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[Home] [Up] [Contents] [Preface] [Bibliographical Note] [A Note on the Text] [WHAT IS ART?] I  II  III  IV  V  VI  VII  VIII  IX  X  XI  XII  XIII  XIV  XV  XVI  XVII  XVIII  XIX  XX [CONCLUSION] [Appendix I] [Appendix II] [Notes]


WHAT IS ART?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?


by Leo Tolstoy

TRANSLATED BY RICHARD PEVEAR
AND LARISSA VOLOKHONSKY

What Is Art?

¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

¡¡

I

Pick up any newspaper of our time, and in every one of them you will find a section on theatre and music; in almost every issue you will find a description of some exhibition or other, or of some particular painting, and in every one you will find reports on newly appearing books of an artistic nature - poetry, stories, novels. ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¾î¶² ½Å¹®ÀÌµç µéÃß¾î º¸¶ó, ¾îµð¿¡µç ¿¬±Ø°ú À½¾Ç¿¡ °üÇÑ ³­À» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù; °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç °£Ç๰¸¶´Ù ÀÌ·± Àú·± Àü½Ãȸ ¶Ç´Â ¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ ±×¸²¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¢°¢ÀÇ °Íµé¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼úÀûÀÎ ¼º°ÝÀ¸·Î »õ·ÎÀÌ µîÀåÇÏ´Â - ½Ã, ´ÜÆí, ¼Ò¼³ - Ã¥µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸°íµéÀ» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Immediately after the event, a detailed description is published of how this or that actress or actor played this or that role in such and such a drama, comedy or opera, and what merits they displayed, and what the contents of the new drama, comedy or opera were, and its merits or shortcomings. With the same detail and care they describe how such-and-such an artist sang such-and-such a piece, or performed it on the piano or the violin, and what the shortcomings or merits of the piece and of the performance were. In every large town there will always be, if not several, then certainly one exhibi¡©tion of new paintings, whose merits and shortcomings are analyzed with the greatest profundity by critics and connoisseurs. Almost every day new novels and poems appear, separately or in magazines, and the newspapers consider it their duty to give their readers detailed reports on these works of art. Çà»ç°¡ ³¡³ª°í ³ª¸é °ð, ±×·¸°í ±×·± µå¶ó¸¶, Äڹ̵ð, Èñ±Ø¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·± Àú·± ¿©¿ì ¶Ç´Â ³²¿ìµéÀÌ ÀÌ·¯Àú·¯ÇÑ ¿ª¿¡¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿¬±âÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¾î¶² ÀåÁ¡µéÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´ÂÁö, »õ·Î¿î µå¶ó¸¶, Äڹ̵ð ¶Ç´Â ¿ÀÆä¶óÀÇ ³»¿ëµé, ±×¸®°í ±× ÀåÁ¡µé, °áÁ¡µéÀº ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö °®°¡Áö »ó¼¼ÇÑ ¼³¸íµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÃâÆÇµÈ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¶ÇÇÑ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¼¼¹ÐÇÔ°ú °ü½ÉÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾î¶»°Ô ¿©Â÷¿©Â÷ÇÑ °¡¼ö°¡ ¿©Â÷¿©Â÷ÇÑ ÀÛǰÀ» ºÒ·¶°Å³ª ÇÇ¾Æ³ë ¶Ç´Â ¹ÙÀ̿ø°À¸·Î ¿¬ÁÖÇÏ¿´´ÂÁö, ±×¸®°í ±× ÀÛǰ°ú °ø¿¬ÀÇ °áÁ¡ ¶Ç´Â ÀåÁ¡µéÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ¼­¼úÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¾î´À Ä¿´Ù¶õ µµ½Ã¿¡¼­µç, ¿©·µÀº ¾Æ´Ï¶óµµ, »õ·Î¿î ±×¸²µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÑ °¡Áö Àü½Ã´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±× °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀåÁ¡µé ¹× °áÁ¡µéÀÌ ºñÆò°¡µé ¹× °¨Á¤°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´ë´ÜÇÑ ½É¿ÀÇÔÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®µÈ´Ù. °ÅÀÇ ¸ÅÀÏ »õ·Î¿î ¼Ò¼³µé ¹× ½ÃµéÀÌ °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ¶Ç´Â ÀâÁöµé¿¡ µîÀåÇϸç, ½Å¹®µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀÌ·± ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ó¼¼ÇÏ°Ô º¸°íÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀÇ Àǹ«·Î ¿©±ä´Ù.
To support art in Russia, where only a hundredth part of what would be needed to provide all the people with the opportunity of learning is spent on popular education, the government gives mil¡©lions in subsidies to academies, conservatories and theatres. In France eight millions are allotted to art, and the same in Germany and England. In every large town huge buildings are constructed for museums, academies, conservatories, dramatic schools, and for per¡©formances and concerts. Hundreds of thousands of workers - carpen¡©ters, masons, painters, joiners, paper-hangers, tailors, hairdressers, jewelers, bronze founders, typesetters - spend their whole lives in hard labor to satisfy the demands of art, so that there is hardly another human activity, except the military, that consumes as much effort as this. ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â, ¿¹¼úÀ» Áö¿øÇϰíÀÚ, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹è¿òÀÇ ±âȸ¸¦ Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀÇ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹éºÐÀÇ Àϸ¸ÀÌ ´ëÁß ±³À°À» À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸é¼­µµ, ¿¹¼úÇùȸ, À½¾ÇÇб³, ±ØÀåµé¿¡´Â ¼ö¹é¸¸¾¿ º¸Á¶±ÝÀ» Á¦°øÇÑ´Ù. ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼± ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ÆÈ¹é ¸¸ÀÌ ÇÒ´çµÇ¸ç, µ¶ÀÏ ¹× ¿µ±¹¿¡¼­µµ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. Àú¸¶´Ù Å« µµ½Ãµé¿¡´Â ¹Ú¹°°ü, ¿¹¼ú¿ø, À½¾Ç¿ø, ¿¬±ØÇб³µéÀ» À§ÇØ, ±×¸®°í °ø¿¬ ¹× ¿¬ÁÖȸ µéÀ» À§ÇØ, °Å´ëÇÑ °Ç¹°µéÀÌ °Ç¼³µÈ´Ù. ¼ö¸¸ ¸íÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé - ¸ñ¼ö, ¼®°ø, È­°ø, °¡±¸ÀåÀÌ, µµ¹èÀåÀÌ, ÀçºÀ»ç, ¹Ì¿ë»ç, º¸¼® ¼¼°ø»ç, ûµ¿ÁÖ¹°°ø, ½ÄÀÚ°ø µé - Àº ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¼ö¿ä µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ±×µéÀÇ »îÀ» Á߳뵿¿¡ ¼ÒºñÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, ±º´ë¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Á¤µµÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ» ¼Ò¸ðÇÏ´Â ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ Àΰ£ÀÇ È°µ¿Àº °ÅÀÇ ¾ø´Ù.
But it is not only that such enormous labor is expended on this activity - human lives are also expended on it directly, as in war: from an early age, hundreds of thousands of people devote their entire lives to learning how to twirl their legs very quickly (dancers); others (musicians) to learning how to finger keys or strings very quickly; still others (artists) to acquiring skill with paint and to depicting all they see; a fourth group to acquiring skill in twisting every phrase in all possible ways and finding a rhyme for every word. And these people, often very kind, intelligent, capable of every sort of useful labor, grow wild in these exceptional, stupefy¡©ing occupations and become dull to all serious phenomena of life, one-sided and self-complacent specialists, knowing only how to twirl their legs, tongues or fingers. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È°µ¿¿¡ ¼ÒºñµÇ´Â °ÍÀº ±×Åä·Ï ¾öû³­ ³ëµ¿ ¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù - ¶ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûµé ¸¶Àú ÀüÀï¿¡¼­Ã³·³ ±×·¯ÇÑ ÀÏ¿¡ ¼ÒºñµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ¾î¸± ÀûºÎÅÍ, ¼ö½Ê¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Àü ÀλýÀ» ÀÚ½Å(¹«¿ë¼ö)µéÀÇ ´Ù¸®µéÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¸é ºü¸£°Ô ȸÀüÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡¸¦ ¹è¿ì°íÀÚ; ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷(À½¾Ç°¡)µéÀº Űº¸µå³ª ÇöÀ» ¾ó¸¶³ª »¡¸® µÎµå¸± ¼ö Àִ°¡¸¦ ¹è¿ì°íÀÚ; ¶Ç ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷(È­°¡)µéÀº ¹°°¨À» ´Ù·ç´Â ±â¼ú¿¡ ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÌ º¸´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¹¦»çÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡; ³× ¹øÂ° ¹«¸®´Â °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç ¹æ¹ýµé·Î °¢°¢ÀÇ ±¸ÀýÀ» ºñƲ°í °¢°¢ÀÇ ´Ü¾î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿îÀ» ã¾Æ ³»´Â ±â¼úÀ» ½ÀµæÇÔ¿¡ Çå½ÅÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ÈçÈ÷ ¸Å¿ì Ä£ÀýÇϰí, ÁöÀûÀ̸ç, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ À¯ÀÍÇÑ ³ëµ¿À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ½¿¡µµ, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÌ¸ç ³ÌÀ» »©¾Ñ´Â Á÷¾÷µé·Î ³ÌÀ» »©¾Ñ±â°í »îÀÇ ¸ðµç ½É°¢ÇÑ Çö»óµé¿¡ ¹«°¨°¢Çϸç, ÆíÇùÇϸç Àڱ⠸¸Á·¿¡ ºüÁø Àü¹®°¡µéÀÌ µÇ¾î ¿À·ÎÁö ÀڽŵéÀÇ ´Ù¸®, Çô ¶Ç´Â ¼Õ°¡¶ô µéÀ» ºñÆ®´Â °Í ¸¸À» ¾Ë »ÓÀÌ´Ù.
But this, too, is not all. I recall attending once a rehearsal of one of the most ordinary new operas, such as are produced in all European and American theatres. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ°Í ¿ª½Ã ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌÀü¿¡, À¯·´ ¹× ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä«ÀÇ ¸ðµç ±ØÀåµé¿¡¼­ °ø¿¬µÇ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº, °¡Àå Æò¹üÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ¿ÀÆä¶óµéÀÇ ¸®Çã¼³¿¡ Âü¼®Çß´ø °ÍÀ» ±â¾ïÇÑ´Ù.
I arrived when the first act had already begun. To enter the auditorium I had to pass backstage. I was led through dark under¡©ground corridors and passages of the enormous building, past immense machines for the changing of sets and lighting, where in darkness and dust I saw people working at something. One of the workers, his face grey and thin, wearing a dirty blouse, with dirty workman¡¯s hands, the fingers sticking out, obviously tired and displeased, walked past me, angrily reproaching another man for something. Going up a dark stairway, I came out backstage. Amid piled-up sets, curtains, some poles, there were dozens, if not hun¡©dreds, of painted and costumed people standing or milling around, the men in costumes closely fitted to their thighs and calves, and the women, as usual, with their bodies bared as much as possible. These were all singers, male and female chorus-members, or ballet dancers, awaiting their turns. My guide led me across the stage, over a plank bridge through the orchestra, where sat about a hundred musicians of all sorts, and into the dark stalls. On an elevation between two lamps with reflectors, in an armchair with a music-stand in front of it, baton in hand, sat the director of the musical part, who conducted the orchestra and singers and the overall production of the entire opera. ³ª´Â Á¦ 1¸·ÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ½ÃÀ۵ǾúÀ» ¶§ µµÂøÇÏ¿´´Ù. °´¼®À¸·Î µé¾î°¡±â À§ÇØ ³ª´Â ¹«´ë µÚ¸¦ Åë°úÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. ³ª´Â °Å´ëÇÑ °Ç¹°ÀÇ ¾îµÎ¿î ÁöÇÏ º¹µµµé°ú Åë·ÎµéÀ» Åë°úÇÏ°í ¾öû³­ ±Ô¸ðÀÇ ¹«´ë¼¼Æ®µé ¹× Á¶¸í ÀåÄ¡µéÀ» Áö³ªÀÚ ±×°÷¿¡¼­ ¾îµÎ¿ò ¹× ¸ÕÁö ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¸¦ À§ÇØ ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù. ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé ÁßÀÇ ÇÑ »ç¶÷Àº ´õ·¯¿î ÀÛ¾÷º¹À» ÀÔ°í ÀÖ¾ú´Âµ¥ ´õ·¯¿î ÀÛ¾÷ÀÚÀÇ ¼Õ°¡¶ôÀº ºÒ°ÅÁ® ³ª¿Í ÀÖ¾ú°í, È®¿¬È÷ ÁöÄ¡°í ºÒÄèÇÑ Ç¥Á¤À¸·Î ³ª¸¦ Áö³ªÃÆÀ¸¸ç ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ È­¸¦ ³»¸ç ²Ù¢°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ¾îµÎ¿î °è´ÜÀ» ¿À¸£¸é¼­ ¹«´ë µÚÆíÀ» ºüÁ® ³ª¿Ô´Ù. ¼öºÏÀÌ ½×ÀÎ ¼¼Æ®µé, Ŀưµé, ¸î °³ÀÇ ±âµÕµé »çÀÌ·Î ¼ö¹é ¸íÀº ¾Æ´ÒÁö¶óµµ ºÐÀå ¹× ÀÇ»óÀ» °ÉÄ£ ¼ö½Ê ¸íÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ¼­Àְųª ¾î½½··°Å¸®°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ³²ÀÚµéÀº Çã¹÷Áö¿Í ÀåµýÁö±îÁö ²Ë ³¢ÀÌ´Â ÀÇ»óµéÀ» ÀÔ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¿©ÀÚµéÀº ¸öµéÀ» º¯ÇÔ¾øÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ µå·¯³½ ä¿´´Ù. À̵éÀº ¸ðµÎ °¡¼ö, ³²¼º ¹× ¿©¼º ÇÕâ´Ü µéÀ̰ųª ¹«¿ë¼öµé·Î¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ¼ø¼­¸¦ ±â´Ù¸®°í ÀÖ´Â ÁßÀ̾ú´Ù. ³ªÀÇ ¾È³»ÀÚ´Â ¹«´ë¸¦ °¡·ÎÁö¸£°í, ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ À½¾Ç°¡µéÀÌ ¸ð¿© ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ´Â ¾Ç´ÜÀ» Åë°úÇÏ´Â ³ÎºþÁö ´Ù¸®¸¦ ³Ñ¾î ħħÇÑ Á¼®µé·Î ³ª¸¦ ÀεµÇß´Ù. ¹Ý»ç°æÀÌ ´Þ¸° µÎ °³ÀÇ µî »çÀÌ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ³ôÀº °÷¿¡´Â ¾Çº¸´ë°¡ ´Þ¸° ÆÈ°ÉÀÌ ÀÇÀÚ¿¡ ÁöÈÖºÀÀ» ¼Õ¿¡ µé°í À½¾ÇºÎÀÇ °¨µ¶ÀÌ ¾É¾Æ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±×´Â ¾Ç´Ü ¹× °¡¼öµé ¹× Àüü ¿ÀÆä¶óÀÇ ¿¬ÃâÀ» ÁöÈÖÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.
When I arrived, the performance had already begun, and a procession of Indians bringing home a bride was being presented on stage. Besides the costumed men and women, two other men in short jackets were running and fussing about the stage: one was the director of the dramatic part, and the other, who stepped with extraordinary lightness in his soft shoes as he ran from place to place, was the dancing master, who received more pay per month than ten workers in a year. ³»°¡ µµÂøÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ °ø¿¬Àº ÀÌ¹Ì ½ÃÀ۵ǾúÀ¸¸ç ½ÅºÎ¸¦ ÁýÀ¸·Î µ¥·Á°¡´Â Àεð¾ðµéÀÇ Çà·ÄÀÌ ¹«´ë À§¿¡ ÆîÃÄÁö°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ÀÇ»óÀ» °®Ãá ³²ÀÚ ¹× ¿©ÀÚ µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ªÀº »óÀǸ¦ °ÉÄ£ µÎ ¸íÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ³²ÀÚµéÀÌ ¹«´ë ÁÖÀ§¸¦ ¶Ù¸é¼­ ¹ý¼®À» ¶³°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù: ÇÑ ¸íÀº ¿¬±Ø °¨µ¶À̾úÀ¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑ ¸íÀº, À̰÷ Àú°÷À¸·Î ´Þ¸± ¶§ ºÎµå·¯¿î ½Å¹ßÀ» ½Å°í ³î¶ó¿î °¡º­¿òÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀ» ¶¼°í ÀÖ´Â ¹«¿ë °¨µ¶À¸·Î, ÀÏ ³â°£ ´Ù¸¥ ¿­ ¸íÀÇ ³ëµ¿ÀÚµé º¸´Ù ¸¹Àº ¿ù±ÞÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù.
These three directors were trying to bring together the singing, the orchestra and the procession. The procession, as usual, was done in pairs, with tinfoil halberds on their shoulders. They all started from one place and went around, and around again, and then stopped. For a long time the procession did not go right: first the Indians with halberds came out too late, then too early, then they came out on time but crowded together too much as they exited, then they did not crowd but failed to take their proper places at the sides of the stage, and each time everything stopped and was started over again. The procession began with a recitative by a man dressed up like some sort of Turk, who, opening his mouth strangely, sang: ¡®I accompany the bri-i-ide.¡¯ He would sing it and wave his arm - bare, of course - from under his mantle. And the procession would start. But right away the French horn does something wrong at the end of the recitative, and the conductor, recoiling as if some disaster has taken place, raps on the music-stand with his baton. Everything stops, and the conductor, turning to the orchestra, falls upon the French horn, abusing him in the rudest terms, of the sort that coachmen use, for having played a wrong note. And again every¡©thing starts over. The Indians with halberds again come out, stepping softly in their strange shoes; again the singer sings: ¡®I accompany the bri-i-ide.¡¯ But this time the pairs stand too close together. Again the rapping of the baton, the abuse, and it starts over. Again, ¡®I accompany the bri-i-ide,¡¯ again the same gesture with the bare arm from under the mantle, and the pairs, again stepping softly, halberds on their shoulders, some with serious and sad faces, some exchanging remarks and smiling, take their places in a circle and begin to sing. All is well, it seems; but again the baton raps, and the conductor, in a suffering and spiteful voice, begins to scold the male and female chorus-members: it turns out that they fail to raise their arms from time to time while singing, as a sign of animation. ¡®Have you all died, or what? Cows! If you¡¯re not dead, why don¡¯t you move?¡¯ Again it starts, again ¡®I accompany the bri-i-ide,¡¯ again the female chorus-members sing with sad faces, now one and now another of them raising an arm. But two of the female chorus-members exchange remarks - again a more vehement rap¡©ping of the baton. ¡®What, have you come here to talk? You can gossip at home. You there, in the red trousers, move closer. Look at me. From the beginning.¡¯ Again, ¡®I accompany the bri-i-ide.¡¯ And so it continues for one, two, three hours. The whole of such a rehearsal continues for six hours on end. The rapping of the baton, the repetitions, the positionings, the correctings of the singers, the orchestra, the processions, the dancing, all of it seasoned with angry abuse. The words ¡®asses, fools, idiots, swine¡¯ I heard addressed to the musicians and singers a good forty times in the course of one hour. And the unfortunate, physically and morally crippled person - flautist, horn player, singer - to whom the abuse is addressed, keeps silent and does what is demanded, repeats ¡®I accompany the bri-i-ide¡¯ twenty times over, sings one and the same phrase twenty times over, and again marches about in his yellow shoes with a halberd on his shoulder. The conductor knows that these people are so crippled as to be no longer fit for anything except blowing a horn or walking about with a halberd in yellow shoes, and at the same time they are accustomed to a sweet, luxurious life and will put up with anything only so as not to be deprived of this sweet life - and therefore he calmly gives himself up to his rudeness, the more so in that he has seen it all in Paris and Vienna and knows that the best conductors behave that way, that it is the musical tradition of great artists, who are so enthralled by their great artistic feat that they have no time to sort out the feelings of the performers. ÀÌ ¼¼ °¨µ¶µéÀº °¡Ã¢, ¾Ç´Ü ¹× Çà·ÄÀ» ÇÔ²² ¸ÂÃß·Á ¾Ö¾²°í ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Çà·ÄÀº Æò»ó½Ã´ë·Î ¾çö µµ³¢¸¦ ¾î±ú¿¡ °ÉÄ¡°í Á¶¸¦ ¸ÂÃß¾î ³ª¾Æ°¬´Ù. ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ÇÑ Àå¼Ò¿¡¼­ Ãâ¹ßÇÏ¿´°í °è¼ÓÇØ µ¹´Ù°¡ ¸¶Ä§³» ¸ØÃß¾ú´Ù. ÇÑÂü µ¿¾ÈÀ̳ª Çà·ÄÀº Á¦´ë·Î µÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù: ¸ÕÀú µµ³¢¸¦ °¡Áø Àεð¾ðµéÀÌ ³Ê¹« ´Ê°Ô, ´ÙÀ½¿£ ³Ê¹« ÀÏÂï ³ª¿Ô°í, ´ÙÀ½¿£ Á¦¶§¿¡ ³ª¿ÔÁö¸¸ ÈïºÐÇÏ¿´´ø Å¿À¸·Î ³Ê¹«³ª ¸ô·Á ³ª¿Ô°í, ´ÙÀ½¿£ ¸ô¸®Áø ¾É¾ÒÁö¸¸ ¹«´ëÀÇ Ãø¸é¿¡ ÀûÀýÇÑ À§Ä¡¸¦ Àâ´Âµ¥ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ±×¶§¸¶´Ù ¸ðµç ÀÏÀº ¸ØÃß¾úÀ¸¸ç µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. Çà·ÄÀº ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ Å;îŰÀÎ º¹ÀåÀ» ÇÑ »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¼­Ã¢À¸·Î ½ÃÀ۵ǾúÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â ÀÔÀ» ÀÌ»óÇÏ°Ô ¹ú¸®¸é¼­ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ³ë·¡ ºÒ·¶´Ù: ¡®³ª´Â ½Ã-ÀÎ-ºÎ¿Í µ¿ÇàÇϳë¶ó.¡¯ ±×´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ³ë·¡ÇÏ°í ¹°·Ð ¸ÁÅä ¾Æ·¡ ¸Ç ÆÈÀ» Èçµé°ï Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í Çà·ÄÀº ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °ð ¼­Ã¢ÀÇ ¸»¹Ì¿¡ ÇÁ·»Ä¡ È¥ÀÌ ¹«¾ð°¡ À߸øÇϰí, ÁöÈÖÀÚ´Â ¸¶Ä¡ ¾î¶² Àç¾ÓÀÌ¶óµµ ÀÒ¾î ³­ µíÀÌ ÆÞ½ ¶Ù¸é¼­ ÁöÈÖºÀÀ¸·Î ¾Çº¸´ë¸¦ ŹŹ Ä£´Ù. ¸ðµç °ÍÀº Á¤ÁöÇϰí, ÁöÈÖÀÚ´Â ¾Ç´Ü¿¡°Ô µ¹¾Æ°¡ ÇÁ·»Ä¡ È¥¿¡ ´Þ·Áµé¾î ¸¶ºÎµéÀ̳ª ÇØ´ë´Â ½Ö½º·± ¸»·Î ¾Çº¸¸¦ Àß ¸ø ¿¬ÁÖÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×¸¦ ²Ù¢´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. âµµ³¢¸¦ °¡Áø Àεð¾ðµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ»óÇÑ ½ÅµéÀ» ½Å°í ºÎµå·¯¿î ¹ß°ÉÀ½À¸·Î ´Ù½Ã ³ª¿Â´Ù; °¡¼ö°¡ ´Ù½Ã ³ë·¡ ºÎ¸¥´Ù: ¡®³ª´Â ½Ã-ÀÎ-ºÎ¿Í ÇÔ²² °¡³ë¶ó.¡¯ ±×·¯³ª À̹ø¿£ ½ÖµéÀÌ ³Ê¹« °¡±îÀÌ ¼­ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ÁöÈÖºÀÀ» µÎµå¸®°í, ¿å¼³ÀÌ ³ª¿À¸ç, ´Ù½Ã ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. ´Ù½Ã, ¡®³ª´Â ½Ã-ÀÎ-ºÎ¿Í ÇÔ²² °¡³ë¶ó,¡¯ ±×¸®°í ¸ÁÅä ¾Æ·¡ ¸Ç ÆÈ·Î ÇàÇÏ´Â ¶È °°Àº Á¦½ºÃ³¸¦ º¸À̰í, ±× ½ÖµéÀº Á¶½É½º·¯ÀÌ °È°í ±×µé ¾î±ú¿£ âµµ³¢¸¦ °ÉÄ¡¸ç, ¾î¶² À̵éÀº ½É°¢ÇÑ ±×¸®°í ½½Ç ¾ó±¼µéÀ» Çϸç, ¾î¶² À̵éÀº ¸»°ú Àâ´äÀ» ³ª´©¸ç, µÑ·¹¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ÀÚ¸®µéÀ» ã¾Æ°¡°í ³ë·¡¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ¸ðµÎ°¡ ÀßÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °Í °°´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ´Ù½Ã ÁöÈÖºÀÀÌ Å¹Å¹ °Å¸®°í, ÁöÈÖÀÚ´Â ±«·Ó°í ¾ÇÀÌ ¹ÞÄ£ ¸ñ¼Ò¸®·Î ³²¼º ¹× ¿©¼º ÇÕâ´Ü¿øµéÀ» ²Ù¢´Â´Ù: »ý±âÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ³ë·¡¸¦ ºÎ¸£´Â µµÁß¿¡ ¶§¶§·Î ÆÈÀ» µéÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡®´ç½Åµé ¸ðµÎ µØÁø °Å¾ß ¹¹¾ß? ¸ÛûÀÌµé¾Æ! µØÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é ¿Ö ¿òÁ÷ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â °Å¾ß?¡¯ ±×¸®°í ´Ù½Ã ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ. ¡®³ª´Â ½Ã-ÀÎ-ºÎ¿Í ÇÔ²² Çϳë¶ó,¡¯ ±×¸®°í ¿©¼º ÇÕâ´Ü¿øµéÀº ½½Ç ¾ó±¼µéÀ» ÇÏ¸ç ³ë·¡ ºÎ¸£°í ÀÌÁ¨ ÀÌ»ç¶÷ ±×¸®°í ÀÌÁ¨ Àú »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÆÈÀ» µç´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿©¼ºÇÕâ´Ü¿ø µÑÀ̼­ Àâ´ãÀ» ³ª´«´Ù - ±×¸®°í Á»´õ ¸Í·ÄÇÑ ÁöÈÖºÀ µÎµå¸®´Â ¼Ò¸®°¡ ³­´Ù. ¡®´ç½Åµé ¿©±â¿¡ ¶°µé·¯ ¿Â °Å¾ß ¹¹¾ß? ¼ö´Ù´Â Áý¿¡¼­ ¶³¾î. °Å±â ³Ê, »¡°£ ¹ÙÁö, ´õ °¡±îÀÌ ¿òÁ÷¿©. ³ª¸¦ ºÁ. óÀ½ºÎÅÍ.¡¯ ´Ù½Ã, ¡®³ª´Â ½Ã-ÀÎ-ºÎ¿Í ÇÔ²²Çϳë¶ó.¡¯ ±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ÇÑ ½Ã°£, µÎ ½Ã°£ ¼¼½Ã°£ µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸®Çã¼³ Àüü´Â °á±¹ ¿©¼¸ ½Ã°£À̳ª °è¼ÓµÈ´Ù. ÁöÈÖºÀ µÎµå¸®±â, ¹Ýº¹µé, ÀÚ¸®¹èÄ¡µé, °¡¼öµé ¹× ¾Ç´Ü ±³Á¤Çϱâ, Çà·Ä, ¹«¿ë, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¼º³­ ¿å¼³·Î ¹ö¹«·ÁÁø´Ù. ³ª´Â ¡®¿ìµÐÇÑ ³à¼®µé, ¹Ùº¸µé, ¸ÛûÀ̵é, µÅÁö¡¯ ¿Í °°Àº ´Ü¾îµéÀ» À½¾Ç°¡ ¹× °¡¼ö µé¿¡°Ô ÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ª´Â µ¿¾È °ÅÀÇ »ç½Ê ¹øÀ̳ª Áú·¯´ë´Â °ÍÀ» µé¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ºÒÇàÇÑ »ç¶÷µé, À°Ã¼Àû ±×¸®°í µµ´öÀûÀ¸·Î ºÒ±¸ÀÎ »ç¶÷ - ÇÃ·çÆ® ÁÖÀÚ, È¥ ¿¬ÁÖÀÚ, °¡¼ö - Àº ¿å¼³À» µè°í¼­µµ ¾äÀüÈ÷ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϸç, ¡®³ª´Â ½Ã-ÀÎ-ºÎ¿Í ÇÔ²² Çϳë¶ó¡¯¸¦ ½º¹« ¹øÀ̳ª, ´Ü ÇϳªÀÌ¸ç µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ±¸ÀýÀ» ½º¹« ¹øÀ̳ª ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ°í ´Ù½Ã±Ý ¾î±ú¿£ âµµ³¢¸¦ ¸Å°í ³ë¶õ ½Å¹ßÀ» ½Å°í¼­ À̸®Àú¸® ÇàÁøÀ» ÇÑ´Ù. ÁöÈÖÀÚ´Â ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áöµ¶ÇÑ º´½ÅµéÀÌ¶ó¼­ È¥À» ºÎ¸£´Â °Í µµ´Â ³ë¶õ ½Å¹ß¿¡ âµµ³¢¸¦ ¸Å°í À̸®Àú¸® °È´Â °Í ¿Ü¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹« ¦¿¡µµ ¾µ¸ð ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀº ´ÞÄÞÇÏ°í »çÄ¡½º·¯¿î »î¿¡ Àͼ÷ÇØÁ® ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ·± ´ÞÄÞÇÑ »îÀ» »©¾Ñ±âÁö¸¸ ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é ¾î¶² ÀÏÀ̵ç ÂüÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç - ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×´Â ÁöÈÖÀÚÀÇ ¹«·ÊÇÔ¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¾äÀüÈ÷ ³»¸Ã±â¸ç, ±×·± °ÍÀ» ÆÄ¸®³ª ºñ¿£³ª¿¡¼­ º¸¾ÒÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´õ¿í ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÁöÈÖÀÚµéÀº ±×·¸°Ô ÇൿÇϸç, ±×°ÍÀº À§´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼ú°¡µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î À½¾ÇÀûÀÎ ÀüÅëÀ̸ç, À̵鿡°Ô´Â À§´ëÇÑ ¿¹¼úÀûÀÎ ¼º°ú¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸Å·áµÇ¾î °ø¿¬ÀÚ µéÀÇ °¨Á¤µéÀ» °¡·Á »ìÇÊ ¿©À¯°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
It is hard to imagine a more repulsive sight. I have seen one worker scold another for not supporting the weight piled on him while unloading goods, or a village elder at haymaking abuse a worker for not building a proper rick, and the worker would be obediently silent. But however unpleasant it was to see, the unpleasantness was softened by awareness of the fact that some neces¡©sary and important task was being done, that the mistake for which the superior scolded the worker might have ruined something necessary. ´õ ÀÌ»ó Çø¿À½º·± ¸ð½ÀÀ» »ó»óÇϱâ´Â ¾î·Æ´Ù. ³ª´Â ¾î¶² ³ëµ¿ÀÚ°¡ ´Ù¸¥ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÁüÀ» ³»¸± ¶§¿¡ Àڽſ¡°Ô °¡ÇØÁø ¹«°Ô¸¦ ¹ÞÃÄÁÖÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í ¾ß´ÜÄ¡°Å³ª, ¸¶À»ÀÇ ¿¬ÀåÀÚ°¡ °ÇÃʸ¦ ¸¸µé ¶§ ÀûÇÕÇÑ °ÇÃÊ´õ¹Ì¸¦ ½×¾Æ ¿Ã¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÇÑ ³ëµ¿ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ¿å¼³À» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» º» ÀûÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌ °æ¿ì ±× ³ëµ¿ÀÚ´Â ¾äÀüÈ÷ ħ¹¬ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×°ÍÀÌ º¸±â¿¡ ¾Æ¹«¸® ºÒÄèÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ºÒÄèÇÔÀº ¾î¶² ÇÊ¿äÇϰí Áß¿äÇÑ °úÁ¦°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾î Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °ü¸®ÀÚ°¡ ²Ù¢´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚÀÇ ½Ç¼ö°¡ ¾î¶² ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¸ÁÄ¥ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ÀνÄÇÔ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¿ÏÈ­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
What, then, was being done here, and why, and for whom? It was quite possible that he, the conductor, was also worn out, like that worker; one could even see that he was indeed worn out; but who told him to suffer? And on account of what was he suffering? The opera they were rehearsing was of the most ordinary kind, for those who are accustomed to them, but made up of the greatest absurdities one could imagine: an Indian king wants to get married, a bride is brought to him, he disguises himself as a minstrel, the bride falls in love with the sham minstrel and is in despair, but then learns that the minstrel is the king himself, and everyone is very pleased. ±×·±µ¥, ¿©±â¼­ ÇàÇØÁö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ¿Ö ±×¸®°í ´©±¸¸¦ À§ÇÔÀΰ¡? ÁöÈÖÀÚÀÎ ±×µµ ¿ª½Ã Àú ³ëµ¿ÀÚó·³ ÁöÃÆÀ» °¡´É¼ºµµ »ó´çÈ÷ ÀÖ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°¡ Á¤¸»·Î ÁöÃÆÀ½À» ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù; ÇÏÁö¸¸ ´©°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô °íÅë ¹ÞÀ¸¶ó°í ¸»Çߴ°¡? ±×¸®°í ¹«½¼ ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±×´Â °íÅë ¹Þ°í Àִ°¡? ±×µéÀÌ ¿¹Ç࿬½ÀÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ±× ¿ÀÆä¶ó´Â ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â Àͼ÷ÇÑ °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ°¡Àå Æò¹üÇÑ °Í ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀ̾úÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®°¡ »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °¡Àå Å« ¸ð¼øµé·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù: ¾î¶² Àεð¾ð ¿ÕÀÌ °áÈ¥ÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇÑ´Ù, ¾î¶² ½ÅºÎ°¡ ±× ¾Õ¿¡ ºÒ·Á¿À°í, ±×´Â À½À¯½ÃÀÎÀ¸·Î À§ÀåÇÑ´Ù. ½ÅºÎ´Â °¡Â¥ À½À¯½ÃÀΰú »ç¶û¿¡ ºüÁö°í ³«´ãÇÑ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ °ð ±× À½À¯½ÃÀÎÀÌ ¹Ù·Î ¿Õ ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÇ°í, ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¸Å¿ì Áñ°Å¿öÇÑ´Ù.
That there never were and never could be any such Indians, and that what was portrayed bore no resemblance not only to Indians but to anything else in the world, except other operas - of that there can be no doubt. That no one speaks in recitative, or expresses their feelings in a quartet, standing at a set distance and waving their arms, that nowhere except in a theatre does anyone walk that way, with tinfoil halberds, in slippers, by pairs, that no one ever gets angry that way, is moved that way, laughs that way, cries that way, and that no one in the world can be touched by such a performance - of that there can also be no doubt. ´Ù¸¥ ¿ÀÆä¶óµéÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Àεð¾ðµéÀÌ °áÄÚ Á¸ÀçÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼öµµ ¾ø´Ù´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ¹¦»çµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº Àεð¾ðµé»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼¼»óÀÇ ±× ¾î´À °Í°úµµ ´àÀº Á¡ÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °Í - ÀÌ Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± ÀǽÉÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¾î´À ´©±¸µµ Á¤ÇØÁø À§Ä¡¿¡ ¼­°Å³ª ±×µéÀÇ ÆÈÀ» Èçµé¸é¼­ ¼­Ã¢¿¡¼­ ¸»Çϰųª »çÁßÁÖ¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °Í, ±ØÀå¿¡¼­ ¸»°í´Â ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­µµ âµµ³¢¸¦ ¸Þ°í ½½¸®ÆÛ¸¦ ½Å°í ¦À» Áþ´Â ±×·± ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î °ÈÁö ¾Ê´Â ´Ù´Â °Í, ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î È­¸¦ ³»°Å³ª, ±×·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î °¨µ¿ ¹Þ°Å³ª, ±×·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿ô°Å³ª, ±×·± ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿ïÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¹«µµ ±×·± °ø¿¬À¸·Î °¨µ¿ ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê´Â ´Ù´Â °Í - ÀÌ Á¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¶Ç´Â ¾Æ¹«·± ÀǽÉÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
Involuntarily, a question comes to mind: for whom is this being done? Who can like it? If there are occasional pretty tunes in the opera, which it would be pleasant to hear, they could be sung simply, without those stupid costumes, processions, recitatives and waving arms. As for the ballet, in which half-naked women make voluptuous movements, intertwining in various sensual garlands, it is a downright depraved performance. So that one simply fails to understand for whom it is intended. For a cultivated man it is unbearable, tiresome; to a real working man it is totally incompre¡©hensible. It might be pleasing, and then just barely, to some depraved artisans who have picked up a gentlemanly spirit but have not yet been satiated with gentlemanly pleasures, and who want to give testimony of their civilization, or else to young lackeys. ¹«½É°á¿¡ ÇÑ °¡Áö Àǹ®ÀÌ ¸¶À½¿¡ ¶°¿À¸¥´Ù: ÀÌ ÀÏÀº ´©±¸¸¦ À§ÇØ ÇàÇØÁö°í Àִ°¡? ´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ¸¸ÀÏ ±× ¿ÀÆä¶ó¿¡ °£°£È÷ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¼±À²µéÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© µè±â¿¡ »óÄèÇÏ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×ó·³ ¾î¸®¼®Àº ÀÇ»óµé, Çà·Äµé, ¼­Ã¢µé ¹× ÆÈ Èçµé±â ¾øÀ̵µ ±×Àú ºÒ·Á Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹ß·¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì, ¹Ý ³ªÃ¼ÀÇ ¿©ÀÚµéÀÌ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö °ü´ÉÀûÀÎ Àå½ÄµéÀ» ÈÖ°¨°í¼­ ¿ä¿°ÇÑ µ¿ÀÛµéÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»°í ÀÖÀ¸´Ï, ÀÌ´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ °ø¿¬ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ´©±¸¸¦ ÇâÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±³¾ç ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ±×°ÍÀº ÂüÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°í Áö°ã´Ù; Çö½Ç¿¡¼­ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±×°ÍÀº ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ½Å»ç´Ù¿î Á¤½ÅÀ» Å͵æÇÏ¿´Áö¸¸ ¾ÆÁ÷ ½Å»ç´Ù¿î Áñ°Å¿ò µé¿¡ ¸¸Á·ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ±×¸®°í ±×µé ¹®¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áõ°Å¸¦ º¸À̰íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀϺΠŸ¶ôÇÑ ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀ̳ª ±âŸ ¾î¸° ¾ÆÃ·²Ûµé¿¡´Â Áñ°Å¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
And all this vile stupidity is produced not only with no kindly merriment, with no simplicity, but with spite and beastly cruelty. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç Áöµ¶È÷ ¾î¸®¼®Àº ÁþÀº ¾î¶² Ä£ÀýÇÑ Áñ°Å¿òµµ Áö´ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¶² ´Ü¼øÇÔµµ Áö´ÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾ÇÀÇ¿Í ¾ß¸¸Àû ÀÜÀÎÇÔÀ» °¡Áö°í »ý»êµÈ´Ù.
It is said that this is done for the sake of art, and that art is a very important thing. But is it true that this is art, and that art is such an important thing that such sacrifices should be offered to it? This question is particularly important because art, for the sake of which the labor of millions of people, and the very lives of people, and, above all, love among people, are offered in sacrifice, this very art is becoming something more and more vague and indefinite in people¡¯s minds. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸»Çϱ⸦ À̰ÍÀº ¿¹¼úÀ» À§ÇØ ÇàÇØÁö¸ç ¿¹¼úÀº ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ À̰ÍÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó´Â °Í, ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±×Åä·Ï Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀÌ¶ó¼­ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Èñ»ýµéÀÌ ¹ÙÃÄÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀΰ¡? ÀÌ Áú¹®Àº Ưº°È÷ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¿¹¼ú, À̸¦ À§ÇØ ¼ö¹é ¸¸ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ³ëµ¿ ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸ñ¼û ÀÚü, ±×¸®°í ¹«¾ùº¸´Ùµµ, »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÌ Á¦¹°·Î¼­ Èñ»ýµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù, ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ Á¡Á¡ ´õ ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°í ºÒÈ®½ÇÇÑ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ µÇ¾î°¡°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
Criticism, in which lovers of art used to find support for their judgments of art, has lately become so contradictory that, if we should exclude from the realm of art all that the critics of various schools deny the right of belonging to art, almost no art would be left. ºñÆòÀº, ÀÌ ¾È¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼úÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ °üÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ÆÇ´Üµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÁö¸¦ ±¸Çϰï ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª ¸ð¼øÀûÀ̾, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÇÐÆÄµéÀÇ ºñÆò°¡µéÀÌ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ¼Ò¼Ó½ÃÅ´À» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ´Ù¸é, °ÅÀÇ ¾î¶² ¿¹¼úµµ ³²Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Like theologians of various trends, so artists of various trends exclude and destroy each other. Listen to the artists of the present-day schools and you will see in all branches of art one set of artists denying the others: in poetry, the old romantics deny the Parnassians and decadents; the Parnassians deny the romantics and the decadents; the decadents deny all their predecessors and the symbolists; the symbolists deny all their predecessors and les mages,  [1]  while les mages simply deny all their predecessors; in the novel, naturalists, psychologists and naturists deny each other. And it is the same in drama, painting and music. So that art, which consumes enormous amounts of human labor and of human lives, and breaks down love among people, not only is not anything clearly and firmly defined, but is understood in such contradictory ways by its lovers, that it is difficult to say what generally is understood as art, and particularly as good, useful art, in the name of which such sacrifices as are offered to it may rightly be offered. ¸¶Ä¡ ´Ù¾çÇÑ °æÇâÀÇ ½ÅÇÐÀÚµé°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î, ´Ù¾çÇÑ °æÇâÀÇ ¿¹¼ú°¡µéµµ ¼­·Î¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇÏ°í ÆÄ±«ÇÑ´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ÇÐÆÄµéÀÇ ¿¹¼ú°¡µé¿¡°Ô µé¾îº¸¶ó, ±×·¯¸é ´ç½ÅÀº ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ÀÏ´ÜÀÇ ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» º¼ °ÍÀÌ´Ù: ½Ã¹®Çп¡¼±, ±¸ ³¶¸¸ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÆÄ³ª½Ã¾È ¹× µ¥Ä«´ç µéÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù; µ¥Ä«´çÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼±¹èµé ¹× »ó¡ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù; »ó¡ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼±¹èµé ¹× ¸¶¹ý»çµéÀ» °ÅºÎÇϸç, ÇÑÆí ¸¶¹ý»çµéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼±¹èµéÀ» °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù; ¼Ò¼³¹®Çп¡¼±, ÀÚ¿¬ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, ½É¸®ÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ¹× ³ªÃ¼ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀ» ¼­·Î ºÎÀÎÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±Ø¹®ÇÐ, ±×¸² ¹× À½¾Ç¿¡¼­µµ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿¹¼úÀº, ¾öû³­ ¾çÀÇ Àΰ£ ³ëµ¿ ¹× Àΰ£ ¸ñ¼ûµéÀ» ¼Ò¸ðÇÏ°í »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ »ç¶ûÀ» °¥¶ó ³õÁö¸¸, ¸í¹éÈ÷ ±×¸®°í È®°íÈ÷ Á¤ÀÇµÈ ¾î¶² °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×°ÍÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ±×Åä·Ï ¸ð¼øÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ¾î, ¿¹¼ú·Î, ±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ ¼±Çϰí À¯ÀÍÇÑ ¿¹¼ú·Î¼­, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ À̸§ ¾È¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ¹ÙÃÄÁö°í ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú °°Àº Èñ»ýµéÀÌ Á¤´çÇÏ°Ô ¹ÙÃÄÁú ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï, ÀÌÇØµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»Çϱâ¶õ ¾î·Æ´Ù.

¡¡

¡¡

II

Every ballet, circus, opera, operetta, exhibition, painting, concert, printing of a book, requires the intense effort of thousands and thousands of people, working forcedly at what are often harmful and humiliating tasks. ¸ðµç ¹ß·¹, ¼­Ä¿½º, ¿ÀÆä¶ó, ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸, Àü½Ãȸ, ȸȭ, ¿¬ÁÖȸ, ¼­Àû ÃâÆÇÀº ¼öõ ¼ö¸¸ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾öû³­ ³ë·ÂÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϸç, ±×µéÀº ºó¹øÈ÷ ÇØ·Î¿î °Í ¹× ¼öÄ¡½º·¯¿î ÀÓ¹«µéÀÌ¶óµµ °­¾ÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÇØ³»¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.
It would be well if artists did the whole job themselves, but no, they all need the help of workers, not only to produce art, but also to maintain their — for the most part luxurious — existence, and they get it in one way or another, in the form of fees from wealthy people, or in government subsidies - in our country, for instance, given them in millions for theatres, conservatories, academies. And this money is collected from the people, whose cow has to be sold for the purpose, and who never benefit from those aesthetic pleasures that art affords. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿¹¼ú°¡µéÀÌ ½º½º·Î Àüü ÀÛ¾÷À» ÇØ³»±â¶óµµ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ¿ÇÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ±×µé ¸ðµÎ´Â ³ëµ¿ÀÚµéÀÇ µµ¿òÀ» ÇÊ¿ä·Î Çϸç, ÀÌ´Â ¿¹¼úÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³»±â À§Çؼ­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´ëüÀûÀ¸·Î »çÄ¡½º·´±âµµ ÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ Á¸À縦 À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ­¸ç, ±×µéÀº ÀÌ·±Àú·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ º¸¼ö¶ó´Â ÇüÅ·Î, ¶Ç´Â Á¤ºÎ º¸Á¶±ÝÀ¸·Î ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¿ì¸® ³ª¶ó¿¡¼± ±ØÀå, ¿¹¼úÇб³, Çпø µéÀ» À§ÇØ ¼ö¹é¸¸¾¿À̳ª ÁÖ¾îÁö´Âµ¥ - ±×°ÍÀ» ¾ò¾î³½´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ µ·Àº ¹ÎÁßµé·ÎºÎÅÍ °ÅµÎ¾îÁö¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ¼Û¾ÆÁöµéÀÌ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÆÈ·Á³ª°¡Áö¸¸, ¿¹¼úÀÌ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â ±×·± ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ Äè¶ôµéÀº ´©¸®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù.
For it was well for a Greek or Roman artist, or even for a Russian artist of the first half of our century, when there were slaves and it was considered a proper thing in all good conscience to make people serve one and one¡¯s own pleasure; but in our time, when everyone is at least dimly aware of the equal rights of all people, it is impossible to make people labour forcedly for art, without first resolving the question whether it is true that art is such a good and important thing as to redeem this coercion. ±×¸®½º ¶Ç´Â ·Î¸¶ ¿¹¼ú°¡µé¿¡°Ô ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹Ý¼¼±âÀÇ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¿¹¼ú°¡µé¿¡°Ô, ³ë¿¹µéÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ±×¿Í ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Äè¶ôÀ» À§ÇØ ºÀ»çÅä·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸ðµç ¼±·®ÇÑ ¾ç½É¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´ø ¶§¿¡, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù; ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡, ´©±¸³ª°¡ Àû¾îµµ Èñ¹ÌÇϰԳª¸¶ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µ¿µîÇÑ ±Ç¸®¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÀνÄÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¶§¿¡, ¿¹¼úÀÌ ÀÌ·± °­¾ÐÀ» À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ¸¸Å­ À¯ÀÍÇϸç Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àǹ®À» ÇØ°áÇÔÀÌ ¾ø´Ù¸é, »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿¹¼úÀ» À§ÇØ ³ëµ¿À» °­¿äÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù.
If not, it is dreadful to think that terrible sacrifices are quite possibly being offered to art in labour, people¡¯s lives and morals, while this art is not only not useful, but is even harmful. ±×·¸Áö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, ÀÌ·± ¿¹¼úÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ÇØ·Î¿ò¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí, ³ëµ¿, »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûµé ¹× À±¸® ¾È¿¡ ¹«½Ã¹«½ÃÇÑ Èñ»ýµéÀÌ »ó´çÈ÷ °¡´É¼º ÀÖ°Ô ¹ÙÃÄÁø´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ¸é µÎ·Á¿î ÀÏÀÌ´Ù.
And therefore, for a society within which works of art emerge and are supported, it is necessary to know whether all that passes for art is indeed art, and whether all that is art is good, as is thought in our society, and, if it is good, whether it is important and worth the sacrifices demanded for its sake. And it is still more necessary for every conscientious artist to know that, so as to be confident that everything he does has meaning and is not a passion of the little circle of people among whom he lives, arousing in him a false confidence that he is doing a good thing, and that what he takes from other people as support of his — for the most part very luxurious — life will be compensated by the productions on which he is now working. And therefore the answers to these questions are especially important for our time. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµéÀÌ ÃâÇöÇÏ°í ¿ËÈ£µÇ´Â »çȸ¿¡°Ô´Â, ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ÁøÁ¤ ¿¹¼úÀÎÁö ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® »çȸ¿¡¼­ ¿©±â°í ÀÖ´Â ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö, ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ À¯ÀÍÇÏ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ¸ç ±× ÀÚü¸¦ À§ÇØ ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â Èñ»ýµéÀÌ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÎÁö ¾Ë Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Á¦°¢±â ¾ç½ÉÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú°¡´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¾Ë Çʿ䰡 ÀÖ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé, ±×·Î½á ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ Àǹ̸¦ Áö´Ï¸ç ÀڽŰú ÇÔ²² »ì°í ÀÖ´Â Á¶±×¸¸ ¹üÁÖÀÇ »ç¶÷µé ¸¸ÀÇ Á¤¿­ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀ» È®½ÅÇϱâ À§Çؼ­¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ Á¤¿­ÀÌ ±×°¡ À¯ÀÍÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â ±×¸®°í ±×ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐ ¸Å¿ì »çÄ¡½º·¯¿î »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÁö·Î¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ÃëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áö±Ý ±×°¡ ÀÏÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÀÛǰµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ º¸»ó ¹ÞÀ¸¸®¶ó´Â °ÅÁþµÈ È®½ÅÀ» ºÒ·¯ ÀÏÀ¸Å°±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÌ·± Áú¹®µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë´äµéÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â Ưº°È÷ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
What, then, is this art which is considered so important and necessary for mankind that it can be offered the sacrifices not only of human labor and lives, but also of goodness, which are offered to it? ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¹«¾ùÀ̱淡 Àηù¿¡°Ô ±×Åä·Ï Áß¿äÇϸç ÇʼöÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁ®¼­ À̸¦ À§ÇØ Àΰ£ÀÇ ³ëµ¿·Â°ú ¸ñ¼ûµé»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼±ÇÔ¸¶Àú Á¦¹°·Î ¹ÙÃÄÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¹ÙÃÄÁö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀΰ¡?
What is art? Why even ask such a question? Art is architecture, sculpture, painting, music, poetry in all its forms - that is the usual answer of the average man, of the art lover, and even of the artist himself, who assumes that what he is talking about is understood quite clearly and in the same way by all people. But in architecture, one may object, there are simple buildings that are not works of art, and buildings that claim to be works of art, but are unsuccessful, ugly, and which therefore cannot be regarded as works of art. What, then, is the sign of a work of art? ¿¹¼úÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ¿Ö ½ÉÁö¾î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Áú¹®À» Çϴ°¡? ¿¹¼úÀº °ÇÃà, Á¶°¢, ±×¸², À½¾Ç, ½ÃÀÇ ÇüŸ¦ Áö´Ï´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ´Ù À̰ÍÀÌ ¹Ù·Î º¸Åë »ç¶÷ÀÇ, ¿¹¼úÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¿¹¼ú°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÈçÇÑ ´ë´äÀ̸ç, ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¸Å¿ì ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô ±ú´Ý°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéµµ ±×·¯ÇÏ´Ù°í ¿©±â°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °ÇÃà¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ´Ü¼øÇÑ °Ç¹°µéµµ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀ̶ó°í ÁÖÀåµÇ´Â °Ç¹°µéµµ ¼º°øÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇϰí ÃßÇÏ¿©¼­ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰµé·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ¾ø´Â °Íµéµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹«¾ùÀÌ, ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀÇ Áõ°Å¶õ ¸»Àΰ¡?
It is exactly the same in sculpture, and in music, and in poetry. Art in all its forms borders, on the one hand, on the practically useful, and on the other, on unsuccessful attempts at art. How to separate art from the one and the other? The average educated man of our circle, and even the artist who is not especially concerned with aesthetics, will also not find this a difficult question. He thinks the answer was found long ago and is well known to everyone. Á¶°¢¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í À½¾Ç¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í ½Ã¿¡¼­µµ Á¤¸» µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ¸ðµç ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº, ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ½Ç¿ëÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀÍÇÑ °Í°ú, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ¿¹¼úÀ» ÇâÇÑ ¼º°øÀûÀÌÁö ¸øÇÑ ½Ãµµµé°ú ¸Â´ê¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀüÀÚ ¹× ÈÄÀÚµé°ú ¿¹¼úÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ºÐ¸®ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡? ¿ì¸® ÁÖº¯ÀÇ º¸ÅëÀÇ ±³À°¹ÞÀº »ç¶÷, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î´Â Ưº°È÷ ¹ÌÇп¡ °ü½ÉÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¿¹¼ú°¡¶óµµ À̰ÍÀÌ ¾î·Á¿î Áú¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´ÔÀ» ¾Ë °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌ ´äÀÌ ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ¹àÇôÁ³À¸¸ç ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Àß ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.
¡®Art is that activity which manifests beauty,¡¯ such an average man will reply.  ¡®¿¹¼úÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇϴ Ȱµ¿ÀÌ´Ù,¡¯¶ó°í ±×¿Í °°Àº º¸Åë »ç¶÷Àº ´ë´äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡®But, if art consists in that, then is a ballet or an operetta also art?¡¯ you will ask. ¡®ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿¹¼úÀÌ ±× Á¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¹ß·¹³ª ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸µµ ¿¹¼úÀΰ¡?¡¯ ÇÏ°í ¹¯°Ô µÈ´Ù.
¡®Yes,¡¯ the average man will reply, albeit with some uncertainty. ¡®A good ballet and a graceful operetta are also art in as much as they manifest beauty.¡¯ ¡®±×·¸´Ù,¡¯ ÇÏ°í ¾à°£ È®½ÅÀÌ ¾ø´õ¶óµµ º¸Åë »ç¶÷À̶ó¸é ´ë´äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¡®ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹ß·¹¿Í ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸µµ ¿ª½Ã ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù.¡¯
But even without going on to ask the average man what distinguishes the good ballet or the graceful operetta from the ungraceful — a question it would be very difficult for him to answer — if you ask the same average man whether one can regard as art the activity of the costume-maker and hairdresser who adorn the figures and faces of women in the ballet or operetta, or the activity of the tailor Worth, or of the perfumer or the chef, he would in the majority of cases deny that the activity of the tailor, the hairdresser, the costume-maker and the chef belong to the realm of art. But here the average man will be mistaken, precisely because he is an average man and not a specialist, and has not studied the questions of aesthetics. If he should study them, he would see in the famous Renan, in his book Marc Aurèle, [2] a discussion about the art of the tailor being art, and about the dullness and limitedness of people who do not see in woman¡¯s attire a matter of the highest art. ¡®C¡¯est le grand art,¡¯ he says. Moreover, the average man would learn that in many aesthetic systems — for instance, in the aesthetics of the learned professor Kralik, Weltschönheit, Versuch einer allgemeinen Ästhetik, and in Guyau¡¯s Les problemes de l¡¯esthétique [3] the arts of costume, of taste and of touch are recognized as arts. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ½ÉÁö¾î º¸Åë »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹ß·¹ ¶Ç´Â ¿ì¾ÆÇÑ ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸¸¦ ¿ì¾ÆÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ±¸º°ÇÒ °ÍÀÎÁö ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î ´ë´äÇϱ⿡ ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î Áú¹®À̰ÚÁö¸¸ - ¹¯Áö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, ¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ º¸Åë»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¹ß·¹³ª ¿ÀÆä·¹Å¸¿¡¼­ ¿©ÀÚµéÀÇ ¿Ü¸ð³ª ¾ó±¼µéÀ» Ä¡ÀåÇÏ´Â ÀÇ»ó Á¦ÀÛÀÚ³ª ¹Ì¿ë»çÀÇ È°µ¿À», ÀçºÀ»ç ¶Ç´Â ºÐÀå»ç ¶Ç´Â ¿ä¸®»çÀÇ È°µ¿À» ¿¹¼ú·Î ¿©±æ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¹¯´Â´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì ÀçºÀ»ç, ¹Ì¿ë»ç, ÀÇ»óÁ¦ÀÛÀÚ ¹× ¿ä¸®»çÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ºÎÀÎÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¿©±â¼­ º¸Åë »ç¶÷Àº ½Ç¼ö¸¦ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, Á¤È®È÷ ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ±×°¡ º¸Åë »ç¶÷À̰í Àü¹®°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ Áú¹®µéÀ» °øºÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ±×°ÍµéÀ» °øºÎÇϱâ¶óµµ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×´Â À¯¸íÇÑ ¸£³¶ÀÇ Ã¥, Marc Aurèle¿¡¼­ ÀçºÀ»çÀÇ ¿¹¼úµµ ¿¹¼úÀÌ¸ç ¿©ÀÚÀÇ Àǻ󿡼­ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿¹¼ú¼ºÀ» º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µÐ°¨ÇÔ ¹× ÆíÇùÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Åä·ÐÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¡®C¡¯est le grand art¡¯ ¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, º¸Åë »ç¶÷Àº ¸¹Àº ¹ÌÀû ü°èµé¿¡¼­, ¿¹¸¦ µéÀÚ¸é, ÇÐ½Ä ÀÖ´Â ±³¼öÀÎ Äí¶ö¸¯ÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐ, Weltschönheit, Versuch einer allgemeinen Ästhetik ±×¸®°í ±¸¾ßÀÇ Les problemes de l¡¯esthétique¿¡¼­ ÀÇ»óÀÇ, ¸ÀÀÇ ±×¸®°í °¨°¢ÀÇ ¿¹¼úµéÀÌ ¿¹¼úµé·Î Àνĵȴٴ °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¡®Es folgt nun ein Fünjblatt van Künsten, die der subjectiven Sinnlichkeit entkeimen [There follows then a cinquefoil of arts growing out of the subjective senses],¡¯ says Kralik. ¡®Sie sind die ästhetische Behandlung der fünf Sinne.¡¯ [4] ¡®Es folgt nun ein Fünjblatt van Künsten, die der subjectiven Sinnlichkeit entkeimen [±×¸®°í ÁÖ°üÀûÀÎ ´À³¦µé¿¡¼­ Àڶ󳪿À´Â ´Ù¼¸ ÀÙÀÇ ¿¹¼úµéÀÌ µû¸¥´Ù],¡¯ ¶ó°í Å©¶ó¸®Å©´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¡®Sie sind die ästhetische Behandlung der fünf Sinne.¡¯
These five arts are the following: ÀÌµé ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¿¹¼ú µéÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù:

Die Kunst des Geschmacksinns - the art of the sense of taste.
Die Kunst des Cemchsinns — the art of the sense of smell.
Die Kunst des Tastsinns - the art of the sense of touch.
Die Kunst des Gehdrsinns- the art of the sense of hearing.
Die Kunst des Cesichtsinns - the art of the sense of sight.

Die Kunst des Geschmacksinns — ¹Ì°¢ ¿¹¼ú

Die Kunst des Cemchsinns — Èİ¢ ¿¹¼ú

Die Kunst des Tastsinns — °¨°¢ ¿¹¼ú

Die Kunst des Gehdrsinns — û°¢ ¿¹¼ú

Die Kunst des Cesichtsinns — ½Ã°¢ ¿¹¼ú

Of the first, die Kunst des Geschmacksinns, the following is said: ÀÌ Áß¿¡¼­ ¸ÕÀú, die Kunst des Geschmacksinns¿¡¼­ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù:
Man halt zwar gewohnlich nur zwei oder hochstens drei Sinne fur würdig, den Stoff künstlerischer Behandlung abzugeben, aber ich glaube nur mit bedingtem Recht. Ich will kein allzu grosses Gewicht darauflegen, dass der gemeine Sprachgebrauch manch andere Künste, wie zum Beispiel die Kochkunst, kennt. ¿¹¼úÀû Àç·á´Â ÈçÈ÷ ¿ÀÁ÷ µÎ °¡Áö³ª ±â²¯ÇØ¾ß ¼¼°¡Áö °¨°¢µé·Î¼­ Ãë±ÞµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁø´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ³ª´Â À̰ÍÀÌ °ÅÀÇ ¿ÇÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Àǹ̿¡¼­, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¿ä¸®°¡ ¿¹¼ú·Î °£Áֵȴٴ »ç½ÇÀ» °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.
And further on: ±×¸®°í ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­:
Und es ist doch gewiss eine ästhetische Leistung, wenn es der Kochkunst gelingt aus einem thierischen Kadaver einen Gegenstand des Geschmacks in jedem Sinne zu machen. Der Grundsatz der Kunst des Geschmacksinns (die weiter ist als die sogenannte Kochkunst) ist also dieser: Es Soil alles Geniessbare als Sinnbild einer Idee behandelt werden und in jedesmaligem Einklang zur auszudrückenden Idee. [5] ±×°ÍÀº ¹°·Ð ¿ä¸® ¿¹¼úÀÌ ¹Ì°¢¿¡ ¾î¿ï¸®´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» µ¿¹°ÀÇ ½Ãü·ÎºÎÅÍ ¸¸µé¾î °¥ ¶§ ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ ¼º°øÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¹Ì°¢ ¿¹¼ú(ÀÌÈÄ ¿ä¸® ¿¹¼ú·Î ¾ð±ÞµÊ)ÀÇ ±Ùº» ¿ø¸®´Â À̰ÍÀÌ´Ù: ½Ä¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀº ¾î¶² °³³ä¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¨°¢ À̹ÌÁö·Î Ãë±ÞµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í, ¾î¶² ÁÖ¾îÁø °æ¿ì¿¡µµ, Ç¥ÇöµÇ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °³³ä°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.¡¯
Like Renan, the author also recognizes a Kostumkunst, and so on. ¸£³¶Ã³·³, ÀÛ°¡´Â ¶ÇÇÑ Àǻ󿹼ú, µîµîÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù.

The same opinion is held by the French writer Guyau, who is very highly esteemed by some writers of our time. In his book Les problemes de l¡¯esthétique, he speaks seriously of the senses of touch, taste and smell giving or being able to give aesthetic impressions:

µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÀǰßÀº ÇÁ¶û½º ÀÛ°¡ ±¸¾ß¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ßÁöµÇ¸ç, ±×´Â ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀϺΠÀÛ°¡µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¸Å¿ì ³ôÀÌ ÀÎÁ¤ ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ Ã¥ ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ¹®Á¦(Les problemes de l¡¯esthétique)¿¡¼­, ±×´Â ¹ÌÀûÀÎ ÀλóÀ» Áְųª ÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Ã˰¢, ¹Ì°¢ ¹× Èİ¢À» Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô À̾߱â ÇÑ´Ù:
Si la couleur manque au toucher, il nous fournit en revanche une notion, que l¡¯oeil seui ne peut nous donner et qui a une valeur esthétique considérable: celle du doux, du soyeux, du poli. Ce qui caractérise la beauté du velours, c¡¯est la douceur au toucher non moins que son brillant. Dans l¡¯idée que nous nous faisons de la beauté d¡¯une femme, la velouté de sa peau entre comme élément essentiel. ¸¸ÀÏ Ã˰¢¿¡ »ö»óÀÌ °á¿© µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ´ë½Å¿¡ ´« È¥ÀÚ¸¸ÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÙ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, »ó´çÇÑ ¹ÌÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Áö´Ñ °³³äÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Á¦°øÇØ Áشٴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù:  ºÎµå·¯¿î, ºñ´Ü°°Àº, ¸Å²ö¸Å²öÇÑ ´À³¦. º§ºªÀÇ ¹Ì¸¦ Ư¡Áþ´Â °ÍÀº ¸¸Á®¼­ ºÎµå·¯¿î °ÍÀÌÁö ±×°ÍÀÇ ±¤ÅÃÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿©ÀÚÀÇ ¹Ì¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¿ì¸® ½º½º·Î°¡ ¸¸µé¾î ³»´Â °³³ä ¾È¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ÇǺÎÀÇ ºÎµå·¯¿òÀÌ ÇʼöÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò·Î µé¾î°£´Ù.

Chacun de nous probablement avec un peu d¡¯attention se rappellera des jouissances du goût, qui ont été de véritables jouissances esthétiques. [6]

¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚ´Â, Á¶±×¸¶ÇÑ ÁÖÀǷεµ, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¹ÌÇÐÀû Áñ°Å¿òÀ̾ú´ø ÃëÇâÀÇ Áñ°Å¿ò µéÀ» ȸ»óÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

And he tells how a glass of milk drunk in the mountains gave him aesthetic pleasure. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ÇØ¼­ »ê ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¸¶½Å ÇÑ ÀÜÀÇ ¿ìÀ¯°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´ÂÁö ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.
Thus the notion of art as the manifestation of beauty is not at all as simple as it seems, especially now when our senses of touch, taste, and smell are included in it, as they are by the latest aestheticians. ±×·¡¼­ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Ç¥Ãâ·Î¼­ ¿¹¼úÀÇ »ó¡Àº, ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ±×·± °Íó·³, ƯÈ÷ Áö±Ý ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã˰¢, ¹Ì°¢, ¹× Èİ¢ÀÌ ±× ¾È¿¡ Æ÷Ç﵃ ¶§  °Ñº¸±âó·³ ÀüÇô ´Ü¼øÇÏÁö°¡ ¾Ê´Ù.
But the average man either does not know or does not want to know this, and is firmly convinced that all questions of art are simply and clearly resolved by the recognition of beauty as the content of art. For the average man it seems clear and comprehensible that art is the manifestation of beauty; and by beauty all questions of art are explained to him. ÇÏÁö¸¸ º¸Åë »ç¶÷Àº À̰ÍÀ» ¾ËÁö ¸øÇϰųª ¾Ë°í ½Í¾î ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¹®Á¦´Â ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ¸·Î¼­ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ÀνĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Ü¼ø ¸íÄèÇÏ°Ô ÇØ°áµÈ´Ù°í È®½ÅÇÑ´Ù. º¸Åë »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î ¿¹¼úÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Ç¥ÃâÀ̸ç, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ¸·Î ¸ðµç ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦µéÀÌ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¼³¸íµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÏ°í ³³µæÀÌ °¡´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.
But what is this beauty which, in his opinion, makes up the content of art? How is it defined, and what is it? ÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×ÀÇ »ý°¢¿¡¼­, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ³»¿ëÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡: ±×°ÍÀº ¾î¶»°Ô Á¤ÀǵǸç, ±×°ÍÀº ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?

As happens with everything, the more vague and confused the concept conveyed by a word, the greater is the aplomb and assurance with which people use the word, pretending that what is understood by this word is so simple and clear that it is not even worth talking about what it actually means. This is how people usually act with regard to questions of religious superstition, and this is how they act in our time with regard to the concept of beauty. It is assumed that everyone knows and understands what is meant by the word beauty. And yet not only is this not known, but now, after mountains of books have been written on the subject by the most learned and profound men over the course of one hundred and fifty years — since 1750, when Baumgarten founded aesthetics [7] — the question of what beauty is remains completely open, and each new work on aesthetics resolves it in a new way. One of the latest books I happen to have read on aesthetics is a nice little book by Julius Mithalter, entitled Rätsel des Schönen [¡®The Riddle of the Beautiful¡¯]. And this title expresses quite correctly the state of the question of what beauty is. After thousands of learned men have discussed it for one hundred and fifty years, the meaning of the word beauty has remained a riddle. The Germans resolve this riddle after their own fashion, albeit in hundreds of different ways; the psychologist-aestheticians, mostly Englishmen of the Herbert Spencer—Grant Alien school, [8] also each in his own fashion; the French eclectics and the followers of Guyau and Taine, [9] also each in his own fashion — and all these men know all the preceding solutions of Baumgarten, Kant, Schelling, Schiller, Fichte, Winckelmann, Lessing, Hegel, Schopen¡©hauer, Hartmann, Schassler, Cousin, Leveque, and others. [10]

¸ðµç °Í¿¡¼­ ÀÏ¾î ³ªµí, ¸»¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Àü´ÞµÇ´Â °³³äÀÌ ¾Ö¸ÅÇϰí È¥µ¿ÀÌ µÉ ¼ö·Ï, »ç¶÷µéÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸»¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½°ú È®½ÅÀÌ ´õ °­Çϸç, ÀÌ ¸»·Î¼­ ±ú´Ý´Â °ÍÀÌ ³Ê¹«³ª ´Ü¼ø ¸íÄèÇÏ¿© ±×°ÍÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´ÂÁö ³íÀÇÇØ º¼ °¡Ä¡Á¶Â÷ ¾ø´Â °Íó·³ ¿©±ä´Ù. À̰ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Á¾±³Àû ¹Ì½ÅÀÇ ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÈçÈ÷ ´ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ë¿¡ ¹ÌÀÇ °³³ä¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ëÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¹Ì¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ÀÌÇØÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù°í ´ÜÁ¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó,  — ¹Ù¿ò°¡Æ°ÀÌ ¹ÌÇÐÀ» â½ÃÇÑ ÀÌ·¡  150¿© ³â µ¿¾È °¡Àå ÇÐ½Ä ÀÖ°í ½É¿ÀÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ »ê´õ¹Ì °°Àº Ã¥µéÀÌ ¾²¿©Á³Áö¸¸, ÇöÀç, ¹Ì¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¿­·Á ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹ÌÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ Àú¸¶´Ù »õ·Î¿î ÀÛǰµéÀÌ À̸¦ »õ·Î¿î ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Ç®¾î³ª°¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¹ÌÇп¡ ´ëÇØ ³»°¡ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÀÐÀº Ã¥µé Áß °¡Àå ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ °ÍÀº ÁÙ¸®¾î½º ¹ÌÅ»ÅͰ¡ ÁöÀº »ê¶æÇϰí Àڱ׸¸ Ã¥À¸·Î, Á¦¸ñÀº Rätsel des Schönen['¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢']ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ Á¦¸ñÀº ¹Ì¶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦ÀÇ »óŸ¦ ¸Å¿ì Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. 150¿© ³â µ¿¾È ¼öõ ¸íÀÇ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ À̰ÍÀ» Åä·ÐÇÑ µÚ¿¡µµ, ¹Ì¶õ ¸»ÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢·Î ³²¾Æ ÀÖ´Ù. µ¶ÀÏÀεéÀº ÀÌ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢¸¦ ¼ö¹é °¡Áö ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÓ¿¡µµ ±×µé ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ½Ä´ë·Î Ç®¾î³½´Ù, ; ½É¸®ÇÐÀÚ-¹ÌÇÐÀÚµé, ´ëºÎºÐ Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼­¿Í ±×·£Æ® ¿¤¸®¾ð ÇÐÆÄÀÇ ¿µ±¹ÀÎµé ¿ª½Ã ±×µé ¹æ½Ä´ë·Î; ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ ÀýÃæÁÖÀÇÀÚµé ¹× ±¸¾ß¿Í Å×ÀÎÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé ¿ª½Ã ±×µé ¹æ½Ä´ë·Î Ç®¾î ³ª°£´Ù — ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀº ¹Ù¿ò°¡Æ°, Ä­Æ®, ½©¸µ, ½¯·¯, ÇÇÈ÷Å×, À®Ä̸¸, ·¹½Ì, Çì°Ö, ¼ÒÆæÇÏ¿ì¾î, ÇÏÆ®¸¸, ½¯¶ó½½·¯, ÄÚ¼Ä, ·¹º£Å©, µîÀÇ ¾Õ¼­ ³»³õÀº ¸ðµç ÇØ¹ýµéÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù.
What, then, is this strange concept of beauty, which seems so comprehensible to those who do not think about what they are saying, while for one hundred and fifty years, philosophers of various nations and of the most various trends have been unable to agree on its definition? What is this concept of beauty, upon which the reigning doctrine of art is based? ±×·¯¸é, ¹Ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ÀÌ»óÇÑ °³³äÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̱淡, ¹«¾ùÀ» ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´ÂÁö »ý°¢ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Õ ¸Å¿ì ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °Íó·³ º¸À̰í, 150¿© ³â µ¿¾È, ¸¹Àº ±¹°¡µé ¹× ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ °æÇâÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµéÀº ±× Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ÇÕÀǸ¦ º¼ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀΰ¡? ÀÌ·± ¹ÌÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̱淡, ¿¹¼úÀÇ Áö¹èÀû Çм³ÀÌ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ°í Àִ°¡?
In Russian, by the word krasota [¡®beauty¡¯] we mean only that which is pleasing to the sight. Though lately people have begun to say of an action that it is nekrasivy [¡®unbeautiful¡¯, i.e. bad] or of music that it is krasivaya [¡®beautiful¡¯], this is not really Russian. ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­, krasota [¡®¹Ì¡¯] ¶õ ´Ü¾î´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ º¸±â¿¡ Áñ°Å¿î °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù. ±Ù·¡¿¡ nekrasivy [¡®¾Æ¸§´äÁö ¸øÇÑ¡¯, Áï, ³ª»Û] ÇàÀ§ ¶Ç´Â krasivaya [¡®¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î¡¯] À½¾ÇÀ» ¸»ÇÔ¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀº »ç½Ç ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.
A Russian man of the people, who does not know foreign languages, will not understand you if you tell him that a man who gave his last clothes to another, or something like that, acted krasivo, or that by deceiving another he acted nekrasivo, or that a song is krasivaya. In Russian, an action can be kind and good, or wicked and unkind; music can be pleasant and good, or unpleasant and bad, but it can never be either beautiful or unbeautiful. ¿Ü±¹¾î¸¦ ¸ð¸£´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¹ÎÁßÀÎ »ç¶÷Àº ´ç½ÅÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³²Àº ¿ÊÀ» ¶Ç´Â ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÁØ »ç¶÷ÀÌ krasivoÇÏ°Ô Çൿ Çߴٰųª, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» ¼ÓÀÓÀ¸·Î½á nekrasivoÇÏ°Ô ÇൿÇߴٰųª, ¾î¶² ³ë·¡°¡ krasivaya¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ´ç½ÅÀÇ ¸»À» ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­, ¾î¶² ÇàÀ§´Â Ä£ÀýÇÒ ¼öµµ ¼±ÇÒ ¼öµµ, ¶Ç´Â ¾ÇÇÒ ¼öµµ ºÒÄ£ÀýÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù; À½¾ÇÀº Áñ°Å¿ï ¼öµµ ÁÁÀ» ¼öµµ, ¶Ç´Â ºÒÄèÇÒ ¼öµµ ³ª»Ü ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù°Å³ª ¾Æ¸§´äÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.
A man, a horse, a house, a view, a movement may be beautiful, but of actions, thoughts, character, music, we may say they are good, if we like them very much, or not good, if we do not like them; we can say ¡®beautiful¡¯ only of what is pleasing to our sight. So that the word and concept ¡®good¡¯ includes within itself the concept ¡®beautiful¡¯, but not vice versa: the concept ¡®beautiful¡¯ does not cover the concept ¡®good¡¯. If we say of an object valued for its appearance that it is ¡®good¡¯, we are thereby saying that this object is also beautiful; but if we say it is ¡®beautiful¡¯, that by no means implies that the object is good. »ç¶÷, ¸», Áý, dz°æ, ¿òÁ÷ÀÓÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ï °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ Çൿµé, »ý°¢µé, ¼º°Ý, À½¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ±×°ÍµéÀ» ¸Å¿ì ÁÁ¾ÆÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù°í ¸»Çϰųª, ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù¸é, ÁÁÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿ì¸® ´«¿¡ Áñ°Å¿î °ÍÀ» '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ 'ÁÁ´Ù'´Â ¸» ¹× °³³äÀº ±× ³»ºÎ¿¡ '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'´Â °³³äÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±× ¿ªÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù: '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'´Â °³³äÀº 'ÁÁ´Ù'´Â °³³äÀ» ¸Á¶óÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿Ü¾ç ¶§¹®¿¡ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©±â´Â ¾î¶² ¹°Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±×°ÍÀÌ "ÁÁ´Ù"°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×·Î½á ÀÌ ¹°Ã¼°¡ ¶ÇÇÑ ¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ÇÏÁö¸¸ ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº °áÄÚ ±× ¹°Ã¼°¡ ÁÁ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
Such is the meaning ascribed to the words and concepts ¡®good¡¯ and ¡®beautiful¡¯ by the Russian language, and therefore by the sense of the Russian people. ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¾ð¾î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ·¯½Ã¾Æ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀνĿ¡ ÀÇÇØ, 'ÁÁ´Ù' ¹× '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'´Â ¸»µé ¹× °³³äµé¿¡ ºÎ¿©µÈ Àǹ̴ ÀÌ·¯ÇÏ´Ù.
In all European languages, the languages of those people among whom the doctrine of beauty as the essence of art has spread, the words beau, schön, beautiful, bello, while keeping the meaning of beauty of form, have also come to signify ¡®good-ness¡¯ — that is, have come to replace the word ¡®good¡¯. ¸ðµç À¯·´ ¾ð¾îµé¿¡¼­, ¹Ì¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çм³ÀÌ ¿¹¼úÀÇ º»Áú·Î¼­ ÀüÆÄµÈ ³ª¶ó »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ð¾îµéÀº, Áï,´ÙÀ½ ´Ü¾îµé beau, schön, beautiful, belloÀº, ¸ð¾çÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ¶æÀ» °£Á÷Çϸ鼭µµ, ¶ÇÇÑ 'ÁÁÀ½'À» ÀǹÌÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù — Áï, 'ÁÁ´Ù'¶ó´Â ¸»À» ´ëüÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù.
So that these languages now quite naturally employ such expressions as belle âme, schöne Gedanken, or beautiful deed, and yet these languages do not have an apposite word for defining beauty of form and must employ such combinations of words as beau par la forme, and so on. ±×·¡¼­ ÀÌµé ¾ð¾îµéÀº ÀÌÁ¦  belle âme, schöne Gedanken, ¶Ç´Â beautiful deed¿Í °°Àº Ç¥ÇöµéÀ» ¸Å¿ì ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÌµé ¾ð¾îµéÀº ¸ð¾çÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â ´ë¸³ÀûÀÎ ¸»À» °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç beau par la forme¿Í °°Àº ¸»µéÀÇ Á¶ÇÕÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.
Observing the meaning that the word ¡®beauty¡¯, ¡®the beautiful¡¯, has in the Russian language, and in the languages of the people among whom aesthetic theory has been established, we see that the word ¡®beauty¡¯ is endowed by these people with some special meaning — namely, the meaning of 'good'. '¹Ì', '¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù'¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ·¯½Ã¾Æ ¾ð¾î¿¡¼­ ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶ó¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ È®¸³µÈ ¹ÎÁßÀÇ ¾ð¾îµé¿¡¼­ Áö´Ï´Â Àǹ̸¦ »ìÆìº¸¸é, '¹Ì'¶õ ¸»Àº ÀÌ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾î¶² Ưº°ÇÑ ÀÇ¹Ì — Áï, 'ÁÁ´Ù'´Â ÀÇ¹Ì — ¸¦ ºÎ¿© ¹ÞÀ½À» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù.
The remarkable thing is that since we Russians have begun to adopt European views of art more and more, the same evolution has begun to occur in our language as well, and people speak and write with complete assurance, and without surprising anyone, of beautiful music and unbeautiful actions or even thoughts, whereas forty years ago, in my youth, the expressions ¡®beautiful music¡¯ and ¡®unbeautiful actions¡¯ were not only not in use, but incomprehensible. Evidently this new meaning with which European thought has endowed beauty is beginning to be adopted by Russian society as well. ³î¶ó¿î ÀÏÀº ¿ì¸® ·¯½Ã¾Æ ÀεéÀÌ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À¯·´ÀεéÀÇ °üÁ¡µéÀ» ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ Ã¤ÅÃÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ, ¿ì¸® ¾ð¾î¿¡¼­µµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¶È°°Àº ÁøÈ­°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀº ¿ÏÀüÇÑ È®½ÅÀ¸·Î, ±×¸®°í ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µµ ³î·¡°Ô ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é¼­, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î À½¾Ç ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¸§´äÁö ¸øÇÑ Çൿµé ¶Ç´Â ½ÉÁö¾î »ý°¢µéÀ» ¸»ÇÏ°í ¾²°í ÀÖÁö¸¸, ³ªÀÇ ¾î¸° ½ÃÀý¿£, '¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î À½¾Ç' ±×¸®°í '¾Æ¸§´äÁö ¸øÇÑ Çൿµé'Àº »ç¿ëµÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ¸í¹éÈ÷ À¯·´ÀÇ »ç»óÀÌ ¹Ì¿¡ ºÎ¿©ÇÑ ÀÌ·± »õ·Î¿î Àǹ̴ ·¯½Ã¾Æ »çȸ¿¡¼­ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î äÅõDZ⠽ÃÀÛÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
What, then, is this meaning? What, then, is beauty as understood by European people? ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ÀÌ Àǹ̴ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ±×·¸´Ù¸é, À¯·´ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÌÇØµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ´ë·ÎÀÇ ¹Ì´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡?
In order to answer this question, I will cite at least a small number of those definitions of beauty most widely spread in existing aesthetic systems. I especially beg the reader not to be bored and to read what is cited here, or, what would be better still, to read some work on aesthetics. Not to speak of voluminous German works, some good choices for this purpose are the German book by Kralik, the English one by Knight, [11] and the French one by Leveque. It is necessary to read some work on aesthetics in order to form a personal idea of the diversity of judgments and the terrible vagueness that reign in this sphere of opinion, and not to trust the words of others in this important matter. ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´äÇϱâ À§ÇØ, ³ª´Â Àû¾îµµ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀΠü°èµé¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ® ÀÖ´Â ±×·± ¹ÌÀÇ Á¤Àǵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö¸¦ ÀοëÇϰڴÙ. ³ª´Â ƯÈ÷ µ¶Àڵ鿡°Ô ¿©±â ÀοëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀÐÀ½¿¡ ÀÖ¾î Áö·çÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â¸¦, Ȥ, Á» ´õ µµ¿òÀÌ µÈ´Ù¸é, ¹ÌÇп¡ °üÇÑ ÀÛǰÀ» Á¶±ÝÀ̳ª¸¶ ÀÐ¾î º¸±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. ºÎÇǰ¡ Å« µ¶ÀÏ ÀÛǰµéÀ» ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ, ÀÌ·± ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ Á¶±Ý µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍµéÀ» °í¸£ÀÚ¸é, µ¶ÀϾîÀÎ Å©¶ó¸®Å©ÀÇ ¼­Àû, ³ªÀÌÆ®°¡ ¾´ ¿µ¾î ¼­Àû ¹× ·¹º£Å©°¡ ¾´ ÇÁ¶û½º¾î ¼­ÀûµéÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿µ¿ªÀÇ »ý°¢µéÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÆÇ´Üµé ¹× ¹«¼·µµ·Ï ¸ðÈ£ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »ý°¢À» Çü¼ºÇϱâ À§ÇØ,  ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº Áß¿äÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸»µéÀ» ¸Í½ÅÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇØ, ¹ÌÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀϺΠÀÛǰÀ» ÀÐÀ½ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.
Here, for example, is what the German aesthetician Schassler says about the character of all aesthetic research in the preface to his famous, voluminous and thorough book on aesthetics: ¿©±â¿¡, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀÚÀÎ ½¯¶ó½½·¯°¡ ¹ÌÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÏ°í ¹æ´ëÇÏ¸ç ±íÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Àú¼­ÀÇ ¼­¹®¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ Å½±¸ÀÇ Æ¯Â¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù:

One hardly finds in any other area of philosophical science such methods of research and exposition, crude to the point of contradiction, as in the area of aesthetics. On the one hand, fine phrase-making without any content, distinguished for the most part by an altogether one-sided superficiality; on the other hand, together with all its indisputable depth of research and wealth of content, a repulsive clumsiness of philosophical terminology, which clothes the simplest things in the garb of abstract scientificality, as if to make them worthy thereby of entering the bright mansions of the system; and, finally, between these two methods of research and exposition there is a third, forming a transition from the one to the other, as it were, a method consisting of eclecticism, flaunting now its fine phrase-making, now its pedantic scientificality ... A form of exposition that does not fall into any of these three defects, but is truly concrete and, while being of substantial content, expresses it in clear and popular philosophical language, is no¡©where more rarely to be encountered than in the area of aesthetics.

¿ì¸®´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² öÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­µµ ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ª ¾È¿¡¼­Ã³·³, ¸ð¼ø¿¡ À̸¦ Á¤µµÀÇ ¹Ì¼÷ÇÑ ¿¬±¸ ¹× ÇØ¼³ ¹æ¹ýµéÀ» °ÅÀÇ Ã£Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸, ¾î¶² ³»¿ë ¾øÀÌ, ÀüÀûÀÎ ÆíÇâÀû ²®µ¥±â·Î ´ëºÎºÐ µÎµå·¯Áö°í; ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î, ±× ¸ðµç ³í¶õÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â ¿¬±¸ÀÇ ±íÀÌ¿Í ³»¿ëÀÇ Ç³ºÎÇÔ°ú ÇÔ²², °¡Àå ´Ü¼øÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» Ãß»óÀû °úÇмºÀ¸·Î Æ÷ÀåÇÏ´Â, ¸¶Ä¡ ±×·³À¸·Î½á ÀåÄ¡¸¦ °®Ãá ȯÇÑ ´ëÀúÅõé·Î µé¾î°¥ ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ°Ô ¸¸µé±â¶óµµ ÇÏ´Â °Í °°Àº öÇÐÀû ¿ë¾îÀÇ ²ûÂïÇÑ ¾û¼ºÇÔ; ±×¸®°í, ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î, ¿¬±¸¿Í ÇØ¼³À̶ó´Â µÎ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Á¦ 3ÀÇ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â ÀüÀÚ¿¡¼­ ÈÄÀÚ·ÎÀÇ ÀüÀ̸¦ Çü¼ºÇÏ´Â, À̸¦Å׸é, ÀýÃæÁÖÀǸ¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ÀÌÁ¦ ±× ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¹Ì»ç¿©±¸¸¦, ÀÌÁ¦ ±× ÇöÇÐÀû °úÇмºÀ» »Ë³»¸é¼­... ÀÌ ¼¼°¡Áö ¾àÁ¡µé¿¡ ÇØ´çµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î È®°íÇÑ, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ »ó´çÇÑ ³»¿ëÀ» Áö´Ñ °¡¿îµ¥ ±×°ÍÀ» ¸í·áÇϰí ÀϹÝÀûÀΠöÇÐÀû ¾ð¾î·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â ÇØ¼®ÀÇ ÇüÅ´Â, ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ¸¸Å­ µå¹°°Ô ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °÷Àº ¾ø´Ù.

It is enough simply to read the book of this same Schassler to be convinced of the correctness of his judgement. ±×ÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜÀÇ Á¤È®¼ºÀ» È®ÀÎÇϰíÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×Àú ½¯¶ó½½·¯ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àú¼­¸¦ ÀÐ¾î º½À¸·Îµµ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.
The French writer Véron, in the preface to his very good book on aesthetics, says of this same subject: ÇÁ¶û½º ÀÛ°¡ º£·ÐÀº, ¹ÌÇп¡ °üÇÑ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¼­¹®¿¡¼­, ÀÌ °°Àº µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ À̾߱âÇÑ´Ù:
II n¡¯y a pas de science qui ait été de plus, que l¡¯esthétique, livrée aux réveries des métaphysiciens. Depuis Platon jusqu¡¯aux doc¡©trines officielles de nos jours, on a fait de l¡¯art je ne sais quel amalgame de fantaisies quintessenciées et de mysteres transcendentaux, qui trouvent leur expression supreme dans la concep¡©tion absolue du beau idéal prototype immuable et divin des choses réelles. [12]  ¾î¶² Çй®µµ ¹ÌÇÐ ÀÌ»óÀ¸·Î ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ¸Á»óµé¿¡ ¸¹ÀÌ ¹ÙÃÄÁø ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ÇöóÅæºÎÅÍ ¿ì¸®½Ã´ëÀÇ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ Çм³±îÁö, ¿¹¼úÀº ³ªµµ ¸ð¸£Áö¸¸ ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀüÇüÀûÀΠȯ»óµé ¹× ÃÊ¿ùÀûÀÎ ½ÅºñµéÀÇ È¥ÇÕ¹°·Î ¸¸µé¾î Á³À¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº  ÃÖ°íÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ½ÇÀç »ç¹°µéÀÇ ºÒº¯ÀÇ ±×¸®°í ½Å¼ºÇÑ ¿øÇüÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÌ»óÀû ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Àý´ëÀû °³³ä¿¡¼­ ã´Â´Ù.
This judgment is more than correct, as the reader will be convinced if he takes the trouble to read the following definitions of beauty which I have copied down from the major writers on aesthetics. ÀÌ·± ÆÇ´ÜÀº ¸Å¿ì Á¤È®ÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é µ¶ÀÚµéÀÌ  ¹ÌÇп¡ °üÇÑ ÁÖ¿ä ÀÛ°¡¿¡°Ô¼­ ³»°¡ º£³¤  ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Á¤ÀǵéÀ» ÀÐ¾î º¸´Â ¼ö°í¸¦ °¨¼öÇÑ´Ù¸é ³³µæÇÒ °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

I will not cite the definitions of beauty ascribed to the ancients — Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, and up to Plotinus — because in fact the concept of beauty separate from the good, which constitutes the basis and aim of aesthetics in our time, did not exist among the ancients. In transferring ancient judgments of beauty to our own concept of beauty, as is usually done in aesthetics, we give their words a meaning they did not have (on which see the excellent book of Benard, L¡¯esthétique d¡¯Aristote, and Walter¡¯s Geschichte der Ästhetik im Altertum). [13]

³ª´Â °í´ëÀÎµé — ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º, ÇöóÅæ, ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º, ±×¸®°í ÇÃ·ÎÆ¼´©½º¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö —  ÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¤ÀǵéÀ» ÀοëÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ¼±°ú ºÐ¸®µÈ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀº, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ±âÃÊ¿Í ¸ñÀûÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, °í´ëÀÎµé »çÀÌ¿¡´Â Á¸ÀçÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í´ëÀÇ ÆÇ´ÜµéÀ» ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀ¸·Î ÀÌÀüÇÔ¿¡¼­, ¹ÌÇп¡¼­ ÈçÈ÷ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â °Íó·³, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¸»¿¡ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ Áö´ÏÁö ¾ÊÀº  Àǹ̸¦ ºÎ¿©Çϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù(ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼± ¹ö³ªµåÀÇ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ Àú¼­, L¡¯esthétique d¡¯Aristote ¹× ¿ùÅÍÀÇ Geschichte der Ästhetik im Altertum¸¦ ÂüÁ¶Ç϶ó).

¡¡

III

I will begin with the founder of aesthetics, Baumgarten. ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚ, ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇØ º¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù.
According to Baumgarten, the object of logical knowledge is truth; the object of aesthetic (that is, sensuous) knowledge is beauty. Beauty is the perfect (the absolute) perceived by the senses. Truth is the perfect perceived by reason. The good is the perfect attained by the moral will. ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙ¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ³í¸®Àû Áö½ÄÀÇ ´ë»óÀº Áø¸®ÀÌ´Ù; ¹ÌÇÐÀû (Áï, °ü´ÉÀû) Áö½ÄÀÇ ´ë»óÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº Áö°¢µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀνĵǴ ¿ÏÀü¼º (Àý´ë¼º)ÀÌ´Ù. ¼±Àº µµ´öÀû ÀÇÁö¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼ºÃëµÇ´Â ¿ÏÀü¼ºÀÌ´Ù.
Beauty, according to Baumgarten, is defined by correspondence, that is, by the order of the parts in their mutual relations to each other, and in their relation to the whole. The aim of beauty itself is to be pleasing and to arouse desire (Wohlgefallen und Erregung eines Verlanges) a thesis directly contradictory to Kant¡¯s notion of the main property and token of beauty. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº, ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, Á¶È­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ  Áï, ºÎºÐµéÀÇ »óÈ£ °ü°èµé ¾È¿¡¼­ ºÎºÐµéÀÇ ¼­·Î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áú¼­¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ±×¸®°í ±×µéÀÇ Àüü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¤ÀÇ µÈ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ¸ñÀû ÀÚü´Â Áñ°Ì°Ô ÇÏ´Â °Í ¹× ¿å¸ÁÀ» À¯¹ß½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù (Wohlgefallen und Erregung eines Verlanges) Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº» ¼ºÁú ¹× »ó¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü³ä¿¡ Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ÁÖÀåÀÌ´Ù.
As for the manifestations of beauty, Baumgarten thinks that we perceive the highest manifestation of beauty in nature, and therefore the imitation of nature is, according to Baumgarten, the highest task of art (also a thesis directly contradictory to the judgments of the latest aestheticians). ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Ç¥Çöµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ, ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÚ¿¬¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ °üÇÑ ÃÖ»óÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ» ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¸ð¹æÀº, ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ÀÓ¹«ÀÌ´Ù (¶ÇÇÑ ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÆÇ´Üµé¿¡ Á¤¸éÀ¸·Î ´ëÄ¡µÇ´Â ÁÖÀåÀÌ´Ù).
Passing over Baumgarten¡¯s not very remarkable followers — Maier, Eschenburg and Eberhardt [14] — who only slightly modified their teacher¡¯s views by distinguishing the pleasant from the beautiful — I will set down the definitions of beauty in writers who came directly after Baumgarten and who define beauty quite differently. These writers are Schütz, Sulzer, Mendelssohn and Moritz. [15] In contradiction to Baumgarten¡¯s main thesis, these writers recognize as the aim of art not beauty, but the good. Thus Sulzer says that only that which contains the good can be recognized as beautiful. According to Sulzer, the aim of the whole life of mankind is the welfare of social life. It is attained through education of the moral sense, and art should be subservient to this aim. Beauty is that which evokes and educates this sense. ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙÀÇ ±×¸® µÎµå·¯ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé — ¸¶À̾î, ¿¡½¨¹ö±× ¹× ¾îº£Çϸ£Æ® — À̵éÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ±¸º°ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×µé ½º½ÂÀÇ °ßÇØµéÀ» ¾à°£ ¼öÁ¤ÇÏ¿´´Ù — Àº Á¢¾îµÎ°í, ³ª´Â ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙ Á÷ÈÄ¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¸£°Ô Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â ÀÛ°¡µé¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Á¤ÀǵéÀ» Àû¾î º¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. À̵é ÀÛ°¡µéÀº ½¬Æ®, ¼úó, ¸àµ¨½ºÁ¸ ¹× ¸ð¸®Ã÷ÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙÀÇ ±âº» ÁÖÀå°ú ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿©, À̵é ÀÛ°¡µéÀº ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼±À̶ó°í ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¼úó´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼±À» ´ã´Â °Í¸¸ÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù°í ÀÎ½ÄµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¼úó¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀηùÀÇ Àüü »îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº »çȸÀû »îÀÇ ÇູÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº µµ´öÀû Áö°¢ÀÇ ±³À°À» ÅëÇØ ´Þ¼ºµÇ¸ç, ¿¹¼úÀº ÀÌ·± ¸ñÀû¿¡ ºÎÇյǾî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ÀÌ·± °¨°¢À» Àϱú¿ì°í ±³À°ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Mendelssohn understands beauty in almost the same way. Art, according to Mendelssohn, is a carrying of the beautiful, perceived by some vague sense, to the level of the true and the good. And the aim of art is moral perfection. ¸àµ¨½ºÁ¸Àº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» °ÅÀÇ ¶È°°ÀÌ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù. ¸àµ¨½ºÁ¸¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¿¹¼úÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ», ¾à°£ ¸ðÈ£ÇÑ Àǹ̷ΠÀνĵÇÁö¸¸, Áø¸®¿Í ¼±ÀÇ ¼öÁØÀ¸·Î ²ø°í °¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº µµ´öÀû ¿Ï¼ºÀÌ´Ù.
For aestheticians of this tendency, the ideal of beauty is a beautiful soul in a beautiful body. So that for them the division of the perfect (the absolute) into its three forms, of the true, the good and the beautiful, is completely effaced, and beauty again merges with the good and the true. ÀÌ·± °æÇâÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô À־, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿µÈ¥°ú ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î À°Ã¼ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×µé¿¡°Ô À־ Áø¸®, ¼±ÇÔ ¹× ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ¼¼°¡Áö Çüŵé·ÎÀÇ ¿ÏÀü¼º(Àý´ë¼º)ÀÇ ºÐÇÒÀº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ »ç¶óÁö¸ç, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ´Ù½Ã ¼±ÇÔ ¹× Áø¸®¿Í °áÇÕÇÑ´Ù.
However, not only is this understanding of beauty not retained by later aestheticians, but there appears the aesthetics of Winckelmann, again completely opposite to these views, most decisively and sharply separating the tasks of art from the aim of the good, and setting as the aim of art an external and even merely plastic beauty. ±×·¯³ª, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ÀÌÇØ´Â ³ªÁßÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ ÁöÁöµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ù½Ã ÀÌ·± °ßÇØµé¿¡ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â À®Ä̸¸ÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀÌ µîÀåÇÏ¿©, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÀÓ¹«µéÀ» ¼±ÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥·ÎºÎÅÍ °¡Àå °áÁ¤ÀûÀÌ¸ç ¿¹¸®ÇÏ°Ô ºÐ¸®½Ã۸ç, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ¿ÜÀûÀÌ¸ç ½ÉÁö¾î ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Á¶ÇüÀÇ ¹Ì·Î ¼³Á¤ÇÑ´Ù.
According to the famous work of Winckelmann, [16] the law and aim of all art is beauty alone, completely separate from and independent of the good. Beauty can be of three kinds: (1) beauty of form; (2) beauty of idea, expressed in the pose of the figure (with regard to plastic art); (3) beauty of expression, which is possible only in the presence of the first two conditions. This beauty of expression is the highest aim of art, and was in fact realized in antique art. Consequently, the art of the present day should strive to imitate antique art. À®Ä̸¸ÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ ÀÛǰ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢°ú ¸ñÇ¥´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ̸ç, ¼±°ú´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ºÐ¸® µ¶¸³µÈ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ¼¼°¡Áö Á¾·ù°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù: (1) ÇüÅÂÀÇ ¹Ì; (2) (Á¶Çü ¹Ì¼ú°ú °ü·ÃÇÏ¿©) Çü»óÀÇ À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Â, °³³äÀÇ ¹Ì; (3) Á÷ ¾ÕÀÇ µÎ °¡Áö Á¶°ÇµéÀÇ Á¸Àç ¾È¿¡¼­ °¡´ÉÇÑ, Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ¹Ì. ÀÌ Ç¥ÇöÀÇ ¹Ì´Â ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥À̸ç, »ç½Ç °í´ë ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ ½ÇÇöµÇ¾ú´Ù. °á±¹, ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº °í´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ» Èä³» ³»·Á°í ¾Ö¾²´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Beauty is understood in the same way by Lessing and Herder, then by Goethe and all prominent German aestheticians up to Kant, from whose time, again, a different understanding of art begins. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº  ·¹½Ì°ú Ç츣´õ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î  ±«Å× ¹× Ä­Æ®¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç Ź¿ùÇÑ ¹ÌÇÐÀڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØµÇ¸ç, ±×µéÀÇ ½Ã´ë·ÎºÎÅÍ, ´Ù½Ã±Ý, ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ö´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÇØ°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ȴÙ.
In England, France, Italy and Holland at this same time, independently from the German writers, native aesthetic theories were born, just as unclear and contradictory, and all these aestheticians, in exactly the same way as the Germans, place the concept of beauty at the foundation of their reasoning, understanding it as something that exists absolutely and either merges more or less with the good, or has the same root. In England, at around the same time as Baumgarten, or even a little earlier, Shaftesbury, Hutcheson, Home, Burke, Hogarth [17] and others wrote on art. ¿µ±¹, ÇÁ¶û½º, ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ¹× ³×´ú¶õµå¿¡¼­ µ¿½Ã¿¡, µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ÀÛ°¡µé°ú´Â °ü°è¾øÀÌ, ÅäÂøÀûÀÎ ¹ÌÇÐÀû À̷еéÀÌ »ý°Ü³µÀ¸¸ç, ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ºÒ¸í·áÇÏ¸ç ¸ð¼øÀûÀ̸ç, ÀÌ ¸ðµç ¹ÌÇÐÀÚµéÀº, µ¶Àϰú Á¤È®È÷ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀ» ±×µéÀÇ Ãß·ÐÀÇ ±âÀú¿¡ µÎ¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î Á¸ÀçÇϰųª ´Ù¼Ò°£¿¡ ¼±°ú º´ÇÕÇÏ´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÌÇØÇϸ鼭, µ¿ÀÏÇÑ »Ñ¸®¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿µ±¹¿¡¼±, ¹Ù¿ò°¡¸£ÅÙ°ú ´ë·« ºñ½ÁÇϰųª ½ÉÁö¾î Á¶±Ý ÀÏÂï, »þÇÁÅ×½ºº£¸®, ÇãÄ¡½¼, Ȩ, ¹öÅ©, È£°¡½º ¹× ´Ù¸¥ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÌ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ½è´Ù.
According to Shaftesbury, what is beautiful is harmonious and proportionate; what is beautiful and proportionate is true; and what is beautiful and at the same time true, is also pleasant and good. Beauty, according to Shaftesbury, is known only by the spirit. God is the principal beauty — the beautiful and the good proceed from a single source. Thus, even though Shaftesbury regards beauty as something separate from the good, they still merge again into something inseparable. »þÇÁÅ×½ºº£¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¾Æ¸§´ä´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Á¶È­¿Í ±ÕÇüÀÌ´Ù; ¾Æ¸§´ä°í ±ÕÇü ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áø¸®ÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ì¸ç µ¿½Ã¿¡ Áø¸®ÀÎ °ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ Áñ°Å¿ì¸ç ¼±ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº, »þÇÁÅ×½ºº£¸®¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾Ë·ÁÁø´Ù. ½ÅÀº Á¦ÀÏÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ´Ù — ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò°ú ¼±ÇÔÀº ´Ü ÇϳªÀÇ ±Ù¿ø¿¡¼­ ³ª¾Æ°£´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿©, »þÇÁÅ×½ºº£¸®°¡ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» ¼±ÇÔ°ú´Â º°°³ÀÇ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±âÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍµéÀº ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ´Ù½Ã ¶¼¾î³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¾î¶² °ÍÀ¸·Î ÇÕÃÄÁø´Ù.
According to Hutcheson, in his Origin of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue, the aim of art is beauty, the essence of which consists in the manifestation of unity within diversity. In the perception of what is beautiful we are guided by ethical instinct (¡®an internal sense¡¯). This instinct may be contrary to the aesthetic one. Thus, according to Hutcheson, beauty no longer always coincides with the good, but is separate from it and sometimes contrary to it. ÇãÄ¡½¼¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ±×°¡ ¾´ ¹Ì¿Í ¼±¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸® »ç»óµéÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡¼­, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ̸ç, ±× º»ÁúÀº ´Ù¾ç¼º ¾È¿¡¼­ ÅëÀϼºÀÇ Ç¥Çö¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀνĿ¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â À±¸®Àû º»´É ('³»Àû Áö°¢')¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀεµµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·± º»´ÉÀº ¹ÌÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ¹ÝÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­, ÇãÄ¡½¼¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¾ðÁ¦³ª ¼±ÇÔ°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ±×°Í°ú ºÐ¸®µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¶§·Î´Â ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÇ±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù.
According to Home, beauty is that which is pleasant. And therefore beauty is determined only by taste. The basis for correct taste consists in the greatest wealth, fullness, force and diversity of impressions being contained within the strictest limits. This is the ideal of the perfect work of art. Ȩ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº Áñ°Å¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ¿À·ÎÁö ÃëÇâÀ¸·Î °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù. Á¤È®ÇÑ ÃëÇâÀÇ ±âÃÊ´Â °¡Àå ¾ö°ÝÇÑ Á¦ÇÑµé ¾È¿¡ ´ã°Ü ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ºÎ, ¿ÏÀüÇÔ, Èû, ¹× ÀλóµéÀÇ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀÌ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù.

According to Burke, in his Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, the sublime and the beautiful, which constitute the aim of art, are based on the sense of self-preservation and the sense of communality. These senses, considered at their sources, are means for maintaining the gens through the individual. The first is achieved by nourishment, defence and war; the second by communion and reproduction. And therefore self-preservation and the war connected with it are the source of the sublime, while communality and the sexual need connected with it are the source of beauty.

¹öÅ©¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ±×ÀÇ ¼þ°íÇÔ ¹× ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ç»óµéÀÇ ±â¿ø¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀû °íÂû¿¡¼­, ¼þ°íÇÔ°ú ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, Àڱ⠺¸Á¸ÀÇ °¨°¢ ¹× °øµ¿¼ºÀÇ °¨°¢¿¡ ±âÃÊÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± °¨°¢µéÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ±Ù¿øµé¿¡ µû¶ó °í·ÁÇϸé, °³Ã¼¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ¾¾Á·ÀÇ À¯Áö¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ´Ù. ù°´Â ¾çºÐ, ¹æ¾î ¹× ÀüÀïÀ¸·Î, µÑ°´Â ±³Á¦¿Í Àç»ý»êÀ¸·Î ´Þ¼ºµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î À̰Ͱú ¿¬°üµÈ Àڱ⠺¸Á¸ ¹× ÀüÀïÀº ¼þ°íÇÔÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ̸ç, À̰Ͱú ¿¬°üµÈ °øµ¿¼º ¹× ¼ºÀû ¿å±¸´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ´Ù.

Such were the main English definitions of art and beauty in the eighteenth century.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÔÀÌ ¹Ù·Î 18¼¼±âÀÇ ¿¹¼ú ¹× ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ ÁÖµÈ Á¤ÀǵéÀÌ´Ù.

In France at the same time, Père André, Batteux, [18] and, later, Diderot, D¡¯Alembert and, to some extent, Voltaire, wrote on art.

°°Àº ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÇÁ¶û½º¿¡¼­, ÇÇ¿¡¸£ ¾Èµå·¹, ¹ÙÅä, ¹× ÈıâÀÇ µðµ¥·Î, ´Þ·¥¹öÆ® ±×¸®°í, ¾î´À ¸é¿¡¼­, º¼Å׸£°¡ ¿¹¼ú¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ½è´Ù.

According to Père André (Essai sur Ie Beau), there are three kinds of beauty: (1) divine beauty, (2) natural beauty and (3) artificial beauty.

ÇÇ¿¡¸£ ¾Èµå·¹ (Essai sur Ie Beau)¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¼¼ °¡ÁöÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù: (1)½ÅÀûÀÎ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò, (2)ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò ±×¸®°í (3)ÀÎÀ§ÀûÀÎ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò.

According to Batteux, art consists in imitating the beauty of nature, and its aim is pleasure. Diderot¡¯s definition of art is the same. The arbiter of what is beautiful is supposed to be taste, just as with the English. But not only are the laws of taste not established, it is even acknowledged that to do so is impossible. D¡¯Alembert and Voltaire were of the same opinion.

¹ÙÅä¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¹¼úÀº ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» Èä³» ³¿¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× ¸ñÀûÀº Äè¶ôÀÌ´Ù. µðµ¥·ÎÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÇ Á¤Àǵµ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÉÆÇÀÚ´Â ÃëÇâÀ¸·Î µÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¿µ±¹°ú °ÅÀÇ °°´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÃëÇâÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢µéÀº È®¸³µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½ÉÁö¾î ±×·¸°Ô ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í ÀÎÁ¤µÇ¾î Áø´Ù. ´Þ·½¹öÆ®¿Í º¼Å׸£´Â °°Àº ÀǰßÀÌ´Ù.
According to Pagano [19], an Italian aesthetician of the same time, art consists in the uniting into one of the beauties scattered through nature. The ability to see these beauties is taste; the ability to unite them in one whole is artistic genius. Beauty, according to Pagano, merges with the good in such fashion that beauty is the good made manifest, while the good is inner beauty. °°Àº ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ ¹ÌÇÐÀÚ ÆÄ°¡³ë¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ÀÚ¿¬¿¡ µÎ·ç Èð¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òµéÀ» Çϳª·Î °áÇÕÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òµéÀ» º¸´Â ´É·ÂÀº ÃëÇâÀÌ´Ù; ±×°ÍµéÀ» ÇϳªÀÇ Àüü·Î ¿«´Â ´É·ÂÀº ¿¹¼úÀû õÀ缺ÀÌ´Ù. ÆÄ°¡³ë¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ ¼±ÇÔ°ú ÇÕÃÄÁö°í,  ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾îÁø ¼±ÇÔÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¼±ÇÔÀº ³»¸éÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

According to other Italians — Muratori in his Riflessioni sopra il buon gusto intorno le science e le arti, and especially Spaletti in his Saggio sopra la belezza [20] art comes down to an egoistic sensation, based, as in Burke, on the striving for self-preservation and communality.

´Ù¸¥ ÀÌÅ»¸®¾ÆÀε鿡 ÀÇÇÏ¸é — ¹«¶óÅ丮´Â ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰ Riflessioni sopra il buon gusto intorno le science e le arti¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í ƯÈ÷ ½ºÆÄ·¹Æ¼´Â ±×ÀÇ ÀÛǰ Saggio sopra la belezza¿¡¼­ — ¿¹¼úÀº À̱âÀûÀÎ °¨°¢À¸·Î ±Í°áµÇ¸ç, ¹öũó·³, Àڱ⠺¸Á¸ ¹× °øµ¿¼ºÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÔ¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Among the Dutch, Hemsterhuis, [21] who influenced the German aestheticians and Goethe, is noteworthy. According to his teaching, beauty is that which gives us the greatest pleasure, and that which gives us the greatest pleasure is that which gives us the greatest number of ideas within the shortest time. The pleasure of the beautiful is the highest knowledge to which man can attain, because it gives the greatest number of perceptions in the shortest time.

³×´ú¶õµåÀÎ °¡¿îµ¥¼­, Çð½ºÅÍ·çÀ̽º°¡ ¾ð±ÞÇÒ ¸¸Çϸç, µ¶ÀÏ ¹ÌÇÐÀÚµé°ú ±«¿¡Å׿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ÃÖ´ëÀÇ Äè¶ôÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô °¡Àå Å« Äè¶ôÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ Ãִܽ𣠳»¿¡ °¡Àå ¸¹Àº »ý°¢µéÀ» ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Äè¶ôÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÃÖ°íÀÇ Áö½ÄÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº Ãִܽ𣠳»¿¡ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ÀνĵéÀ» Áֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

Such were the theories of aesthetics outside Germany during the last century. In Germany, after Winckelmann, there again appeared a completely new aesthetic theory, that of Kant, which more than all others clarifies the essence of the concept of beauty, and therefore also of art.

ÃÖ±Ù ¹é ³â µ¿¾È µ¶ÀÏ ¹ÛÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ À̷еéÀº ÀÌ·¯Çß´Ù. µ¶ÀÏ¿¡¼­, À®Ä̸¸ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡, ÀüÇô »õ·Î¿î ¹ÌÇÐ ÀÌ·ÐÀÌ µîÀåÇߴµ¥, Ä­Æ®ÀÇ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç °Íµé º¸´Ù ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀÇ, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼úÀÇ, º»ÁúÀ» ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù.

Kant¡¯s aesthetics is based on the following: man, according to Kant, perceives nature outside himself and himself in nature. In nature outside himself he seeks the true; within himself he seeks the good — the first is a matter of pure reason, and the second of practical reason (freedom). Besides these two means of perception, there is, according to Kant, also the power of judgement (Urteilskraft), which forms judgements without concepts and produces pleasure without desire (Urteil ohne Begriffund Vergnugen ohne Begehren). It is this power which constitutes the basis of the aesthetic sense. And beauty, according to Kant, is in a subjective sense that which, without concepts and without practical benefit, is generally and necessarily pleasing, and in an objective sense is the form of a purposeful object in so far as it is perceived without any notion of its purpose.

Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀº ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ±âÃÊÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù: »ç¶÷Àº, Ä­Æ®¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, Àڱ⠹ۿ¡¼­ ÀÚ¿¬À» Àڱ⸦ ÀÚ¿¬¿¡¼­ ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù. Àڱ⠹ÛÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬¿¡¼­ ±×´Â Áø¸®¸¦ Ãß±¸ÇÑ´Ù; Àڱ⠾ȿ¡¼­ ±×´Â ¼±À» Ãß±¸ÇÑ´Ù — ÀüÀÚ´Â ¼ø¼ö À̼ºÀÇ, ÈÄÀÚ´Â ½Çõ À̼º (ÀÚÀ¯)ÀÇ ¹®Á¦ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌµé µÎ °¡Áö ÀνÄÀÇ ¼ö´Üµé ¿Ü¿¡, Ä­Æ®¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¶ÇÇÑ ÆÇ´Ü·Â(Urteilskraft)ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ´Â °³³äµéÀÌ ¾ø´Â ÆÇ´ÜµéÀ» Çü¼ºÇÏ¸ç ¿å¸Á ¾ø´Â Äè¶ô(Urteil ohne Begriffund Vergnugen ohne Begehren)À» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù. ¹ÌÀûÀÎ °¨°¢ÀÇ ±âÃʸ¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ ÈûÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Ä­Æ®¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ÁÖ°üÀû Àǹ̷δÂ, °³³äµéÀÌ ¾ø°í ½Ç¿ëÀû ÀÌÀÍÀÌ ¾øÀÌ,  ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±×¸®°í ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Áñ°Å¿î °ÍÀ̸ç, °´°üÀû Àǹ̷δ Àǵµ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² °ü³äÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ÀνĵǴ ÇÑ ÀǵµÀû ´ë»óÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀÌ´Ù.

Beauty is defined in the same way by Kant¡¯s followers, Schiller among them. According to Schiller, who wrote much on aesthetics, the aim of art, as with Kant, is beauty, the source of which is pleasure without practical usefulness. So that art may be called play, though not in the sense of a worthless occupation, but in the sense of a manifestation of the beauty of life itself, which has no other aim than beauty.

¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾Àڵ鿡°Ô µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀǵǸç, ½¯·¯´Â ±×µé¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù. ½¯·¯¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ±×´Â ¹ÌÇп¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¸¹ÀÌ ½èÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº, Ä­Æ®ÀÇ °æ¿ìó·³, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ̸ç, ±× ±Ù¿øÀº ½Ç¿ëÀû À¯ÀÍÇÔÀÌ ¾ø´Â Äè¶ôÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿¹¼úÀº ¿À¶ôÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸± °ÍÀ̸ç, ÇÏÁö¸¸ °¡Ä¡ ¾ø´Â Ȱµ¿ÀÇ Àǹ̿¡¼­¶ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, »îÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò ÀÚüÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ̶ó´Â Àǹ̿¡¼­À̸ç, »îÀº ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò ¿ÜÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº °¡ÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

Besides Schiller, the most remarkable of Kant¡¯s followers in the field of aesthetics were Jean-Paul and Wilhelm Humboldt, who, while adding nothing to the definition of beauty, clarified its various kinds — drama, music, the comic, etc.

½¯·¯¿Ü¿¡µµ, ¹ÌÇÐ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Ä­Æ®ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé Áß °¡Àå ¶Ù¾î³­ »ç¶÷Àº Àå Æú ¹× ºôÇ︧ Ç躼Ʈ·Î, À̵éÀº, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ÷°¡ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹Ý¸é, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ù — µå¶ó¸¶, À½¾Ç, Äڹ̵ð, µî — ¸¦ ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

After Kant, besides some second-rate philosophers, Fichte, Schelling, Hegel and their followers wrote on aesthetics. According to Fichte, consciousness of the beautiful arises in the following way. The world — that is, nature — has two sides: it is the product of our limitation, and it is also the product of our free ideal activity. In the first sense, the world is limited, in the second it is free. In the first sense, every body is limited, distorted, compressed, constrained, and we see ugliness; in the second, we see inner fullness, vitality, regeneration — we see beauty. Thus the ugliness or beauty of an object, according to Fichte, depends on the point of view of the contemplator. And that is why beauty is located, not in the world, but in the beautiful soul (schöner Geist). Art, then, is the manifestation of this beautiful soul, and its aim is education, not only of the mind, which is the work of the scholar, not only of the heart, which is the work of the moral preacher, but of the whole man. And therefore the token of beauty is not in anything external, but in the presence of a beautiful soul in the artist.

Ä­Æ® ÈÄ¿¡, ÀϺΠÀÌ·ùÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚµé ¿Ü¿¡µµ, ÇÇÈ÷Å×, ½©¸µ, Çì°Ö ¹× ±×µéÀÇ ÃßÁ¾Àڵ鵵 ¹ÌÇп¡ °üÇØ ½è´Ù. ÇÇÈ÷Å׿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀǽÄÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÀϾ´Ù: ¼¼»ó — Áï, ÀÚ¿¬ — Àº ¾ç¸éÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´Ù: ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ÇѰèÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÀÌ»óÀû ÇൿÀÇ »ê¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ù° Àǹ̿¡¼­, ¼¼»óÀº Á¦ÇÑÀûÀ̸ç, µÑ° Àǹ̿¡¼­ ±×°ÍÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Ó´Ù. ù° Àǹ̿¡¼­ ¸ðµÎ°¡ Á¦Çѵǰí, ¿Ö°îµÇ°í, ¾ï¾ÐµÇ¸ç, °­¾ÐµÇ¸ç, ¿ì¸®´Â ÃßÇÔÀ» º»´Ù; µÑ°¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ³»Àû Ãæ¸¸, »ýµ¿, ¹× Àç»ýÀ» º»´Ù — ¿ì¸®´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» º»´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ´ë»óÀÇ ÃßÇÔ ¶Ç´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº, ÇÇÈ÷Å׿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, °üÂûÀÚÀÇ °üÁ¡¿¡ ´Þ·ÁÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ, ¼¼»óÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿µÈ¥(schöner Geist) ¾È¿¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ¿¹¼úÀº ÀÌ·± ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ̸ç, ±× ¸ñÀûÀº ±³À°À¸·Î¼­, ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÛǰÀÎ Á¤½Å¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, µµ´ö ¼³±³ÀÚÀÇ ÀÛǰÀÎ ¸¶À½¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Àüü »ç¶÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ Áõ°Å´Â ¾î¶² ¿ÜÀûÀÎ °Í¿¡ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¿¹¼ú°¡¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ½ÇÀç¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

Following Fichte, Friedrich Schlegel and Adam Müller defined beauty along the same lines. According to Schlegel, beauty in art is understood too incompletely, one-sidedly and separately; beauty is not only in art, but also in nature, and also in love, so that the truly beautiful is expressed in the union of art, nature and love. Therefore Schlegel recognizes moral and philosophical art as inseparable from aesthetic art.

ÇÇÈ÷Å× ´ÙÀ½À¸·Î, ÇÁ¸®µå¸®È÷ ½¯·¹°Ö°ú ¹Á·¯´Â ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» µ¿ÀÏÇÑ ¹æÇâÀ¸·Î Á¤ÀÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½¯·¹°Ö¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¹¼ú¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ³Ê¹«³ª ºÒ¿ÏÀüÇϰÔ, ÇÑÂÊÀ¸·Î Ä¡¿ìÃļ­ ±×¸®°í µ¿¶³¾îÁö°Ô ÀÌÇØµÈ´Ù; ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ¿¹¼ú¿¡¸¸ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÚ¿¬¿¡µµ, ±×¸®°í »ç¶û¿¡µµ À־, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ¿¹¼ú, ÀÚ¿¬ ±×¸®°í »ç¶ûÀÇ °áÇÕÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÈ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ½¯·¹°ÖÀº µµ´öÀû ¹× öÇÐÀû ¿¹¼úÀ» ¹ÌÇÐÀûÀÎ ¿¹¼ú·ÎºÎÅÍ ¶¼¾î³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀνÄÇÑ´Ù.

According to Adam Müller, [22] there are two beauties: one is a social beauty which attracts people as the sun attracts the planets — this is predominantly antique beauty; the other is an individual beauty, which becomes so because he who contemplates it himself becomes a sun that attracts beauty — this is the beauty of the new art. A world in which all contradictions are harmonized is the highest beauty. Every work of art is a repetition of this universal accord. The highest art is the art of life.

¾Æ´ã ¹Á·¯¿¡ µû¸£¸é, µÎ °¡ÁöÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù: Çϳª´Â žçÀÌ Ç༺µéÀ» ²ø¾î ´ç±âµíÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ²ø¾î ´ç±â´Â »çȸÀû ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ´Ù — ÀÌ´Â ¾ÐµµÀûÀ¸·Î °í´ëÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ´Ù; ´Ù¸¥ Çϳª´Â °³ÀÎÀû ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ¸·Î, ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÇ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×°ÍÀ» °¨»óÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀ» ²ø¾î ´ç±â´Â žçÀÌ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù — À̰ÍÀº »õ·Î¿î ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµç ¸ð¼øµéÀÌ Á¶È­¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ¼¼»óÀº ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµç ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀº ÀÌ °°Àº º¸ÆíÀû ÀÏÄ¡ÀÇ ¹Ýº¹ÀÌ´Ù. ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀº »îÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀÌ´Ù.

The next philosopher to have great influence on the aesthetic notions of our time was Schelling, a contemporary of Fichte and his followers. According to Schelling, art is the product or consequence of a world view in which the subject becomes its own object, or the object itself its own subject. Beauty is the representation of the infinite within the finite. And the main character of the work of art is unconscious infinity. Art is the uniting of the subjective with the objective, of nature and reason, of the unconscious with the conscious. And therefore art is the highest means of knowledge. Beauty is the contemplation of things in themselves, as they are in the foundation of all things (in den Urbildern). The beautiful is produced not by the artist, through his own knowledge or will, but by the idea of beauty itself.

¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¹ÌÇÐÀû °ßÇØµé¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ´Â ½©¸µÀ¸·Î, ÇÇÈ÷Å×¿Í ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé°ú µ¿½Ã´ë ÀÎÀÌ´Ù. ½©¸µ¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¿¹¼úÀº ÁÖü°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °´Ã¼°¡ µÇ°Å³ª, °´Ã¼ ÀÚü°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖü°¡ µÇ´Â ¼¼°èÀÇ ½Ã°¢ÀÇ »ê¹° ¶Ç´Â °á°úÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº À¯ÇÑÇÔ ¾ÈÀÇ ¹«ÇÑÇÔÀÇ Ç¥ÃâÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼ú ÀÛǰÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¼º°ÝÀº ÀǽÄÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â ¹«ÇѼºÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀº ÀÚ¿¬°ú À̼ºÀÇ ÁÖ°ü¼ºÀ» °´°ü¼ºÀ¸·Î, ¹«ÀǽÄÀ» ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î °áÇÕÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼úÀº Áö½ÄÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº »ç¹°µéÀ» ±× ÀÚüµé·Î °¨»óÇÔÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸¸¹°ÀÇ ±âÃÊ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù (in den Urbildern). ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº ¿¹¼ú°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Áö½Ä ¶Ç´Â ÀÇÁö¸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿ò ÀÚü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³³ä¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ¸¸µé¾î Áø´Ù.

Among Schelling¡¯s followers the most notable was Solger with his Vorlesungen über Ästhetik. [23] According to Solger, the idea of beauty is the principal idea of any thing. In the world we see only the perversion of the principal idea, but art, through imagination, may rise to the height of the principal idea. And therefore art is the likeness of creation.

½©¸µÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé Áß¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ÁÖ¸ñÇÒ ¸¸ »ç¶÷Àº Vorlesungen über Ästhetik¸¦ ÁöÀº ¼Ö°ÅÀÌ´Ù. ¼Ö°Å¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé, ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ °³³äÀº ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ Á¦ÀÏ °³³äÀÌ´Ù. ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ Á¦ÀÏ °³³äÀÇ ¿Ö°î¸¸À» º¼ »ÓÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿¹¼úÀº, »ó»óÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿©, Á¦ÀÏ °³³äÀÇ ³ôÀÌ¿¡ À̸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ¿¹¼úÀº âÁ¶¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÏ´Ù.

According to another of Schelling¡¯s followers, Krause, [24] true and real beauty is the manifestation of the idea in an individual form; and art is the realization of beauty in the realm of the free human spirit. The highest stage of art is the art of life, which directs its activity to the adornment of life, so as to make it a beautiful place for the beautiful man to live.

½©¸µÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé Áß ¶Ç ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ Å©¶ó¿ì½º¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Áø½ÇµÇ¸ç »ç½ÇÀûÀÎ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀº °³ÀÎÀû ÇüÅ ¾È¿¡¼­ °³³äÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ¿¹¼úÀº ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Àΰ£ Á¤½ÅÀÇ ¿µ¿ª ¾È¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿òÀÇ ½ÇÇöÀÌ´Ù. ¿¹¼úÀÇ ÃÖ°íÀÇ °æÁö´Â »îÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀº ±× Ȱµ¿¼ºÀ» »îÀÇ Àå½ÄÀ¸·Î ÇâÇÏ°Ô Çϸç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© À̰÷ÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î »ç¶÷ÀÌ »ì±â À§ÇÑ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î °÷À¸·Î ¸¸µå´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

After Schelling and his followers comes the new aesthetic teaching of Hegel, still held to this day, consciously by many, unconsciously by most. This teaching is not only no clearer or more definite than the preceding ones, but is, if such were possible, still more foggy and mystical.

½©¸µ ¹× ±×ÀÇ ÃßÁ¾ÀÚµé ÈÄ¿¡ Çì°ÖÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ¹ÌÇÐÀû °¡¸£Ä§ÀÌ ³ª¿À´Âµ¥, ¿À´Ã³¯µµ ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Ð ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Ð ´ëºÎºÐ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ÁöÁöµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ °¡¸£Ä§Àº ÀÌÀüÀÇ °Íµé¿¡ ºñÇØ ´õ¿í ¸í·áÇϰųª È®½ÇÇÏÁöµµ ¾ÊÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×·¯ÇÔÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ¸·¿¬ÇÏ¸ç ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ´Ù.

According to Hegel, God manifests himself in nature and art in the form of beauty. God expresses himself in two ways: in the object and in the subject, in nature and in spirit. Beauty is the idea shining through matter. Only the spirit, and all that partakes of the spirit, is truly beautiful, and therefore the beauty of nature is merely a reflection of the beauty proper to the spirit: the beautiful has only spiritual content. But the spiritual must manifest itself in a sensuous form. Yet the sensuous manifestation of the spirit is merely an appearance (Schein). This appearance is the sole reality of the beautiful. Art, then, is the realization of this appearance of the idea, and is a means, together with religion and philosophy, of bringing to consciousness and giving utterance to the profoundest tasks of men and the highest truths of the spirit.

Çì°Ö¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ½ÅÀ