George Fox
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Æø½º
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Fox,
George (b. July 1624, Drayton-in-the-Clay, Leicestershire, Eng.--d. Jan. 13,
1691, London), English preacher and missionary and founder of the Society of
Friends (or Quakers); his personal religious experience made him hostile to
church conventions and established his reliance on what he saw as inward light
or God-given inspiration over scriptural authority or creeds. He recorded the
birth of the Quaker movement in his Journal.
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Æø½º (George Fox),
1624. 7 À×±Û·£µå ·¹½ºÅͼе巹ÀÌÅÏÀδõŬ·¹ÀÌ~1691. 1. 13 ·±´ø.
À×±Û·£µåÀÇ ¼³±³°¡, ¼±±³»ç, ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³(ÇÁ·»µåȸ) â¼³ÀÚ. °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ½Å¾ÓüÇèÀ¸·Î ±³È¸ÀÇ °ü½À¿¡ Àû´ë°¨À» °®°Ô µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¼º¼Àû ±ÇÀ§³ª ½ÅÁ¶¸¦ ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ´Â ³»ÀûÀÎ ºû, Áï ÇÏ´À´ÔÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿À´Â ¿µ°¨¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ÄùÀÌÄ¿ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ »ý°Ü³ª°Ô µÈ °æÀ§¸¦ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¡´Àϱâ Journal¡µ¿¡ ±â·ÏÇß´Ù. |
Early life and activities.
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Ãʱâ»ý¾Ö¿Í Ȱµ¿
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Fox was the son of a weaver in the English village of Drayton-in-the-Clay (now
Fenny Drayton), Leicestershire. Probably apprenticed for a while to a cobbler,
he may also have tended sheep, but there is little evidence of any adult
business occupation or of much formal education. He always seemed to have a
modest amount of money. He read extensively and wrote legibly. At the age of 18
he left home in search of satisfying religious counsel or experience and later
reported in his Journal
various personal religious experiences or direct revelations, which he
called "openings," that corrected, in his estimation, the traditional
concepts of faith and practice in English religious life. |
À×±Û·£µå ·¹½ºÅͼÅÀÇ µå·¹ÀÌÅÏÀδõŬ·¹ÀÌ(Áö±ÝÀÇ Æä´Ïµå·¹ÀÌÅÏ)¶ó´Â ¸¶À»¿¡¼ Á÷Á¶°øÀÇ ¾Æµé·Î ž´Ù. Àá½Ã µ¿¾È ±¸µÎ¼ö¼±°øÀÌ µÇ±â À§ÇÑ °ß½ÀȰµ¿À» ÇÏ°í ¾çÀ» Ä¡±âµµ ÇÑ °Í °°Áö¸¸ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾î¶² Á÷¾÷¿¡ Á¾»çÇߴٰųª °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ±³À°À» ¾î´À Á¤µµ ¹Þ¾Ò´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ð±ÞÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ±×´Â Ç×»ó Àû´çÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î µ·ÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, Æø³Ð°Ô µ¶¼Çϰí Àб⠽±°Ô ±ÛÀ» ½è´Ù. 18¼¼ ¶§ ÃæºÐÇÑ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ Á¶¾ðÀ̳ª üÇèÀ» ¾ò±â À§ÇØ ÁýÀ» ¶°³µÀ¸¸ç, Èʳ¯ ±×ÀÇ ¡´Àϱ⡵¿¡ ±â·ÏÇÑ ´ë·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ Á¾±³ üÇèÀ̳ª Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ °è½Ã¸¦ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀ» ±×´Â 'Åë·Î'¶ó°í ºÎ¸£´Âµ¥, ±×ÀÇ Æò°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍÀº Á¾±³ »ýȰ¿¡¼ ½Å¾Ó°ú ½Çõ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ °³³äµéÀ» ¹Ù·ÎÀâ¾ÆÁشٰí Çß´Ù. |
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His religious background was apparently Puritan rather than strict Anglican,
but he himself reacted even further than the Puritans from the formalism and
traditionalism of the established church. He placed the God-given
inward
light (inspiration) above creeds and scripture and regarded personal
experience as the true source of authority. In his Journal he wrote, |
±×ÀÇ Á¾±³ÀûÀÎ ¹è°æÀº ¼º°øÈ¸º¸´Ù´Â û±³µµÀÎ °Í °°´Ù. ±×·¯³ª û±³µµº¸´Ù ±âÁ¸ ±³È¸ÀÇ Çü½ÄÁÖÀÇ¿Í ÀüÅëÁÖÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´õ °ÇÏ°Ô ¹Ý¹ßÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ÇÏ´À´Ô¿¡°Ô¼ ¹Þ´Â ³»ÀûÀÎ ºû(¿µ°¨)À» ½ÅÁ¶³ª ¼º¼º¸´Ù ¿ìÀ§¿¡ µÎ¸ç °³ÀÎÀûÀΠüÇèÀ» ±ÇÀ§ÀÇ ÂüµÈ ¿øÃµÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇß´Ù. ±×´Â ¡´Àϱ⡵¿¡ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°ÀÌ Àû¾î³õ¾Ò´Ù. |
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"These things I did not see by the help of man, nor by the letter, though they
are written in the letter, but I saw them in the light of the Lord Jesus
Christ, and by his immediate Spirit and powers, as did the holy men of God, by
whom the Holy Scriptures were written." |
"¹®ÀÚ·Î ¾º¾îÁ® À־ ¹®ÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼³ª Àΰ£ÀÇ µµ¿ò¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼µµ º¸Áö ¸øÇß´ø ÀÌ·± °ÍµéÀ» ³ª´Â ÁÖ ¿¹¼ö
±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ºû ¼Ó¿¡¼ º¸¾Ò°í ±×ÀÇ Á÷Á¢ÀûÀÎ ¼º·É°ú Èû¿¡
ÀÇÇØ¼ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ÇÏ´À´ÔÀÇ ¼º½º·¯¿î »ç¶÷µéµµ ±×·¯ÇßÀ¸¸ç,
±×µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¼º¼´Â ¾º¾îÁ³´Ù." |
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His negative attitude to ecclesiastical customs was matched by a similar
attitude toward some political and economic conventions (e.g., oaths,
titles, and military service). |
±³È¸ÀÇ °ü½À¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀΠŵµ´Â ÀϺΠÁ¤Ä¡Àû¡¤°æÁ¦Àû ÀνÀ(¼¾à¡¤ÄªÈ£¡¤±ºº¹¹« µî)¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼µµ ºñ½ÁÇÑ Åµµ·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù. |
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He began preaching to individuals or groups as he travelled on foot, first in
the Midland counties of England, then in the northern counties, where groups of Seekers
(a 17th-century Puritan sect) welcomed him and his message. Local congregations
were established, gathered both by Fox and by many other itinerant men and women
preachers, who were called Publishers of Truth. Thus came
into being in the last years of the British Commonwealth (1649-60) the Society
of Friends, as it was much later called, though its members were early nicknamed
Quakers. |
±×´Â °É¾î¼ ¿©ÇàÇÏ¸ç °³ÀÎÀ̳ª ´Üü¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ¼³±³Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇß´Ù. óÀ½¿¡´Â À×±Û·£µåÀÇ ¹Ìµé·£µå ÁÖ¿¡¼, ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ºÏºÎÀÇ ÁÖ¿¡¼ ¼³±³Çߴµ¥, ±×°÷ÀÇ ±¸µµÆÄ(Ï´Ô³÷17¼¼±â û±³µµ ºÐÆÄ)´Â ±×¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö¸¦ ȯ¿µÇß´Ù. Áø½ÇÀÇ ¼±Æ÷ÀÚµéÀ̶ó ºÒ¸° Æø½º¿Í ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº ³²³à ¼øÈ¸ ¼³±³Àڵ鿡 ÀÇÇØ Áö¿ª ¸ðÀÓµéÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ¾ú´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¿µ±¹ °øÈÁ¤(1649~60) ¸»±â¿¡´Â ÇÁ·»µåȸ°¡ Á¸ÀçÇϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇߴµ¥, ÀÌ ¸íĪÀº ÈξÀ ÈÄ¿¡ ºÙ¿©Áø °ÍÀÌ¸ç ±× È¸¿øµéÀº ÃʱâºÎÅÍ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµ¶ó´Â º°¸íÀ» ¾ò¾ú´Ù. |
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Fox had most success in winning adherents and
fellow workers in the Lake District counties of Westmorland and Lancashire and
later in Yorkshire, London, and other areas. He and his associates suffered
public hostility and official constraint. They offended religious leaders both
religiously and politically by their contradiction of the ministers in the
churches (based on Fox's view that ministers "bred at Oxford or
Cambridge" were not qualified to be spiritual leaders in the churches) and
by their refusal to honour officials, to take oaths, or to pay tithes. Fox and
his associates were often arrested and imprisoned. Fox, in fact, suffered eight
imprisonments between 1649 and 1673. |
Æø½º´Â ·¹ÀÌÅ©µð½ºÆ®¸¯Æ®ÀÇ ÁÖµéÀÎ ¿þ½ºÆ®¸Ö·£µå¿Í ·©Ä¿¼Å, ÈÄ¿¡´Â ¿äÅ©¼Å, ·±´ø, ±âŸ Áö¿ªµé¿¡¼ ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¾ÀÚ¿Í µ¿·á¸¦ È®º¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×¿Í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº °ø°ø¿¬ÇÑ Àû´ë°¨°ú °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ Á¦Àç ¶§¹®¿¡ °íÅëÀ» ´çÇß´Ù. ±×µéÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ ¸ñȸÀÚµéÀ» ¹Ý´ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á(Æø½º´Â '¿Á½ºÆÛµå³ª ÄÉÀӺ긮Áö¿¡¼ ¾çÀ°µÈ' ¸ñ»çµéÀº ±³È¸ÀÇ ¿µÀûÀÎ ÁöµµÀÚ°¡ µÉ ÀÚ°ÝÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ßÇØ¸¦ ÇÇ·ÂÇÔ), ¼ºÁ÷Àڵ鿡°Ô °æÀǸ¦ Ç¥Çϰųª ¸Í¼¼¸¦ Çϰųª ½ÊÀÏÁ¶¸¦ ³»´Â °ÍÀ» °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á Á¾±³ÁöµµÀÚµéÀÇ °¨Á¤À» »óÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù. Æø½º¿Í ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµéÀº ºó¹øÈ÷ üÆ÷µÇ°í °¨±ÝµÇ¾ú´Ù. »ç½Ç Æø½º´Â 1649~73³â¿¡ 8¹øÀ̳ª Åõ¿ÁµÇ´Â °íÅëÀ» °Þ¾ú´Ù. |
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The restoration of the monarchy in 1660 led to special legislation against
the Quakers and a widespread action against them. To meet this and other needs,
George Fox encouraged local Quaker groups to organize into regular monthly and
quarterly business meetings, which, with some central national meetings, became
a permanent pattern of their church government. The continuing pressure was only
intermittently relieved until the Toleration
Act of 1689, shortly before Fox's death, gave relief to the Quakers. |
1660³â ¿ÕÁ¤ÀÌ º¹°íµÇÀÚ ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³¸¦ ¹Ý´ëÇϴ Ưº°¹ýÀÌ ¸¸µé¾îÁö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. À̰Ϳ¡ ´ëóÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ°í ¶ÇÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ Çʿ信 ÀÇÇØ Æø½º´Â Áö¿ª ÄùÀÌÄ¿ ±×·ìµé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á¤±âÀûÀÎ ¿ùº°¡¤°è°£º° ȸÀǸ¦ Á¶Á÷Çϵµ·Ï °í¹«Çߴµ¥, À̰ÍÀº ¸î¸î Áß¾ÓÀÇ ÀüüȸÀÇ¿Í ÇÔ²² ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³ ±³È¸ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÇüŰ¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ¾Ð·ÂÀÌ °£ÇæÀûÀ¸·Î °è¼ÓµÇ´Ù°¡ Æø½º°¡ Á×±â Á÷ÀüÀÎ 1689³â °ü¿ë·ÉÀ¸·Î ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³µµµéÀº ±¸Á¦µÇ¾ú´Ù. |
Missionary work in England and elsewhere.
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À×±Û·£µå¿Í ±×¿Ü Áö¿ª¿¡¼ÀÇ ¼±±³È°µ¿
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In 1669 Fox made a missionary visit to Ireland, and on his return he married one
of his early converts, Margaret Fell, the widow of Judge Thomas Fell of
Swarthmore Hall, Ulverston, Lancashire, where Fox spent parts of the following
years. In the years 1671 to 1673 he traveled to the British colonies in the
Caribbean and the North American mainland, strengthening and organizing the
existing Quaker communities, especially in Maryland and Rhode Island. Shorter
journeys in 1677 and 1684 took him to The Netherlands and a few other parts of
northern Europe. About 1675 he dictated a running summary of his life that, with
supplementary material, was posthumously edited and published as his Journal.
For most of the last 15 years of his life he lived as a boarder or visitor
among friends in or about London, attending consultations and committees on
practical questions, preaching at meetings for worship, and engaging in a wide
correspondence with individual Friends or with congregations to whom he was
known. |
1669³â Æø½º´Â ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå·Î ¼±±³¿©ÇàÀ» ÇßÀ¸¸ç µ¹¾Æ¿À´Â ±æ¿¡ Ãʱ⠰³Á¾ÀÚµé Áß ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÎ ¸¶°Å¸´ Æç°ú °áÈ¥Çß´Ù. ±×³à´Â ·©Ä¿¼Å ¾ó¹ö½ºÅÏ ½º¿ö½º¸ð¾î ȦÀÇ ÆÇ»ç Åä¸Ó½º ÆçÀÇ ¹Ì¸ÁÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù. Æø½º´Â ±×ÈÄ ¾ó¸¶ µ¿¾È ±×°÷¿¡¼ º¸³Â´Ù. 1671~73³â ±×´Â Ä«¸®ºê ÇØ¿Í ºÏ¾Æ¸Þ¸®Ä« º»Åä¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¿µ±¹ ½Ä¹ÎÁöµéÀ» ¹æ¹®ÇÏ´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÏÀ» Çߴµ¥, ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÄùÀÌÄ¿ °øµ¿Ã¼µé, ƯÈ÷ ¸Þ¸±·£µå¿Í ·Îµå ¾ÆÀÏ·£µå¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀ» °ÈÇϰí Á¶Á÷ÈÇß´Ù. 1677, 1684³â¿¡´Â ³×´ú¶õµå¿Í ºÏºÎ À¯·´ÀÇ ¸î¸î Áö¿ªÀ» Àá½Ã ¹æ¹®Çß´Ù. 1675³â°æ ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ý¾Ö¸¦ ¿ä¾àÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¹Þ¾Æ¾²°Ô Çߴµ¥, À̰ÍÀº º¸ÃæÀÚ·á¿Í ÇÔ²² ±×ÀÇ »çÈÄ¿¡ ¡´Àϱ⡵·Î ÆíÁý, ÃâÆÇµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â »ý¾ÖÀÇ ¸»³â 15³â µ¿¾ÈÀ» ·±´øÀ̳ª ·±´ø ±Ùó¿¡ Àִ ģ±¸µéÀ» ¹æ¹®Çϰųª ±×µé¿¡°Ô ±â¼÷ÇÏ¸ç »ì¾Ò´Âµ¥, ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦Á¡µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÚ¹®È¸ÀÇ¿¡ Âü¼®Çϰí, ¿¹¹è¸ðÀÓ¿¡¼ ¼³±³µµ Çϸç, ÇÁ·»µåȸ¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ °³ÀÎÀ̳ª ȸÁßµé°ú Æø³ÐÀº ¼½ÅÀ» ±³È¯Çß´Ù. |
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Throughout his life, Fox shared the contemporary practice of writing
controversial pamphlets, scores of which were published. They dealt with social
as well as theological questions but lacked stylistic attraction. Although he
was quite familiar with the English Bible, he sometimes displayed a taste for
subjects like history and grammar, in which he had little competence. He
borrowed information occasionally from his learned friends. |
»ý¾Ö¸¦ ÅëÇØ Æø½º´Â ´ç½ÃÀÇ °üÇà´ë·Î ³íÀïÀûÀÎ ¼ÒÃ¥ÀÚµéÀ» ½è´Âµ¥, ±×µé Áß ¸¹Àº °ÍÀÌ ÃâÆÇµÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×µéÀº ½ÅÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »çȸÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦µµ ´Ù·ç°í Àִµ¥, ¹®Ã¼´Â ±×´ÙÁö °ü½ÉÀ» ²ø ¸¸ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ¿µ¾î ¼º¼¿¡ ´ÉÅëÇßÀ¸¸ç, ¿ª·®ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¿ª»ç³ª ¹®¹ý °°Àº ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü½ÉÀ» ³»º¸À̱⵵ Çß´Ù. ±×´Â ¶§¶§·Î ÇÐ½Ä Àִ ģ±¸µé¿¡°Ô¼ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¾ò±âµµ Çß´Ù. |
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Fox evidently was, as Thomas Carlyle says, a man
of enormous self-confidence, one who attracted rather than repelled. A magnetic
personality, he was widely respected and admired by such men as William
Penn, who left in writing an appreciation of Fox that is still the best
summary of his character. Fox's own Journal is naturally not entirely
objective, but with its many details it forms the fullest account of the rise of
Quakerism, as well as of Fox himself. It is partly due to Fox's own sense of the
historic importance of the Quaker movement that much other early written
material was recorded and preserved. |
±×´Â È®½ÇÈ÷ Åä¸Ó½º Ä®¶óÀÏ(1795~1881)ÀÌ ¸»ÇÑ ´ë·Î »ó´çÈ÷
ÀڽۨÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀ» ²ø¾îµéÀÌ´Â ÈûÀÌ ÀÖ´Â
»ç¶÷À̾ú´Ù. ¸Å·ÂÀûÀÎ ÀΰÝÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚÀÎ ±×´Â Àª¸®¾ö Ææ°ú
°°Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ Á¸°æÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù. ±³¾ç°ú ¼¼°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ
Áö½ÄÀ» °âºñÇß´ø ÆæÀº Æø½º¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â ±ÛÀ» ³²°å´Âµ¥,
±×¸¦ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢È÷ ¾à¼úÇÑ ±Û·Î ²ÅÈù´Ù. ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
¡´Àϱ⡵´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ °´°üÀûÀÎ ±ÛÀº ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸ Æø½º
ÀڽŻӸ¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³ÀÇ Åµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇØ °¡Àå ¿Ïº®ÇϰÔ
¼³¸íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Ãʱ⿡ ±â·ÏµÈ ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº ÀÚ·áµéÀÌ
º¸Á¸µÈ °ÍÀº ÄùÀÌÄ¿±³ ¿îµ¿ÀÌ ¿ª»çÀûÀ¸·Î Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â
°ÍÀ» Æø½º ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ´À²¼±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. |
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
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T.H.S. Wallace (ed.), The Works of George Fox,
8 vol. (1831, reprinted 1990); Harry Emerson Wildes, Voice of The Lord: A Biography of George Fox
(1965); Douglas Gwyn, Apocalypse of the Word: The Life and Message of George
Fox (1986); H. Larry Ingle, First Among Friends: George Fox and the
Creation of Quakerism (1994).
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Works of George Fox, 8 vol. : George Fox, 1831
Àι°Áß½ÉÀÇ ±³È¸»ç : E. S. ¸ðÀ̾î, °û¾ÈÀü¡¤½ÉÀç¿ø °ø¿ª,
´ëÇѱ⵶±³¼È¸, 1993
The Voice of the Lord : Harry Emerson, 1965
The Man in Leather Breeches : Vernon Noble, 1953
The Personality of George Fox : A. N. Brayshaw, 1933
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