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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


WHAT IS ART?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?


by Leo Tolstoy

TRANSLATED BY RICHARD PEVEAR
AND LARISSA VOLOKHONSKY

What Is Art?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

¡¡

VII

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Since the time when people of the upper classes lost their faith in Church Christianity, the standard of good and bad art has been beauty — that is, the pleasure afforded by art — and in correspondence with this view of art, an aesthetic theory has taken shape of itself among the upper classes, justifying such an understanding — a theory according to which the aim of art is the manifestation of beauty. The adherents of this aesthetic theory, to confirm its correctness, assert that it was not invented by them, that it lies at the essence of things and was already recognized by the ancient Greeks. But this assertion is completely arbitrary and has no other basis than the fact that for the ancient Greeks, with their lower moral ideal (as compared with the Christian), the idea of the good was not yet sharply distinguished — from the idea of the beautiful . »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±³È¸ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ÀÒÀº ½Ã´ë ÀÌÈÄ·Î, ¼±ÇÏ°í ¾ÇÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò — Áï, ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¦°øµÇ´Â Äè¶ô — ÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °°Àº ¿¹¼ú°ü¿¡ ¸ÂÃ߾, ÇϳªÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ »ó·ù °è±Þµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ½º½º·Î ¸ð¾çÀ» °®Ãß¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÌÇØ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ̶ó´Â À̷и¦ ÇÕ¸®È­ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¹ÌÇÐ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ½ÅºÀÀÚµéÀº, ±×°ÍÀÇ Á¤È®¼ºÀ» È®¾ðÇϱâ À§Çؼ­, ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ â¾ÈµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °Í, ±×°ÍÀº »ç¹°µéÀÇ º»Áú¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ¹Ì °í´ë ±×¸®½ºÀε鿡 ÀÇÇØ ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾ú´Ù°í ´Ü¾ðÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ´Ü¾ðÀº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ µ¶´ÜÀûÀÌ¸ç °í´ë ±×¸®½ºÀε鿡°Ô À־, ±×µéÀÇ (±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿Í ºñ±³ÇÏ¿©) Àú±ÞÇÑ  µµ´öÀû ÀÌ»ó°ú ÇÔ²², ¼±ÀÇ °³³äÀº¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·ÎºÎÅ;ÆÁ÷ Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ±¸º°µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â »ç½Ç ¿Ü¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ±Ù°Å¸¦ °®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
The highest perfection of the good, not only not coincident with beauty, but mainly opposed to it, which the Jews already knew in the time of Isaiah and which was fully expressed by Christianity, was completely unknown to the Greeks. They thought that the beautiful must necessarily also be good. True, the foremost thinkers — Socrates, Plato, Aristotle — sensed that the good might not coincide with beauty. Socrates expressly subordinated beauty to the good; Plato, in order to unite the two ideas, spoke of a spiritual beauty; Aristotle demanded that art affect people morally , [47] but even these thinkers still could not entirely renounce the notion that beauty and the good coincide. ¼±ÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀº, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÁÖ·Î ±×°Í°ú ´ëÄ¡µÇ¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº À¯´ëÀεéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ÀÌ»ç¾ß ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¾Ë¾ÒÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®½ºÀε鿡°Ô´Â ÀüÇô ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã  ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¶ÇÇÑ ¼±ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù. »ç½Ç, °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ »ç»ó°¡µé — ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º, ÇöóÅæ, ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º — Àº ¼±Àº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ´À²¼´Ù. ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º´Â ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» ¼±¿¡ Á¾¼Ó½ÃÄ×´Ù; ÇöóÅæÀº, µÎ °¡Áö °³³äµéÀ» °áÇÕÇϱâ À§ÇØ, Á¤½ÅÀû ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» À̾߱â Çß´Ù; ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¿ä±¸Çß´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌµé »ç»ó°¡µéµµ ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼±ÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ßÇØ¸¦ ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î Æ÷±âÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
And therefore in the language of that time there came into use the compound word (beautiful-goodness) to signify this combined notion. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¾ð¾î¿¡¼­ º¹ÇÕ¾î (¹Ì¼±)°¡ »ç¿ëµÇ¾î¼­ ÀÌ·± È¥ÇÕµÈ °³³äÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Greek thinkers were obviously beginning to approach the concept of the good expressed by Buddhism and Christianity, and were confused in establishing relations between the good and beauty. Plato¡¯s judgments about beauty and the good are full of contradictions. And it was this very confusion of concepts that the people of the European world, who had lost all faith, tried to make into law. They tried to prove that this combination of beauty and good lies at the very essence of the matter, that beauty and the good must coincide, that the word and concept of `, which had meaning for the Greeks, but which has no meaning at all for a Christian, represents the highest ideal of mankind. On this misunderstanding the new science of aesthetics was erected. And in order to justify this new science, the ancient teaching on art was reinterpreted in such fashion as to make it seem that this made-up science had also existed among the Greeks. ±×¸®½º »ç»ó°¡µéÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ºÒ±³ ¹× ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Ç¥ÇöµÈ ¼±ÀÇ °³³ä¿¡ ´Ù°¡°¡°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¼±°ú ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ ¼³Á¤ÇÔ¿¡ È¥¶õ½º·¯¿ü´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇöóÅæÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÀº ¸ð¼øµé·Î °¡µæ Â÷ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À¯·´ ¼¼°èÀÇ ¹ÎÁßµéÀÌ, ½Å¾ÓÀ» ÀÒ°í ³ª¼­, ±Ô¹üÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé°íÀÚ ½ÃµµÇß´ø °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ °°Àº °³³äµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¥¶õÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼±ÀÇ °áÇÕÀÌ ¹°ÁúÀÇ º»Áú ÀÚü¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ», ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼±Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÏÄ¡ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ», ¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î ¹× °³³äÀº, ±×¸®½ºÀε鿡°Ô Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àο¡°Ô ÀüÇô ¾Æ¹«·± Àǹ̰¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ÀηùÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ·Á ¾Ö½è´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿ÀÇØ À§¿¡ ¹ÌÇÐÀ̶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î Çй®ÀÌ ¼¼¿öÁ³´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ »õ·Î¿î Çй®À» ÇÕ¸®È­Çϱâ À§ÇØ, ¿¹¼ú¿¡ °üÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§Àº, ÀÌ °°Àº ³¯Á¶µÈ Çй®ÀÌ ±×¸®½ºÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡µµ ¿ª½Ã Á¸Àç Çß´ø °Íó·³ º¸À̵µ·Ï, ÀçÇØ¼®µÇ¾ú´Ù.
In fact, the reasoning of the ancients about art did not resemble ours at all. Thus Benard writes quite correctly, in his book on Aristotle¡¯s aesthetics: ¡®Pour qui veut y regarder de près, la théorie du beau et celle de l¡¯art sont tout à fait séparées dans Aristote, comme elles le sont dans Platan et chez leurs successeurs.¡¯ [48] »ç½Ç, ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í´ëÀεéÀÇ Ãß·ÐÀº ÀüÇô ¿ì¸® °ÍÀ» ´ãÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¹ö³ªµå´Â, ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½ºÀÇ ¹ÌÇп¡ °üÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Ã¥¿¡¼­, ¸Å¿ì Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ±â·ÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù: '±×°ÍÀ» ÁÖÀÇ ±í°Ô º¸°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ÀÌ·Ð ¹× ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀº ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º¿¡°Ô À־, ÇöóÅæÀ̳ª ±×ÀÇ °è½ÂÀÚµéó·³, ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ºÐ¸®µÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.'
And indeed the reasoning of the ancients on art not only does not confirm our aesthetics, but rather denies its teaching on beauty. And yet all aestheticians, from Schassler to Knight, maintain that the science of the beautiful — aesthetics — was initiated by the ancients — Socrates, Plato, Aristotle — and was supposedly continued to some extent by the Epicureans and the Stoics — Seneca, Plutarch, and up to Plotinus; but that as the result of some accident, this science somehow suddenly disappeared in the fourth century, was absent for fifteen hundred years, and only after this gap of fifteen hundred years was revived again in Germany, in 1750, in the teaching of Baumgarten. ±×¸®°í »ç½Ç ¿¹¼ú¿¡ °üÇÑ °í´ëÀεéÀÇ Ãß·ÐÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±× °¡¸£Ä§À» ºÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸ðµç ¹ÌÇÐÀÚµéÀº, »þ½½·¯¿¡¼­ ³ªÀÌÆ®±îÁö, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Çй® — ¹ÌÇÐ — Àº °í´ëÀÎµé — ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º, ÇöóÅæ, ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º — ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ È¿½ÃµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ÇÊ°æ ¾î´À Á¤µµ±îÁö´Â ¿¡ÇDZԷ¯½º ÇÐÆÄ ¹× ½ºÅ侯 ÇÐÆÄµé —¼¼³×Ä«, Ç÷çŸũ, ±×¸®°í ÇÃ·ÎÆ¼´©½º±îÁö — ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾ú´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² ¿ì¿¬ÀÇ °á°ú·Î, ÀÌ Çй®Àº ¾î·µç 4¼¼±â¿¡ »ç¶óÁ³À¸¸ç, 1500³â µ¿¾È ¾ø´Ù°¡, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌó·³ 1500³âÀ̶ó´Â ½ÃÂ÷ ÈÄ¿¡, 1750³â µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼­, ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À¸·Î ºÎȰµÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù..
After Plotinus, says Schassler, fifteen centuries went by during which there was not the slightest scientific interest in the world of beauty and art. Those one and a half thousand years were lost for aesthetics and for the working out of the scholarly structure of this science. [49] »þ½½·¯´Â ¸»Çϱ⸦, ÇÃ·ÎÆ¼´©½º ÈÄ¿¡, 15¼¼±â°¡ Èê·¯°¬À¸¸ç ±× ±â°£ µ¿¾È ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ Çй®Àû °ü½Éµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±× 1500³âÀº ¹ÌÇп¡ À־ ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± Çй®ÀÇ Çмú ±¸Á¶¸¦ »êÃâÇÔ¿¡ À־ ÀÒ¾î ¹ö¸° ½Ã±â¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
In fact, it was nothing of the sort. The science of aesthetics, the science of the beautiful, did not disappear and could not disappear, because it never existed. The Greeks, like all other peoples always and everywhere, simply regarded art, like any other matter, as good only when it served the good (as they understood it) and bad when it was opposed to this good. The Greeks themselves were so little developed morally that they thought beauty and the good coincided, and on this backward world view of the Greeks was erected the science of aesthetics made up by men of the eighteenth century, and especially turned into a theory by Baumgarten. The Greeks (as anyone can be convinced by reading Benard¡¯s excellent book on Aristotle and his followers, and Walter¡¯s book on Plato) never had any science of aesthetics. »ç½Ç, °áÄÚ ±×·± °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¹ÌÇÐÀ̶õ Çй®, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Çй®Àº, »ç¶óÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç »ç¶óÁú ¼öµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº °áÄÚ Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀεéÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷, ¾ðÁ¦ ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­³ª ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéó·³, ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² ¹®Á¦Ã³·³, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍÀÌ (±×µéÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´ø °Íó·³) ¼±À» À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ¸é ¼±ÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç ÀÌ·± ¼±¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ¸é ¾ÇÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°å´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀÎµé ½º½º·Î´Â µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÀÌ ³Ê¹« ³·¾Æ¼­ ±×µéÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼±ÀÌ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î »ý°¢ÇßÀ¸¸ç ±×¸®½ºÀεéÀÇ ÀÌ·± ÈÄÁøÀû ¼¼°è°ü À§¿¡ 18¼¼±âÀÇ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³¯Á¶µÈ ¹ÌÇÐÀ̶õ Çй®ÀÌ ¼¼¿öÁ³À¸¸ç, Ưº°È÷ ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î º¯¸ðµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®½ºÀεéÀº (¹ö³ªµåÀÇ ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º¿Í ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾Àڵ鿡 °üÇÑ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Ã¥, ±×¸®°í ÇöóÅæ¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿ùÅÍÀÇ Ã¥À» ÀÐ¾î º¸¸é ´©±¸¶óµµ ³³µæÇϰÚÁö¸¸) °áÄÚ ¹ÌÇÐÀ̶õ Çй®À» °¡Áø ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù.
Aesthetic theories, and the very name of this science, emerged about one hundred and fifty years ago among the wealthy classes of the Christian European world, simultaneously in various nations — Italian, Dutch, French, English. Its founder, its shaper, the one who gave it scientific, theoretical form, was Baumgarten. ¹ÌÇÐ À̷еéÀº, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ Çй®ÀÇ À̸§ ÀÚü´Â, 150³â Àü¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ À¯·´ ¼¼°èÀÇ ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ °è±Þµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­, µ¿½Ã¿¡ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ³ª¶óµé — ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ, ³×´ú¶õµå, ÇÁ¶û½º, ¿µ±¹ — ¿¡¼­ µîÀåÇß´Ù. ±× â½ÃÀÚ, ±× Çü¼ºÀÚ, ±×°Í¿¡ Çй®Àû, ÀÌ·ÐÀû ÇüŸ¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº, ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙÀ̾ú´Ù.
With the pedantic external thoroughness and symmetry typical of the Germans, he invented and expounded this astonishing theory. And, in spite of its striking baselessness, no other theory ever suited so well the taste of the cultured mob, or was adopted with such readiness and absence of criticism. This theory suited the taste of the upper classes so well that to this day, despite its complete arbitrariness and the non-substantiation of its theses, it is repeated by the learned and the unlearned as something indisputable and self-evident. µ¶ÀÏÀε鿡°Ô Ư¡ÀÎ ÇöÇÐÀû ¿ÜÀû Ä¡¹ÐÇÔ ¹× ±ÕÇü°¨°¢À¸·Î, ±×´Â ÀÌ ³î¶ó¿î ÀÌ·ÐÀ» â¾ÈÇϰí ÇØ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÇ µÎµå·¯Áø Å͹«´Ï ¾øÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² À̷еµ ±³¾ç ÀÖ´Â ±ºÁßµéÀÇ ÃëÇâ¿¡ ±×·¸°Ô ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¸Â¾Æ ¶³¾îÁø ÀûÀº ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ȤÀº ±×Åä·Ï ½Å¼ÓÇÏ°Ô ±×¸®°í ¹«ºñÆÇÀûÀ¸·Î äÅÃµÈ ÀûÀº ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÌ·ÐÀº »ó·ù °è±ÞµéÀÇ ÃëÇâ¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¸Â¾Æ¼­, ±×°ÍÀÇ µ¶´Ü¼º ¹× ±× ³íÁ¦µéÀÇ ½Åºù ¾øÀ½¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ±×°ÍÀº ½ÄÀÚµé ¹× ¹«½ÄÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ¼­ ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ÀÚ¸íÇÑ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
Habent sua fata libelli pro capite lectoris, [50] and still more so habent sua fata the particular theories that come from the state of delusion that society is in, amidst which and for the sake of which these theories are devised. If a theory justifies the false position which a certain part of society is in, then, however baseless and even obviously false the theory may be, it will get adopted and become the belief of that part of society. Such, for instance, is the famous and totally baseless theory of Malthus [51] about the earth¡¯s population increasing in geometrical progression while food resources increase only in arithmetical progression, the result being the overpopulation of the earth. Such, too, is the theory, grown out of Malthus, of selection and the struggle for existence as the basis of human progress. Such, too, is the now widely spread theory of Marx that economic progress is inevitable and consists in the swallowing up of all private enterprises by capitalism. However baseless theories of this sort may be, however contradictory they may be to everything mankind knows and recognizes, however obviously immoral they may be, they are accepted on faith, without criticism, and are preached with passionate enthusiasm, sometimes for centuries, until the conditions they justify are done away with or the absurdity of the theories becomes too obvious. Such, too, is the astonishing theory of Baumgarten¡¯s trinity — Good, Truth and Beauty — according to which it turns out that the best that can be done by the art of peoples who have lived eighteen hundred years of Christian life is to adopt as its ideal the same one that was held by a small, half-savage, slave-owning people two thousand years ago, who portrayed naked human bodies very well and built buildings pleasing to the eye. No one notices any of these incongruities. Learned men write long, vaporous treatises on beauty as one member of the aesthetic trinity: the beautiful, the true, the good. Das Schöne, das Wahre, das Gute — le Beau, le Vrai, le Bon — with capital letters, are repeated by philosophers, aestheticians, artists, private individuals, novelists, pamphleteers, and everyone seems to think that in pronouncing these sacramental words they are speaking of something quite definite and firm — something on which one can base one¡¯s judgments. In fact, these words not only have no definite meaning, but they hinder us from giving any definite meaning to existing art, and are needed only to justify the false significance we ascribe to art that conveys all sorts of feelings, so long as these feelings afford us pleasure. Ã¥µéÀº ±× µ¶ÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÌÇØ¿¡ µû¶ó ±× ¿î¸íÀ» Áö´Ñ´Ù(Habent sua fata libelli pro capite lectoris), ±×¸®°í ±× »çȸ°¡ óÇÑ ¸Á»óÀÇ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÇ´Â ƯÁ¤ÇÑ À̷еéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ´õ¿í ±× ¿î¸íÀ» Áö´Ñ´Ù (habent sua fata), ¶ÇÇÑ ±×°Íµé °¡¿îµ¥¼­ ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀ» À§ÇØ À̵é À̷еéÀÌ °í¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¾î¶² ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ »çȸÀÇ ¾î¶² ÀϺΰ¡ óÇÑ À§¼±Àû À§Ä¡¸¦ Á¤´çÈ­ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±× ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ±Ù°Å ¾ø°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¸í¹éÈ÷ À§¼±ÀûÀ̶ó ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ±×°ÍÀº äÅõǾîÁ®¼­ ±× »çȸ ÀϺÎÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº, ¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é, À¯¸íÇϰí ÀüÇô ±Ù°Å ¾ø´Â ¸È´õ½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î, Áö±¸ÀÇ Àα¸´Â ±âÇϱ޼öÀûÀ¸·Î ´À´Â ¹Ý¸é ½Ä·®Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ »ê¼ú±Þ¼öÀûÀ¸·Î ´Ã¾î¼­, ±× °á°ú´Â Áö±¸ÀÇ Àα¸ °úÀ×ÀÌ µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ª½Ã ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº, ¸È´õ½º·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚ¶ó³­ °ÍÀ¸·Î, Àΰ£ÀÇ Áøº¸ÀÇ °úÁ¤ÀÇ Åä´ë·Î¼­ÀÇ ÀûÀÚ»ýÁ¸ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ´Ù. ¿ª½Ã ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº Áö±Ý ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¸¶¸£Å©½ºÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î¼­, °æÁ¦Àû Áøº¸´Â ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ̸ç ÀÚº»ÁÖÀǰ¡ ¸ðµç °³ÀÎ »ç¾÷µéÀ» »ïÄѹö¸²¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Á¾·ùÀÇ À̷еéÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ±Ù°Å ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ Àηù°¡ ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀνÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ¸ð¼øÀûÀ̶ó ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¾Æ¹«¸® ºñµµ´öÀûÀ̶ó ÇÒÁö¶óµµ, ±×°ÍµéÀº ½Å¾Óó·³ ¼ö¿ëµÇ¸ç, ºñÆÇµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, Á¤¿­ÀûÀÎ ¿­±¤À¸·Î ¼³±³µÇ¸ç, ¶§·Î´Â ¼ö¼¼±â µ¿¾È, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÇÕ¸®È­ÇÏ´Â Á¶°ÇµéÀÌ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø¾îÁö°Å³ª ȤÀº À̷еéÀÇ ºÎÁ¶¸®°¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸í¹éÇØÁú ¶§±îÁö ±×·¯ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀº ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙÀÇ »ïÀ§ÀÏü — ¼±, Áø¸® ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò — ¶ó´Â ³î¶ó¿î ÀÌ·ÐÀ̸ç, À̰Ϳ¡ ÀÇÇϸé, 1800³â µ¿¾È ±×¸®½ºµµÀû »îÀ» »ì¾Æ¿Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ·èµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ °ÍÀº, ¹ú°Å¹þÀº Àΰ£ÀÇ ¸öµéÀ» ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô ±×·ÈÀ¸¸ç º¸±â¿¡ Áñ°Å¿î °Ç¹°µéÀ» ¼¼¿ü´ø 2000³â Àü ¼Ò¼öÀÇ ¹Ý ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀÎ, ³ë¿¹¸¦ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÁöÁöµÇ¾ú´ø °Í°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀ», ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î äÅÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¹«µµ ÀÌ·± ºÒÀÏÄ¡µéÀ» ´«Ä¡Ã¤Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. Áö½ÄÀεéÀº ¹ÌÇÐ »ïÀ§ÀÏüÀÇ ÇÑ ±¸¼º¿øÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ °üÇØ Àå¹®ÀÇ °øÇãÇÑ ³í¹®µéÀ» ¾´´Ù: Áø, ¼±, ¹Ì. ´ë¹®ÀÚ·Î Das Schöne, das Wahre, das Gute — le Beau, le Vrai, le Bon — ¶ó°í ¾²¸ç, öÇÐÀÚµé, ¹ÌÇÐÀÚµé, ¿¹¼ú°¡µé, °³Àεé, ¼Ò¼³°¡µé, ÆÊÇ÷¿ Á¦ÀÛÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´©±¸³ª ÀÌµé ¼º½º·¯¿î ´Ü¾îµéÀ» ¹ßÀ½Çϸ鼭 ±×µéÀº ¸Å¿ì ¸íÈ®Çϸç È®°íÇÑ ¾î¶² °Í — ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ Åä´ë·Î µÑ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾î¶² °Í — À» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ. »ç½Ç»ó, ÀÌ·± ´Ü¾îµéÀº ¸íÈ®ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´Ï°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿ì¸®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±âÁ¸ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾î¶² ¸íÈ®ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÇØÇϸç, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¿¹¼ú¿¡, ÀÌµé ´À³¦µéÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Äè¶ôÀ» ÁÖ´Â ÇÑ, ¿ì¸®°¡ ±ÔÁ¤ÇÏ´Â À§¼±Àû Àǹ̸¦ Á¤´çÈ­Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¿À·ÎÁö ÇÊ¿äÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
The moment we renounce for a time the habit of regarding this trinity as having the truth of the religious Trinity, and ask ourselves what we always understand as the meaning of the three words of this trinity, we will be convinced beyond doubt of how utterly fantastic is the uniting of these three utterly different and, above all, incommensurate words and concepts. ¿ì¸®°¡ Àá½Ã¶óµµ ÀÌ·± »ïÀ§ÀÏü°¡ Á¾±³Àû »ïÀ§ÀÏüÀÇ Áø¸®¸¦ Áö´Ñ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ½À°üÀ» Æ÷±âÇϰí, ÀÌ·± »ïÀ§ÀÏü¶ó´Â ¼¼ ´Ü¾îµéÀÇ Àǹ̷Π¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÌÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö ÀÚ¹®ÇØ º»´Ù¸é, ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ÀÌµé ¼¼°¡Áö ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »óÀÌÇÑ ±×¸®°í ,¹«¾ùº¸´Ù, ¾î¿ï¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â ´Ü¾îµé°ú °³³äµéÀ» °áÇÕÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾ó¸¶³ª öÀúÇÏ°Ô ±«»óÇÑ ÀÏÀÎÁö ±ú´ÞÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
The good, the beautiful and the true are put on the same level, and all three concepts are recognized as fundamental and metaphysical. Yet the reality is nothing of the sort. ¼±, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò ¹× Áø¸®´Â µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¼±»ó¿¡ ³õÀδÙ, ±×¸®°í ¼¼°¡Áö ¸ðµç °³³äµéÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ̸ç ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀνĵȴÙ. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Çö½ÇÀº °áÄÚ ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´Ù.
The good is the eternal, the highest aim of our life. No matter how we understand the good, our life is nothing else than a striving towards the good — that is, towards God. ¼±Àº ¿µ¿øÇÔÀ̸ç, ¿ì¸® »îÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼±À» ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÌÇØÇϵçÁö, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀº ¼±À» ÇâÇÑ — Áï, ½ÅÀ» ÇâÇÑ ³ë·Â¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
The good is indeed a fundamental concept, which metaphysically constitutes the essence of our consciousness, a concept undefinable by reason. ¼±Àº »ç½Ç ±Ùº»Àû °³³äÀ¸·Î, ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸® ÀǽÄÀÇ º»ÁúÀ», À̼ºÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °³³äÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù.
The good is that which no one can define, but which defines everything else. ¼±Àº ¾Æ¹«µµ Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÁö¸¸, ´Ù¸¥ ¹«¾ùÀ̵ç Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
But the beautiful, if we are not to content ourselves with words, but speak of what we understand — the beautiful is nothing other than what is pleasing to us. ±×·¯³ª ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº, ¿ì¸®°¡ ´Ü¾î¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é — ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Áñ°Å¿î °Í¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
The concept of beauty not only does not coincide with the good, but is rather the opposite of it, because the good for the most part coincides with a triumph over our predilections, while beauty is the basis of all our predilections. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀº ¼±°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ±×°ÍÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¼±Àº ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Æí¾Öµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Â¸®¿Í ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç Æí¾ÖÀÇ Åä´ëÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
The more we give ourselves to beauty, the more removed we are from the good. I know that the usual response to this is that there exists a moral and spiritual beauty, but that is only a play on words, because by spiritual or moral beauty we mean nothing other than the good. Spiritual beauty, or the good, for the most part not only does not coincide with what is usually meant by beauty, but is the opposite of it. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ºüÁ®µé¸é µé¼ö·Ï, ¿ì¸®´Â ¼±¿¡¼­ ´õ ¸Ö¾îÁø´Ù. ³ª´Â À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀû ¹ÝÀÀÀº µµ´öÀû ¹× Á¤½ÅÀû ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¸»Àå³­ÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Á¤½ÅÀû ȤÀº µµ´öÀû ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼±À» ÀǹÌÇÔ¿¡ Áö³ªÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò, Ȥ ¼±Àº, ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ÈçÈ÷ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°ÍÀÇ ¹Ý´ëÀÌ´Ù.
As for truth, it is still less possible to assign to this member of the supposed trinity not only a oneness with the good or the beautiful, but even any independent existence at all. Áø¸®¸¦ ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, ÀÌ ÃßÁ¤Àû »ïÀ§ÀÏüÀÇ ±¸¼º¿ø¿¡ ¼± ¶Ç´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°úÀÇ ÀÏü°¨ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾î¶² µ¶¸³ÀûÀÎ ½Çü¸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϱâ¶óµµ ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ÈξÀ ´õ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.
We call truth only the correspondence between the manifestation or definition of an object and its essence, or the understanding of the object common to all people. And what is common to the concepts of beauty and truth on the one hand, and the good on the other? ¿ì¸®´Â Áø¸®¸¦ ¾î¶² ´ë»ó ¹× ±× º»ÁúÀÇ Ç¥Çö ȤÀº Á¤ÀÇÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡, ȤÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ °øÅëÀûÀÎ ´ë»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ¶ó°í ÀÏÄ´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ¹«¾ùÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú Áø¸®ÀÇ °³³äµé¿¡, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ¼±¿¡ °øÅëÀûÀΰ¡?
The concepts of beauty and truth not only are not equal with the good, not only are not of one essence with the good, but do not even coincide with it. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò ¹× Áø¸®ÀÇ °³³äµéÀº ¼±°ú µ¿µîÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼±°ú ÇϳªÀÇ º»ÁúÀ» °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°Í°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
Truth is the correspondence between the manifestation and the essence of the object, and is therefore one means of attaining to the good, but in itself truth is neither the good nor the beautiful, and does not even coincide with them. Áø¸®´Â ´ë»óÀÇ Ç¥Çö°ú º»Áú »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡À̸ç, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¼±¿¡ À̸£´Â ÇѰ¡Áö ¼ö´ÜÀÌ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ Áø¸®´Â ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ ¼±ÇÔµµ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òµµ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°Íµé°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
Thus, for instance, Socrates and Pascal, and many others as well, regarded a knowledge of the truth of useless objects as discordant with the good. As for beauty, truth has nothing in common with it, and is for the most part opposed to it, because, while exposing deception, truth destroys illusion, the main condition of beauty. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é,¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º ¹× ÆÄ½ºÄ® »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹«ÀÍÇÑ ´ë»óµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¸®ÀÇ Áö½ÄÀº ¼±¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¿©°å´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, Áø¸®´Â ±×°Í°ú ¾Æ¹«·± °øÅëÁ¡ÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÈ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±â¸¸À» ³ëÃâ½ÃŰ¸é¼­, Áø¸®´Â ȯ»ó, Áï, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ÇÙ½É Á¶°ÇÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù.
And so the arbitrary uniting of these three incommensurable and mutually alien concepts served as the basis for the astonishing theory according to which the difference between good art, conveying good feelings, and bad art, conveying wicked feelings, was totally obliterated; and one of the lowest manifestations of art, art for mere pleasure — against which all teachers of mankind have warned people — came to be regarded as the highest art. And art became, not the important thing it was intended to be, but the empty amusement of idle people. ÀÌµé ¼¼°¡Áö ºñ±³µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ±×¸®°í »óÈ£ ÀÌÁúÀû °³³äµéÀÇ µ¶´ÜÀû °áÇÕÀº, ¼±ÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¼±ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú, ±×¸®°í »ç¾ÇÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ¿¹¼ú »çÀÌÀÇ Â÷À̸¦ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¾ø¾Ö ¹ö¸®´Â, ³î¶ó¿î ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ Åä´ë·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇß´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀÇ °¡Àå Àú¼ÓÇÑ Ç¥Çöµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª, ´Ü¼øÇÑ Äè¶ôÀ» À§ÇÑ ¿¹¼ú — ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇ×ÇÏ¿© ÀηùÀÇ ¸ðµç ±³»çµéÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô °æ°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù — Àº ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀº, ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀǵµµÇ¾ú´ø °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, °ÔÀ¸¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °øÇãÇÑ ¿À¶ôÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù.
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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


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