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[Home]
[Up]
[Contents]
[Preface]
[Bibliographical Note]
[A Note on the Text]
[WHAT IS ART?]
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VIII
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XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
[CONCLUSION]
[Appendix I]
[Appendix II]
[Notes]
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WHAT IS ART?
¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
TRANSLATED BY RICHARD PEVEAR AND LARISSA VOLOKHONSKY
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¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
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What then is art, if we discard the all-confusing concept of beauty? The latest and most comprehensible definitions of art, independent of the concept of beauty, would be the following: art is an activity already emerging in the animal kingdom out of sexuality and a propensity for play (Schiller, Darwin, Spencer), accompanied by a pleasant excitation of nervous energy (Grant Alien). This is the physiological-evolutionary definition. Or, art is an external manifestation, by means of lines, colours, gestures, sounds, or words, of emotions experienced by man (Véron). This is the practical definition. Or, according to Sully¡¯s most recent definition, art is the production of some permanent object or passing action, which is fitted not only to supply an active enjoyment to the producer, but to convey a pleasurable impression to a number of spectators or listeners, quite apart from any personal advantage to be derived from it¡¯. [40] |
¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç È¥¶õ½º·± °³³äÀ» ¹ö¸®°í ³ª¸é, ±×·¯¸é
¹«¾ùÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀΰ¡? °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °¡Àå ¼³µæ·Â ÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼úÀÇ Á¤ÀǵéÀº, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ´Ù¸é, ´ÙÀ½°ú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ¿¹¼úÀº
µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¿Õ±¹¿¡¼ ¼º ´É·Â ¹× ³îÀÌ ¼ºÇâÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÌ¹Ì ³ªÅ¸³ Ȱµ¿À¸·Î (½¯·¯, ´ÙÀ©, ½ºÆæ¼), Ȱ·Â ÀÖ´Â ÈûÀÇ À¯ÄèÇÑ ÀÚ±ØÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇÑ´Ù (±×·£Æ®
¿¡Àϸ®¾ð). À̰ÍÀº »ý¸®-ÁøÈÀû Á¤ÀÇÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç´Â, ¿¹¼úÀº ¼±µé, »ö»óµé, Èä³»µé, ¼Ò¸®µé, ¶Ç´Â ´Ü¾îµé·Î¼, »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °æÇèµÇ´Â °¨Á¤µéÀÇ
¿ÜÀûÀΠǥÇöÀÌ´Ù (º£·Ð). À̰ÍÀº ½Ç¿ëÀû Á¤ÀÇÀÌ´Ù. ¶Ç´Â, ¼ú¸®ÀÇ °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¹¼úÀº ¾î¶² ¿µ±¸Àû ¹°Ã¼ ¶Ç´Â ½ºÃİ¡´Â ÇàÀ§ÀÇ
¿¬Ãâ·Î¼, ÀÌ ÇàÀ§´Â ¿¬ÃâÀÚ¿¡°Ô Àû±ØÀûÀÎ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» Á¦°øÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¼ö¸¹Àº °ü¶÷ÀÚ ¶Ç´Â ûÁߵ鿡°Ô À¯ÄèÇÑ ÀλóÀ» Àü´ÞÇØÁÖ¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
ÆÄ»ýµÇ´Â ¾î¶² °³ÀÎÀû ÀÌÀͰú´Â ÀüÇô º°°³ÀÌ´Ù. |
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In spite of the superiority of these definitions over metaphysical definitions based on the concept of beauty, they are still far from precise. The first, physiological-evolutionary definition is imprecise because it speaks not of the activity that constitutes the essence of art, but of the origin of art. The definition by physiological impact upon man¡¯s organism is imprecise because many other activities of man can fit into it as well, as occurs in the new aesthetic theories which reckon as art the making of beautiful clothing and pleasant perfumes and even foods. The practical definition which supposes art to be the expression of emotions is imprecise because a man may express his emotions by means of lines, colours, sounds and words without affecting others by it, and the expression will then not be art. |
¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀ» Åä´ë·Î ÇÏ´Â ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû Á¤Àǵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ À̵é
Á¤ÀǵéÀÇ ¿ì¿ù¼º¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, À̵鵵 ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÀüÇô Á¤È®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ù°, »ý¸®-ÁøÈÀû Á¤ÀÇ´Â ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº ¿¹¼úÀÇ º»ÁúÀ»
±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿¹¼úÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱âÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±â°ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ý¸®ÇÐÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »ç¶÷ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥
¸¹Àº ÇàÀ§µéµµ ±× ¾È¿¡ Æ÷Ç﵃ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®À̸ç, ÀÌ·¯ÇÔÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿Ê ¹× »óÄèÇÑ Çâ¼öµé ¹× ½ÉÁö¾î À½½ÄµéÀ» ¸¸µå´Â °Íµµ ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©±â´Â
»õ·Î¿î ¹ÌÇÐÀû À̷е鿡¼ ÀϾ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀÌ °¨Á¤µéÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÔÀ̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â ½Ç¿ëÀû Á¤ÀÇ´Â ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
°¨Á¤µéÀ» ¼±µé, »ö»óµé, ¼Ò¸®µé ¹× ¸»µéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Ç¥ÇöÇϸç, ±×·¸´Ù¸é ±× Ç¥ÇöµéÀº ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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The third definition, by Sully, is imprecise because under the production of objects that afford pleasure to the producer and a pleasant impression to the spectators or listeners, apart from any advantage to them, may be included the performance of magic tricks, gymnastic exercises and other activities which are not art, and, on the other hand, many objects that produce an unpleasant impression, as, for instance, a gloomy, cruel scene in a poetic description or in the theatre, are unquestionably works of art. |
¼ú¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼¼ ¹øÂ°ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÏ´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿¬ÃâÀÚ¿¡°Ô
Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ±×¸®°í °ü¶÷ÀÚµé ¶Ç´Â Ã»Áߵ鿡°Ô, ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² ÀÌÀͰú´Â º°µµ·Î, Áñ°Å¿î ÀλóÀ» ÁÖ´Â ¹°Ã¼µéÀ» ¿¬ÃâÇÔ¿¡´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¸¶¼ú
¹¦±âÀÇ ½Ã¿¬µé, üÁ¶ ¿îµ¿µé ¹× ±âŸ Ȱµ¿µéÀÌ Æ÷Ç﵃ °ÍÀ̸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ºÒÄèÇÑ ÀλóÀ» ÁÖ´Â, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ½ÃÀû ¹¦»ç¿¡¼ ¶Ç´Â
±ØÀå¿¡¼, ħ¿ïÇϰí, ÀÜÀÎÇÑ Àå¸éÀ» ¿¬ÃâÇÏ´Â ¹°Ã¼µéµµ Àǹ®ÀÇ ¿©Áö ¾øÀÌ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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The imprecision of all these definitions proceeds from the fact that in all of them, just as in the metaphysical definitions, the aim of art is located in the pleasure we derive from it, and not in its purpose in the life of man and of mankind. |
ÀÌ ¸ðµç Á¤ÀǵéÀÇ ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÔÀº ±×µé ¸ðµÎ¿¡¼, ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀû Á¤Àǵ鿡¼¿Í
¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÌ ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®°¡ À̲ø¾î ³»´Â Äè¶ô¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ÀηùÀÇ »î ¾È¿¡¼ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀû¿¡ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡¼
ºñ·ÔµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
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In order to define art precisely, one must first of all cease looking at it as a means of pleasure and consider it as one of the conditions of human life. Considering art in this way, we cannot fail to see that art is a means of communion among people. |
¿¹¼úÀ» Á¤È®È÷ Á¤ÀÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ´Â, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ ¿¹¼úÀ» Äè¶ôÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î
º¸´Â °ÍÀ» ÁßÁöÇϰí Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ Á¶°Çµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª·Î ¿©°Ü¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀ» ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ ±³Á¦ÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀÓÀ»
±ú´ÝÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. |
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Every work of art results in the one who receives it entering into a certain kind of communion with the one who produced or is producing the art, and with all those who, simultaneously with him, before him, or after him, have received or will receive the same artistic impression. |
¸ðµç ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»°Å³ª
³»°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ, ±×¸®°í µ¿½Ã¿¡ ±×¿Í ÇÔ²², ±×ÀÇ ¾Õ¿¡, ȤÀº ±×ÀÇ µÚ¿¡¼, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀû ÀλóÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò°Å³ª ¹ÞÀ» ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ƯÁ¤ÇÑ
Á¾·ùÀÇ ±³Á¦¿¡ µé¾î°¨À¸·Î ±Í°áµÈ´Ù. |
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As the word which conveys men¡¯s thoughts and experiences serves to unite people, so art serves in exactly the same way. The peculiarity of this means of communion, which distinguishes it from communion by means of the word, is that through the word a man conveys his thoughts to another, while through art people convey their feelings to each other. |
»ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ý°¢µé ¹× °æÇèµéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¸»ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇϵíÀÌ,
¿¹¼úµµ Á¤È®È÷ ¶È°°ÀÌ ÀÛ¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ °°Àº ±³Á¦ ¼ö´ÜÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àº, ¸»À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ±³Á¦¿Í ±¸º°µÇ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¸»À» ÅëÇÏ¿© ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý°¢µéÀ»
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞÇϰí, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¿¹¼úÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» ¼·Î¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞÇÑ´Ù. |
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The activity of art is based on the fact that man, as he receives through hearing or sight the expressions of another man¡¯s feelings, is capable of experiencing the same feelings as the man who expresses them. |
¿¹¼ú Ȱµ¿Àº »ç¶÷ÀÌ, µè±â³ª º¸±â¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ´À³¦µé¿¡
´ëÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â °Íó·³, ±×°ÍµéÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ» °æÇèÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½Ç¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù. |
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The simplest example: a man laughs, and another man feels merry; he weeps, and the man who hears this weeping feels sad; a man is excited, annoyed, and another looking at him gets into the same state. With his movements, the sounds of his voice, a man displays cheerfulness, determination, or, on the contrary, dejection, calm — and this mood is communicated to others. A man suffers, expressing his suffering in moans and convulsions — and this suffering is communicated to others; a man displays his feeling of admiration, awe, fear, respect for certain objects, persons, phenomena — and other people become infected, experience the same feelings of admiration, awe, fear, respect for the same objects, persons or phenomena. |
°¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é: ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿ô´Â´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº
Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ´À³¤´Ù; ±×°¡ ¿î´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¿ïÀ½À» µè´Â »ç¶÷Àº ½½ÇÄÀ» ´À³¤´Ù; ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÈïºÐÇϰí ȸ¦ ³½´Ù, ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷Àº ±×µé
¹Ù¶óº¸°í¼ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ Á¢¾îµç´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓµé, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®µéÀ» °¡Áö°í, »ç¶÷Àº ÄèȰÇÔ, °á½ÉÀ», ȤÀº, Á¤¹Ý´ë·Î, ³«´ã, °í¿äÇÔÀ»
µå·¯³½´Ù
— ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± ±âºÐÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀüÇØÁø´Ù. ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ °íÅëÀ» °Þ´Â´Ù, ½ÅÀ½¼Ò¸®¿Í °æ·ÃÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °íÅëÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù — ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·±
°íÅëÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞµÈ´Ù; ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ Æ¯Á¤ÇÑ ¹°Ã¼µé, »ç¶÷µé, Çö»óµé¿¡ Âù¹Ì, °æ¿Ü, °øÆ÷, Á¸°æÀÇ °¨Á¤À» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù — ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥
»ç¶÷µéÀº Àü¿°µÇ¾î¼, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¹°Ã¼µé, »ç¶÷µé, ȤÀº Çö»óµé¿¡, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Âù¹Ì, °æ¿Ü, °øÆ÷, Á¸°æÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» °æÇèÇÑ´Ù. |
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On this capacity of people to be infected by the feelings of other people, the activity of art is based. |
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °¨Á¤µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ Àü¿°µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÌ °°Àº ´É·Â À§¿¡,
¿¹¼ú Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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If a man infects another or others directly by his look or by the sounds he produces at the moment he experiences a feeling, if he makes someone yawn when he himself feels like yawning, or laugh, or cry, when he himself laughs or cries over something, or suffer when he himself suffers, this is not yet art. |
¸¸ÀÏ ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ±×°¡ ¾î¶² °¨Á¤À» °æÇèÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£¿¡ ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â
ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿Ü¸ð ȤÀº ¼Ò¸®µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ó´ë¹æ ȤÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» Àü¿°½ÃŲ´Ù¸é, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇÏǰÇÏ°í ½ÍÀ» ¶§ ´©±º°¡¸¦ ÇÏǰÇÏ°Ô Çϰųª, ȤÀº ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ
¾î¶² °ÍÀ» º¸°í ¿ô°í ¿ï ¶§ ¿ô°í ¿ï°Ô Çϰųª, ȤÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °íÅë ¹ÞÀ» ¶§ °íÅë ¹Þ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù¸é, À̰ÍÀº ¾ÆÁ÷ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. |
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Art begins when a man, with the purpose of communicating to other people a feeling he once experienced, calls it up again within himself and expresses it by certain external signs. |
¿¹¼úÀº ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ, ±×°¡ ¿¹Àü¿¡ ´À³¤ °¨Á¤À» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô
Àü´ÞÇÏ·Á´Â ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î, ±×°ÍÀ» ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡ ´Ù½Ã ºÒ·¯ ³»¾î ¾î¶² ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ½ÅÈ£µé·Î ±×°ÍÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¶§ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. |
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Thus, the simplest case: a boy who once experienced fear, let us say, on encountering a wolf, tells about this encounter and, to call up in others the feeling he experienced, describes himself, his state of mind before the encounter, the surroundings, the forest, his carelessness, and then the look of the wolf, its movements, the distance between the wolf and himself, and so on. All this — if as he tells the story the boy relives the feeling he experienced, infects his listeners, makes them relive all that the narrator lived through — is art. Even if the boy had not seen a wolf, but had often been afraid of seeing one, and, wishing to call up in others the feeling he experienced, invented the encounter with the wolf, telling it in such a way that through his narrative he called up in his listeners the same feeling he experienced in imagining the wolf — this, too, is art. In just the same way, it is art if a man, having experienced in reality or in imagination the horror of suffering or the delight of pleasure, expresses these feelings on canvas or in marble in such a way that others are infected by them. And in just the same way, it will be art if a man has experienced or imagined the feelings of merriment, joy, sadness, despair, cheerfulness, dejection, and the transitions between these feelings, and expresses them in sounds so that listeners are infected by them and experience them in the same way as he has, experienced them. ¡¡ |
±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ °æ¿ì: ÀÌÀü¿¡, À̸¦Å׸é, ´Á´ë¿Í Á¶¿ìÇÑ
µÎ·Á¿òÀ» °æÇèÇÑ ÇÑ ¼Ò³âÀÌ ÀÌ·± Á¶¿ì¿¡ ´ëÇÏ ¸»Çϸç, ±×°¡ °æÇèÇÑ ´À³¦À» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡¼ ºÒ·¯¿À±â À§ÇØ, ÀÚ½Å, Á¶¿ì ÀÌÀüÀÇ Á¤½Å»óÅÂ,
ÁÖº¯ »óȲµé, ½£, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÎÁÖÀÇÇÔ, ±×¸®°í ³ª¼ ´Á´ëÀÇ ¸ð½À, µ¿ÀÛµé, ´Á´ë¿Í ÀڽŰúÀÇ °Å¸®,µîÀ» ¹¦»çÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº
— ¸¸ÀÏ ¼Ò³âÀÌ À̾߱⸦ ÇÏ¸é¼ ±×°¡ °æÇèÇÑ ´À³¦À» µÇ»ì¸®¸ç, ±×ÀÇ Ã»Áߵ鿡°Ô Àü¿°½Ã۸ç, ÈÀÚ°¡ °Þ¾ú´ø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ±×µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý üÇèÇϵµ·Ï
¸¸µç´Ù¸é — ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù. ½ÉÁö¾î ±× ¼Ò³âÀÌ ´Á´ë¸¦ º¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ´Á´ë º¸´Â °ÍÀ» µÎ·Á¿ö ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×°¡ °æÇèÇÑ ´À³¦À» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé ¾È¿¡
ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó¸é¼, ´Á´ë¿ÍÀÇ Á¶¿ì¸¦ ²Ù¸ç³»°í, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¸»ÇÏ¸é¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̾߱⸦ ÅëÇØ ûÁßµé ¾È¿¡ ±×°¡ ´Á´ë¸¦ »ó»óÇÏ¸ç °æÇèÇÑ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ
´À³¦À» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù¸é — ÀÌ°Í ¿ª½Ã ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ¸¸ÀÏ ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ, Çö½ÇÀ̳ª »ó»ó¿¡¼ °íÅëÀÇ ÀüÀ² ȤÀº Äè¶ôÀÇ ±â»ÝÀ»
°æÇèÇϰí¼, ÀÌ·± ´À³¦µéÀ» ÈÆøÀ̳ª ´ë¸®¼®¿¡ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×°Íµé·Î Àü¿°µÉ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á¤È®È÷ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ È¯Èñ, ±â»Ý, ½½ÇÄ, Àý¸Á, À¯ÄèÇÔ, ³«´ã, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± °¨Á¤µé »çÀÌÀÇ ÀüÀ̵éÀ» °æÇèÇ߰ųª »ó»óÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¼Ò¸®·Î
Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿© ûÁßµéÀÌ ±×°Íµé¿¡ Àü¿°µÇ°í ±×°¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» °æÇèÇß´ø °Í°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î °æÇèÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿¹¼úÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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Feelings, the most diverse, very strong and very weak, very significant and very worthless, very bad and very good, if only they infect the reader, the spectator, the listener, constitute the subject of art. The feeling of self-denial and submission to fate or God portrayed in a drama; the raptures of lovers described in a novel; a feeling of sensuousness depicted in a painting; the briskness conveyed by a triumphal march in music; the gaiety evoked by a dance; the comicality caused by a funny anecdote; the feeling of peace conveyed by an evening landscape or a lulling song — all this is art. |
´À³¦µéÀº, °¡Àå ´Ù¾çÇÑ, ¸Å¿ì °ÇÏ°í ¸Å¿ì ¾àÇϸç, ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ°í ¸Å¿ì ¹«°¡Ä¡Çϸç, ¸Å¿ì ³ª»Ú°í ¸Å¿ì À¯ÀÍÇϵç, ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ µ¶ÀÚ,
°ü¶÷ÀÚ, ûÁßÀ» Àü¿°½ÃŲ´Ù¸é, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù. µå¶ó¸¶¿¡¼ ±×·ÁÁö´Â ¿î¸í ȤÀº ½Å ¾Õ¿¡¼ÀÇ Àڱ⠺ÎÁ¤ ¹× º¹Á¾ÀÇ ´À³¦; ¼Ò¼³¿¡¼
¹¦»çµÈ ¿¬ÀεéÀÇ È¯Èñµé; ½Â¸®ÀÇ ÇàÁø À½¾Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÈ Ȱ±âÂü; ÃãÀ¸·Î À¯¹ßµÇ´Â ¸í¶ûÇÔ; Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â ÀÏÈ·Î ¾ß±âµÇ´Â Àͻ콺·¯¿ò; Àú³á dz°æ
ȤÀº ÀÚÀå°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â ÆòȽº·± ´À³¦
— ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù |
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Once the spectators or listeners are infected by the same feeling the author has experienced, this is art. |
±¸°æ²ÛµéÀ̳ª ûÁßµéÀÌ ÀÛ°¡°¡ °æÇèÇÑ °Í°ú ¶È°°Àº ´À³¦¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü¿°µÇ¸é, À̰ÍÀº ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù. |
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To call up in oneself a feeling once experienced and, having called it up, to convey it by means of movements, lines,
colors, sounds, images expressed in words, so that others experience the same feeling — in this consists the activity of art.
Art is that human activity which consists in one man¡¯s consciously conveying to others, by certain external signs, the feelings he has experienced, and in others being infected by those feelings and also experiencing them. |
ÀÌÀü¿¡ °æÇèÇÑ ´À³¦À» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³»ºÎ¿¡ ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â °Í, ±×°ÍÀ» ºÒ·¯ ³½ ´ÙÀ½, µ¿ÀÛµé, ¼±µé, »ö»óµé, ¼Ò¸®µé ´Ü¾îµé·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ
¿µ»óµé·Î ±×°ÍÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¶È°°Àº ´À³¦À» °æÇèÇÏ´Â °Í — ¹Ù·Î ¿©±â¿¡ ¿¹¼ú Ȱµ¿ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù.
¿¹¼úÀº ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ, ¾î¶² ¿ÜÀûÀΠǥ½Ãµé·Î¼, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °æÇèÇÑ
°ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °Í°ú, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ ´À³¦µé¿¡ Àü¿°µÇ´Â °Í°ú ¶ÇÇÑ ±×°ÍµéÀ» °æÇèÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ´Â
Àΰ£ Ȱµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. |
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Art is not, as the metaphysicians say, the manifestation of some mysterious idea, beauty, God; not, as the aesthetician-physiologists say, a form of play in which man releases a surplus of stored-up energy; not the manifestation of emotions through external signs; not the production of pleasing objects; not, above all, pleasure; but is a means of human communion, necessary for life and for the movement towards the good of the individual man and of mankind, uniting them in the same feelings. |
¿¹¼úÀº, ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¸»Çϵí, ¾î¶² ½ÅºñÇÑ °³³ä, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò, ½ÅÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ¹ÌÇÐÀû-»ý¸®ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ¸»Çϵí, ÀúÀåµÈ À׿©ÀÇ ÈûÀ» ¹æÃâÇÏ´Â
³îÀÌÀÇ ÇüŰ¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ¿ÜÀûÀΠǥ½ÃµéÀ» ÅëÇÑ °¨Á¤ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; Áñ°Å¿î ¹°Ã¼µéÀ» »ý»êÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù Äè¶ôÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ÇÏÁö¸¸ Àΰ£ÀÇ
±³Á¦ÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀ̸ç, »îÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ±×¸®°í ÇÑ °³ÀÎÀÇ ¹× ÀηùÀÇ ¼±À» ÇâÇÑ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀ» À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÌ·Î½á ±×µéÀ» µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ´À³¦µé·Î ¿¬ÇÕÇØ
ÁØ´Ù. |
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Just as, owing to man¡¯s capacity for understanding thoughts expressed in words, any man can learn all that mankind has done for him in the realm of thought, can in the present, owing to the capacity for understanding other people¡¯s thoughts, participate in other people¡¯s activity, and can himself, owing to this capacity, convey the thoughts he has received from others, and his own as they have emerged in him, to his contemporaries and to posterity; so, owing to man¡¯s capacity for being infected by other people¡¯s feelings through art, he has access to all that mankind has experienced before him in the realm of feeling, he has access to the feelings experienced by his contemporaries, to feelings lived by other men thousands of years ago, and it is possible for him to convey his feelings to other people. |
¸»µé·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ »ç»óµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ´É·Â¿¡ µû¶ó¼, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ »ç»óÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ Àηù°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ÁÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ï ¼ö
ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇöÀç¿¡µµ, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »ç»óµéÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·Â¿¡ µû¶ó¼, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ È°µ¿¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ·± ´É·Â¿¡ µû¶ó ±×°¡
´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ ¹ÞÀº »ç»óµé ¹× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾È¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ ´ë·ÎÀÇ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀ» ±×ÀÇ µ¿½Ã´ëÀÎµé ¹× Èļյ鿡°Ô ½º½º·Î Àü´ÞÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú
¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î; ¿¹¼úÀ» ÅëÇØ¼ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´À³¦µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü¿°µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ´É·Â¿¡ µû¶ó, ±×´Â ´À³¦ÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼ ¸ðµç Àηù°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÀÌÀü¿¡
°æÇèÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Á¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×ÀÇ µ¿½Ã´ëÀεéÀÌ °æÇèÇÑ ´À³¦µéÀ», ¼öõ ³â Àü ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ì¾Æ ¿Ô´ø ´À³¦µéÀ» Á¢ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç,
±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ±×ÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù |
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If people were incapable of receiving all the thoughts conveyed in words by people living before them, or of conveying their own thoughts to others, they would be like beasts or like Kaspar Hauser. [41] |
¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×µé ¾Õ¿¡ »ì¾Æ¿Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸»µé·Î Àü´ÞµÈ ¸ðµç »ç»óµéÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀÏ, ȤÀº ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç»óµéÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞÇÒ
´É·ÂÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀº Áü½Âµé °°°Å³ª ȤÀº Ä«½ºÆÄ ÇÏ¿ìÀú °°À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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If men were not possessed of this other capacity — that of being infected by art — people would perhaps be still more savage and, above all, more divided and hostile. |
¸¸ÀÏ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÌ·± ´Ù¸¥ ´É·Â
— Áï ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü¿°µÇ´Â ´É·Â —
À» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é
»ç¶÷µéÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÈξÀ ´õ ¾ß¸¸ÀûÀ̸ç, ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ´õ ºÐ¿ÀûÀ̰í Àû´ëÀûÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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And therefore the activity of art is a very important activity, as important as the activity of speech, and as widely spread. |
±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼ú Ȱµ¿Àº ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ È°µ¿À̸ç, ¾ð¾î Ȱµ¿¸¸ÅÀ̳ª Áß¿äÇÏ¸ç ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. |
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As the word affects us not only in sermons, orations and books, but in all those speeches in which we convey our thoughts and experiences to each other, so, too, art in the broad sense of the word pervades our entire life, while, in the narrow sense of the word, we call art only certain of its manifestations. |
¸¶Ä¡ ¸»ÀÌ ¼³±³µé, ¿¬¼³µé, ¹× Ã¥µé¿¡¼ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ç»óµé ¹× °æÇèµéÀ» »ó´ë¹æ¿¡°Ô Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ±× ¸ðµç ´ëȵ鿡¼ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô
¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â °Íó·³, ³ÐÀº Àǹ̿¡¼ ¿¹¼ú ¿ª½Ã ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àüü »î¿¡ ½º¸çµé¸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Á¼Àº Àǹ̿¡¼, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹¼úÀ» ¿ÀÁ÷ ±×·± ÀϺΠǥÇöµé
¸¸À» ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù. |
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We are accustomed to regard as art only what we read, hear, see in theatres, concerts and exhibitions, buildings, statues, poems, novels . . . But all this is only a small portion of the art by which we communicate with one another in life. The whole of human life is filled with works of art of various kinds, from lullabies, jokes, mimicry, home decoration, clothing, utensils, to church services and solemn processions. All this is the activity of art. Thus we call art, in the narrow sense of the word, not the entire human activity that conveys feelings, but only that which we for some reason single out from all this activity and to which we give special significance. |
¿ì¸®´Â ¿À·ÎÁö ±ØÀåµé, ¿¬ÁÖȸµé ¹× Àü½Ãȸµé, °Ç¹°µé, Çü»óµé, ½Ãµé, ¼Ò¼³µé¿¡¼ ÀÐ°í µè°í º¸´Â °Í¸¸À» ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©±â´Âµ¥ Àͼ÷ÇØÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.
. . ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ »î ¾È¿¡¼ ¼·Î ´ëÈÇϱâ À§ÇÑ ´ÜÁö ¿¹¼úÀÇ Á¶±×¸¸ ÀϺÎÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. Àüü Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀº, ÀÚÀå°¡µé, ³ó´ãµé,
Èä³»µé, ½Ç³» Àå½Ä, ÀÇ»ó, ½Ç¿ëǰµé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±³È¸ ¿¹¹èµé ¹× Á¾±³ Çà·Ä±îÁö, ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµé·Î ä¿öÁø´Ù. ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¿¹¼ú
Ȱµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹¼úÀÌ, Á¼Àº Àǹ̷Î, ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â Àüü Àΰ£ Ȱµ¿ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯·Î ÀÌ ¸ðµç Ȱµ¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ
°ñ¶ó³½ °Í ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ Ưº°ÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù. |
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This special significance has always been given by all people to the part of this activity which conveys feelings coming from their religious consciousness, and it is this small part of the whole of art that has been called art in the full sense of the word. |
ÀÌ Æ¯º°ÇÑ Àǹ̴ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±×µéÀÇ Á¾±³Àû ÀνĿ¡¼ ºñ·ÔµÈ ´À³¦µéÀ» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·± Ȱµ¿ÀÇ ÀϺο¡ ÁÖ¾îÁ³À¸¸ç, Àüü ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀÌ
°°Àº ÀϺΰ¡ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Àǹ̷μ ¿¹¼ú·Î ºÒ·Á ¿Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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This was the view of art among the men of antiquity — Socrates, Plato, Aristotle. The same view of art was shared by the Hebrew prophets and the early Christians; it is understood in the same way by the Muslims and by religious men of the people in our time. |
À̰ÍÀº °í´ëÀÇ »ç¶÷µé
— ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º, ÇöóÅæ, ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º —
»çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ´ø ¿¹¼ú¿¡ °üÇÑ ½Ã°¢À̾ú´Ù. ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ½Ã°¢Àº È÷ºê¸®ÀÇ ¼±ÁöÀÚµé ¹× Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³Àε鿡 ÀÇÇØ °øÀ¯µÇ¾ú´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÑ
¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ȸ±³µµµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹ÎÁßÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌÇØµÇ¾ú´Ù. |
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Some teachers of mankind, such as Plato in his Republic, the first Christians, strict Muslims, and Buddhists, have often even rejected all art. |
ÀηùÀÇ ¾î¶² ±³»çµéÀº, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, °øÈ±¹¿¡¼ ÇöóÅæ, Ãʱ⠱׸®½ºµµ±³Àεé, ¾ö°ÝÇÑ È¸±³µµµé, ¹× ºÒ±³ÀεéÀº, Á¾Á¾ ½ÉÁö¾î´Â
¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀ» °ÅºÎÇß´Ù. |
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People holding this view of art, contrary to the modern view which considers all art good as long as it affords pleasure, thought and think that art, unlike the word, to which one need not listen, is so highly dangerous in its capacity for infecting people against their will, that mankind would lose far less if all art were banished than if every kind of art were tolerated. |
¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ½Ã°¢À» Áö´Ñ »ç¶÷µéÀº, Äè¶ôÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ÇÑ ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â Çö´ëÀÇ ½Ã°¢°ú ¹Ý´ëÇϸç, ¿¹¼úÀº, ¸»°ú ´Þ¶ó¼,
ûÃëÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø¾î¼, »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿¡ ¹ÝÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» Àü¿°½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼úÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ̶õ Á¡¿¡¼ ¸Å¿ì À§ÇèÇØ¼, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ» Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â
°Íº¸´Ù ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀÌ Ãß¹æµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ, Àηù°¡ ÈξÀ ´ú ÀÒÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇßÀ¸¸ç »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. |
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Those people who rejected all art were obviously wrong, because they rejected what cannot be rejected — one of the most necessary means of communication, without which mankind cannot live. But no less wrong are the people of our civilized European society, circle and time, in tolerating all art as long as it serves beauty — that is, gives people pleasure. |
¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¿À·ù´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×µéÀº °ÅºÎµÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í
— ±³Á¦¿¡ °¡Àå ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÇ Çϳª·Î¼, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é Àηù°¡ »ì ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Í —
À» °ÅºÎÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹®¸íÈµÈ À¯·´ »çȸ, ¹üÁÖ ¹× ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹ÎÁßÀº, ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù¸é
— Áï, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Äè¶ôÀ» ÁØ´Ù¸é —
¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀ» ¿ëÀÎÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼, °áÄÚ ´úÇÑ ¿À·ù°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. |
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Formerly, there was fear that among objects of art some corrupting objects might be found, and so all art was forbidden. Now, there is only fear lest they be deprived of some pleasure afforded by art, and so all art is patronized. And I think that the second error is much greater than the first and that its consequences are much more harmful. |
¿¹Àü¿¡´Â, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿ä¼Òµé Áß¿¡ ÀϺΠŸ¶ôÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³¯ °Í °°Àº ¿ì·Á°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¡¼ ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±ÝÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù. Áö±ÝÀº, ¿¹¼úÀÌ
Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ÀϺΠÄè¶ôÀÌ ¹ÚÅ»µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ»±î ÇÏ´Â ¿ì·Á¸¸ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϸç, ±×·¡¼ ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀº Àå·ÁµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³»°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÈÄÀÚÀÇ ¿À·ù°¡
ÀüÀÚº¸´Ù ÈξÀ Å©¸ç, ±× °á°úµéÀº ÈξÀ ´õ ÇØ¾ÇÀûÀÌ´Ù. |
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[Home]
[Up]
[Contents]
[Preface]
[Bibliographical Note]
[A Note on the Text]
[WHAT IS ART?]
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
VII
VIII
IX
X
XI
XII
XIII
XIV
XV
XVI
XVII
XVIII
XIX
XX
[CONCLUSION]
[Appendix I]
[Appendix II]
[Notes]
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