀÏÇϸç ÀüüÀÎ ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.
To the observation that if our art is the true art, all people ought to benefit from it, the usual objection is that if not all benefit from existing art, it is not the art that is to blame, but the wrong organization of society; that it is possible to imagine that in the future physical labor will partly be replaced by machines, will partly be lightened by its proper distribution, that the work of producing art will be done in turns; that there is no need for the same people constantly to sit under the stage, moving the scenery, lifting machinery, and playing on the piano or the French horn, or setting type and printing books, and that those who do all that can work a small number of hours a day and in their free time benefit from all the blessings of art. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸® ¿¹¼úÀÌ ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó¸é, ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾ò¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ßÇØ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­, ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹Ý·ÐÀº, ¸¸ÀÏ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾ò´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é, ºñ³­ ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À߸øµÈ »çȸ±¸Á¶¶ó´Â °ÍÀ̸ç; ¹Ì·¡¿¡´Â À°Ã¼ ³ëµ¿ÀÌ ±â°èµé·Î ÀϺΠ±³Ã¼µÇ°í, ÀϺδ ÀûÀýÇÑ ºÐ¹è·Î °¡º­¿ö Áú °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °Í, ¿¹¼úÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â ÀÛ¾÷Àº ±³´ë·Î ÀÌ·ç¾î Áú °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °Í; ¶È°°Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ¹«´ë ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ¾É¾Æ¼­, ¹è°æÀ» ¿òÁ÷À̰í, ÀåÄ¡¸¦ µé¾î ¿Ã¸®°í, ÇǾƳ븦 Ä¡°Å³ª ȤÀº ÇÁ¶û½º È¥À» ¿¬ÁÖÇϰųª, ȤÀº ŸÀÚ¸¦ Ä¡°í Ã¥À» ÀμâÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ±× ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ÇÏ·ç¿¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÏ·ç¿¡ ¸î ½Ã°£¸¸ ÀÏÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ±×µéÀÇ ¿©À¯ ½Ã°£¿¡ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ðµç Ãູµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
So say the defenders of our exclusive art, but I think that they themselves do not believe what they say, because they cannot be unaware that our refined art could emerge only on the slavery of the popular masses and can continue only as long as this slavery exists, and that the specialists — writers, musicians, dancers and actors — can reach that refined degree of perfection only on condition of the hard work of laborers, and that only on these conditions can there exist the refined public to appreciate such works. Free the slaves of capital and it will be impossible to produce such refined art. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹èŸÀû ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ±×µé Àڽŵµ ±×µéÀÌ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹ÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÏ¹Ý ¹ÎÁßÀÇ °í¿ª À§¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± °í¿ªÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ÇÑ¿¡¼­ °è¼ÓµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í Àü¹®°¡µé — ÀÛ°¡µé, À½¾Ç°¡µé, ¹«¿ë¼öµé ¹× ¿¬±âÀÚµé — Àº ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ °íµÈ ³ëµ¿À̶ó´Â Á¶°Ç À§¿¡¼­ ±× °°Àº ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¿Ï¼ºµµ¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± Á¶°Çµé À§¿¡¼­ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÛǰµéÀ» °¨»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¼¼·ÃµÈ ´ëÁßÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
But even if we admit the inadmissible — that is, that methods can be found to make it possible for all people to benefit from art (or what is regarded as art among us) — another consideration presents itself, showing why present-day art cannot be the whole of art, namely, that it is totally incomprehensible for the people. Poetic works were once written in Latin, but nowadays works of art are as incomprehensible for the people as if they were written in Sanskrit. To this the usual reply is that if the people do not understand our art now, it only proves that they are undeveloped, exactly as it has been with every new step in art. First it was not understood, but later they got used to it. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®°¡ ºñ·Ï ÀÎÁ¤ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í — Áï, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿¹¼ú (ȤÀº ¿ì¸® »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °Í) ¿¡¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾ò´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µå´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ ¹ß°ßµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °Í —  À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹ÎÁߵ鿡°Ô ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ´Ù¸¥ »çÇ×ÀÌ µå·¯³ª¼­, ¿Ö ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¿¹¼ú Àüü°¡ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â°¡¸¦ º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù. ½Ã ÀÛǰµéÀº °ú°Å¿¡ ¶óƾ¾î·Î ¾²¿©Á³¾ú´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀº ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¸¶Ä¡ »ê½ºÅ©¸®Æ®¾î·Î ¾²¿©Áø °Íó·³ ÀÌÇØÇÏ±â ¾î·Æ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ´äº¯Àº ¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áö±Ý ¿ì¸® ¿¹¼úÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ Á¦°¢±â ù°ÉÀ½¿¡ Á¤È®È÷ ÀÖ¾î ¿ÔµíÀÌ, ´ÜÁö ±×µéÀÌ ¹Ì°³ÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡®The same will happen with present-day art: it will become comprehensible when all the people are as educated as we upper-class people are who produce this art,¡¯ say the defenders of our art. But this assertion is obviously still more incorrect than the first one, because we know that the majority of upper-class works of art, such as various odes, narrative poems, dramas, cantatas, pastorals, paintings and so on, which upper-class people admired in their time, have never afterwards been either understood or appreciated by the great masses, and have remained what they always were — an amusement for the wealthy people of their time, for whom alone they had any significance. From this one can conclude that the same will happen with our art. And when, to prove that the people will in time come to understand our art, it is said that some works of so-called classical poetry, music and painting, which the masses did not like at first, they began to like later, after these works were offered to them from all sides, it only proves that the mob, and a city mob, half corrupted to begin with, can always easily be made accustomed, by perverting its taste, to any art you like. And besides, this art is not produced by the mob, and is not chosen by the mob, but is forcefully thrust upon it in those public places where it has access to art. For the vast majority of working people, our art, inaccessible to them because of its costliness, is also alien to them in its very content, conveying the feelings of people far removed from the conditions of the laboring life led by the greater part of mankind. That which constitutes pleasure for a man of the wealthy classes is not perceived as pleasure by a working man, and calls up in him either no feelings at all, or else feelings completely contrary to those it calls up in an idle and satiated man. Thus, for example, the feelings of honor, patriotism and amorousness, which constitute the main content of present-day art, call up in a working man only perplexity, scorn or indignation. So that even if the majority of working people were given the opportunity, in their time off from labor, to see, to read, to hear — as they do somewhat in the cities, in picture galleries, popular concerts, books — all that constitutes the flower of present-day art, these working people, to the extent that they are working people and do not yet belong partly to the category of those perverted by idleness, would understand nothing of our refined art, and even if they did, the greater part of what they understood would not only not elevate their souls, but would corrupt them. So that for sincere and thinking people there can be no doubt that the art of the upper classes can never become the art of the whole people. And therefore, if art is an important thing, a spiritual blessing, as necessary for all people as religion (as admirers of art like to say), it must then be accessible to all people. And if it cannot become art for all people, then one of two things: either art is not as important as it is made out to be, or the art which we call art is not important. '¶È°°Àº Çö»óÀÌ ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­µµ ÀϾ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç ¹ÎÁßµéÀÌ ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀ» âÁ¶ÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸® »ó·ù °è±Þ »ç¶÷µé ¸¸Å­ ±³¾çÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù,'°í ¿ì¸® ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ÁÖÀåÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÀüÀÚÀÇ °Íº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ Ʋ¸° °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ´ë´Ù¼ö »ó·ù °è±ÞÀÇ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀÌ, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼Û°¡µé, ¼³È­½Ãµé, ¿¬±Øµé, ´ë¼º¾Ç°îµé, Àü¿ø½Ãµé, ±×¸²µé µîÀ», »ó·ù °è±Þ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡ ĪÂùÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸, ±× ÈÄ·Î °áÄÚ ´ëÁߵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ÀÌÇØµÇ¾ú°Å³ª °¨»óµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ¾ðÁ¦³ª ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ´ø ´ë·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù — ±×µé ½Ã´ëÀÇ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿À¶ô, ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×µéÀ» À§ÇØ  ¾î¶² Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. À̰ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®´Â ¶È°°Àº »óȲÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¿¡µµ ¹ß»ýÇϸ®¶ó °á·ÐÁöÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¹ÎÁßÀÌ ¶§°¡ µÇ¸é ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ÀϺΠ¼ÒÀ§ °íÀü ½Ã, À½¾Ç ¹× ±×¸² ÀÛǰµéÀº, ¹ÎÁßµéÀÌ Ã³À½¿¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁÁ¾Æ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀÌ ÈÄÀÏ ÁÁ¾ÆÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¶§, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹ÎÁßµé, ±×¸®°í µµ½ÃÀÇ ¹ÎÁßµéÀÌ, ½ÃÀÛºÎÅÍ ¹ÝÂë Ÿ¶ôÇÏ¿©¼­, ±×µéÀÇ ÃëÇâÀ» ¿Ö°î½ÃÅ´À¸·Î½á,  ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² ¿¹¼ú¿¡µçÁö ¾ðÁ¦³ª ½±°Ô ÀûÀÀµÇ¾î Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °Ô´Ù°¡, ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀº ´ëÁߵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾î ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ´ëÁߵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ¼±ÅõÇÁöµµ ¾ÊÁö¸¸, ¿¹¼úÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ °ø°ø Àå¼Òµé¿¡¼­ °­Á¦ÀûÀ¸·Î µð¹Ð¾î Áø´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé Àý´ë ´Ù¼ö¿¡°Ô ¿ì¸® ¿¹¼úÀº ³Ê¹« ºñ½Î¼­ Á¢±ÙÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ±× ³»¿ë ÀÚüºÎÅÍ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌÁúÀûÀ̸ç, ÀηùÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿µÀ§µÇ´Â ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »îÀÇ Á¶°Çµé°ú ³Ê¹«³ª µ¿¶³¾îÁø »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷À» À§ÇÑ Äè¶ôÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Äè¶ôÀ¸·Î ÀνĵÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±× ¾È¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ´À³¦µéÀ» ºÒ·¯ ³»Áö ¸øÇϰųª, ȤÀº ³ªÅÂÇϰųª Æ÷¸¸°¨À» ´À³¢´Â »ç¶÷ ¾È¿¡¼­ ºÒ·¯³»´Â °Íµé°ú´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ´À³¦µéÀ» ºÒ·¯³½´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¸í¿¹, ¾Ö±¹½É ¹× ¿¬¾ÖÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀº, À̰͵éÀº ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÇÙ½É ³»¿ëÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ ¾È¿¡¼­ ¿ÀÁ÷ ´çȤ°¨, °æ¸ê ȤÀº ºÐ³ë¸¦ ÀھƳ½´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ´ë´Ù¼ö ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ³ëµ¿À» ¶°³ª ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã°£¿¡ — ±×µéÀÌ ¾î´À Á¤µµ µµ½Ãµé¿¡¼­, È­¶ûµé¿¡¼­, ´ëÁß ¿¬ÁÖȸµé¿¡¼­, Ã¥µé¿¡¼­ — º¸°í ÀÐ°í µéÀ» ±âȸ°¡ ÁÖ¾îÁø´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ²ÉÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀº, ±×µéÀÌ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ¸ç ¾ÆÁ÷ ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÅÂÇÔÀ¸·Î ¿Ö°îµÈ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¹üÁÖ¿¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÇÑ,  ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇß´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ±×µéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÑ ´õ ¸¹Àº ºÎºÐÀº ±×µéÀÇ Á¤½ÅµéÀ» °íÃë½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×µéÀ» Ÿ¶ô½Ãų °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¼º½ÇÇÏ°í »ç·Á ±íÀº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô À־, »óÀ§ °è±ÞµéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÌ °áÄÚ Àüü »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿¹¼úÀÌ Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó¸é, ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀû ÃູÀº, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô (¿¹¼úÀÇ Âù¹ÌÀÚ µéÀÌ ¸»Çϱâ ÁÁ¾ÆÇϵí) Á¾±³ ¸¸Å­À̳ª  ÇÊ¿äÇÏ¿©¼­, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÌ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é, µÑ ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÌ´Ù: ¿¹¼úÀÌ ÁÖÀåµÇ´Â °Í¸¸Å­ Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó ºÎ¸£´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
This dilemma is insoluble, and therefore intelligent but immoral people boldly resolve it by denying one side of it — namely, the right of the popular masses to benefit from art. These people give direct utterance to what lies at the heart of the matter, which is that only the schöne Geister, the elect, as the romantics called them, or the ¡®supermen¡¯, as they have been called by Nietzsche¡¯s followers, can partake of and benefit from the supremely beautiful (in their understanding) — that is, the loftiest pleasure of art. The rest, the crude herd, unable to experience these pleasures, must serve the lofty pleasures of this higher race of men. Those who voice such views at least do not pretend and do not want to combine the uncombinable, but admit directly what happens to be the case — namely, that our art is the art of the upper classes only. This, essentially, is how art has been and is understood by all people occupied with the arts in our society. ÀÌ µô·¹¸¶´Â ÇØ°áµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÁöÀûÀÌÁö¸¸ ºÎµµ´öÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ´ë´ãÇÏ°Ô ±×°ÍÀÇ ÇÑÂÊ ¸é — Áï, ´ëÁßµéÀÌ ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ¾òÀ» ±Ç¸® — À» ºÎÁ¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×°ÍÀ» ÇØ°áÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹®Á¦ÀÇ ½ÉÃþºÎ¿¡ ³õÀÎ °ÍÀ» Á÷Á¢ ¾ð±ÞÇϸç, ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸ù»ó°¡µéÀÌ ±×µéÀ» ÀÏĵí,  schöne Geister, ¼±ÅÃµÈ ÀÚµé, ȤÀº ´ÏüÀÇ ÃßÁ¾Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ±×µéÀÌ ºÒ·ÁÁ³µíÀÌ, 'ÃÊÀΰ£µé'ÀÌ (±×µéÀÇ ÀÌÇØ ¾È¿¡¼­) ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò — Áï, °¡Àå ¼þ°íÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ Äè¶ô — À» ÇÔ²² ³ª´©°í ´©¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª¸ÓÁöµé, ¼¼·ÃµÇÁö ¸øÇÑ ¹«¸®µéÀº, ÀÌ·± Äè¶ôµéÀ» °æÇèÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø°í,  ÀÌ °íµî ÀηùÀÇ ¼þ°íÇÑ Äè¶ôµéÀ» ½ÃÁßµé¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ °ßÇØµéÀ» ÁÖâÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº °áÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ» °áÇÕÇÏ·Á Çϴ ô Çϰųª ÀǵµÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ±× °æ¿ì°¡ µÇ´Â °Í —  Áï, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº »ó·ù °è±Þµé ¸¸ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó´Â °Í — À» Á÷Á¢ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.  À̰ÍÀÌ, ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î, ¿ì¸® »çȸ¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼úµé¿¡ Á¾»çÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î ¿ÔÀ¸¸ç ÀÌÇØµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù.
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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


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