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Tolstoy and
His Message
Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö
By Ernest
Howard Crosby
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Chapter 7
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Á¦ 7 Àå
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The Tolstoy of Today
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¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ Å罺ÅäÀÌ
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That
the examples of the success of Christ's teachings should be so few is due to the
fact that they have been so rarely tested. Count Tolstoy is making the
experiment today, and no one who has visited him at his home, as I have had the
privilege of doing, and has looked into his searching eyes under their heavy
brows can for a moment doubt his sincerity. He has stripped his house of
everything superfluous, there is not a rug on the floor, not an ornament on the
table; his dress is the peasant's blouse; he has become a vegetarian and touches
neither coffee nor tea nor sugar nor tobacco. That there is a vein of asceticism
in all this, I am not disposed to deny. A German admirer of his has called him
the John the Baptist of the new religion of the Spirit, and if sometimes we are
inclined to criticize him for denying himself unnecessarily and for making the
externals of life a little too bare, we should remember that there was room in
the world for John whose food was locusts and wild honey, and for Jesus who came
eating and drinking, and that wisdom is justified of all her children. There is
a place in our economy for the Tolstoys as well as for the Ruskins and Morrises.
And if there seems to be little art in the exterior appearances of Tolstoy's
life, it is not because he is not an artist and has not faced the question of
art and answered it to his own satisfaction. But he denies to the art of the
day, the luxurious plaything of the exploiting few, all claim to be considered
as art at all.
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À§Çؼ, ±×¸®°í ¸Ô°í ¸¶½Ã¸ç ¿À½Ã´Â ¿¹¼ö¸¦ À§Çؼ ¼¼»ó¿¡´Â ÀÚ¸®°¡ ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÁöÇý´Â ±× ¸ðµç ÀÚ³àµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼ ÀÇÀǸ¦ °®´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ
°æÁ¦¿¡¼ ·¯½ºÅ² °°Àº »ç¶÷µé ¹× ¸ð¸®½º °°Àº »ç¶÷µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Å罺ÅäÀÌ °°Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ ÀÚ¸®´Â ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ »îÀÇ ¿Ü°üµé¿¡¼
²Ù¹ÒÀÌ ÀûÀº °Íó·³ º¸Àδٸé, ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×°¡ ¿¹¼ú°¡°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç ¿¹¼úÀÇ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¹Ù·Îº¸Áö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°Å³ª ±×°ÍÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¸Á·´ë·Î ´ë´äÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ
¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±×´Â ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿¹¼úÀ», ÂøÃëÇÏ´Â ¼Ò¼öÀÇ »çÄ¡½º·¯¿î Àå³°¨, ¿¹¼úÀ̶ó°í ¿©°Ü Áö´Â °Í ¸ðµç °Íµé·Î, °ÅºÎÇÑ´Ù. |
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True
art, he believes, is a human activity by means of which the artist passes on to
others feelings through which he has lived, so that they become infected by
them. It is thus a means of uniting men through their feelings. The deepest
feeling of the present time is that of brotherhood, of love, and harmony, and
true art must have as its object the radiating of this feeling. Tried by this
standard almost all the art of the day is found lacking, and Tolstoy is willing
to wait until a new and true way of life has produced a new and true art. That
he may not be separated from his fellows, he works as he may in the fields and
he also learned a trade. His aim is to support himself by manual labour and at
any rate to be worth his own "keep." He also is continually engaged in
writing articles and books addressed to the peasants or to the educated classes.
The most conspicuous of these in recent years was his great novel Resurrection,
a telling indictment of caste and government which has challenged the attention
of the world. As for the duty of the individual, Tolstoy teaches that it is to
do the next loving thing. We should do to others as we would have them do to us.
"Only when I yield myself," says he, "to that intuition of love
which demands obedience to this law is my own heart happy and at rest. And not
only can I know how to act, but I can and do discern the work to co-operate in
which my activity was designed and is required." "This work is the
annihilator of discord and strife among people and among all creatures and the
establishment of the highest unity, concord and love. Man should always
cooperate in the development of love and union among created things." It is
to man's cultivated instinct, to his conscience illuminated by unselfishness,
and not to his powers of reasoning that Tolstoy looks for the triumph of his
ideas. Thus he says:
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ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀº, ±×°¡ »ý°¢Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î, ¿¹¼ú°¡°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ
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±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °¨Á¤µéÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±×µéÀ» ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â ¼ö´ÜÀÌ´Ù. Çö ½Ã´ëÀÇ °¡Àå ±íÀº ´À³¦Àº ÇüÁ¦¾Ö, »ç¶û, ¹× ÈÇÕÀÇ ´À³¦ÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÂüµÈ ¿¹¼úÀº
ÀÌ°Ç °¨Á¤À» ¹ß»êÇÔÀ» ±× ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î °¡Á®¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±âÁØÀ¸·Î ÆÇ´ÜÇØ º¸°Ç´ë ±× ½Ã´ëÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿¹¼úµéÀÌ ¹Ì´ÞµÇ¸ç, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â »õ·Î¿ì¸ç ÂüµÈ
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µéÆÇ¿¡¼Ã³·³ ÀÏÇÏ¸ç °Å·¡¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¹è¿ü´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº À°Ã¼ ³ëµ¿À¸·Î¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¾î·µç ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ "»ýȰ" °¡Ä¡´Â ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´Â
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ÇÑ´Ù. "¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ·± ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¹Á¾À» ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â Á÷°üÀûÀÎ »ç¶û¿¡ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¼øÀÀÇÒ ¶§¿¡", ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, "³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸¶À½Àº ÇູÇÏ¸ç Æò¾ÈÇÏ´Ù.
±×¸®°í ¾î¶»°Ô Çàµ¿ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ³ª´Â ³ªÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÌ °èȹµÇ°í ¿ä±¸µÇ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ Çù·ÂÇϱâ À§ÇØ È°µ¿ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ºÐº°ÇÒ
¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù." "ÀÌ·± Ȱµ¿Àº »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç ÇÇÁ¶¹°µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ ºÒÈ¿Í ºÐÀïÀ» Á¾½Ä½ÃŰ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÈÇÕ, ÀÏÄ¡ ¹× »ç¶ûÀÇ
È®¸³ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ¾ðÁ¦³ª âÁ¶µÈ °Íµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ »ç¶û°ú ÈÇÕÀÇ ¹ßÀü¿¡ Çù·ÂÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù." Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç»óµéÀÇ ½Â¸®·Î¼ ÁöÇâÇß´ø °ÍÀº,
»ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇÔ¾çµÈ º»´ÉÀ» ÇâÇÑ, ÀÌŸ½É¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹àÇôÁö´Â ¾ç½ÉÀ» ÇâÇÑ °ÍÀ̸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ãß·ÐÇÏ´Â ÈûÀ» ÇâÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: |
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"To
many people of our society it would be impossible to torture or kill a baby,
even if they were told that by so doing they could save hundreds of other
people. And in the same way a man, when he has developed a Christian sensibility
of heart, finds a whole series of actions become impossible for him. For
instance, a Christian who is obliged to take part in judicial proceedings in
which a man may be sentenced to death, or who is obliged to take part in
evictions, or in debating a proposal leading to war, or to participate in
preparations for war, not to mention war itself, is in a position parallel to
that of a kindly man called on to torture or kill a baby."
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"¿ì¸® »çȸÀÇ ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀÖ¾î¼ ¾Æ±â¸¦ °í¹®Çϰųª »ìÇØÇÏ´Â
°ÍÀº, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ±×·³À¸·Î½á ¼ö¹é ¸íÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» »ì¸± ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í µé¾úÀ» Áö¶óµµ, ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷Àº,
¸¶À½¿¡¼ ±×¸®½ºµµÀûÀÎ °¨¼ºÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×À» ¶§¿¡, Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô´Â ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, »ç¶÷À» »çÇü¿¡ óÇÒ
¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹ý·ü ÀýÂ÷¿¡ Âü¿©Çϵµ·Ï °¿ä ¹Þ´Â, Åð°Å ¸í·É¿¡, ¶Ç´Â ÀüÀï¿¡ À̸£´Â ¾È°ÇÀ» Åä·ÐÇÔ¿¡, ¶Ç´Â ÀüÀï ÀÚü´Â ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ ÀüÀïÀÇ
Áغñµé¿¡ Âü¿©Çϵµ·Ï °¿ä ¹Þ´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº, ¼±·®ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¾Æ±â¸¦ °í¹®Çϰųª »ìÇØÇϵµ·Ï ¿ä±¸ ¹Þ´Â °Í°ú ÆòÇàÇÑ À§Ä¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù." |
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And
as man's instincts improve and reform his conduct, so the instinct of society,
which is public opinion, will reform society. War and violence will cease
because they will become progressively repugnant to the hearts of men.
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±×¸®°í »ç¶÷ÀÇ º»´ÉÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ °³¼±ÇÏ°í °³ÇõÇÏ´Â °Íó·³,
¿©·ÐÀ¸·Î¼ÀÇ »çȸÀÇ º»´ÉÀÌ »çȸ¸¦ °³ÇõÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀüÀï°ú Æø·ÂÀº ±×°ÍµéÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸¶À½µé¿¡ Á¡Â÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ð¼øµÇ¾î Áú °ÍÀ̹ǷΠÁß´ÜµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. |
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It
would be a mistake to consider Tolstoy's views as the product of an isolated
mind. He is in many respects the representation of all that is best in his
dearly loved Russian peasantry. Le Roy Beaulieu tells us in his work on the Empire
of the Tzars and the Russians (vol. iii., chap. 3), that the Russian common
people are remarkable for their "charity and humility, and what is rarer
still and almost unknown in the same class in other countries, for their spirit
of asceticism and renouncement, love of poverty, and the taste for
self-mortification and sacrifice." He also shows us that the moral ideal of
the people is complete chastity. It is then as the mouth-piece of the Russian
peasantry, among whom he has learned the lesson of his life, that Tolstoy finds
his chief significance, and they are fortunate in having a man of such genius
and character to represent them.
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Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °ßÇØµéÀÌ °í¸³µÈ Á¤½ÅÀÇ »ê¹°À̶ó°í ¿©±â´Â °ÍÀº
À߸øÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¿©·¯ ¸é¿¡¼ ±×°¡ ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³óºÎµé ¾È¿¡¼ °¡Àå ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÌ´Ù. ¸£ ·ÎÀÌ º¼·ç´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ
ÀÛǰ, ȲÁ¦µé°ú ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀεéÀÇ Á¦±¹(3±Ç 3Àå)¿¡¼ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ º¸Åë »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ "ºÎÁ¶¿Í °â¾çÀ¸·Î µÎµå·¯Áø´Ù,
±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ³ª¶óµéÀÇ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °è±Þ¿¡¼ ¾ÆÁ÷µµ µå¹°¸ç °ÅÀÇ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀº, ±×µéÀÇ ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇ ¹× ÀýÁ¦, ºó°ïÀÇ »ç¶û, ±×¸®°í °í³°ú Èñ»ý¿¡
´ëÇÑ ÅµµÀÌ´Ù." ±×´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô »ç¶÷µéÀÇ µµ´öÀû ÀÌ»óÀº ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ¼ø°áÀÓÀ» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ±×ÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀû Àǹ̸¦ ã´Â °ÍÀº,
¹Ù·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÇ ±³ÈÆÀ» ¹è¿ìµµ·Ï ÇØÁÖ¾ú´ø ·¯½Ã¾Æ ³óºÎÀÇ ´ëº¯ÀڷμÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀº ±×µéÀ» ´ëº¯ÇÏ´Â ±×Åä·Ï õÀçÀÌÀÚ ÀΰÝÀÚÀÎ »ç¶÷À» °¡ÁüÀº ÇູÇÑ
ÀÏÀÌ´Ù. |
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And
here we leave this great teacher -- great especially in his candour and
simplicity. A strange figure -- this peasant nobleman, this aristocrat, born
into the ruling class of an autocracy, who condemns all government and caste,
this veteran of two wars who proscribes all bloodshed, this keen sportsman
turned vegetarian, this landlord who follows Henry George, this man of wealth
who will have nothing to do with money, this famous novelist who thinks that he
wasted his time in writing most of his novels, this rigid moralist, one of whose
books at least, the Kreutzer Sonata, was placed under the ban of the
American Post Office. That same dramatic instinct which made him a great
novelist, which impelled Sir Henry Irving to rank his two plays among the best
of the past century, and which, as we have seen, has so often led him to find
lessons in the active world around him, this same instinct has made of this
least theatrical and most self-forgetful of men the dramatic prefigurement in
his own person of a reunited race, set free by love from the shackles of caste
and violence. As it was with the prophets of old, so with him, there is a deeper
significance in his life, in the tragedy of himself, than in the burden of his
spoken message. He is the protagonist today of the drama of the human soul. A
stage which can put forward such a protagonist has no reason for despair.
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±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ¿©±â¼ ÀÌ À§´ëÇÑ - Ưº°È÷ ±×ÀÇ ¼º½ÇÇÔ°ú
¼Ò¹ÚÇÔ¿¡¼ - ±³»ç¸¦ ¶°³´Ù. ÀÌ»óÇÑ Àι° - ÀÌ·± ³óºÎ ±ÍÀÎ, ÀÌ·± ±ÍÁ·ÀÌ, ÀüÁ¦ ±¹°¡ÀÇ Áö¹è °è±ÞÀ¸·Î ž¼, ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎ ¹× °è±ÞÀ»
Á¤ÁËÇϸç, ¸ðµç À¯Ç÷À» ±ÝÁöÇÑ À̳⠰£ÀÇ ÀÌ·± ÀüÀï º£Å×¶û, ÀÌÅä·Ï ±â¹ÎÇÑ ¿îµ¿¼±¼ö°¡ ä½ÄÁÖÀÇÀÚ·Î º¯ÇßÀ¸¸ç, Ç Á¶¸®¸¦ µû¸£´Â ÀÌ·± ÁöÁÖ,
µ·°ú´Â ¾Æ¹«·± °ü°è¸¦ °¡ÁöÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á´Â ÀÌ·± ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±×ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³µéÀ» ÁýÇÊÇϱâ À§ÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½Ã°£À» ³¶ºñÇß´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â À¯¸íÇÑ ¼Ò¼³°¡,
ÀÌÅä·Ï ¾ö°ÝÇÑ µµ´öÁÖÀÇÀڷμ, Àû¾îµµ ±×ÀÇ Ã¥µé ÁßÀÇ ÇϳªÀÎ, Å©·ÎÀÌü ¼Ò³ªÅ¸°¡, ¹Ì±¹ ü½ÅûÀÇ ±Ý¼ ¸ñ·Ï¿¡ ¿Ã·ÁÁ³´Ù. ±×¸¦ À§´ëÇÑ
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