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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


WHAT IS ART?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?


by Leo Tolstoy

TRANSLATED BY RICHARD PEVEAR
AND LARISSA VOLOKHONSKY

What Is Art?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

¡¡

II

¡¡ ¡¡
Every ballet, circus, opera, operetta, exhibition, painting, concert, printing of a book, requires the intense effort of thousands and thousands of people, working forcedly at what are often harmful and humiliating tasks. ¸ðµç ¹ß·¹, ¼­Ä¿½º, ¿ÀÆä¶ó, ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸, Àü½Ãȸ, ȸȭ, ¿¬ÁÖȸ, ¼­Àû ÃâÆÇÀº ¼öõ ¼ö¸¸ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾öû³­ ³ë·ÂÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϸç, ±×µéÀº ºó¹øÈ÷ ÇØ·Î¿î °Í ¹× ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î ÀÓ¹«µéÀÌ¶óµµ °­¾ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ³»¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.
It would be well if artists did the whole job themselves, but no, they all need the help of workers, not only to produce art, but also to maintain their — for the most part luxurious — existence, and they get it in one way or another, in the form of fees from wealthy people, or in government subsidies - in our country, for instance, given them in millions for theatres, conservatories, academies. And this money is collected from the people, whose cow has to be sold for the purpose, and who never benefit from those aesthetic pleasures that art affords. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î Àüü ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇØ³»±â¶óµµ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ¿ÇÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çϸç, ÀÌ´Â ¿¹¼úÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»±â À§Çؼ­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î »çÄ¡½º·´±âµµ ÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Á¸À縦 À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ­¸ç, ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·±Àú·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸¼ö¶ó´Â ÇüÅ·Î, ¶Ç´Â Á¤ºÎ º¸Á¶±ÝÀ¸·Î ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¿ì¸® ³ª¶ó¿¡¼± ±ØÀå, ¿¹¼úÇб³, Çпø µéÀ» À§ÇØ ¼ö¹é¸¸¾¿À̳ª ÁÖ¾îÁö´Âµ¥ - ±×°ÍÀ» ¾ò¾î³½´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ µ·Àº ¹ÎÁßµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °ÅµÎ¾îÁö¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ¼Û¾ÆÁöµéÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÆÈ·Á³ª°¡Áö¸¸, ¿¹¼úÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ±×·± ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ Äè¶ôµéÀº ´©¸®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
For it was well for a Greek or Roman artist, or even for a Russian artist of the first half of our century, when there were slaves and it was considered a proper thing in all good conscience to make people serve one and one¡¯s own pleasure; but in our time, when everyone is at least dimly aware of the equal rights of all people, it is impossible to make people labour forcedly for art, without first resolving the question whether it is true that art is such a good and important thing as to redeem this coercion. ±×¸®½º ¶Ç´Â ·Î¸¶ ¿¹¼ú°¡µé¿¡°Ô ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹Ý¼¼±âÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¿¹¼ú°¡µé¿¡°Ô, ³ë¿¹µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×¿Í ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Äè¶ôÀ» À§ÇØ ºÀ»çÅä·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç ¼±·®ÇÑ ¾ç½É¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´ø ¶§¿¡, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡, ´©±¸³ª°¡ Àû¾îµµ Èñ¹ÌÇϰԳª¸¶ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µ¿µîÇÑ ±Ç¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀνÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¶§¿¡, ¿¹¼úÀÌ ÀÌ·± °­¾ÐÀ» À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ¸¸Å­ À¯ÀÍÇϸç Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ®À» ÇØ°áÇÔÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿¹¼úÀ» À§ÇØ ³ëµ¿À» °­¿äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
If not, it is dreadful to think that terrible sacrifices are quite possibly being offered to art in labour, people¡¯s lives and morals, while this art is not only not useful, but is even harmful. ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, ÀÌ·± ¿¹¼úÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ÇØ·Î¿ò¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ³ëµ¿, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûµé ¹× À±¸® ¾È¿¡ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ Èñ»ýµéÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ °¡´É¼º ÀÖ°Ô ¹ÙÃÄÁø´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é µÎ·Á¿î ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.
And therefore, for a society within which works of art emerge and are supported, it is necessary to know whether all that passes for art is indeed art, and whether all that is art is good, as is thought in our society, and, if it is good, whether it is important and worth the sacrifices demanded for its sake. And it is still more necessary for every conscientious artist to know that, so as to be confident that everything he does has meaning and is not a passion of the little circle of people among whom he lives, arousing in him a false confidence that he is doing a good thing, and that what he takes from other people as support of his — for the most part very luxurious — life will be compensated by the productions on which he is now working. And therefore the answers to these questions are especially important for our time. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ°í ¿ËÈ£µÇ´Â »çȸ¿¡°Ô´Â, ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ÁøÁ¤ ¿¹¼úÀÎÁö ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® »çȸ¿¡¼­ ¿©±â°í ÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö, ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ¸ç ±× ÀÚü¸¦ À§ÇØ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â Èñ»ýµéÀÌ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Ë Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á¦°¢±â ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú°¡´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¾Ë Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±×·Î½á ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´Ï¸ç ÀڽŰú ÇÔ²² »ì°í ÀÖ´Â Á¶±×¸¸ ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µé ¸¸ÀÇ Á¤¿­ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇϱâ À§Çؼ­¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¤¿­ÀÌ ±×°¡ À¯ÀÍÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ ¸Å¿ì »çÄ¡½º·¯¿î »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÁö·Î¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ÃëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áö±Ý ±×°¡ ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀÛǰµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸»ó ¹ÞÀ¸¸®¶ó´Â °ÅÁþµÈ È®½ÅÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ·± Áú¹®µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â Ưº°È÷ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
What, then, is this art which is considered so important and necessary for mankind that it can be offered the sacrifices not only of human labor and lives, but also of goodness, which are offered to it? ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¹«¾ùÀ̱淡 Àηù¿¡°Ô ±×Åä·Ï Áß¿äÇϸç ÇʼöÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁ®¼­ À̸¦ À§ÇØ Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ëµ¿·Â°ú ¸ñ¼ûµé»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼±ÇÔ¸¶Àú Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÃÄÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¹ÙÃÄÁö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀΰ¡?
What is art? Why even ask such a question? Art is architecture, sculpture, painting, music, poetry in all its forms - that is the usual answer of the average man, of the art lover, and even of the artist himself, who assumes that what he is talking about is understood quite clearly and in the same way by all people. But in architecture, one may object, there are simple buildings that are not works of art, and buildings that claim to be works of art, but are unsuccessful, ugly, and which therefore cannot be regarded as works of art. What, then, is the sign of a work of art? ¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ¿Ö ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Áú¹®À» Çϴ°¡? ¿¹¼úÀº °ÇÃà, Á¶°¢, ±×¸², À½¾Ç, ½ÃÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ Áö´Ï´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ´Ù À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î º¸Åë »ç¶÷ÀÇ, ¿¹¼úÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¿¹¼ú°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÈçÇÑ ´ë´äÀ̸ç, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸Å¿ì ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéµµ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °ÇÃà¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ü¼øÇÑ °Ç¹°µéµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåµÇ´Â °Ç¹°µéµµ ¼º°øÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇϰí ÃßÇÏ¿©¼­ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµé·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Íµéµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹«¾ùÀÌ, ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀÇ Áõ°Å¶õ ¸»Àΰ¡?
It is exactly the same in sculpture, and in music, and in poetry. Art in all its forms borders, on the one hand, on the practically useful, and on the other, on unsuccessful attempts at art. How to separate art from the one and the other? The average educated man of our circle, and even the artist who is not especially concerned with aesthetics, will also not find this a difficult question. He thinks the answer was found long ago and is well known to everyone. Á¶°¢¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í À½¾Ç¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í ½Ã¿¡¼­µµ Á¤¸» µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀÍÇÑ °Í°ú, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ¿¹¼úÀ» ÇâÇÑ ¼º°øÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇÑ ½Ãµµµé°ú ¸Â´ê¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀüÀÚ ¹× ÈÄÀÚµé°ú ¿¹¼úÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ºÐ¸®ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? ¿ì¸® ÁÖº¯ÀÇ º¸ÅëÀÇ ±³À°¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î´Â Ưº°È÷ ¹ÌÇп¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¿¹¼ú°¡¶óµµ À̰ÍÀÌ ¾î·Á¿î Áú¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌ ´äÀÌ ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ¹àÇôÁ³À¸¸ç ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
¡®Art is that activity which manifests beauty,¡¯ such an average man will reply.  ¡®¿¹¼úÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇϴ Ȱµ¿ÀÌ´Ù,¡¯¶ó°í ±×¿Í °°Àº º¸Åë »ç¶÷Àº ´ë´äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡®But, if art consists in that, then is a ballet or an operetta also art?¡¯ you will ask. ¡®ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±× Á¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¹ß·¹³ª ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸µµ ¿¹¼úÀΰ¡?¡¯ ÇÏ°í ¹¯°Ô µÈ´Ù.
¡®Yes,¡¯ the average man will reply, albeit with some uncertainty. ¡®A good ballet and a graceful operetta are also art in as much as they manifest beauty.¡¯ ¡®±×·¸´Ù,¡¯ ÇÏ°í ¾à°£ È®½ÅÀÌ ¾ø´õ¶óµµ º¸Åë »ç¶÷À̶ó¸é ´ë´äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡®ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹ß·¹¿Í ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸µµ ¿ª½Ã ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù.¡¯
But even without going on to ask the average man what distinguishes the good ballet or the graceful operetta from the ungraceful — a question it would be very difficult for him to answer — if you ask the same average man whether one can regard as art the activity of the costume-maker and hairdresser who adorn the figures and faces of women in the ballet or operetta, or the activity of the tailor Worth, or of the perfumer or the chef, he would in the majority of cases deny that the activity of the tailor, the hairdresser, the costume-maker and the chef belong to the realm of art. But here the average man will be mistaken, precisely because he is an average man and not a specialist, and has not studied the questions of aesthetics. If he should study them, he would see in the famous Renan, in his book Marc Aurèle, [2] a discussion about the art of the tailor being art, and about the dullness and limitedness of people who do not see in woman¡¯s attire a matter of the highest art. ¡®C¡¯est le grand art,¡¯ he says. Moreover, the average man would learn that in many aesthetic systems — for instance, in the aesthetics of the learned professor Kralik, Weltschönheit, Versuch einer allgemeinen Ästhetik, and in Guyau¡¯s Les problemes de l¡¯esthétique [3] the arts of costume, of taste and of touch are recognized as arts. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÉÁö¾î º¸Åë »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹ß·¹ ¶Ç´Â ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸¸¦ ¿ì¾ÆÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ±¸º°ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î ´ë´äÇϱ⿡ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î Áú¹®À̰ÚÁö¸¸ - ¹¯Áö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ º¸Åë»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¹ß·¹³ª ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸¿¡¼­ ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ ¿Ü¸ð³ª ¾ó±¼µéÀ» Ä¡ÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÇ»ó Á¦ÀÛÀÚ³ª ¹Ì¿ë»çÀÇ È°µ¿À», ÀçºÀ»ç ¶Ç´Â ºÐÀå»ç ¶Ç´Â ¿ä¸®»çÀÇ È°µ¿À» ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¹¯´Â´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì ÀçºÀ»ç, ¹Ì¿ë»ç, ÀÇ»óÁ¦ÀÛÀÚ ¹× ¿ä¸®»çÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿©±â¼­ º¸Åë »ç¶÷Àº ½Ç¼ö¸¦ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, Á¤È®È÷ ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ±×°¡ º¸Åë »ç¶÷À̰í Àü¹®°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ Áú¹®µéÀ» °øºÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» °øºÎÇϱâ¶óµµ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×´Â À¯¸íÇÑ ¸£³¶ÀÇ Ã¥, Marc Aurèle¿¡¼­ ÀçºÀ»çÀÇ ¿¹¼úµµ ¿¹¼úÀÌ¸ç ¿©ÀÚÀÇ Àǻ󿡼­ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¼ºÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µÐ°¨ÇÔ ¹× ÆíÇùÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åä·ÐÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¡®C¡¯est le grand art¡¯ ¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, º¸Åë »ç¶÷Àº ¸¹Àº ¹ÌÀû ü°èµé¿¡¼­, ¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é, ÇÐ½Ä ÀÖ´Â ±³¼öÀÎ Äí¶ö¸¯ÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐ, Weltschönheit, Versuch einer allgemeinen Ästhetik ±×¸®°í ±¸¾ßÀÇ Les problemes de l¡¯esthétique¿¡¼­ ÀÇ»óÀÇ, ¸ÀÀÇ ±×¸®°í °¨°¢ÀÇ ¿¹¼úµéÀÌ ¿¹¼úµé·Î Àνĵȴٴ °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡®Es folgt nun ein Fünjblatt van Künsten, die der subjectiven Sinnlichkeit entkeimen [There follows then a cinquefoil of arts growing out of the subjective senses],¡¯ says Kralik. ¡®Sie sind die ästhetische Behandlung der fünf Sinne.¡¯ [4] ¡®Es folgt nun ein Fünjblatt van Künsten, die der subjectiven Sinnlichkeit entkeimen [±×¸®°í ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µé¿¡¼­ Àڶ󳪿À´Â ´Ù¼¸ ÀÙÀÇ ¿¹¼úµéÀÌ µû¸¥´Ù],¡¯ ¶ó°í Å©¶ó¸®Å©´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡®Sie sind die ästhetische Behandlung der fünf Sinne.¡¯
These five arts are the following: ÀÌµé ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¿¹¼ú µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:

Die Kunst des Geschmacksinns - the art of the sense of taste.
Die Kunst des Cemchsinns — the art of the sense of smell.
Die Kunst des Tastsinns - the art of the sense of touch.
Die Kunst des Gehdrsinns- the art of the sense of hearing.
Die Kunst des Cesichtsinns - the art of the sense of sight.

Die Kunst des Geschmacksinns — ¹Ì°¢ ¿¹¼ú

Die Kunst des Cemchsinns — Èİ¢ ¿¹¼ú

Die Kunst des Tastsinns — °¨°¢ ¿¹¼ú

Die Kunst des Gehdrsinns — û°¢ ¿¹¼ú

Die Kunst des Cesichtsinns — ½Ã°¢ ¿¹¼ú

Of the first, die Kunst des Geschmacksinns, the following is said: ÀÌ Áß¿¡¼­ ¸ÕÀú, die Kunst des Geschmacksinns¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
Man halt zwar gewohnlich nur zwei oder hochstens drei Sinne fur würdig, den Stoff künstlerischer Behandlung abzugeben, aber ich glaube nur mit bedingtem Recht. Ich will kein allzu grosses Gewicht darauflegen, dass der gemeine Sprachgebrauch manch andere Künste, wie zum Beispiel die Kochkunst, kennt. ¿¹¼úÀû Àç·á´Â ÈçÈ÷ ¿ÀÁ÷ µÎ °¡Áö³ª ±â²¯ÇØ¾ß ¼¼°¡Áö °¨°¢µé·Î¼­ Ãë±ÞµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ³ª´Â À̰ÍÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡¼­, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¿ä¸®°¡ ¿¹¼ú·Î °£Áֵȴٴ »ç½ÇÀ» °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
And further on: ±×¸®°í ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­:
Und es ist doch gewiss eine ästhetische Leistung, wenn es der Kochkunst gelingt aus einem thierischen Kadaver einen Gegenstand des Geschmacks in jedem Sinne zu machen. Der Grundsatz der Kunst des Geschmacksinns (die weiter ist als die sogenannte Kochkunst) ist also dieser: Es Soil alles Geniessbare als Sinnbild einer Idee behandelt werden und in jedesmaligem Einklang zur auszudrückenden Idee. [5] ±×°ÍÀº ¹°·Ð ¿ä¸® ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¹Ì°¢¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» µ¿¹°ÀÇ ½Ãü·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¸µé¾î °¥ ¶§ ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼º°øÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ì°¢ ¿¹¼ú(ÀÌÈÄ ¿ä¸® ¿¹¼ú·Î ¾ð±ÞµÊ)ÀÇ ±Ùº» ¿ø¸®´Â À̰ÍÀÌ´Ù: ½Ä¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¾î¶² °³³ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨°¢ À̹ÌÁö·Î Ãë±ÞµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í, ¾î¶² ÁÖ¾îÁø °æ¿ì¿¡µµ, Ç¥ÇöµÇ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °³³ä°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.¡¯
Like Renan, the author also recognizes a Kostumkunst, and so on. ¸£³¶Ã³·³, ÀÛ°¡´Â ¶ÇÇÑ Àǻ󿹼ú, µîµîÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.
The same opinion is held by the French writer Guyau, who is very highly esteemed by some writers of our time. In his book Les problemes de l¡¯esthétique, he speaks seriously of the senses of touch, taste and smell giving or being able to give aesthetic impressions: µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀǰßÀº ÇÁ¶û½º ÀÛ°¡ ±¸¾ß¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ßÁöµÇ¸ç, ±×´Â ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀϺΠÀÛ°¡µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Ã¥ ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ¹®Á¦(Les problemes de l¡¯esthétique)¿¡¼­, ±×´Â ¹ÌÀûÀÎ ÀλóÀ» Áְųª ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ã˰¢, ¹Ì°¢ ¹× Èİ¢À» Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô À̾߱â ÇÑ´Ù:
Si la couleur manque au toucher, il nous fournit en revanche une notion, que l¡¯oeil seui ne peut nous donner et qui a une valeur esthétique considérable: celle du doux, du soyeux, du poli. Ce qui caractérise la beauté du velours, c¡¯est la douceur au toucher non moins que son brillant. Dans l¡¯idée que nous nous faisons de la beauté d¡¯une femme, la velouté de sa peau entre comme élément essentiel. ¸¸ÀÏ Ã˰¢¿¡ »ö»óÀÌ °á¿© µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ´ë½Å¿¡ ´« È¥ÀÚ¸¸ÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÙ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, »ó´çÇÑ ¹ÌÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Áö´Ñ °³³äÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Á¦°øÇØ Áشٴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù:  ºÎµå·¯¿î, ºñ´Ü°°Àº, ¸Å²ö¸Å²öÇÑ ´À³¦. º§ºªÀÇ ¹Ì¸¦ Ư¡Áþ´Â °ÍÀº ¸¸Á®¼­ ºÎµå·¯¿î °ÍÀÌÁö ±×°ÍÀÇ ±¤ÅÃÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿©ÀÚÀÇ ¹Ì¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ì¸® ½º½º·Î°¡ ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â °³³ä ¾È¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇǺÎÀÇ ºÎµå·¯¿òÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò·Î µé¾î°£´Ù.
Chacun de nous probablement avec un peu d¡¯attention se rappellera des jouissances du goût, qui ont été de véritables jouissances esthétiques. [6] ¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚ´Â, Á¶±×¸¶ÇÑ ÁÖÀǷεµ, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ÌÇÐÀû Áñ°Å¿òÀ̾ú´ø ÃëÇâÀÇ Áñ°Å¿ò µéÀ» ȸ»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
And he tells how a glass of milk drunk in the mountains gave him aesthetic pleasure. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¼­ »ê ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¸¶½Å ÇÑ ÀÜÀÇ ¿ìÀ¯°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´ÂÁö ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
Thus the notion of art as the manifestation of beauty is not at all as simple as it seems, especially now when our senses of touch, taste, and smell are included in it, as they are by the latest aestheticians. ±×·¡¼­ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Ç¥Ãâ·Î¼­ ¿¹¼úÀÇ »ó¡Àº, ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ±×·± °Íó·³, ƯÈ÷ Áö±Ý ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã˰¢, ¹Ì°¢, ¹× Èİ¢ÀÌ ±× ¾È¿¡ Æ÷Ç﵃ ¶§  °Ñº¸±âó·³ ÀüÇô ´Ü¼øÇÏÁö°¡ ¾Ê´Ù.
But the average man either does not know or does not want to know this, and is firmly convinced that all questions of art are simply and clearly resolved by the recognition of beauty as the content of art. For the average man it seems clear and comprehensible that art is the manifestation of beauty; and by beauty all questions of art are explained to him. ÇÏÁö¸¸ º¸Åë »ç¶÷Àº À̰ÍÀ» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇϰųª ¾Ë°í ½Í¾î ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ÀνĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Ü¼ø ¸íÄèÇÏ°Ô ÇØ°áµÈ´Ù°í È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù. º¸Åë »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î ¿¹¼úÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Ç¥ÃâÀ̸ç, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼³¸íµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ°í ³³µæÀÌ °¡´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.
But what is this beauty which, in his opinion, makes up the content of art? How is it defined, and what is it? ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ »ý°¢¿¡¼­, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡: ±×°ÍÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Á¤ÀǵǸç, ±×°ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
As happens with everything, the more vague and confused the concept conveyed by a word, the greater is the aplomb and assurance with which people use the word, pretending that what is understood by this word is so simple and clear that it is not even worth talking about what it actually means. This is how people usually act with regard to questions of religious superstition, and this is how they act in our time with regard to the concept of beauty. It is assumed that everyone knows and understands what is meant by the word beauty. And yet not only is this not known, but now, after mountains of books have been written on the subject by the most learned and profound men over the course of one hundred and fifty years — since 1750, when Baumgarten founded aesthetics [7] — the question of what beauty is remains completely open, and each new work on aesthetics resolves it in a new way. One of the latest books I happen to have read on aesthetics is a nice little book by Julius Mithalter, entitled Rätsel des Schönen [¡®The Riddle of the Beautiful¡¯]. And this title expresses quite correctly the state of the question of what beauty is. After thousands of learned men have discussed it for one hundred and fifty years, the meaning of the word beauty has remained a riddle. The Germans resolve this riddle after their own fashion, albeit in hundreds of different ways; the psychologist-aestheticians, mostly Englishmen of the Herbert Spencer—Grant Alien school, [8] also each in his own fashion; the French eclectics and the followers of Guyau and Taine, [9] also each in his own fashion — and all these men know all the preceding solutions of Baumgarten, Kant, Schelling, Schiller, Fichte, Winckelmann, Lessing, Hegel, Schopen¡©hauer, Hartmann, Schassler, Cousin, Leveque, and others. [10] ¸ðµç °Í¿¡¼­ ÀÏ¾î ³ªµí, ¸»¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â °³³äÀÌ ¾Ö¸ÅÇϰí È¥µ¿ÀÌ µÉ ¼ö·Ï, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸»¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½°ú È®½ÅÀÌ ´õ °­Çϸç, ÀÌ ¸»·Î¼­ ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ´Ü¼ø ¸íÄèÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´ÂÁö ³íÀÇÇØ º¼ °¡Ä¡Á¶Â÷ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ ¿©±ä´Ù. À̰ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¾±³Àû ¹Ì½ÅÀÇ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÈçÈ÷ ´ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¹ÌÀÇ °³³ä¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¹Ì¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ´ÜÁ¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,  — ¹Ù¿ò°¡Æ°ÀÌ ¹ÌÇÐÀ» â½ÃÇÑ ÀÌ·¡  150¿© ³â µ¿¾È °¡Àå ÇÐ½Ä ÀÖ°í ½É¿ÀÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ »ê´õ¹Ì °°Àº Ã¥µéÀÌ ¾²¿©Á³Áö¸¸, ÇöÀç, ¹Ì¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿­·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹ÌÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ Àú¸¶´Ù »õ·Î¿î ÀÛǰµéÀÌ À̸¦ »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Ç®¾î³ª°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÌÇп¡ ´ëÇØ ³»°¡ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÀÐÀº Ã¥µé Áß °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °ÍÀº ÁÙ¸®¾î½º ¹ÌÅ»ÅͰ¡ ÁöÀº »ê¶æÇϰí Àڱ׸¸ Ã¥À¸·Î, Á¦¸ñÀº Rätsel des Schönen['¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢']ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ Á¦¸ñÀº ¹Ì¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ »óŸ¦ ¸Å¿ì Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. 150¿© ³â µ¿¾È ¼öõ ¸íÀÇ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ À̰ÍÀ» Åä·ÐÇÑ µÚ¿¡µµ, ¹Ì¶õ ¸»ÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀεéÀº ÀÌ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢¸¦ ¼ö¹é °¡Áö ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÓ¿¡µµ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ½Ä´ë·Î Ç®¾î³½´Ù, ; ½É¸®ÇÐÀÚ-¹ÌÇÐÀÚµé, ´ëºÎºÐ Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼­¿Í ±×·£Æ® ¿¤¸®¾ð ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ¿µ±¹ÀÎµé ¿ª½Ã ±×µé ¹æ½Ä´ë·Î; ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ÀýÃæÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ¹× ±¸¾ß¿Í Å×ÀÎÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé ¿ª½Ã ±×µé ¹æ½Ä´ë·Î Ç®¾î ³ª°£´Ù — ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù¿ò°¡Æ°, Ä­Æ®, ½©¸µ, ½¯·¯, ÇÇÈ÷Å×, À®Ä̸¸, ·¹½Ì, Çì°Ö, ¼ÒÆæÇÏ¿ì¾î, ÇÏÆ®¸¸, ½¯¶ó½½·¯, ÄÚ¼Ä, ·¹º£Å©, µîÀÇ ¾Õ¼­ ³»³õÀº ¸ðµç ÇØ¹ýµéÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
What, then, is this strange concept of beauty, which seems so comprehensible to those who do not think about what they are saying, while for one hundred and fifty years, philosophers of various nations and of the most various trends have been unable to agree on its definition? What is this concept of beauty, upon which the reigning doctrine of art is based? ±×·¯¸é, ¹Ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ÀÌ»óÇÑ °³³äÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̱淡, ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Õ ¸Å¿ì ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸À̰í, 150¿© ³â µ¿¾È, ¸¹Àº ±¹°¡µé ¹× ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ °æÇâÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±× Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÇÕÀǸ¦ º¼ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀΰ¡? ÀÌ·± ¹ÌÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̱淡, ¿¹¼úÀÇ Áö¹èÀû Çм³ÀÌ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ°í Àִ°¡?
In Russian, by the word krasota [¡®beauty¡¯] we mean only that which is pleasing to the sight. Though lately people have begun to say of an action that it is nekrasivy [¡®unbeautiful¡¯, i.e. bad] or of music that it is krasivaya [¡®beautiful¡¯], this is not really Russian. ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­, krasota [¡®¹Ì¡¯] ¶õ ´Ü¾î´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ º¸±â¿¡ Áñ°Å¿î °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±Ù·¡¿¡ nekrasivy [¡®¾Æ¸§´äÁö ¸øÇÑ¡¯, Áï, ³ª»Û] ÇàÀ§ ¶Ç´Â krasivaya [¡®¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î¡¯] À½¾ÇÀ» ¸»ÇÔ¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀº »ç½Ç ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
A Russian man of the people, who does not know foreign languages, will not understand you if you tell him that a man who gave his last clothes to another, or something like that, acted krasivo, or that by deceiving another he acted nekrasivo, or that a song is krasivaya. In Russian, an action can be kind and good, or wicked and unkind; music can be pleasant and good, or unpleasant and bad, but it can never be either beautiful or unbeautiful. ¿Ü±¹¾î¸¦ ¸ð¸£´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¹ÎÁßÀÎ »ç¶÷Àº ´ç½ÅÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³²Àº ¿ÊÀ» ¶Ç´Â ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÁØ »ç¶÷ÀÌ krasivoÇÏ°Ô Çൿ Çߴٰųª, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» ¼ÓÀÓÀ¸·Î½á nekrasivoÇÏ°Ô ÇൿÇߴٰųª, ¾î¶² ³ë·¡°¡ krasivaya¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸»À» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­, ¾î¶² ÇàÀ§´Â Ä£ÀýÇÒ ¼öµµ ¼±ÇÒ ¼öµµ, ¶Ç´Â ¾ÇÇÒ ¼öµµ ºÒÄ£ÀýÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù; À½¾ÇÀº Áñ°Å¿ï ¼öµµ ÁÁÀ» ¼öµµ, ¶Ç´Â ºÒÄèÇÒ ¼öµµ ³ª»Ü ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù°Å³ª ¾Æ¸§´äÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.
A man, a horse, a house, a view, a movement may be beautiful, but of actions, thoughts, character, music, we may say they are good, if we like them very much, or not good, if we do not like them; we can say ¡®beautiful¡¯ only of what is pleasing to our sight. So that the word and concept ¡®good¡¯ includes within itself the concept ¡®beautiful¡¯, but not vice versa: the concept ¡®beautiful¡¯ does not cover the concept ¡®good¡¯. If we say of an object valued for its appearance that it is ¡®good¡¯, we are thereby saying that this object is also beautiful; but if we say it is ¡®beautiful¡¯, that by no means implies that the object is good. »ç¶÷, ¸», Áý, dz°æ, ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ Çൿµé, »ý°¢µé, ¼º°Ý, À½¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¸Å¿ì ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù°í ¸»Çϰųª, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ÁÁÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸® ´«¿¡ Áñ°Å¿î °ÍÀ» '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ 'ÁÁ´Ù'´Â ¸» ¹× °³³äÀº ±× ³»ºÎ¿¡ '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'´Â °³³äÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±× ¿ªÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù: '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'´Â °³³äÀº 'ÁÁ´Ù'´Â °³³äÀ» ¸Á¶óÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿Ü¾ç ¶§¹®¿¡ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ¾î¶² ¹°Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×°ÍÀÌ "ÁÁ´Ù"°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×·Î½á ÀÌ ¹°Ã¼°¡ ¶ÇÇÑ ¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº °áÄÚ ±× ¹°Ã¼°¡ ÁÁ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
Such is the meaning ascribed to the words and concepts ¡®good¡¯ and ¡®beautiful¡¯ by the Russian language, and therefore by the sense of the Russian people. ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¾ð¾î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀνĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ, 'ÁÁ´Ù' ¹× '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'´Â ¸»µé ¹× °³³äµé¿¡ ºÎ¿©µÈ Àǹ̴ ÀÌ·¯ÇÏ´Ù.
In all European languages, the languages of those people among whom the doctrine of beauty as the essence of art has spread, the words beau, schön, beautiful, bello, while keeping the meaning of beauty of form, have also come to signify ¡®good-ness¡¯ — that is, have come to replace the word ¡®good¡¯. ¸ðµç À¯·´ ¾ð¾îµé¿¡¼­, ¹Ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çм³ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÇ º»Áú·Î¼­ ÀüÆÄµÈ ³ª¶ó »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ð¾îµéÀº, Áï,´ÙÀ½ ´Ü¾îµé beau, schön, beautiful, belloÀº, ¸ð¾çÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ¶æÀ» °£Á÷Çϸ鼭µµ, ¶ÇÇÑ 'ÁÁÀ½'À» ÀǹÌÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù — Áï, 'ÁÁ´Ù'¶ó´Â ¸»À» ´ëüÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
So that these languages now quite naturally employ such expressions as belle âme, schöne Gedanken, or beautiful deed, and yet these languages do not have an apposite word for defining beauty of form and must employ such combinations of words as beau par la forme, and so on. ±×·¡¼­ ÀÌµé ¾ð¾îµéÀº ÀÌÁ¦  belle âme, schöne Gedanken, ¶Ç´Â beautiful deed¿Í °°Àº Ç¥ÇöµéÀ» ¸Å¿ì ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌµé ¾ð¾îµéÀº ¸ð¾çÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â ´ë¸³ÀûÀÎ ¸»À» °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç beau par la forme¿Í °°Àº ¸»µéÀÇ Á¶ÇÕÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.
Observing the meaning that the word ¡®beauty¡¯, ¡®the beautiful¡¯, has in the Russian language, and in the languages of the people among whom aesthetic theory has been established, we see that the word ¡®beauty¡¯ is endowed by these people with some special meaning — namely, the meaning of 'good'. '¹Ì', '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¾ð¾î¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶ó¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ È®¸³µÈ ¹ÎÁßÀÇ ¾ð¾îµé¿¡¼­ Áö´Ï´Â Àǹ̸¦ »ìÆìº¸¸é, '¹Ì'¶õ ¸»Àº ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÇ¹Ì — Áï, 'ÁÁ´Ù'´Â ÀÇ¹Ì — ¸¦ ºÎ¿© ¹ÞÀ½À» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù.
The remarkable thing is that since we Russians have begun to adopt European views of art more and more, the same evolution has begun to occur in our language as well, and people speak and write with complete assurance, and without surprising anyone, of beautiful music and unbeautiful actions or even thoughts, whereas forty years ago, in my youth, the expressions ¡®beautiful music¡¯ and ¡®unbeautiful actions¡¯ were not only not in use, but incomprehensible. Evidently this new meaning with which European thought has endowed beauty is beginning to be adopted by Russian society as well. ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀº ¿ì¸® ·¯½Ã¾Æ ÀεéÀÌ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯·´ÀεéÀÇ °üÁ¡µéÀ» ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ Ã¤ÅÃÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ, ¿ì¸® ¾ð¾î¿¡¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¶È°°Àº ÁøÈ­°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ÏÀüÇÑ È®½ÅÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µµ ³î·¡°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î À½¾Ç ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¸§´äÁö ¸øÇÑ Çൿµé ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î »ý°¢µéÀ» ¸»ÇÏ°í ¾²°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ³ªÀÇ ¾î¸° ½ÃÀý¿£, '¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î À½¾Ç' ±×¸®°í '¾Æ¸§´äÁö ¸øÇÑ Çൿµé'Àº »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¸í¹éÈ÷ À¯·´ÀÇ »ç»óÀÌ ¹Ì¿¡ ºÎ¿©ÇÑ ÀÌ·± »õ·Î¿î Àǹ̴ ·¯½Ã¾Æ »çȸ¿¡¼­ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î äÅõDZ⠽ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
What, then, is this meaning? What, then, is beauty as understood by European people? ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ÀÌ Àǹ̴ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ±×·¸´Ù¸é, À¯·´ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ´ë·ÎÀÇ ¹Ì´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
In order to answer this question, I will cite at least a small number of those definitions of beauty most widely spread in existing aesthetic systems. I especially beg the reader not to be bored and to read what is cited here, or, what would be better still, to read some work on aesthetics. Not to speak of voluminous German works, some good choices for this purpose are the German book by Kralik, the English one by Knight, [11] and the French one by Leveque. It is necessary to read some work on aesthetics in order to form a personal idea of the diversity of judgments and the terrible vagueness that reign in this sphere of opinion, and not to trust the words of others in this important matter. ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´äÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ³ª´Â Àû¾îµµ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀΠü°èµé¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Â ±×·± ¹ÌÀÇ Á¤Àǵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö¸¦ ÀοëÇϰڴÙ. ³ª´Â ƯÈ÷ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ¿©±â ÀοëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÐÀ½¿¡ ÀÖ¾î Áö·çÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â¸¦, Ȥ, Á» ´õ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù¸é, ¹ÌÇп¡ °üÇÑ ÀÛǰÀ» Á¶±ÝÀ̳ª¸¶ ÀÐ¾î º¸±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ºÎÇǰ¡ Å« µ¶ÀÏ ÀÛǰµéÀ» ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, ÀÌ·± ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ Á¶±Ý µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍµéÀ» °í¸£ÀÚ¸é, µ¶ÀϾîÀÎ Å©¶ó¸®Å©ÀÇ ¼­Àû, ³ªÀÌÆ®°¡ ¾´ ¿µ¾î ¼­Àû ¹× ·¹º£Å©°¡ ¾´ ÇÁ¶û½º¾î ¼­ÀûµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿µ¿ªÀÇ »ý°¢µéÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÆÇ´Üµé ¹× ¹«¼·µµ·Ï ¸ðÈ£ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ý°¢À» Çü¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ,  ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸»µéÀ» ¸Í½ÅÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇØ, ¹ÌÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϺΠÀÛǰÀ» ÀÐÀ½ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
Here, for example, is what the German aesthetician Schassler says about the character of all aesthetic research in the preface to his famous, voluminous and thorough book on aesthetics: ¿©±â¿¡, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀÚÀÎ ½¯¶ó½½·¯°¡ ¹ÌÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÏ°í ¹æ´ëÇÏ¸ç ±íÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Àú¼­ÀÇ ¼­¹®¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ Å½±¸ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù:

One hardly finds in any other area of philosophical science such methods of research and exposition, crude to the point of contradiction, as in the area of aesthetics. On the one hand, fine phrase-making without any content, distinguished for the most part by an altogether one-sided superficiality; on the other hand, together with all its indisputable depth of research and wealth of content, a repulsive clumsiness of philosophical terminology, which clothes the simplest things in the garb of abstract scientificality, as if to make them worthy thereby of entering the bright mansions of the system; and, finally, between these two methods of research and exposition there is a third, forming a transition from the one to the other, as it were, a method consisting of eclecticism, flaunting now its fine phrase-making, now its pedantic scientificality ... A form of exposition that does not fall into any of these three defects, but is truly concrete and, while being of substantial content, expresses it in clear and popular philosophical language, is no¡©where more rarely to be encountered than in the area of aesthetics.

¿ì¸®´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² öÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­µµ ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ª ¾È¿¡¼­Ã³·³, ¸ð¼ø¿¡ À̸¦ Á¤µµÀÇ ¹Ì¼÷ÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ¹× ÇØ¼³ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» °ÅÀÇ Ã£Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸, ¾î¶² ³»¿ë ¾øÀÌ, ÀüÀûÀÎ ÆíÇâÀû ²®µ¥±â·Î ´ëºÎºÐ µÎµå·¯Áö°í; ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ±× ¸ðµç ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ±íÀÌ¿Í ³»¿ëÀÇ Ç³ºÎÇÔ°ú ÇÔ²², °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» Ãß»óÀû °úÇмºÀ¸·Î Æ÷ÀåÇÏ´Â, ¸¶Ä¡ ±×·³À¸·Î½á ÀåÄ¡¸¦ °®Ãá ȯÇÑ ´ëÀúÅõé·Î µé¾î°¥ ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ°Ô ¸¸µé±â¶óµµ ÇÏ´Â °Í °°Àº öÇÐÀû ¿ë¾îÀÇ ²ûÂïÇÑ ¾û¼ºÇÔ; ±×¸®°í, ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, ¿¬±¸¿Í ÇØ¼³À̶ó´Â µÎ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Á¦ 3ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ÀüÀÚ¿¡¼­ ÈÄÀÚ·ÎÀÇ ÀüÀ̸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â, À̸¦Å׸é, ÀýÃæÁÖÀǸ¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ÀÌÁ¦ ±× ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸¸¦, ÀÌÁ¦ ±× ÇöÇÐÀû °úÇмºÀ» »Ë³»¸é¼­... ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö ¾àÁ¡µé¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î È®°íÇÑ, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ »ó´çÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» Áö´Ñ °¡¿îµ¥ ±×°ÍÀ» ¸í·áÇϰí ÀϹÝÀûÀΠöÇÐÀû ¾ð¾î·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â ÇØ¼®ÀÇ ÇüÅ´Â, ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ¸¸Å­ µå¹°°Ô ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °÷Àº ¾ø´Ù.

It is enough simply to read the book of this same Schassler to be convinced of the correctness of his judgement. ±×ÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ Á¤È®¼ºÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×Àú ½¯¶ó½½·¯ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àú¼­¸¦ ÀÐ¾î º½À¸·Îµµ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.
The French writer Véron, in the preface to his very good book on aesthetics, says of this same subject: ÇÁ¶û½º ÀÛ°¡ º£·ÐÀº, ¹ÌÇп¡ °üÇÑ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼­¹®¿¡¼­, ÀÌ °°Àº µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ À̾߱âÇÑ´Ù:
II n¡¯y a pas de science qui ait été de plus, que l¡¯esthétique, livrée aux réveries des métaphysiciens. Depuis Platon jusqu¡¯aux doc¡©trines officielles de nos jours, on a fait de l¡¯art je ne sais quel amalgame de fantaisies quintessenciées et de mysteres transcendentaux, qui trouvent leur expression supreme dans la concep¡©tion absolue du beau idéal prototype immuable et divin des choses réelles. [12]  ¾î¶² Çй®µµ ¹ÌÇÐ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¸Á»óµé¿¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ÙÃÄÁø ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÇöóÅæºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®½Ã´ëÀÇ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ Çм³±îÁö, ¿¹¼úÀº ³ªµµ ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸ ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀΠȯ»óµé ¹× ÃÊ¿ùÀûÀÎ ½ÅºñµéÀÇ È¥ÇÕ¹°·Î ¸¸µé¾î Á³À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº  ÃÖ°íÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ½ÇÀç »ç¹°µéÀÇ ºÒº¯ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿øÇüÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÌ»óÀû ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Àý´ëÀû °³³ä¿¡¼­ ã´Â´Ù.
This judgment is more than correct, as the reader will be convinced if he takes the trouble to read the following definitions of beauty which I have copied down from the major writers on aesthetics. ÀÌ·± ÆÇ´ÜÀº ¸Å¿ì Á¤È®ÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é µ¶ÀÚµéÀÌ  ¹ÌÇп¡ °üÇÑ ÁÖ¿ä ÀÛ°¡¿¡°Ô¼­ ³»°¡ º£³¤  ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Á¤ÀǵéÀ» ÀÐ¾î º¸´Â ¼ö°í¸¦ °¨¼öÇÑ´Ù¸é ³³µæÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
I will not cite the definitions of beauty ascribed to the ancients — Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and up to Plotinus — because in fact the concept of beauty separate from the good, which constitutes the basis and aim of aesthetics in our time, did not exist among the ancients. In transferring ancient judgments of beauty to our own concept of beauty, as is usually done in aesthetics, we give their words a meaning they did not have (on which see the excellent book of Benard, L¡¯esthétique d¡¯Aristote, and Walter¡¯s Geschichte der Ästhetik im Altertum). [13] ³ª´Â °í´ëÀÎµé — ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º, ÇöóÅæ, ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º, ±×¸®°í ÇÃ·ÎÆ¼´©½º¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö —  ÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀǵéÀ» ÀοëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¼±°ú ºÐ¸®µÈ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀº, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ±âÃÊ¿Í ¸ñÀûÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, °í´ëÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡´Â Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜµéÀ» ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀüÇÔ¿¡¼­, ¹ÌÇп¡¼­ ÈçÈ÷ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â °Íó·³, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¸»¿¡ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ Áö´ÏÁö ¾ÊÀº  Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ¹ö³ªµåÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Àú¼­, L¡¯esthétique d¡¯Aristote ¹× ¿ùÅÍÀÇ Geschichte der Ästhetik im Altertum¸¦ ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó).

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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


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