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Tolstoy and His Message

Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö


By Ernest Howard Crosby

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Chapter 5

Á¦ 5 Àå

His Teaching Tested by the Christian Spirit

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ Á¤½Å¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °ËÁõµÇ´Â ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§

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I have now given a general view of Count Tolstoy's opinions. Do they fairly represent, as he thinks they do, the teachings of Christ? It certainly seems to me that he goes no further than Jesus did. It is obviously true no portion of the Gospel or of any other book is to be interpreted according to the letter irrespective of the spirit. The object of language is to put the hearer into the same mental and spiritual position that is occupied by the speaker, so that he may see the subject from the same standpoint and in the same spirit. Now, to what spirit do Christ's words in the Sermon on the Mount inevitably point?

³ª´Â ÀÌÁ¦ Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛÀÇ Àǰߵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº, ±×°¡ ±×·¸´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇϵíÀÌ, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» °øÁ¤ÇÏ°Ô ´ëº¯Çϴ°¡? ³ª¿¡°Ô ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ´À²¸Áö´Â °ÍÀº ±×°¡ ¿¹¼ö º¸´Ù ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡Áö ¸øÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. º¹À½¼­ ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² Ã¥ÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÎºÐµµ ±×°ÍµéÀÇ Á¤½Å°ú °ü°è ¾øÀÌ ±ÛÀÚ ±×´ë·Î ÇØ¼®µÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¸í¹éÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¾ð¾îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ûÃëÀÚ¸¦ ¿¬¼³ÀÚ°¡ Â÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °Í°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Á¤½ÅÀû ¹× ¿µÀûÀÎ À§Ä¡ ¾ÈÀ¸·Î µ¥·Á °¡´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ±×°¡ ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °ßÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×¸®°í µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Á¤½Å¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦, »ê»ó ¼³±³¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µéÀº ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¶² Á¤½ÅÀ» °¡¸®Å°°í Àִ°¡?

Non-resistance to bad men, turning the other cheek to the aggressor, the refusal to defend our dearest property by law, the loosening of our purse strings, the love going forth like the sunlight to the very margin of the universe and including all men, even our enemies and persecutors; what spirit do these things indicate if it be not a spirit of entire indifference to accumulated property -- a spirit living in an atmosphere so pure that no insult or injury can disturb it -- a spirit whose intense love for the offender outweighs all other considerations? And if we should endeavour to cultivate this spirit, would it not lead us to an almost literal fulfilment of these very words of Christ? I see no escape from the conclusion that Christ's language here means what it purports to mean. If it is hyperbolical and exaggerated, has it any meaning at all and is it not hopelessly misleading? When Jesus sets up standards that seem too high for us we ascribe it to Oriental imagery. Moses and St. Paul and St. John were also Orientals, but we interpret their writings literally, and why should we apply a different canon to the sayings of Christ? No, it is evident on the face of the Sermon on the Mount that He meant what He said.

¾ÇÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×, °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ´Ù¸¥ »´À» µ¹·Á ´ë±â, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¡Àå ¼ÒÁßÇÑ Àç»êÀ» ¹ýÀ¸·Î ¹æ¾îÇÔÀÇ °ÅºÎ, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Áö°© ²öÀ» ´ÊÃß´Â °Í,  ¸¶Ä¡ ÇÞºûó·³ ¿ìÁÖÀÇ ¸ðµç ±¸¼®µé ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿ø¼öµé ¹× ¹ÚÇØÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÆÛÁ® ³ª¿À´Â »ç¶û; ÀÌ·± °ÍµéÀº, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÃàÀûµÈ Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÀûÀÎ ³Ã´ãÇÔÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó¸é, ¾î¶² Á¤½ÅÀ» °¡¸®Å°´Â°¡ - ³Ê¹«³ª ¼ø¼öÇÏ¿©¼­ ¾î¶² ¸ð¿åÀ̳ª »óóµµ ±×°ÍÀ» ÈðÆ®¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Â ºÐÀ§±â¿¡ »ç´Â Á¤½Å - ¹üÁËÀڵ鿡 ´ëÇÑ °­·ÄÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÌ ¸ðµç ´Ù¸¥ »ç»óµéÀ» ´É°¡ÇÏ´Â Á¤½ÅÀΰ¡? ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ·± Á¤½ÅÀ» ¹è¾çÇϰíÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®¸¦ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸ ÀÚü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÅÀÇ ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·ÎÀÇ ¿Ï¼ºÀ¸·Î À̲ø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡? ³ª´Â ¿©±â¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¾ð¾î°¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀǹÌÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÑ´Ù´Â °á·ÐÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÇÇÇÒ ±æÀÌ ¾ø´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ °úÀå¹ýÀ» ½è°Å³ª °úÀåµÇ¾ú´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº µµ´ëü ¾î¶² ÀÇ¹Ì¶óµµ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ»±î ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ¾î¿ ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¿À·ù°¡ ÀÖÁö³ª ¾ÊÀ»±î? ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Þ¾Æ µéÀ̱⿡ ³Ê¹« ³ôÀº °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌ´Â ±âÁصéÀ» ¼¼¿ï ¶§ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» µ¿¾çÀûÀÎ Çü»óÀ» ºÎ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ¸ð¼¼ ±×¸®°í ¹Ù¿ï ±×¸®°í ¿äÇѵµ ¶ÇÇÑ µ¿¾çÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µéÀ̾úÀ¸³ª, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×µéÀÇ ±â·ÏµéÀ» ¹®ÀÚ ±×´ë·Î ÇØ¼®ÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿Ö ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé¿¡´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¿øÄ¢À» Àû¿ëÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çϴ°¡? ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ±×°¡ ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇß´Ù´Â °ÍÀº »ê»ó ¼³±³ÀÇ ¸ð½ÀÀ¸·Î º¸¾Æ¼­ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù.  

But these statements in these three chapters of St. Matthew are not exceptional. The spirit of non-resistance, of indifference to property, breathe throughout His discourses. The twelve, and afterwards the seventy, are to carry no gold nor silver nor brass;... no wallet..., neither two coats, no shoes nor staff. "To great multitudes" He says, "Whosoever he be of you that renounceth not all that he hath, he cannot be My disciple." When a man asks Him to bid his brother divide the inheritance with him, He calls this desire to get one's own property "covetousness." In another place He says, "Sell all that ye have and give alms." He teaches us to pray, "Forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors." He says: "Blessed are the poor" and "Woe unto you that are rich." To the young ruler he says, "Sell all that thou hast and distribute unto the poor."

±×·¯³ª ¸¶ÅÂÀÇ ÀÌ·± ¼¼ ÀåµéÀÇ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¼±¾ðµéÀº ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ, Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«°ü½ÉÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀº ±×ÀÇ °­¿¬µé¿¡¼­ ½ÃÁ¾Àϰü È£ÈíÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿­ µÎ Á¦ÀÚ, ±×¸®°í ÈÄÀÏ Ä¥½Ê Á¦ÀÚµéÀº ¾î¶² ±Ýµµ Àºµµ Ȳµ¿µµ Áö´ÏÁö ¸øÇϵµ·Ï Çß´Ù; ...¾î¶² Áö°©µµ..., µÎ ¹úÀÇ ¿Êµµ, ½Å¹ßµéµµ ÁöÆÎÀ̵µ ¾ÈµÇ¾ú´Ù. "¸¹Àº ¿©·¯ºÐµéÀÌ¿©" ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, "¿©·¯ºÐµé Áß¿¡ ´©±¸µçÁö ±×°¡ °¡Áø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» Ç¥±âÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷Àº, ±×´Â ³ªÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ°¡ µÉ ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù." ¾î¶² »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦°¡ À¯»êÀ» ±×¿¡°Ô ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ¶ó°í ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¸í·ÉÇÒ °ÍÀ» ¿äûÇÏÀÚ, ±×´Â ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àç»êÀ» °¡Áö°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·± ¿å¸ÁÀ» "Ž¿å"À̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, "´ç½ÅÀÌ °¡Áø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÆÈ¾Æ¼­ ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ¶ó." ±×´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô, "¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ºúÁø ÀÚ¸¦ »çÇÏ¿© ÁÖµíÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á˸¦ »çÇÏ¿© Áֿɽðí"¶ó°í ±âµµÇ϶ó°í °¡¸£Ä£´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: °¡³­ÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô º¹ÀÌ ÀÖ³ª´Ï" ±×¸®°í "´ç½Åµé ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ Àڵ鿡°Ô ÀúÁÖ°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¶ó." ÀþÀº ÅëÄ¡ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, "´ç½ÅÀÌ °¡Áø ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÆÈ¾Æ¼­ °¡³­ÇÑ Àڵ鿡°Ô ³ª´©¾î ÁÖ¶ó."

We are often told that covetousness was this man's besetting sin, but those who build upon this guess forget that we have seen Christ twice give the same advice to large audiences, for covetousness is, in fact, the besetting sin of the human race. He says that only with God is it possible for a rich man to enter the Kingdom of Heaven -- that is, of course, to enter into his proper relations with his fellowmen on this earth -- but He nowhere hints that he can do it without getting rid of his riches.

¿ì¸®´Â °¡²û Ž¿åÀÌ ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ µû¶ó´Ù´Ï´Â Á˶ó°í µè´Â´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·± ÃßÃøÀ» ½×¾Æ °¡´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ µÎ ¹ø¾¿À̳ª ¶È°°Àº Á¶¾ðÀ» ¸¹Àº ûÁߵ鿡 ÁÖ°í ÀÖÀ½À» ¿ì¸®°¡ º¸¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» Àذí ÀÖ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé Ž¿åÀº, »ç½Ç»ó, Àηù¸¦ µû¶ó´Ù´Ï´Â ÁËÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»Çϱ⸦, ¿ÀÁ÷ Çϳª´Ô°ú ÇÔ²² ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ Ãµ±¹¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ - ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, ¹°·Ð, ÀÌ Áö»óÀÇ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿·áµé°úÀÇ ÀûÇÕÇÑ °ü°èµé¿¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù°í Çϳª, ¿¹¼ö´Â ¾î´À °÷¿¡¼­µµ ºÎÀÚ°¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àç»êµéÀ» ¾ø¾ÖÁö ¾Ê°í¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¾Ï½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.

Do we ask why Christ draws a sharp line between rich and poor? I believe that the distinction should be intuitive in the Christian soul. There is nothing more deadening to true life than wealth and purple and fine linen and the accompanying pride. We can each of us test the truth for ourselves. There is on a Sunday morning in any of our East Side Catholic Churches in New York a Christian feeling of communion and communism which is not to be found in a fashionable congregation. It is possible to feel the brotherhood of man in East Broadway or Hester Street as it cannot be felt on Fifth Avenue. These are simple facts and we cannot understand the life of Christ until we appreciate how deeply He was imbued with this feeling. Dante beautifully expresses the relation of Jesus to the poor when he says that after He passed from earth Poverty remained widowed until St. Francis took her to his bosom --

¿ì¸®´Â ¿Ö ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ºÎ¿Í °¡³­ »çÀÌ¿¡ ÷¿¹ÇÑ ¼±À» ±ß´ÂÁö ¹¯°í Àִ°¡? ³ª´Â ±¸º°Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀûÀÎ Á¤½Å¿¡¼­ Á÷°üÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â´Ù. ºÎ ±×¸®°í ºÓ°í È­·ÁÇÑ ¿Ê ±×¸®°í µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â ±³¸¸ÇÔ º¸´Ù ÂüµÈ »î¿¡ Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚ°¡ ±× Áø¸®¸¦ ½º½º·Î ½ÃÇèÇØ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÏ¿äÀÏ ¾ÆÄ§ ´º¿å¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿ºÎ Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾î´À Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸µé¿¡¼­µçÁö È­·ÁÇÑ Áýȸ¿¡¼­ ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â Ä£±ÙÇϸç ÇÔ²² ÇÔÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀûÀÎ ´À³¦ÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. µ¿ ºê·Îµå¿þÀÌ ¶Ç´Â Ç콺ÅÍ °Å¸®¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¾Ö¸¦ ´À³¢´Â °Íµµ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù ÇÏÁö¸¸ 5¹ø°¡¿¡¼­´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ´À²¸Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. À̰͵éÀÌ ´Ü¼øÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÌ¸ç ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¾ó¸¶³ª ±íÀÌ ÀÌ·± ´À³¦¿¡ Á¥¾î ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ Àü±îÁö´Â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ »îÀ» ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ´ÜÅ×´Â ¿¹¼öÀÇ °¡³­ÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°è¸¦ ¿¹¼ö°¡ Áö»óÀ» ¶°³­ ÈÄ ÇÁ¶õ½Ã½º°¡ ±×³à¸¦ ±×ÀÇ °¡½¿¿¡ ¾ÈÀ» ¶§±îÁö [ºó°ï]ÀÌ °úºÎ·Î ÀÖ¾úÀ½À» ±×°¡ ¸»ÇÒ ¶§ ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô Ç¥ÇöÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù - 

"Questa, private dal primo marito, Mille e cento anni e piu dispetta e scura Fino a costui si stette senza invito."

"Questa, private dal primo marito, Mille e cento anni e piu dispetta e scura Fino a costui si stette senza invito."

Jesus bids the disciples too, when persecuted, not to resist. They are to carry no staff, and to "Flee into another city." And when James and John wished to call down vengeance, He rebuked them and said, "Ye know not what manner of spirit ye are of." When attacked Himself He rebuked Peter who attempted to resist: "Put up again thy sword into its place, for all they that take the sword shall perish by the sword," thus nullifying completely the words contained only in St. Luke: "He that hath none let him sell his cloak, and buy a sword." Let us note that Peter was not even acting in self-defence, but the far nobler defence of his Master. Again He says: "He that loveth his life, loseth it," and "Be not afraid of them which kill the body." We may see from these sayings of Christ that they exhibit a remarkable consistency and sustain his position in the Sermon on the Mount.

¿¹¼ö´Â, ¹ÚÇØ ¹ÞÀ» ¶§µµ, Á¦Àڵ鿡°Ôµµ ¿ª½Ã ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸» °ÍÀ» ¸í·ÉÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÁöÆÎÀ̵µ Áö³à¼­´Â ¾ÈµÇ¸ç, "´Ù¸¥ µµ½Ã·Î µµ¸Á°¡¾ß¸¸" Çß´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¾ß°íº¸¿Í ¿äÇÑÀÌ º¹¼ö¸¦ ÇϰíÀÚ ÇßÀ» ¶§, ¿¹¼ö´Â ±×µéÀ» ²Ù¢À¸¸ç ¸»Çß´Ù, "³ÊÈñ´Â ¾î¶² Á¤½ÅÀÎÁö ¾Æ´Â°¡." ±×°¡ °ø°Ý ´çÇÒ ¶§ ±×´Â ÀúÇ×ÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â º£µå·Î¸¦ ²Ù¢¾ú´Ù: "Ä®À» Á¦ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ²ÈÀ¸¶ó, Ä®À» µç ÀÚ´Â Ä®·Î¼­ ¸ÁÇϸ®¶ó," ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿ÀÁ÷ ´©°¡¿¡ ´ã°ÜÀÖ´Â ¸»µéÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹«È¿È­ÇÏ¿´´Ù: "°Ë ¾ø´Â ÀÚ´Â °Ñ¿ÊÀ» ÆÈ¾Æ »ìÁö¾î´Ù." º£µå·Î´Â ½ÉÁö¾î Àڱ⠹æ¾î¸¦ ÇàÇϰí ÀÖ¾ú´ø °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ´ÔÀ» À§ÇÑ ÈξÀ °í±ÍÇÑ ¹æ¾î¿´À½À» ÁÖ¸ñÇÏÀÚ. ´Ù½Ã ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: "ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñ¼ûÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ÀÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ¿ä," ±×¸®°í "À°½ÅÀ» Á×ÀÌ´Â ÀÚµéÀ» µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó." ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»¾¸µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ »ê»ó ¼³±³¿¡¼­ ÇöÀúÇÑ ÀÏÄ¡¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³»¸ç ±× À§Ä¡¸¦ À¯ÁöÇϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Let us also for a moment consider Christ's actions and see to what extent they agree with His words. Although frequently in danger of violence, He never resisted. His attitude as to property is well summed up by Dr. Thompson in The Land of the Book:

¶ÇÇÑ Àá½Ã ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» °í·ÁÇØº¸°í ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ±×ÀÇ ¸»µé°ú ¾î´À Á¤µµ±îÁö ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´ÂÁö »ìÆìº¸ÀÚ. ºñ·Ï ºó¹øÈ÷ Æø·ÂÀÇ À§Çè¿¡ ³õ¿´Áö¸¸, ±×´Â °áÄÚ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. Àç»ê¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ Åµµ´Â Åè½¼ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÇ ³ª¶ó¿¡¼­ Àß ¿ä¾àµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù:

"With uncontrolled power to possess all, He owned nothing. He had no place to be born in but another man's stable, no closet to pray in but the wilderness, no place to die but on the cross of an enemy, and no grave but one lent by a friend. At His death He had absolutely nothing to bequeath to His mother. He was as free from the mercenary spirit as though He had belonged to a world where the very idea of property was unknown. And this total abstinence from all ownership was not of necessity but of choice, and I say there is nothing like it, nothing that approaches it in the history of universal man. It stands out perfectly and divinely original" (p. 407).

"¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹«Á¦ÇÑÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Á³À½¿¡µµ, ±×´Â ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ž °÷ÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶±¸°£¿¡¼­, ±âµµÇÒ °÷ÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼­ Ȳ¾ß¿¡¼­, Á×À» °÷ÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼­ ¿ø¼öÀÇ ½ÊÀÚ°¡¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í ¹«´ýÀÌ ¾ø¾î¼­ ¾î¶² Ä£±¸¿¡°Ô ºô¸° °÷À̾î¾ß¸¸ Çß´Ù. ±×°¡ Á×À» ¶§ ±×ÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´Ï¿¡°Ô ¹°·ÁÁÙ °ÍÀ̶ó°ï ÀüÇô ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â Àç»êÀÇ °³³ä°ú °°Àº °ÍÀÌ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´ø ¼¼»ó¿¡ ¼ÓÇß´ø °Íó·³ ±ÝÀüÀûÀÎ »ý°¢¿¡¼­ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ü´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌó·³ ¼ÒÀ¯¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀüÀûÀÎ ÀýÁ¦´Â ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ̶ó±âº¸´Ù ¼±ÅÃÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ±×¿Í °°Àº °ÍÀÌ, ¼¼»ó »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­ ±×°Í¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ¾ø´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ±×¸®°í °Å·èÇÏ°Ô µ¶ÀÚÀûÀ̾ú´Ù."(p. 407) 

Jesus was the greatest of reformers. He was a Jew, living in Palestine under the most oppressive and unjust yoke of the Romans. The people continually rebelled and wished Him to lead their rebellion, and in fact this wish of theirs caused His death. And yet He never by a word or act approved of their resistance to the Roman power, and even justified the payment of tribute.

±×¸®½ºµµ´Â °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ °³Çõ°¡¿´´Ù. ±×´Â À¯´ëÀÎÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ·Î¸¶ÀεéÀÇ °¡Àå ¾ï¾ÐÀûÀÌ¸ç ºÎ´çÇÑ ¸Û¿¡ ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÆÈ·¹½ºÅ¸Àο¡ »ì¾Ò´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ ¹Ý¶õÀ» ÀÏÀ¸ÄѼ­ ±×°¡ ±×µéÀÇ ¹Ý¶õÀ» À̲ø¾î Áֱ⸦ ¹Ù·¨À¸¸ç, »ç½Ç ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±×µéÀÇ ¼Ò¿øÀÌ ±×ÀÇ Á×À½ÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×´Â °áÄÚ Ä®À̳ª ÇàÀ§·Î¼­ ·Î¸¶ Á¤±Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ÀúÇ×À» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ½ÉÁö¾î ¼¼±ÝÀÇ ³³ºÎ¸¶Àú Á¤´çÇÏ´Ù°í ÇÏ¿´´Ù.

The only occasion on which He is alleged ever to have used force, is in driving the money changers from the Temple, but the whip of small cords is only mentioned in St. John, and he alone mentions also the sheep and oxen. It is evident that the whip was merely used as the ordinary method of driving the cattle. And furthermore the cleansing of the Temple did not succeed. It was in submission unto death that Christ conquered.

±×°¡ Æø·ÂÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ °æ¿ì´Â, ¼ºÀü¿¡¼­ ȯÀü»óµéÀ» ÂÑ¾Æ ¹ö¸± ¶§¿´À¸³ª, °¡´À´Ù¶õ ÁÙÀÌ ´Þ¸° äÂïÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¿äÇÑ¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞµÉ »ÓÀ̸ç, ±× È¥ÀÚ¸¸ ¶ÇÇÑ ¾çµé°ú ¼ÒµéÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. äÂïÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ °¡ÃàµéÀ» ÂѾƳ»´Â Æò¹üÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ½ÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ¼ºÀüÀÇ Ã»¼Ò´Â ¼º°øÇÏÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ Á¤º¹ÇÑ °ÍÀº Á×À½¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼øÀÀ¿¡¼­¿´´Ù.

We conclude from all the foregoing, that Christ by word and deed condemned all forcible resistance, and we find that He carried this out to its logical results.

¿ì¸®´Â ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸»°ú ÇàÀ§·Î¼­ ¸ðµç Æø·ÂÀûÀÎ ÀúÇ×À» Á¤ÁËÇÏ¿´´Ù°í °á·ÐÀ» ³»¸®¸ç, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°¡ ³í¸®Àû °á°úµé¿¡ À̸£µµ·Ï À̰ÍÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿´À½À» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Government reposes upon force, hence the Christian should not share in governing. And this is just what Jesus says: "Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles exercise lordship over them, and their great ones exercise authority upon them, but so shall it not be among you."

Á¤ºÎ´Â Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù, ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº Á¤ºÎ¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̰ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù: "À̹æÀÎÀÇ ¼ÒÀ§ Áý±ÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÀúÈñ¸¦ ÀÓÀÇ·Î ÁÖ°üÇÏ°í ±× ´ëÀεéÀÌ ÀúÈñ¿¡°Ô ±Ç¼¼¸¦ ºÎ¸®´Â ÁÙÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¾Ë°Å´Ï¿Í, ³ÊÈñ Áß¿¡´Â ±×·¸Áö ¾Æ´ÏÇϴ϶ó."
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Governments engage frequently in war, but a Christian should not take part in war, and so Christ says: "If My kingdom were of this world, then would My servants fight." He says: "Judge not," and He shows what He means by refusing to adjudicate on the contested inheritance, and by refusing to condemn the guilty woman, and in both cases setting aside the law of Moses. And in fact, as we have seen, He attacks the foundations of that law by expressly enjoining non-resistance as a substitute for the lex talionis.

Á¤ºÎµéÀº ºó¹øÈ÷ ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº ÀüÀï¿¡ Âü¿© ÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±×·¸°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: "¸¸ÀÏ ³» ³ª¶ó°¡ ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´õ¸é ³» Á¾µéÀÌ ½Î¿üÀ» °ÍÀ̴϶ó."  ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: "ÆÇ´ÜÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó," ±×¸®°í »ó¼Ó ºÐÀï¿¡ ´ëÇØ ÆÇ°áÀ» ³»¸®±â¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ÁËÁöÀº ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ Á¤ÁËÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ±×°¡ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¸ç, ¾çÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼­ ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ýÀ» ÆÄ±âÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í »ç½Ç»ó, ¿ì¸®°¡ º¸¾ÒµíÀÌ, µ¿ÇØ(ÔÒúª)¸¦ ´ëüÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¸í½ÃÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«ÀúÇ×À» ¸í·ÉÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±× À²¹ýÀÇ ±âÃʵéÀ» ºñ³­ÇÑ´Ù.

After examining Christ's words and example we cannot easily escape the conviction that Tolstoy has entered into their meaning far more fully than the accepted commentators of any church, and the arguments which are used to show that Christ did not mean what He said may be applied with equal force to Tolstoy's writings, and perhaps before he has been dead many years we shall have books published to show that the Russian reformer, like his Master, had no objection to riches or violence.

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»µé°ú ¿¹¸¦ »ìÆìº¸°í ³ª¸é ¿ì¸®´Â Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¾î´À ±³È¸ÀÇ ¿ëÀÎµÈ ÁÖ¼®°¡µé º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô ±×°ÍµéÀÇ Àǹ̷ΠÁøÀÔÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â È®½ÅÀ» ½±°Ô ÇÇÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±×°¡ ¸»ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ³í°ÅµéÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ Àú¼úµé¿¡ µ¿µîÇÑ ÈûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëµÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, ¾Æ¸¶µµ ±×°¡ Áױ⠿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ¿ì¸®´Â ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÇ °³Çõ°¡°¡, ¸¶Ä¡ ±×ÀÇ ÁÖ´Ôó·³, Àç»êµé ¶Ç´Â Æø·Âµé¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ¹Ý´ë¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½À» º¸¿©ÁÖ±â À§ÇØ ÃâÆÇµÈ Ã¥µéÀ» °¡Áö°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The position taken by most Christians that Jesus made it a rule to say what He did not mean is fast becoming untenable. Common intellectual honesty before long will have completely undermined it. We must choose between Christ plus His teachings on the one hand and an honest paganism on the other. I once read the portions of the Sermon on the Mount which refer to turning the other cheek and giving up one's cloak to my nine-year old boy with the object of getting his opinion. His response was brief and to the point. "Oh, what stuff," was the only comment. I value this answer as a frank expression of judgment. If every Christian who, in the bottom of his heart, believes that these injunctions are "stuff" would cordially say so, it would be a great gain to the cause of truthfulness, whatever the result might be on the dogma of the inspiration of the Gospels.

¿¹¼ö´Â ±×°¡ ÀǹÌÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¿øÄ¢À¸·Î Çß´Ù´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀε鿡 ÀÇÇØ ÃëÇØÁö´Â ÀÚ¼¼´Â ½Å¼ÓÈ÷ ÁöÁö ¹ÞÀ» ¼ö ¾ø°Ô µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Æò¹üÇÑ ÁöÀûÀÎ Á¤Á÷ÇÔÀÌ¸é ¸ÓÁö ¾Ê¾Æ ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Çã¹°¾î ¹ö¸± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ±×ÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé ±×¸®°í ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î Á¤Á÷ÇÑ À̱³»ç»ó »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â ¾ðÁ¨°¡ ´Ù¸¥ »´À» µ¹·Á ´ë´Â °Í°ú ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿ÊÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¾ð±ÞÇÏ´Â »ê»ó ¼³±³ÀÇ ºÎºÐµéÀ» ³ªÀÇ ¾ÆÈ© »ìÂ¥¸® ¾ÆÀÌ¿¡°Ô ±×ÀÇ ÀǰßÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ º¼ ¿ä·®À¸·Î Àоî ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ¹ÝÀÀÀº °£·«ÇÏ°í ¿ä·ÉÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. "¹«½¼ ½Ã½ÃÇÑ ¼Ò¸®¿©¿ä!"°¡ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÀǰßÀ̾ú´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌ ´ë´äÀ» ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁøÁöÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ³ôÀÌ »ç°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¸¶À½ ±íÀÌ¿¡¼­, ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¸í·ÉµéÀÌ "½Ã½ÃÇÑ °Í"À̶ó°í ¹Ï´Â Á¦°¢±â ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô Á¤ÁßÈ÷ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù¸é, º¹À½¼­µéÀÇ ¿µ°¨¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±³ÀÇ¿¡ À־ ±× °á°ú°¡ ¾î¶°ÇÒ Áö¶óµµ, ±×°ÍÀº Áø½Ç¼ºÀÇ ¸ñÀû¿¡ Ä¿´Ù¶õ ±â¿©°¡ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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