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Tolstoy and His Message

Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö


By Ernest Howard Crosby

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Chapter 4

Á¦ 4 Àå

The Basis of His Moral and Social Code

±×ÀÇ µµ´ö ¹× »çȸ¹ýÀÇ ±âÃÊ

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Tolstoy takes as the basis of his practical moral system the five injunctions of Christ in the fifth chapter of St. Matthew. These are the five commandments which should, he thinks, supersede the decalogue.

Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ½ÇõÀû µµ´ö ü°èÀÇ ±âÃʷμ­ ¸¶Å º¹À½ Á¦ 5 Àå¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¸í·ÉµéÀ» °¡Á® ¿Â´Ù. À̰͵éÀº, ±×°¡ »ý°¢Çϱâ·Î, ½Ê °è¸íÀ» ´ëüÇÏ´Â ¿À °è¸íµéÀÌ´Ù.

I. "Ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not kill; and whosoever shall kill shall be in danger of the judgment; but I say unto you, that every one who is angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment; and whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca, shall be in danger of the council; and whosoever shall say, Thou Fool, shall be in danger of hell fire" (v. 21-2).

I. ¿¾ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸»Çѹ٠»ìÀÎÄ¡ ¸»¶ó ´©±¸µçÁö »ìÀÎÇÏ¸é ½ÉÆÇÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ¸®¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª, ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô ³ëÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¶´Ù ½ÉÆÇÀ» ¹Þ°Ô µÇ°í ÇüÁ¦¸¦ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¶ó°¡¶ó ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â °øÈ¸¿¡ ÀâÈ÷°Ô µÇ°í ¹Ì·ÃÇÑ ³ðÀ̶ó ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â Áö¿Á ºÒ¿¡ µé¾î°¡°Ô µÇ¸®¶ó (5Àå 21-22Àý).

II. "Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt not commit adultery; but I say unto you, that every one that looketh on a woman to lust after her hath committed adultery with her already in his heart" (v. 27-8).

II. ¶Ç °£À½Ä¡ ¸»¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª, ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ¿©ÀÚ¸¦ º¸°í À½¿åÀ» ǰ´Â ÀÚ¸¶´Ù ¸¶À½¿¡ ÀÌ¹Ì °£À½ÇÏ¿´´À´Ï¶ó (5Àå 27-8Àý).

III. "Again, ye have heard that it was said to them of old time, Thou shalt not forswear thyself but shalt perform unto the Lord thine oaths; but I say unto you, swear not at all; neither by the heavens, for it is the throne of God; nor by the earth, for it is the footstool of His feet; nor by Jerusalem, for it is the city of the great King. Neither shalt thou swear by thy head, for thou canst not make one hair white or black. But let your speech be, Yea, yea; nay, nay; and whatsoever is more than these is of the evil one" (v. 33-7).

III. ¶Ç ¿¾ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ù Çê ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ÇÏÁö ¸»°í ³× ¸Í¼¼ÇÑ °ÍÀ» ÁÖ²² Áö۶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª, ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï µµ¹«Áö ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»Âî´Ï Çϴ÷εµ ¸»¶ó ÀÌ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ º¸ÁÂÀÓÀÌ¿ä, ¶¥À¸·Îµµ ¸»¶ó ÀÌ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ¹ßµî»óÀÓÀÌ¿ä ¿¹·ç»ì·½À¸·Îµµ ¸»¶ó ÀÌ´Â Å« ÀÓ±ÝÀÇ ¼ºÀÓÀÌ¿ä,  ³× ¸Ó¸®·Îµµ ¸»¶ó ÀÌ´Â ³×°¡ ÇÑ ÅÍ·°µµ Èñ°í °Ë°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ½À̶ó. ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ÊÈñ ¸»Àº ¿Ç´Ù ¿Ç´Ù,¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Ç϶ó ÀÌ¿¡¼­ Áö³ª´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÇÀ¸·Î ÁÀ¾Æ ³ª´À´Ï¶ó (5Àå 33-7Àý).

IV. "Ye have heard that it was said, An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth; but I say unto you, resist not him that is evil; but whosoever smiteth thee on thy right cheek, turn to him the other also. And if any man would go to law with thee, and take away thy coat, let him have thy cloak also. And whosoever shall compel thee to go one mile, go with him twain. Give to him that asketh thee, and from him that would borrow of thee turn not thou away" (v. 38-42).

IV. ¶Ç ´«Àº ´«À¸·Î, ÀÌ´Â ÀÌ·Î °±À¸¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª, ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ´ëÀûÁö ¸»¶ó ´©±¸µçÁö ³× ¿À¸¥Æí »´À» Ä¡°Åµç ¿ÞÆíµµ µ¹·Á ´ë¸ç, ¶Ç ³Ê¸¦ ¼Û»çÇÏ¿© ¼Ó¿ÊÀ» °¡Áö°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °Ñ¿Ê±îÁöµµ °¡Áö°Ô Çϸç, ¶Ç ´©±¸µçÁö ³Ê·Î ¾ïÁö·Î ¿À¸®¸¦ °¡°Ô ÇÏ°Åµç ±× »ç¶÷°ú ½Ê¸®¸¦ µ¿ÇàÇϰí, ³×°Ô ±¸ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¸ç ³×°Ô ²Ù°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¿¡°Ô °ÅÀýÇÏÁö¸»¶ó (5Àå 38-42Àý).

V. "Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour, and hate thine enemy; but I say unto you, love your enemies, and pray for them that persecute you; that you may be sons of your Father which is in Heaven for He maketh His sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sendeth rain on the just and the unjust. For if ye love them that love you, what reward have ye? Do not even the publicans the same? And if ye salute your brethren only, what do ye more than others? Do not even the Gentiles the same? Ye therefore shall be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect."(v. 43-48).

V. ¶Ç ³× ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇÏ°í ³× ¿ø¼ö¸¦ ¹Ì¿öÇ϶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª, ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ³ÊÈñ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ¸ç ³ÊÈñ¸¦ Ç̹ÚÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÏ¿© ±âµµÇ϶ó. À̰°ÀÌ ÇÑÁï Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ³ÊÈñ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¾ÆµéÀÌ µÇ¸®´Ï ÀÌ´Â Çϳª´ÔÀÌ ±× ÇØ¸¦ ¾ÇÀΰú ¼±Àο¡°Ô ºñÃë°Ô ÇÏ½Ã¸ç ºñ¸¦ ÀǷοî ÀÚ¿Í ºÒÀÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ³»¸®¿ì½ÉÀ̴϶ó. ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³ÊÈñ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ÀÚ¸¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ¸é ¹«½¼ »óÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸®¿ä ¼¼¸®µµ À̰°ÀÌ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À³Ä? ¶Ç ³ÊÈñ°¡ ³ÊÈñ ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô¸¸ ¹®¾ÈÇÏ¸é ³²º¸´Ù ´õ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌ³Ä À̹æÀε鵵 À̰°ÀÌ ¾Æ´ÏÇÏ´À³Ä? ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Çϴÿ¡ °è½Å ³ÊÈñ ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ ¿ÂÀüÇϽɰú °°ÀÌ ³ÊÈñµµ ¿ÂÀüÇ϶ó (5Àå 43-48Àý).

Whether or not these five injunctions form, as Count Tolstoy supposes, a complete and logical statement covering the whole field of morals -- and I confess that they do not seem to me to combine together and supplement each other as perfectly as he thinks, although they are all absolutely consistent with each other -- in any event they form a convenient introduction to a consideration of Tolstoy's views.

ÀÌµé ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¸í·ÉµéÀÌ, Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ »ý°¢ÇϵíÀÌ, Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ µµ´öµéÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¸¦ ¸Á¶óÇÏ´Â ¿ÏÀüÇÑ ±×¸®°í ³í¸®Àû ¼±¾ðÀ̵çÁö ¾Æ´Ïµç - ±×¸®°í ºñ·Ï ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ¼­·Î°¡ Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î Á¶È­¸¦ ÀÌ·çÁö¸¸, ³ª¿¡°Ô´Â ±×°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÇÔ²² °áÇÕµÇ¸ç ¼­·Î¸¦ º¸¿ÏÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù°í °í¹éÇÑ´Ù - ¾î¶² °æ¿ìµç ±×°ÍµéÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ½Ã°¢µéÀ» °í·ÁÇÔ¿¡ Æí¸®ÇÑ ÀÔ¹®À» Çü¼ºÇÑ´Ù.

The first commandment, not to be angry with one's brother, used to read in the authorized version, "Whoever is angry with his brother without a cause." The revised version has omitted the qualifying words "without a cause" upon the ground that the best manuscripts do not contain them. The insertion of these words is a fair example of the way in which the Gospels have been toned down to suit the prejudices of its readers. Such alterations were perhaps mere marginal comments and may afterwards have been copied into the text by mistake. We should then never be angry with our brother; we should treat all mankind with brotherly love; we should apply to no one an expression of contempt, such as Raca, and thou fool. It is by standing aloof from others, by refusing to recognize them as equals, by class distinctions, in short, that brotherly love is chiefly imperiled, and it is against these class distinctions, as the main source of enmity between men, that Tolstoy sets himself:

ù ¹øÂ° °è¸íÀº, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô È­¸¦ ³»Áö ¸»¶ó À̸ç, ÈìÁ¤¿ª ¼º¼­¿¡¼­´Â, "ÀÌÀ¯ ¾øÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô È­¸¦ ³»´Â ´©±¸¶óµµ"·Î ÀÐÇôÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. °³Á¤¿ªÀº °¡Àå ¿ì¼öÇÑ ¿ø°íµé¿¡¼­ ±×°ÍµéÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù´Â ±Ù°Å·Î ¼ö½Ä¾îÀÎ "ÀÌÀ¯ ¾øÀÌ"¸¦ »ý·«ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ·± ´Ü¾îµéÀÇ »ðÀÔÀº º¹À½¼­µéÀÌ µ¶ÀÚÀÇ Æí°ß¿¡ ¸ÂÃß±â À§ÇØ Á¶À²µÇ¾î¿Â ¹æ¹ýÀÇ ÀûÀýÇÑ ÇÑ °¡Áö ¿¹ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ º¯°æµéÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¿©¹é¿¡ ±âÀÔµÈ ÁÖÇØµéÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç ÈÄÀÏ ½Ç¼ö·Î¼­ ¿ø¹®¿¡ º¹»çµÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®´Â °áÄÚ ¿ì¸® ÇüÁ¦¿¡°Ô È­¸¦ ³»¾î¼± ¾È µÈ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµç Àηù¸¦ ÇüÁ¦¿Í °°Àº »ç¶ûÀ¸·Î ´ëÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù; ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î´À ´©±¸¿¡°Ôµµ ¶ó°¡, ±×¸®°í ¹Ùº¸¿Í °°Àº °æ¸êÀ» ´ãÀº Ç¥ÇöÀ» »ç¿ëÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù.  ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ »ç¶ûÀÌ ÁÖ·Î À§ÅÂ·Ó°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³Ã´ãÇÏ°Ô ´ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ±×µéÀ» µ¿µîÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÀÎÁ¤Çϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ­, °è±Þ Â÷º°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­À̸ç, Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ÀǵµÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº, »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â Áõ¿ÀÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ±Ù¿øÀ¸·Î¼­, ÀÌ·± °è±Þ Â÷º°¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù:

"I know now," he says, "that it is only he who humbles himself before others, who works for others, that stands above the rest. I understand now that what is highly esteemed by men is abomination in the sight of God, and why woe is foretold to the rich and famous, why beggars and those that are humble are the blessed.... I can no longer try to rise above other men, to separate myself from them, nor can I admit either rank or title for myself or others, except the title of 'man.' I can no longer seek fame and glory, nor can I help trying to get rid of my riches which separate me from my fellow-creatures. I cannot help seeking in my way of life, in its surroundings, in my food, my clothes, my manners, to draw nearer the majority of men, and to avoid all that separates me from them."

"³ª´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ¾È´Ù," ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, "´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇØ ÀÏÇϸç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé À§¿¡ ¼­´Â °ÍÀº, ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé ¾Õ¿¡ ¼÷ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌÁ¦ ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù, »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³ôÀÌ Æò°¡ ¹Þ´Â °ÍÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÌ º¸½Ã±â¿¡ Çø¿À½º·± °ÍÀ̸ç, ¿Ö ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚµé°ú À¯¸íÇÑ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀúÁÖ°¡ ³»¸®´ÂÁö, ¿Ö °ÅÁöµé°ú °â¼ÕÇÑ ÀÚµéÀÌ Ãູ ¹Þ´ÂÁö... ³ª´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé À§¿¡ ¿À¸£±â À§ÇØ, ±×µé°ú ±¸º°µÇ±â À§ÇØ ¾Ö¾µ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, "»ç¶÷"À̶ó´Â ¸íĪ ¿Ü¿¡, ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» À§ÇÑ Á÷À§³ª Á÷ÇÔÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ³ª´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó ¸í¼ºÀ̳ª ¿µ±¤À» Ãß±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ³ª¸¦ ³ªÀÇ µ¿·á »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸º°ÇÏ´Â ³ªÀÇ Àç»êÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÏ·Á ³ë·ÂÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ³ª´Â »îÀÇ È¯°æµé¿¡¼­, ³ªÀÇ À½½Ä, ³ªÀÇ ÀǺ¹µé, ³ªÀÇ Åµµµé¿¡¼­, ´ë´Ù¼ö »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ´õ¿í °¡±îÀÌ ´Ù°¡°¡±â À§ÇÏ¿©, ±×¸®°í ³ª¸¦ ±×µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸º°ÇÏ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿©, ³ªÀÇ »îÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Ù."

The second commandment condemns lust in the heart and goes on to forbid the putting away of one's wife "saving for the cause of fornication" (v. 32). This exception is not made either in St. Mark or in St. Luke (Mark x., 2-12; Luke xvi. 18), and it seems very clear to me, although the revised version retains the words, that they were introduced into the text in the same way as the words "without a cause" in the first commandment. Christ enjoins purity of mind upon all, and absolute fidelity in thought as well as deed between husband and wife, and this teaching Tolstoy accepts in its fulness. "Monogamy," he says, "is the natural law of mankind."

µÎ ¹øÂ° °è¸íÀº ¸¶À½ÀÇ Å½¿åÀ» Á¤ÁËÇÏ¸ç ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ "°£À½ÀÇ ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â" ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾Æ³»¸¦ ¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀ» ±ÝÁöÇÑ´Ù ( 5Àå 32Àý). ÀÌ ¿¹¿Ü´Â ¸¶°¡´Â ¹°·Ð ´©°¡¿¡µµ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç (¸¶°¡ 10Àå 2-12; ´©°¡ 16Àå 18), ±×°ÍÀº ³»°Ôµµ ¸Å¿ì ¸í¹éÇÏ°Ô º¸ÀÌ´Â ¹Ù, ºñ·Ï °³¿ªÀÌ ±× ¸»µéÀ» Áö´Ï°í ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ, ±×°ÍµéÀº ù ¹øÂ° °è¸í¿¡ ÀÖ´Â "ÀÌÀ¯ ¾øÀÌ"¶ó´Â ¸» µé°ú ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î º»¹®¿¡ »ðÀԵǾú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¸¶À½ÀÇ ¼ø°áÀ», ±×¸®°í ³²Æí°ú ¾Æ³» »çÀÌÀÇ Çà½Ç »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ý°¢¿¡¼­µµ Á¤ÀýÀ» ¸í·ÉÇϸç, ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§À» Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ö¿ëÇÑ´Ù. "ÀϺÎÀÏóÁ¦´Â" ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù "ÀηùÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ´Ù."

His novel, the Kreutzer Sonata, was attacked on the ground that it condemned marriage altogether, and it is true that he only admits physical marriage as made necessary by the hardness of our hearts. Physical love is, he tells us, a mere animal passion, and as such unworthy of the highest manhood. "The ideal of the Christian is not marriage, but the love of God and one's neighbour." It is certainly true, whether we lean to these conclusions of Tolstoy's or not, that the last word has not yet been said on the subject of Christian marriage. No sufficient commentary has yet been written on the sayings of Christ on this subject (see Matt. xix. 10-12; Luke xiv. 26), nor upon the bearing of his example. I will only add that Tolstoy does not seem to have considered the possibility of a true spiritual marriage and of the effect it might produce in purifying physical relations. His views appear to be almost identical with those of Saint Paul.

±×ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³, Å©·ÎÀÌü ¼Ò³ªÅ¸ ´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ °áÈ¥À» ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ºñ³­Çß´Ù´Â ÀÌÀ¯·Î °ø°Ý ´çÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ À°Ã¼Àû °áÈ¥À» ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸¶À½µéÀÇ ¿Ï¾ÇÇÔÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ¼­ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô µÈ °ÍÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»Çϱ⸦, À°Ã¼Àû »ç¶ûÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ ¿åÁ¤À̸ç, ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ °í°áÇÑ Àΰ£À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ °¡Ä¡°¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. "±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÇ ÀÌ»óÀº °áÈ¥ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Çϳª´Ô°ú ±× ÀÌ¿ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù." ¿ì¸®°¡ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÀÌ·± °á·Ðµé¿¡ Âù¼ºÇÏµç ¸»µç, ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÇ °áÈ¥ÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¶Áö¸· ¸»Àº ¾ÆÁ÷ ÀÌ¾ß±â µÈ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸í¹éÇÑ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ÁÖÁ¦ (¸¶Å 19 Àå 10-12Àý; ´©°¡ 14 Àå 26ÀýÀ» º¸¶ó)¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¹°·Ð ÀÌ·± ¿¹ÀÇ ÃëÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¸»µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¾Æ¹«·± ÃæºÐÇÑ ÁÖÇØ°¡ ±â·ÏµÇÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ³»°¡ ¿ÀÁ÷ µ¡ºÙÀ̰íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ÂüµÈ ¿µÀû °áÈ¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹× À°Ã¼Àû °ü°èµéÀ» Á¤È­½ÃÅ´¿¡ À־ ¸¸µé¾îÁú È¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡´É¼ºÀ» °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °Íó·³ º¸Àδٴ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ °ßÇØ´Â ¹Ù¿ïÀÇ °Íµé°ú °ÅÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³ º¸ÀδÙ.

The Gospel presents us, in common with all religions, a mystical view of the sex, which the commentator cannot ignore. We are so familiar with the image of bride and bridegroom as applied to Christ and the Church, that we miss its significance. In the same way Jehovah and Israel are continually pictured as husband and wife. Osiris in Egypt, Dionysus in Hellas, the givers of wine, are the male gods of the mysteries; and Isis and Ceres, the givers of bread, are their spouses. It is a curious fact that the bread and wine have in like manner become the elements of the Christian feast, and in the ancient Teachings of the Twelve Apostles we are told that the bread stands for the Church, the bride, while the wine represents our Lord. Thus in the "communion" between Christian and Christian, and between them and God the idea of sex is not wanting. It is not fair to say that these conceptions were entirely foreign to Christ and that they were introduced into Christianity after he had passed away, for they are anticipated in many of his sayings. We may reasonably infer that sex held a larger place in the thoughts of Jesus than Tolstoy allows.

º¹À½¼­´Â, ¸ðµç Á¾±³µé°ú °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î, ¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½ÅºñÀû ½Ã°¢À» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô º¸¿© ÁÖ¸ç, ÁÖ¼®°¡µéÀ» ±×°ÍÀ» ¹«½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ½ÅºÎ¿Í ½Å¶ûÀÇ À̹ÌÁö¸¦ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿Í ±³È¸¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÔ¿¡ ³Ê¹«³ª Ä£¼÷ÇØÁ® À־ ±× Á߿伺À» °£°úÇÑ´Ù. ¶È°°Àº ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¿©È£¿Í¿Í À̽º¶ó¿¤µµ °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ³²Æí°ú ¾Æ³»·Î ±×·ÁÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ ¿À½Ã¸®½º, ¼úÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â Çï¶óÀÇ µð¿À´Ï¼­½º´Â ½ÅÈ­µéÀÇ ³²¼º ½ÅµéÀÌ´Ù; ±×¸®°í »§À» Á¦°øÇÏ´Â À̽ýº¿Í ¼¼·¹½º´Â ±×µéÀÇ ¹è¿ìÀÚÀÌ´Ù. »§°ú Æ÷µµÁÖ°¡ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¸é¿¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÇ ÃàÁ¦ÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ±â¹¦ÇÑ »ç½ÇÀ̸ç, °í´ëÀÇ ¿­µÎ »çµµµéÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé ¿¡¼­ »§Àº ±³È¸ÀÌÀÚ ½ÅºÎ¸¦ ´ëÇ¥Çϸç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Æ÷µµÁÖ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖ´ÔÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» µè´Â´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³Àΰú ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎ »çÀÌÀÇ "±³·ù"¿¡¼­, ±×¸®°í ±×µé ¹× Çϳª´Ô »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ¼ºÀÇ °³³äÀÌ ´©¶ôµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ·± °³³äµéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡°Ô ÀüÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌÁúÀûÀ̶ó´Â °Í ±×¸®°í ±×°¡ ¶°³­ µÚ¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³¿¡ µµÀԵǾú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿Â´çÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ±×ÀÇ ¸¹Àº ¸»µé Áß¿¡¼­ ¿¹°ßµÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¼ºÀÌ Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ Çã¿ëÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù ¿¹¼öÀÇ »ý°¢µé¿¡¼­ ´õ Å« ÀÚ¸®¸¦ Â÷ÁöÇß´Ù°í ¹«¸® ¾øÀÌ Ãß·ÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The third commandment of Christ is: "Swear not at all," supplanting the old injunction that men should perform their oaths. Our author regards this commandment as having special reference to the oath of allegiance, which in Russia is required of every subject. We swear to obey the commands of men, and those commands may be contrary to the laws of God. This principle of refusing to bind ourselves for the future has a wide scope. Fifty years ago Thoreau had evolved the idea on the banks of Walden Pond, although he evidently did not have the Gospels in mind. He says: "Must the citizen even for a moment or in the least degree resign his conscience to the legislator? Why has every man a conscience then? I think we should be men first and subjects afterwards. It is not desirable to cultivate a respect for the law, so much as for the right. The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right." (Essay on Civil Disobedience.)

±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¼¼ ¹øÂ° °è¸íÀº: "µµ¹«Áö ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó"À̸ç, »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸Í¼¼¸¦ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÁöÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ¸í·ÉÀ» ´ëüÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÛ°¡´Â ÀÌ °è¸íÀ» Ãæ¼ºÀÇ ¸Í¼¼¿¡ Ưº°È÷ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±â¸ç, À̰ÍÀº ·¯½Ã¾Æ¿¡¼­ ¸ðµç ±¹¹Îµé¿¡°Ô ¿ä±¸µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¸í·Éµé¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¸Í¼¼ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×µé ¸í·ÉÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÇ À²¹ýµé¿¡ ´ëÄ¡µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇØ ±¸¼ÓÇϱ⸦ °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¿ø¸®´Â Æø³ÐÀº ½Ã¾ß¸¦ Áö´Ñ´Ù. ¿À½Ê ³â Àü¿¡ ¼Ò·Î´Â ¿ùµç ¿¬¸øÀÇ µÏ¿¡¼­, ºñ·Ï ±×°¡ ¸í¹éÈ÷ º¹À½¼­µéÀ» ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÐ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´õ¶óµµ, ±×·± »ç»óÀ» ¹ßÀü½ÃÄ×´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: "½Ã¹ÎÀº ½ÉÁö¾î Àá½Ã µ¿¾È ¶Ç´Â ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑÀÇ Á¤µµ¶óµµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ÀÔ¹ýÀÚ¿¡°Ô À§Å¹Çؾ߸¸ Çϴ°¡? ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿Ö Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷Àº ¾ç½ÉÀ» °¡Áö°í Àִ°¡? ³ª´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¸ÕÀú »ç¶÷µéÀ̾î¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ±¹¹ÎµéÀº ³ªÁßÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù. ¹ý·üµé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¹°·Ð ±Ç¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¸°æÀ» ¹è¾çÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ³»°¡ ÁÖÀåÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ °¡Áö´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ Àǹ«´Â ¾ðÁ¦¶óµµ ³»°¡ ¿Ç´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù." (½Ã¹Î ºÒº¹Á¾¿¡ °üÇÑ ¼öÇÊ) 

The Concord Diogenes had doubtless in view an oath to support a constitution which sanctioned slavery. Would not such an oath today require us to take part in an unjust war? Does not an oath to perform the duties of an executor, for instance, force us to treat debtors severely instead of forgiving them, or even treating them mercifully? Whatever Christ may have meant by this declaration against oaths, I contend that Tolstoy is right in insisting upon it that men shall leave their consciences free and not bind themselves for the future, nor become slaves of their dead selves. I must be at liberty at every moment of my life to obey my conscience as a man, and not excuse myself for wrong-doing under the name of citizen, or official, or soldier, or trustee.

µð¿À°Ô³×½ºÀÇ ÄáÄÚµå´Â ¸Í¼¼°¡ ³ë¿¹Á¦µµ¸¦ ¿ëÀÎÇÏ´Â Çå¹ýÀ» Áö¿øÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ½Ã°¢À» °¡Á³´Ù. ¿À´Ã³¯ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸Í¼¼°¡ ¿ì¸®·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý Á¤´çÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ ÀüÀï¿¡ Âü¿©Åä·Ï ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡? ¸Í¼¼°¡ ÁýÇàÀÚµéÀÇ Àǹ«µéÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¿ì¸®¸¦ °­Á¦ÇÏ¿© ºúÁø ÀÚµéÀ» ¿ë¼­ÇÏ´Â ¾Æ´Ï ½ÉÁö¾î ±×µéÀ» ÀÚºñ·Ó°Ô ´ë¿ìÇÏ´Â ´ë½Å¿¡ ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ´ë¿ìÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡? ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¸Í¼¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± ¼±¾ðÀ¸·Î ¹«¾ùÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ¿´´ø °£¿¡, »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀ» ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ¸ç ¹Ì·¡¸¦ À§ÇØ ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀ» ±¸¼ÓÇÏÁö ¸» °ÍÀ̸ç, ±×µéÀÇ Á×Àº ÀڽŵéÀÇ ³ë¿¹µéÀÌ µÇÁö ¸»¶ó°í ¿ª¼³ÇÔ¿¡ À־ Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ¿Ç´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ª´Â °­·ÂÈ÷ ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â »ç¶÷À¸·Î¼­ÀÇ ³ªÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ º¹Á¾Çϱâ À§ÇØ ³ªÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼ø°£¿¡¼­ ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ö¾ß Çϸç, ½Ã¹Î, ¶Ç´Â °ø¹«¿ø, ¶Ç´Â ±ºÀÎ, ¶Ç´Â ¼öŹÀÚ¶ó´Â À̸§ ¾Æ·¡¼­ ÇàÇÑ ¾ÇÇà¿¡ ´ëÇØ º¯¸íÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

By assuming such functions irrevocably we stifle our personal sense of right and wrong, and in order that we may not shock ourselves too much we divide and subdivide our responsibilities until no one man feels that he is answerable for what he does. If judge and jury had to hang the prisoner themselves in cold blood, there would be fewer executions; if we each had to butcher our own meat, there would be a great increase in the number of vegetarians. If we were obliged to evict our own tenants and sell out our own debtors, the courts would lose much of their business.

±×·¯ÇÑ ¿ªÇÒµéÀ» µ¹ÀÌų ¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¶°¸ÃÀ½À¸·Î½á ¿ì¸®´Â ¿Ç°í ±×¸§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÀνÄÀ» °íÁ¤½Ã۸ç, ¿ì¸®´Â ½º½º·Î ¸¹Àº Ãæ°ÝÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇØ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÓµéÀ» ³ª´©°í ¶Ç ³ª´©¾î¼­ ¾Æ¹«µµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ÇàÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ´À³¢Áö ¾Ê°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ÆÇ»ç¿Í ¹è½É¿øÀÌ Á˼ö¸¦ ±×µé ÀڽŵéÀÌ ³ÃȤÇÏ°Ô ¸ñ¸Å´Þ¾Æ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, »çÇü ÁýÇàµéÀº Àû¾îÁú °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °í±â¸¦ µµ»ìÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¸é ä½ÄÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ°¡ ¾öû³ª°Ô Áõ°¡ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼ÒÀÛÀο¡°Ô¼­ »©¾Ñ¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¤¹«ÀÚµéÀ» ó¸®Çؾ߸¸ ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¹ýÁ¤µéÀº ±×µéÀÇ ¸¹Àº »ç¾÷µéÀ» ÀÒÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Richard Wagner, who was a great thinker as well as a great composer, agrees with Thoreau and Tolstoy in the matter of oaths. He says (Jesus of Nazareth, a Poetic Draught, part II. Wagner's Prose Works, vol. viii. p. 299; translation of W. A. Ellis): "'Ye shall not swear'; in oaths lay the binding law of a world that knew not love as yet. Let every man be free to act at every moment according to love and his ability; bound by an oath, I am unfree; if in its fulfilment I do good, that good is robbed of merit (as every bounder virtue) and loses the worth of conviction; but if the oath leads me to evil, then I sin against conviction. The oath engenders every vice; if it binds me against my profit, I shall seek to circumvent it (as every law is circumvented) and what I should quite rightly do in pursuance of my welfare, through the oath becomes a crime; but if I find my profit in it (without doing harm to another) then I rob myself of the moral satisfaction of doing right at every instant through my own free judgment."

¸®Â÷µå ¹Ù±×³Ê´Â, À§´ëÇÑ ÀÛ°î°¡ÀÏ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó À§´ëÇÑ »ç»ó°¡·Î¼­, ¸Í¼¼µéÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡¼­ ¼Ò·Î¿Í Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡ µ¿ÀÇÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù (³ª»ç·¿ ¿¹¼ö, ½ÃÀû ¹¦»ç, Á¦ 2 ºÎ. ¹Ù±×³ÊÀÇ »ê¹®Áý, 8±Ç 299 ÆäÀÌÁö; W. A. ¿¤¸®½º ¹ø¿ª): "'³ÊÈñ´Â ¸Í¼¼ÇÏÁö ¸»Áö´Ï¶ó'; ¸Í¼¼µé¿¡´Â »ç¶ûÀ» ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸ð¸£´Â ¼¼»óÀÇ ±¸¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¸Å ¼ø°£ ¸¶´Ù »ç¶û°ú ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´É·Â¿¡ µû¶ó ÇൿÇϵµ·Ï ÀÚÀ¯·Ó°Ô Ç϶ó; ¸Í¼¼¿¡ ±¸¼ÓµÇ¾úÀ¸¹Ç·Î, ³ª´Â ÀÚÀ¯·ÓÁö ¾Ê´Ù; ±×°ÍÀ» ´Þ¼ºÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ³»°¡ ¼±À» ÇàÇÑ´Ù¸é, (¸ðµç ±¸¼ÓµÈ ¼±ÀÌ ±×·¯ÇϵíÀÌ) ±× ¼±Àº °¡Ä¡¸¦ »©¾Ñ±ä °ÍÀÌ¸ç ½Å³äÀÇ °¡Ä¡¸¦ ÀҴ´Ù;  ±×·¯³ª ¸¸ÀÏ ¸Í¼¼°¡ ³ª¸¦ ¾ÇÀ¸·Î À̲ö´Ù¸é, ³ª´Â ½Å³ä¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â Á˸¦ Áþ´Â´Ù. ¸Í¼¼´Â ¸ðµç ¾ÇÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù; ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ ³ªÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ¿© ³ª¸¦ ±¸¼ÓÇÑ´Ù¸é, ³ª´Â, ºñ·Ï ±× ¸Í¼¼°¡ ¹üÁ˰¡ µÇ´õ¶óµµ, ±×°ÍÀ» (¸ðµç ¹ý·üÀÌ ÇÇÇØÁöµíÀÌ) ÇÇÇÏ¿©¼­ ³ªÀÇ ÇູÀÇ Ãß±¸¿¡ ³»°¡ Áö±ØÈ÷ Á¤´çÈ÷ ÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ·Á ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×·¯³ª (´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÇØ¸¦ ³¢Ä¡Áö ¾Ê°í¼­) ±×°Í¿¡¼­ ³ªÀÇ ÀÌÀÍÀ» ã´Â´Ù¸é, ¸Å ¼ø°£¸¶´Ù ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÆÇ´ÜÀ» ÅëÇØ ¿ÇÀº °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â µµ´öÀû ¸¸Á·À» ³»°Ô¼­ ¹ÚÅ»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù."

If I understand correctly Tolstoy's interpretation of the law against oaths, it is broadly this, that we should never do anything which offends our consciences in our simple capacity of men and women. We cannot shift that responsibility upon society. We cannot conscientiously say: "We know that it is wrong to take rent, or interest, or to kill, or to do this or that, but so long as society authorizes us to do so, it is society's fault." This is not the Christian method, for the Christian does not cast his sins upon others, but he takes the sins of others upon himself. He is responsible for them, but they are not responsible for him.

¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ¸Í¼¼µé¿¡ ¹Ý´ëÇÏ´Â À²¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÇØ¼®À» Á¤È®È÷ ÀÌÇØÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ³Ð°Ô ¸»Çؼ­ ÀÌ·± °ÍÀÌ´Ù, Áï, ¿ì¸®´Â ³²ÀÚµé ¹× ¿©ÀÚµé·Î¼­ Áö´Ï´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ´Ü¼øÇÑ ´É·Â ¾È¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½É¿¡ À§¹èµÇ´Â ¾î¶² °Íµµ °áÄÚ ÇàÇØ¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓÀ» »çȸ¿¡ Àü°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¾ç½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù: "¿ì¸®´Â ÀÓ´ë·á³ª ÀÌÀÍÀ» ì±â´Â °Í, ¶Ç´Â »ìÇØÇÏ´Â °Í, ¶Ç´Â ÀÌ°Í Àú°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ³ª»Ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù, ±×·¯³ª »çȸ°¡ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇÒ ±Ç¸®¸¦ Áشٸé, ±×°ÍÀº »çȸÀÇ À߸øÀÌ´Ù." À̰ÍÀº ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á˵éÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾º¿ì´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Á˵éÀ» ÀÚ±â Àڽſ¡°Ô·Î µ¹¸®±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ±×µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ±×µéÀº ±×¿¡ ´ëÇØ Ã¥ÀÓÀÌ ¾ø´Ù.

The fourth commandment is the real keystone of Tolstoy's ethics. It is "Resist not him that is evil," and he thus enlarges upon it: "Never resist evil by violence; never return violence for violence. If any one smites thee, bear it; if any one takes away what is thine let him have it; if any one make thee labour, do so."

³× ¹øÂ° °è¸íÀº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ À±¸®ÀÇ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ±Ùº»¿ø¸®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº "¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ´ëÀûÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó"À̸ç, ±×´Â ÀÌ·¸°Ô ±×°ÍÀ» È®ÀåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù: "°áÄÚ Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ¾Ç¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó; Æø·ÂÀ» Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î °±Áö ¸»¶ó. ¸¸ÀÏ ´©±º°¡ ´ç½ÅÀ» ¶§¸°´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀ» ÂüÀ¸¶ó; ¸¸ÀÏ ´©±º°¡ ´ç½ÅÀÇ °ÍÀ» »©¾Ñ¾Æ °£´Ù¸é ±×¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾î ¹ö·Á¶ó; ¸¸ÀÏ ´©±º°¡ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ÀÏÀ» ½ÃŲ´Ù¸é, ±×°ÍÀ» ÇàÇ϶ó." 

It is a mistake, says Tolstoy, to suppose that our welfare can be secured by defending ourselves and our property against others. The greater part of the evil of the world arises from our effort to make men work for us by force. "I now understand the meaning of the words 'Man is born not to be ministered unto but to minister.'... If I now feel tempted to defend myself or others, my own property or that of others, by violence, I can no longer give way to the temptation. I dare not amass riches for myself. I dare not use violence of any kind against my fellow-creatures, except, perhaps, against a child in order to save it from present harm; nor can I now take part in any act of authority whose purpose it is to protect men's property by violence. I can neither be judge nor take part in judging and condemning." And thus Tolstoy does not confine the application of this rule to our private behaviour.

±×°ÍÀº À߸øÀÌ´Ù, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇູÀÌ ¿ì¸® Àڽŵé°ú ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Àç»êÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ¸Â¼­¼­ ¹æ¾îÇÔÀ¸·Î½á È®º¸µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù¸é. ¼¼»óÀÇ ¾ÇÀÇ ´õ¿í Å« ºÎºÐÀº Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î¼­ »ç¶÷µé·Î ÇÏ¿©±Ý ¿ì¸®¸¦ À§ÇØ ÀÏÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé·Á´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ³ë·ÂÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. "³ª´Â ÀÌÁ¦ '»ç¶÷Àº ¼¶±èÀ» ¹ÞÀ¸·Á°í ž´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼¶±â·Á°í ž´Ù'´Â ¸»µéÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù'... ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ Áö±Ý ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé, ³» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àç»ê ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ °ÍÀ», Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î¼­ ¹æ¾îÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â À¯È¤À» ´À³¤´Ù¸é, ³ª´Â ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×·± À¯È¤¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ³ª´Â °¨È÷ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇØ ºÎ¸¦ ÃàÀûÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ³ª´Â °¨È÷ ³ªÀÇ µ¿·á »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¾î¶² Á¾·ùÀÇ Æø·ÂÀÌµç »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù, ¾Æ¸¶µµ, ÇöÀçÀÇ À§ÇèÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¾ÆÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â ¿¹¿Ü·Î Çϰí´Â; ³ª´Â ÀÌÁ¦ °áÄÚ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ Àç»êÀ» Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î º¸È£ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸ñÀûÀÎ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ±Ç·Â Çà»ç¿¡µµ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ³ª´Â ÆÇ»ç°¡ µÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç ÆÇ´ÜÇϰí Á¤ÁËÇÔ¿¡µµ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù." ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ¼­ Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÌ ±ÔÄ¢ÀÇ Àû¿ëÀ» ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀΠŵµ¿¡ ±¹ÇÑÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. 

The verse in St. Matthew reads: "Ye have heard that it was said, an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth, but I say unto you resist not him that is evil." The "eye for an eye and tooth for a tooth" doctrine is thrice enunciated in the law of Moses (Ex. xxi. 24; Lev. xxiv. 20; Deut. xix. 21) and in each case it is embodied in a provision of the criminal code. Christ offers the rule of non-resistance, therefore, as a substitute for the criminal law, and it applies primarily to the official deeds of the government. Tolstoy unreservedly adopts this view. For him all government by force is wrong.

¸¶ÅÂÀÇ ÇàµéÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: ¶Ç ´«Àº ´«À¸·Î, ÀÌ´Â ÀÌ·Î °±À¸¶ó ÇÏ¿´´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ µé¾úÀ¸³ª, ³ª´Â ³ÊÈñ¿¡°Ô À̸£³ë´Ï ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¸¦ ´ëÀûÁö ¸»¶ó." "´«¿¡´Â ´« ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿¡´Â ÀÌ"ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ¸ð¼¼ÀÇ À²¹ý¿¡¼­ ¼¼ ¹øÀ̳ª ¼±¾ðµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °¢°¢ÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ Çü¹ýÀÇ Á¶Ç× ¾È¿¡ ±¸Ã¼È­ µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢À», ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, Çü¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ë¿ëÀ¸·Î Á¦½ÃÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤ºÎÀÇ °ø½ÄÀû ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ Àû¿ëµÈ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â ÀÌ °ßÇØ¸¦ ´Ü¼­ ¾øÀÌ Ã¤ÅÃÇÑ´Ù. ±×¿¡°Ô À־ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¸ðµç Á¤ºÎ´Â ³ª»Û °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Let us consider for a moment if this principle of non-resistance is sound. Even if Jesus enjoined such conduct, this is not sufficient of itself to force upon a Christian a course of conduct which offends his judgment. We are so constituted that we cannot accept from outside a moral obligation which does not appeal to our deepest sense of right. Our morality must be a living branch of our own life, and a graft that has no affinity with us and cannot find a new source of life in our inmost being, must be rejected no matter whence it comes. How is it then with this doctrine of non-resistance? Does it or does it not appeal to our innermost nature?

ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®°¡ °ÇÀüÇÑ °ÍÀÎÁö Àá½Ã »ìÆìº¸±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. ºñ·Ï ¿¹¼ö°¡ ±×·± ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¸í·ÉÇÏ¿´´Ù ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, À̰ÍÀº ±× ÀÚü·Î¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµÀο¡°Ô ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÆÇ´Ü¿¡ À§¹èµÇ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ ÇàÀ§¸¦ °­¿äÇϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Á¤ÀÇ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ±íÀº °¨Á¤¿¡ È£¼ÒÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿ÜºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ µµ´öÀû Àǹ«¸¦ ¼ö¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾øµµ·Ï ¸¸µé¾î Á³´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ µµ´ö¼ºÀº ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÇ »ì¾Æ ÀÖ´Â °¡Áö¶ó¾ß Çϸç, ¿ì¸®¿Í ¾Æ¹«·± À¯»ç¼ºÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¡Àå ³»ÀûÀÎ Á¸Àç¿¡¼­ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »õ·Î¿î ¿øÃµÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â À̽ÄÀº, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾îµð¿¡¼­ ¿ÀµçÁö °ÅºÎµÇ¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ¾î¶°ÇѰ¡? ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¡Àå ±íÀº º»¼º¿¡ È£¼ÒÇϴ°¡ ¾Æ´ÏÇϴ°¡?

Each of us must answer this question for himself, assuring himself at the same time, as he best can, that none of his lower instincts affect his decision. I can only express my belief that the deeper we probe into our consciousness, the clearer the wisdom of that method will appear to us. We shall see that it has called forth a response in the past from some of the noblest of men, and there is every reason to believe that at the present day an ever increasing number of persons feel the truth of this teaching and the necessity of its application if the Kingdom of God is ever to come. If this is so, we can readily conceive that armed resistance on our part may become in time as abhorrent to us as it was, I believe, abhorrent to Christ. May it not be that in the future it will become as impossible for a Christian to condemn another to death, or evict a tenant, or fire a bomb-shell at his fellows, as it would be for him now to indulge in an act of cannibalism?

¡¡

¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚ´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ½º½º·Î ÀÌ Áú¹®¿¡ ´ë´äÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù, µ¿½Ã¿¡, ±×°¡ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ ÃÖ¼±À» ´ÙÇÏ¿©, ±×ÀÇ ¾î¶² Àú±ÞÇÑ º»´Éµéµµ ±×ÀÇ °áÁ¤¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾Êµµ·Ï È®½ÇÈ÷ ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ¸·Î ã¾Æ ±íÀÌ µé¾î°¡¸é °¥¼ö·Ï, ±×·± ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁöÇý´Â ´õ¿í ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³¯ °ÍÀ̶ó´Â, ³ªÀÇ ½Å³äÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ ÀϺΠ°¡Àå °í±ÍÇÑ »ç¶÷µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» ºÒ·¯ ¿Ô¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¿À´Ã³¯ ²÷ÀÓ¾øÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¼ýÀÚ°¡, ¸¸ÀÏ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó°¡ Á¤¸»·Î ¿Ã ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸·Á¸é, ÀÌ·± °¡¸£Ä§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áø¸® ¹× ±×°ÍÀÇ Àû¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ伺À» ´À³¢°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¹Ï¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¸ðµç ÀÌÀ¯°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÔÀ», º¸°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ À̰ÍÀÌ ±×·¸´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸® Ãø¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¹«ÀåÇÑ ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ¾ðÁ¦µç ±×°ÍÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ ±×·¯Çß´ø ¸¸Å­À̳ª, ³»°¡ ¹Ï´Â ¹Ù·Î´Â ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡°Ô, Çø¿À½º·¯¿î °ÍÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÓÀ» ½±°Ô ±ú´ÞÀ» ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ì·¡¿¡´Â ¾î¶² ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» »çÇü¿¡ óÇϰí, ¼ÒÀÛÀο¡°Ô¼­ »©¾ÑÀ¸¸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿·áµé¿¡°Ô ÆøÅºÀ» ÆÛº×´Â °ÍÀÌ, ÇöÀç·Î ±×°¡ ½ÄÀÎÁ¾ÀÇ ÇàÀ§¿¡ Ž´ÐÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ °Í ¸¸Å­À̳ª ºÒ°¡´ÉÇØ Áö¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ´ç¿¬ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡? 

Nor would this be a weak surrender to sentiment. Violence cannot be stopped by violence. We have been trying to do this impossible feat for thousands of years, and today Europe has more soldiers and engines of war than ever, and in the United States there are over 10,000 homicides a year, while we all know that there is enough military spirit even in our Sunday Schools to supply several nations of savages. This is the result of the eye for an eye and tooth for a tooth system, which we fondly suppose was abolished by Christ, but which we are putting into practice every day of our lives quite as relentlessly as the ancient Hebrews or the ancient Romans.

À̰ÍÀº °áÄÚ °¨Á¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ª¾àÇÑ ±¼º¹ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Æø·ÂÀº Æø·ÂÀ¸·Î ¸ØÃß¾î Áú ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ °°Àº ºÒ°¡´ÉÇÑ À§¾÷µéÀ» ¼öõ ³â µ¿¾È ÇàÇϰíÀÚ ¾Ö½á ¿Ô¾úÀ¸¸ç, ¿À´Ã³¯ À¯·´Àº °ú°Åº¸´Ù ¸¹Àº ±ºÀεé°ú ÀüÀï ±â°èµéÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹ÌÇÕÁß±¹¿¡´Â ¸Å³â 10,000¸íÀÇ »ìÀÎÀÌ »ý±â¸ç, ÇÑÆí ¿ì¸®´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÁÖÀÏ Çб³µé¿¡¼­ ¿©·¯ ¾ß¸¸ ±¹°¡µé¿¡ °ø±ÞÇϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÑ ±º»ç Á¤½ÅÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖÀ½À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº ´«¿¡´Â ´« ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿¡´Â À̶ó´Â üÁ¦ÀÇ °á°úÀ̸ç, ¿ì¸®´Â ¾î¸®¼®°Ôµµ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ ÆóÁöµÇ¾ú´Ù°í »ó»óÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» °í´ë È÷ºê¸®ÀÎµé ¶Ç´Â °í´ë ·Î¸¶ÀÎµé ¸¸Å­À̳ª Áöµ¶È÷ ¹«ÀÚºñÇÏ°Ô ¿ì¸® »îµéÀÇ ³ª³¯ÀÌ ½ÇÇà¿¡ ¿Å±â°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Only a fool would attempt to stop the pendulum when it swings to the right by pushing it as violently to the left, and yet this is the chief object of most of our legislation. In precisely this way the vendettas of Corsica are kept alive between families for centuries. Murder succeeds murder and the son inherits the obligation of killing from his father. Suppose in some such case of feud a family had long years ago adopted Christ's method and refused to exact a life for a life, is it not evident that the hatred would have died out, and that just so far peace, harmony and concord would be established among men? And so with nations would it not be better to forget Alsace and Lorraine than once again to sow the fratricidal seed that has so often filled Europe with a bloody harvest? And if this principle is applicable to such cases, surely it is equally applicable to the ordinary events of life. Some one owes you ?. Is it consistent with Christ's precepts, or His spirit, to sue him for it? Is it conceivable that Christ would have taken such a course Himself? Apart from all Christian consideration, will your lawsuit help bring on the era of universal peace, or is it any more than another ugly thrust at the same old pendulum?

¿ÀÁ÷ ¹Ùº¸¶ó¸é Ãß°¡ ¿À¸¥ ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¿òÁ÷ÀÏ ¶§ ±×°ÍÀ» °Ý·ÄÇÏ°Ô ¿Þ ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¹Ð¸é¼­ ¸ØÃß·Á°í ½ÃµµÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÇÏÁö¸¸, À̰ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹ýÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¸ñÇ¥ÀÌ´Ù. Á¤È®È÷ ÀÌ·± ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î º¥µ¥Å¸ÀÇ ÇÇÀÇ º¹¼ö°¡ ¼ö ¼¼±â µ¿¾È °¡¹®µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ Áö¼ÓµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù. »ìÀÎÀº »ìÀÎÀ» ºÎ¸£°í ¾ÆµéÀº ±×ÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö·ÎºÎÅÍ »ìÀÎÀÇ Àǹ«¸¦ »ó¼Ó ¹Þ´Â´Ù. ÀϺΠ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹Ý¸ñÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡ ÇÑ °¡¹®ÀÌ ¿À·¡ Àü¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀ» äÅÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ¸ñ¼ûÀ» ¸ñ¼ûÀ¸·Î °ÅµÎ±â¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ¿´´Ù°í »ó»óÇØ º¸¶ó, Áõ¿À°¡ »èÀ¸¶ó µé¾úÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹Ù·Î Áö±Ý±îÁö ÆòÈ­, È­ÇÕ ¹× ¿ìÈ£°¡ »ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡ È®¸³µÇ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº°¡? ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ±×ó·³ ±¹°¡µé¿¡°Ôµµ ´Ù½Ã Çѹø ÇÇÀÇ °á½Ç·Î ±×Åä·Ï ÀÚÁÖ À¯·´À» ¹°µé¿´´ø µ¿Á· »óÀÜÀÇ ¾¾¾ÑÀ» ½É±âº¸´Ù´Â ¾Ë»ç½º¿Í ·Î·»À» Àؾî¹ö¸®´Â °ÍÀÌ ³´Áö ¾Ê°Ú´Â°¡? ±×¸®°í ¸¸ÀÏ ÀÌ·± ¿ø¸®°¡ ±×·± °æ¿ìµé¿¡ Àû¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ̶ó¸é, È®½ÇÈ÷ ±×°ÍÀº ¶ÇÇÑ »îÀÇ Æò¹üÇÑ »ç°Çµé¿¡°í Àû¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´©±º°¡ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ºûÀ» Á³´Â°¡? ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±×·¯ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ½º½º·Î ÅÃÇßÀ¸¸®¶ó »ó»óÇÒ ¼ö Àְڴ°¡? ¸ðµç ±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀÇ »ý°¢À» ¶°³ª¼­, ´ç½ÅÀÇ °í¼Ò°¡ Àü¼¼°èÀÇ ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ½Ã´ë·Î À̲ô´Âµ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ°Ú´Â°¡, ¾Æ´Ï¸é ¶È°°ÀÌ ³°Àº Ã߸¦ ´Ù½Ã ÇÑ º¼½é»ç³³°Ô  ¹Ð¾î ´ë´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï°Ú´Â°¡?

No, our method has been radically wrong -- the method, I mean, of enforcing upon others our own opinions on religion and morals, on law and order, on property and conduct, and on insisting upon their acceptance of our own conceptions of our own individual rights. If I can make all the world agree with me, we shall certainly have a golden age, and I start out to bring this about by force, either by taking up arms myself or by seeking to obtain for my opinions the stamp of positive law and thus of enforcing them by the mailed hand of government. Now this plan of campaign would work very well if I were the only person in the world bent upon having my own way, but I find out very soon that every other man and woman on earth, with a few exceptions, is engaged in the same undertaking, and the result is, as might be expected, a state of indescribable confusion in which those who succumb receive little consideration. Every nation acts in the same way, and our public, as well as our private, relations are hostile. Hence comes the great mass of social and industrial suffering with which we have to contend and for which we must find a remedy. Is it not time to ask whether mankind has been attacking the disease of society in the proper way, and whether we should not make a fundamental change in its treatment?

¾Æ´Ï´Ù, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀº ±Ùº»ÀûÀ¸·Î À߸øµÇ¾î ¿Ô´Ù -  ³»°¡ ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô Á¾±³ ¹× µµ´öµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ¹ý°ú Áú¼­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, Àç»ê°ú ÇàÀ§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ±Ç¸®µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³³äµéÀ» ±×µéÀÌ ¼ö¿ëÇϵµ·Ï °íÁýÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀǰߵéÀ» °­Á¦ÇÏ´Â, ±×·± °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ¸ðµç ¼¼»óÀÌ ³ª¸¦ Âù¼ºÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Ȳ±Ý½Ã´ë¸¦ ¸Â°Ô µÉ °ÍÀ̸ç, ³ª´Â Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­, ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¹«±â¸¦ µé´øÁö ³ªÀÇ °ßÇØµéÀ» À§ÇØ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¹ý ¹× ±×°ÍµéÀ» Á¤ºÎÀÇ ¿ìÆí Áý¹è¿øµéÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÁýÇàÇÏ´Â ¿ìÇ¥¸¦ ±¸ÇÒ °ÍÀ» Ãß±¸ÇϵçÁö, ½ÇÇöµÇµµ·Ï ½ÇÃµÇØ ³ª°¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ¿îµ¿ °èȹÀÌ, ¸¸ÀÏ ³»°¡ ÀÚ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹æ¹ý¿¡ ¿­ÁßÇÏ´Â ÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡¼­ À¯ÀÏÇÑ »ç¶÷À̶ó¸é, ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÏ°Ô Àß ÁøÇàµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ³ª´Â ±Ý»õ Áö»óÀÇ Á¦°¢±â ´Ù¸¥ ³²ÀÚ¿Í ¿©ÀÚ°¡, ¸î¸îÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇϰí´Â, ¶È°°Àº °úÁ¦¿¡ ¸ôµÎÇϰí ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±× °á°ú´Â, ¿¹»óµÇ´Â °Íó·³, ±¼º¹ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ´Â ¼ÒȦÇÑ ´ëÁ¢À» ¹Þ´Â Çü¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â È¥¶õ »óÅÂÀÎ °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¸ðµç ±¹°¡´Â ¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ÇൿÇϸç, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »çÀûÀÎ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °øÀûÀÎ °ü°èµéÀº Àû´ëÀûÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®°¡ ½Î¿ö¾ß Çϸç ÇØ°áÃ¥À» ã¾Æ¾ß¸¸ ÇÏ´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »çȸÀû »ê¾÷Àû °íÅëÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª°Ô µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àηù°¡ »çȸÀÇ Áúº´À» ÀûÀýÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ´ëÃ³ÇØ ¿Ô´ÂÁö, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ±× Ä¡À¯¿¡ À־ ±Ùº»ÀûÀÎ º¯È­¸¦ º¸¿©¼­´Â ¾È µÇ´ÂÁö ¹°¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¶§°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ°¡?

Let us for a moment consider the diagnosis of the Good Physician. We do not as a rule look upon evil as Christ did. When we think of murder, we picture to ourselves the sufferings of the victim, the bloodshed, the life cut short, the bereaved family. Our sympathies make these the chief features of the scene, and it is to prevent these results of crime that we exert ourselves. But Jesus looked deeper. He could afford to relegate these pains and sorrows to the background, for He discerned something worse. He tells us expressly, "Fear not them which kill the body but are not able to kill the soul." According to Him the great evil is not killing but the anger against a brother. The problem with Him would be not how to prevent murder but how to eradicate anger -- hatred -- from the breast of man.

¿ì¸®´Â ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÀÇ»çÀÇ Áø´ÜÀ» Àá½Ã °í·ÁÇØ º¸ÀÚ. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¾ÇÀ» ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ¿©±â´Â °Íó·³ ¿©±âÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ »ìÀÎÀ» »ý°¢ÇÒ ¶§¿¡, ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀº Èñ»ýÀÚ, À¯Ç÷, ²÷°Ü¹ö¸° ¸ñ¼û, »ó½ÉÇÏ´Â °¡Á·ÀÇ °íÅëµéÀ» ±×·Á º»´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¬¹ÎµéÀº À̰͵éÀ» Àå¸éÀÇ ÁÖµÈ Æ¯Â¡À¸·Î ¸¸µé¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸® ÀڽŵéÀÌ ¹üÇÏ´Â ¹üÁËÀÇ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °á°úµéÀ» ¿¹¹æÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿¹¼ö´Â ´õ ±íÀÌ µé¿©´Ù º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÌ·± ¾ÆÇĵé°ú ½½ÇĵéÀ» µÚ·Î ¹°¸®Ä¥ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ´õ ¾ÇÇÑ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ÀνÄÇ߱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸í¹éÈ÷ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, "À°½ÅÀ» Á×ÀÌÁö¸¸ ¿µÈ¥À» Á×ÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °ÍµéÀ» µÎ·Á¿ö ÇÏÁö ¸»¶ó." ±×¿¡ ÀÇÇϸé Ä¿´Ù¶õ ¾ÇÀº »ìÀÎÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇüÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÐ³ëÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¿¡°Ô À־ ¹®Á¦´Â »ìÀÎÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ¹æÁöÇÏ´À³Ä°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó »ç¶÷ÀÇ °¡½¿À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ºÐ³ë - Áõ¿À - ¸¦ ¾î¶»°Ô »Ñ¸® »Ì´Â°¡ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù.

This then is His diagnosis; the seat of the trouble is in the evil thoughts of men, in envy, covetousness, hatred, malice, and uncharitableness. It is against these depraved instincts in himself and in others that the Christian must direct his energies, if he wishes to heal society and to lay the foundations of peace in the world. And it is against these evil thoughts and imaginings of man that Christ directs His remedy of unresisting love, and I submit that it has a power, a force, which can never be attained by repression or coercion even in their most refined forms, and which must be abandoned if recourse is had to repression and coercion. There is only one effective way of attacking evil, and that is to overcome it by good. Nor is the abolition of government involved. Our principle simply requires the abstention of the individual from acts which he cannot conscientiously perform. Nothing would be abolished until all men came to that way of thinking, and a world of non-resistants could certainly dispense with government-by-force. It is difficult for us to imagine a state without police or prisons, and so fifty years ago a school without birch-rods, rulers and slippers was practically inconceivable. The change in school-discipline shows the direction in which our civilization is moving.

À̰ÍÀº ±×·¸´Ù¸é ±×ÀÇ Áø´ÜÀÌ´Ù: ºÒÇàÀÇ »Ñ¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ¾ÇÇÑ »ý°¢µé - ½Ã±â, Ž¿å, Áõ¿À, ¾ÇÇÑ °¨Á¤, ¹× ¹«ÀÚºñÇÔ - ¾È¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÌ, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ »çȸ¸¦ Ä¡À¯Çϱ⸦ ±×¸®°í ¼¼»ó¿¡ ÆòÈ­ÀÇ ±âÃʵéÀ» ³õ±â¸¦ Èñ¸ÁÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿ª·®µéÀ» ÁýÁßÇÔÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ÀÚ±â ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡ Àִ Ÿ¶ôÇÑ º»´ÉµéÀ» ¸Â¼­¼­ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×¸®½ºµµ°¡ ±×ÀÇ ÀúÇ×ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ Ã³¹æÀ» ÁýÁßÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌµé ¾ÇÇÑ »ý°¢µé°ú »ó»óµé¿¡ ¸Â¼­¼­À̸ç, ³ª´Â, ±×°ÍÀÌ ´É·ÂÀ», ÈûÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ», ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀº ½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå ¼¼·ÃµÈ ÇüÅÂ¶óµµ ¾ï¾Ð ¶Ç´Â °­¾Ð¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÄÚ ¼ºÃëµÉ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ¸¸ÀÏ ¾ï¾ÐÀ̳ª °­¾Ð¿¡ ÀÇÁöµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ¹ö·ÁÁ®¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÓÀ» Á¦¾ÈÇÑ´Ù. ¾ÇÀ» °ø°ÝÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº ¿À·ÎÁö ÇÑ °¡Áö È¿°úÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÇÀ» ¼±À¸·Î ±Øº¹ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °áÄÚ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ÆóÁö°¡ Æ÷ÇԵǴ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿øÄ¢Àº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ °³ÀÎÀÌ ¾ç½ÉÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ÇàÀ§µé¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀ» ¿äÇÒ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ »ç°í ¹æ¹ý¿¡ À̸¦ ¶§±îÁö´Â ¾Æ¹« °Íµµ ÆóÁöµÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç, ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÚµéÀÇ ¼¼»óÀº ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤ºÎ°¡ ÇÊ¿ä ¾ø°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â °æÂûÀ̳ª °¨¿ÁµéÀÌ ¾ø´Â ±¹°¡¸¦ »ó»óÇÏ±â ¾î·Æ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×¿Í °°ÀÌ ¿À½Ê³â Àü¿¡µµ ÀÚÀÛ³ª¹« ȸÃʸ®µé, ÀÚµé ¹× ½½¸®ÆÛµéÀÌ ¾ø´Â Çб³´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÀûÀ¸·Î »ó»óÀÌ ºÒ°¡´ÉÇß´Ù. Çб³ ¡¹úÀÇ º¯È­´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¹®¸íÀÌ ³ª¾Æ °¡°í ÀÖ´Â ¹æÇâÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Walt Whitman in one of his short poems presents the idea of the relation of the individual to civil institutions in what seems to me a truly Christian way. He says:

¿ùÆ® ÈñÆ®¸¸Àº ±×ÀÇ ÂªÀº ½Ãµé ÁßÀÇ Çϳª¿¡¼­ ³ª¿¡°Ô ´À²¸ Áö±â·Î ÂüµÈ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÎÀÇ ¹æ¹ýÀÎ Á¡¿¡¼­ °³ÀÎÀÇ ½Ã¹Î ´Üüµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ü°èÀÇ »ý°¢À» ³ªÅ¸³» ÁØ´Ù. ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: 

¡¡ ¡¡

"I hear that it was charged against me that I sought to destroy institutions, --

"³ª¸¦ ºñ³­Çß´Ù°í µé¾ú´Ù ´ÜüµéÀ» ÆÄ±«ÇÏ·Á Çß´Ù°í -

But really I am neither for nor against institutions

ÇÏÁö¸¸ Á¤¸» ³­ ´Üüµé¿¡ Âù¼ºµµ ¹Ý´ëµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

(What indeed have I in common with them? or what with the destruction of them?),

(Á¤¸» ¹«¾ùÀÌ ³»°¡ ±×µé°ú °°Àº°¡? ¾Æ´Ï ±×µéÀÇ ÆÄ¸êÀÌ ¹«¾î¶ó°í?),

Only I will establish in the Mannahatta and in every city of these States, inland and sea-board, --

¿À·ÎÁö ³ª´Â ¼¼¿ì°Ú³ë¶ó, ¸Å³ÊÇØÅ¸¿¡ ±×¸®°í ÀÌ Á¤ºÎµéÀÇ ¸ðµç µµ½Ã¿¡, ³»·ú¿¡ ±×¸®°í ¿¬¾È¿¡,

And in the fields and woods, and above every keel, little and large, that dents the water,

±×¸®°í µéÆÇµé°ú ½£¼Ó µé¿¡, ±×¸®°í ¹°À» °¡¸£´Â Å©°í ÀÛÀº ¸ðµç ¹è À§¿¡,

Without edifices or rules or any argument, --

üÁ¦µµ ÅëÄ¡µµ ¾î¶² ³í¸®µµ ¾øÀ», -

The institution of the Dear Love of Comrades."

µ¿¹«µéÀÇ ¼ÒÁßÇÑ »ç¶ûÀÇ ´Üü¸¦."

¡¡

¡¡

Nor is the principle of non-resistance cowardly or effeminate. The examples which we shall cite will prove that, and indeed it is sufficient to look at the tall stalwart figure of Count Tolstoy, the veteran of the Crimea, as he dares the Russian bear to do its worst, to satisfy us that his religion must be manly. But even if we had no examples to point to, we might assure ourselves of the manliness of nonresistance by arguing from the very nature of men.

¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®´Â ºñ°ÌÇÏÁöµµ ³ª¾àÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀοëÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿¹µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» Áõ¸íÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀεéÀ» °¨È÷ ÆÐ¹èÇϵµ·Ï ¸¸µé´ø, Å©¸®¹Ì¾ÆÀÇ º£Å×¶ûÀÎ, Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛÀ̶ó´Â ÇåÄ¥ÇÏ¸ç °­°ÇÇÑ Àι°À» ÃÄ´Ù º»´Ù¸é, Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ Á¾±³°¡ Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ¾¿¾¿ÇÑ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸¸Á·½ÃÄÑÁֱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºñ·Ï ¿ì¸®°¡ ÁöÀûÇÒ ¾Æ¹«·± ¿¹µéÀÌ ¾ø´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ º»¼º ±× ÀÚü·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ ³í¸®·Î¼­ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ¿ë°¨ÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇØ È®ÀÎÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 

The first requisite of courage is self-forgetfulness, and the first requisite of self-forgetfulness is a preponderating care of others, and this we call love. Thus it is true in the broadest sense that perfect love casteth out fear, and the man who refrains from exerting force upon his neighbour because he loves him is the least likely of all men to fear for himself. This courage which springs from love is the courage which differentiates the man from the brute. It derives its power from the region of affections and thoughts, of love and truth, of heart and mind, which region is the proper home of the human soul. All our physical actions which do not find their motive power in that higher plane, are merely the deeds of animals, and in such deeds we can be eclipsed by the first bulldog or tiger.

¿ë±âÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ¿ä°ÇÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀØÀ½À̸ç, ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀØÀ½ÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ¿ä°ÇÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¼±ÀûÀÎ °ü½ÉÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¶ûÀ̶ó ºÎ¸¥´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ³ÐÀº Àǹ̿¡¼­ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ »ç¶ûÀº µÎ·Á¿òÀ» ÂÑ¾Æ ³½´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀ̸ç, ÀÌ¿ôÀ» »ç¶ûÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×¿¡°Ô Æø·ÂÀ» Çà»çÇÔÀ» ±×¸¸µÎ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé Áß¿¡¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇØ µÎ·Á¿òÀ» °¡Áú °¡´É¼ºÀÌ °¡Àå ¾ø´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶ûÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¼Ú¾Æ³ª´Â ÀÌ·± ¿ë±â´Â »ç¶÷À» Áü½Âµé°ú ±¸º°ÇÏ´Â ¿ë±âÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¾ÖÁ¤µé°ú »ç»óµéÀÇ, »ç¶û ¹× Áø¸®ÀÇ, °¡½¿°ú ¹× Á¤½ÅÀÇ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ ²ø¾î ³»¸ç, ±× ¿µ¿ªÀº Àΰ£ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ÁýÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×ó·³ Á»´õ ³ôÀº Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ±×µéÀÇ µ¿±â°¡ µÇ´Â ÈûÀ» ãÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ðµç ½ÅüÀû ÇàÀ§µéÀº, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ µ¿¹°Àû ÇàÀ§µéÀ̸ç, ±×·± ÇàÀ§µé¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ºÒµ¶À̳ª È£¶ûÀ̸¦ óÀ½ ¸¸³¯ ¶§ µÎ ¼ÕÀ» µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.  

But, we are told, the doctrine of non-resistance would prevent us from interfering to prevent the murder of a child, and this is clearly a reductio ad absurdam of the whole principle. It is probably true that few non-resistants would carry out their theory to this extent in practice, but the fact is that not one man in a million is ever placed in such a situation, while the evils of violence and force are ever present with us in all the injustices and inequalities of society, in the miseries of war, and in almost every incident of our lives. Besides, every principle of morality may be pushed to an extreme at which its application may seem doubtful, and yet the principle itself remain unquestioned. Thus we all admit the moral obligation of truthfulness, but, because it may be contented that a falsehood is justifiable to save life, we do not for that reason throw the principle overboard, and begin to lie indiscriminately. The fact, therefore, that we might feel bound to defend a child from outrage, even by violence, is no justification for the settlement of minor disputes by the legal or illegal use of force. The real test is love, and in the vast majority of cases in which we resort to force our conscience would tell us, if we paused to listen to it, that our act is inconsistent with love -- that it necessarily involves a certain degree of hatred or ill-will.

±×·¯³ª, ¿ì¸®´Â, ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ¾ÆÀÌÀÇ »ìÇØ¸¦ ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ °³ÀÔÇÔÀ» ¸·À» °ÍÀ̸ç, À̰ÍÀº ¸í¹éÈ÷ Àüü ¿ø¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±Í·ù¹ýÀ̶ó°í, µè´Â´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦¿¡ À־ °ÅÀÇ ¾î¶² ¹«ÀúÇ×ÁÖÀÇÀڵ鵵 ±×µéÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ÀÌ Á¤µµ±îÁö ½ÇÇàÇØ ³»Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸®¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¸¶µµ »ç½ÇÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í »ç½ÇÀÎ Áï, ¹é¸¸ ¸í ÁßÀÇ ´Ü ÇÑ »ç¶÷µµ ±×·¯ÇÑ »óȲ¿¡ Ã³ÇØÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº ¹Ý¸é¿¡, Æø·Â°ú ¹«·ÂÀÇ ¾ÇµéÀº »çȸÀÇ ¸ðµç ºÎÁ¤ÀÇµé ¹× ºÒÆòµîµé ¾È¿¡, ÀüÀïÀÇ ºÒÇàµé ¾È¿¡, ±×¸®°í °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »îÀ» »ç°Çµé ¾È¿¡, ²ÙÁØÈ÷ Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °Ô´Ù°¡, ¸ðµç µµ´ö ¿ø¸®´Â ±× Àû¿ëÀÌ Àǽɽº·¯¿ö º¸ÀÌ´Â ±Ø´ÜÀ¸·Î ¹Ð·Á ³¯Áö¶óµµ, ±× ¿ø¸® ÀÚü´Â Àǹ®ÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾ø´Â ä·Î Á¸ÀçÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ´Â Áø½Ç¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µµ´öÀû Àǹ«¸¦ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö¸¸, »ý¸íÀ» ±¸Çϱâ À§ÇØ °ÅÁþÀÌ Á¤´çÈ­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í Ç׺¯µÉ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, ¿ì¸®´Â ±× °°Àº ÀÌÀ¯·Î ±× ¿ø¸®¸¦ ¹è ¹ÛÀ¸·Î ´øÁ® ¹ö¸®Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, ¹«Â÷º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼ÓÀ̱⠽ÃÀÛÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ÆÀ̸¦ Ä§ÇØ·ÎºÎÅÍ, ½ÉÁö¾î Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­¶óµµ, ¹æ¾îÇØ¾ß ÇÔÀÌ Àǹ«¶ó°í ´À³¤´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº Æø·ÂÀÇ ÇÕ¹ýÀû ¶Ç´Â ºÒ¹ýÀû »ç¿ë¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ç¼ÒÇÑ ºÐ¶õµéÀÇ ÇØ°á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Æ¹«·± Á¤´ç¼ºÀ» °®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ½ÃÇèÀº »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ Æø·Â¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Â ¾öû³ª°Ô ¸¹Àº ´ë´Ù¼öÀÇ °æ¿ìµé¿¡¼­ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¾ç½ÉÀº, ¸¸ÀÏ ¿ì¸®°¡ µè°íÀÚ ¸ØÃß±â¶óµµ ÇÏ¿´´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇàÀ§´Â »ç¶û°ú ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» - ±×°ÍÀÌ ÇÊÈ÷ ¾î¶² Á¤µµÀÇ Áõ¿À³ª ¾ÇÀǸ¦ Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» - ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇØ ÁÖ¾úÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

But are we, burning though we be with a desire to establish the kingdom of God, to renounce all the ordinary means of improvement with which civilization has made us acquainted? Can we improve the world without recourse to legislation, and judges and armies, and sheriffs and prisons? Christ certainly found no use for these methods. There was far more government in His day than there is now. He was surrounded by Roman and Hebrew national and municipal institutions, but He never attempted to apply them to His purposes. Only once did the idea occur to Him of using them, and this was when the tempter showed Him all the kingdoms of the world and the glory of them and said, "All these things will I give Thee, if Thou wilt fall down and worship me." We all remember Christ's reply, "Get thee behind Me, Satan." And He never presented a different view of the power of government. "Ye know that they which are accounted to rule over the Gentiles lord it over them, and their great ones exercise authority over them. But it shall not be so among you." (Mark 10:42)

±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â, ºñ·Ï ¿ì¸®°¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó¸¦ ¼¼¿ì°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ¿å¸ÁÀ¸·Î ºÒŸ°í ÀÖ´õ¶óµµ, ¹®¸íÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Àͼ÷Çϵµ·Ï ¸¸µç ¸ðµç Åë»óÀûÀÎ ¹ßÀü µµ±¸µéÀ» Æ÷±âÇØ¾ß¸¸ Çϴ°¡? ¿ì¸®´Â ¹ý·ü, ±×¸®°í ¹ý°üµé ¹× ±º´ëµé, ±×¸®°í °æÂûµé ¹× °¨¿Áµé¿¡ ÀǰÅÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í¼­ ¼¼»óÀ» °³¼±ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡? ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ÀÌ·± µµ±¸µéÀÌ ¼Ò¿ë¾øÀ½À» °£ÆÄÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ½Ã´ë¿¡´Â Áö±Ý¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °Í º¸´Ù ÈξÀ ¸¹Àº Á¤ºÎµéÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ·Î¸¶ ¹× È÷ºê¸®ÀÇ ±¹°¡ ¹× Áö¹æ ´Üüµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µÑ·¯ ½Î¿© ÀÖ¾úÀ¸³ª, ±×´Â °áÄÚ ±×µéÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÀûµé¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ·Á ½ÃµµÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ ¹ø¸¸Àº ±×°ÍµéÀ» »ç¿ëÇÔ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·± »ý°¢ÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª¸ç, À̰ÍÀº À¯È¤ÇÏ´Â ÀÚ°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ¼¼»óÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿Õ±¹µé°ú ±×µéÀÇ ¿µ±¤À» º¸¿© ÁÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, "¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ ¹«¸­ ²Ý°í¼­ ³ª¿¡°Ô ÀýÇÑ´Ù¸é, ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍµéÀ» ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ÁÖ°Ú´Ù"¶ó°í ¸»ÇßÀ» ¶§¿´´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ¸ðµÎ, "»ç´Ü¾Æ ¹°·¯°¡¶ó"°í ÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ ´ë´äÀ» ±â¾ïÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±×´Â °áÄÚ Á¤ºÎÀÇ ±Ç´É¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã°¢µéÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. "À̹æÀÎÀÇ ¼ÒÀ§ Áý±ÇÀÚµéÀÌ ÀúÈñ¸¦ ÀÓÀÇ·Î ÁÖ°üÇÏ°í ±× ´ëÀεéÀÌ ÀúÈñ¿¡°Ô ±Ç¼¼¸¦ ºÎ¸®´Â ÁÙÀ» ³ÊÈñ°¡ ¾Ë°Å´Ï¿Í, ³ÊÈñ Áß¿¡´Â ±×·¸Áö ¾Æ´ÏÇϴ϶ó." (¸¶°¡ 10:42)

"But," we rejoin, "these are things which we have always been taught to regard as the greatest and most important on earth." Quite so, and so Jesus says, "That which is highly esteemed among men is abomination in the sight of God." Nor would the acceptance of Christ's teachings necessarily imply an amorphous condition of society, a mad revel of individualism, nor anarchy, nor disorder.

"ÇÏÁö¸¸," ¿ì¸®´Â °è¼ÓÇÑ´Ù, "À̰͵éÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾ðÁ¦³ª Áö»ó¿¡¼­ °¡Àå À§´ëÇÏ¸ç °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©±âµµ·Ï ¹è¿ö¿Ô´ø °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù." Á¤¸» ±×·¸´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×·¸°Ô ¿¹¼ö´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, "»ç¶÷µé »çÀÌ¿¡¼­ ±ÍÁßÇÏ°Ô ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍÀº Çϳª´ÔÀÌ º¸½Ã±â¿¡ Çø¿À½º·± °ÍÀÌ´Ù." ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µéÀ» ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÓÀÌ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î,  °³ÀεéÀÇ ¹ÌÄ£ ±¤¶õÀÎ »çȸÀÇ Á¶Á÷ °á¿© »óÅÂ, ¹«Á¤ºÎÁÖÀÇ, ¶Ç´Â ¹«Áú¼­¸¦ ¾Ï½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. 

Christianity means union and order, but the union must be organic and not mechanical, a growth and not an institution. It must be a living union, transcending the idea of kingship, passing even beyond the nobler conception of fatherhood and brotherhood, and reaching the ideal of actual identity, such as Jesus felt when He prayed that we might be one with Him as He was one with the Father, and when He declared, "Inasmuch as ye have done it unto the least of these My brethren, ye have done it unto Me (Matthew 25:40)."

±×¸®½ºµµ±³´Â ¿¬ÇÕ°ú Áú¼­¸¦ ÀǹÌÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿¬ÇÕÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã À¯±âÀûÀ̾î¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ±â°èÀûÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, ¼ºÀåÀ̾î¾ß ÇÏÁö¸¸ °ü½ÀÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº »ì¾ÆÀÖ´Â ¿¬ÇÕÀ̾î¾ß Çϸç, ¿ÕÀÇ ÅëÄ¡ÀÇ °³³äÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇϸç, ½ÉÁö¾î ºÎ±Ç°ú ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀÇ Á»´õ °í»óÇÑ °³³äµµ ÃÊ¿ùÇϸç, ±×¸®°í ½ÇÁ¦Àû µ¿ÀÏüÀÇ ÀÌ»ó¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϸç, ¿¹¸¦ µé¸é, ¿¹¼ö°¡ ¿ì¸®°¡ ±×¿Í Çϳª µÇµµ·Ï ±âµµÇÒ ¶§¿¡, ±×¸®°í ±×°¡, "³ÊÈñ°¡ ¿©±â ³» ÇüÁ¦ Áß¿¡ Áö±ØÈ÷ ÀÛÀº ÀÚ Çϳª¿¡°Ô ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ °ð ³»°ÔÇÑ °ÍÀ̴϶ó" (¸¶Å 25Àå 40Àý) °í ¼±¾ðÇÏ¿´À» ¶§ ¿¹¼ö°¡ ´À³¤ °Í°ú °°Àº °ÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

In cultivating our sense of this oneness, in preaching boldly the consequences of its application to our social life, in protesting against every infringement of the law of love which it predicates, lies the true field of activity for the Christian reformer. To hold up the noblest ideal, trusting to its inherent persuasiveness, and abjuring all coercion -- that is, believe me, the highest function of man, and history will show us that it has the most durable practical consequences. The Lord is not in the wind nor in the whirlwind, but in the still small voice and the very climax of the New Testament shows us the Lamb upon the throne.

ÀÌ·± ÅëÀϼº¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °¨°¢À» ¹è¾çÇÔ¿¡, ±×°ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »çȸÀû »î¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÔÀÇ °á°úµéÀ» ´ë´ãÇÏ°Ô ÀüÆÄÇÔ¿¡, ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¤ÀÇÇÏ´Â »ç¶ûÀÇ À²¹ýÀÇ ¸ðµç Ä§ÇØ¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÔ¿¡, ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ °³ÇõÀÚ¸¦ À§ÇÑ ÂüµÈ Ȱµ¿ ºÐ¾ß°¡ ³õ¿© ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °¡Àå ¼þ°íÇÑ ÀÌ»óÀ», ±×°ÍÀÇ ³»ÀçµÈ ¼³µæ·ÂÀ» ¹ÏÀ¸¸é¼­, ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç °­¾ÐÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â - Áï, Á¤¸»·Î, »ç¶÷ÀÇ °¡Àå ¼þ°íÇÑ ¿ªÇÒÀ» -  ÁöÁöÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×·¯¸é ¿ª»ç´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ °¡Àå À¯±¸ÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦Àû °á°úµéÀ» Áö´ÔÀ» ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô º¸¿© ÁÙ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ´ÔÀº ¹Ù¶÷¿¡µµ ȸ¿À¸® ¹Ù¶÷¿¡µµ ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª Á¶¿ëÇÑ ÀÛÀº ¸ñ¼Ò¸®¿¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ½Å¾à ¼º¼­ÀÇ ¹Ù·Î Á¤Á¡¿¡¼­ º¸Á¿¡ ¿À¸£½Å ¾î¸° ¾çÀ» º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù.

We can make no greater mistake than to lift our hand against wrong. The man who will not strike back is the only man who cannot be conquered, and the treatment of him becomes an insoluble problem for the tyrant. It is the non-resistant alone who can overcome superior power. Nor in the long run will he be persecuted beyond endurance. Count Tolstoy says: "If all the members of a family were Christians and gave up their lives to the service of others, no one would despoil them or kill them," and he says in another place that people who take care of their dogs because they are useful, will not, even if they have no higher motive, continue long to oppress those who cheerfully do good to them.

¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¼ÕÀ» ¾ÇÇÑ ÀÚ¿¡°Ô µå´Â °Íº¸´Ù Å« °ú¿À¸¦ ÇàÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. µÇ¹Þ¾Æ Ä¡Áö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ Á¤º¹µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â À¯ÀÏÇÑ »ç¶÷À̸ç, ±×¸¦ ó¸®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Æø±ºµé¿¡°Ô´Â ÇØ°áÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¹®Á¦°¡ µÈ´Ù. ¿ì¿ùÇÑ ±Ç·ÂÀ» ±Øº¹ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÚ »ÓÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â °á±¹¿¡´Â ÂüÀ» ¼ö ¾øÀ» ¸¸Å­ ¹ÚÇØ ¹ÞÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛÀº ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: "¸¸ÀÏ °¡Á·ÀÇ ¸ðµç ±¸¼º¿øµéÀÌ ±×¸®½ºµµÀεéÀÌ¸ç ±×µéÀÇ »îÀ» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÀ»çÇϱâ À§ÇØ Æ÷±âÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×µéÀ» ¾àÅ»Çϰųª »ìÇØÇÏ·Á ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù," ±×¸®°í ±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡¼­ ¸»Çϱ⸦ À¯¿ëÇϱ⠶§¹®¿¡ °³µéÀ» º¸»ìÇÇ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀº, ºñ·Ï ±×µéÀÌ ´õ ³ôÀº µ¿±â°¡ ¾ø´õ¶óµµ, Áñ°Å¿î ¸¶À½À¸·Î ±×µé¿¡°Ô À¯ÀÍÀ» ÁÖ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¿À·§µ¿¾È °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ ¾ï¾ÐÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

That the idea of non-resistance touches a chord in the human heart I can testify from my own experience. I have never presented it to an audience without having their sympathies, and I have presented it to audiences of all kinds. I recall one occasion on which I debated the proposition, "Resolved, that the doctrine of non-resistance to evil tends to reenforce evil and to invite disaster," before a club of New York "society" ladies. So certain was I that I could have no influence upon them that I did all I could to avoid the discussion, but without effect. The affirmative was sustained with marked ability and conviction, but to my surprise, when the merits of the question (not of the debate) were put to the vote at the close of the meeting there were thirty-four votes in the negative to fourteen in the affirmative. And I think that at any average meeting the result would not be very different.

¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ »ç»óÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶À½¿¡¼­ ½É±ÝÀ» ¿ï¸°´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °æÇèÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Áõ°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ³ª´Â ûÁߵ鿡°Ô ±×µéÀÇ ¿¬¹ÎÀ» ÀھƳ»Áö ¾Ê°í¼­´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¼³¸íÇÑ ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¸ðµç Á¾·ùÀÇ Ã»Áߵ鿡°Ô ¼³¸íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ³ª´Â ´º¿åÀÇ "»çȸ" ¿©¼ºµéÀÇ Å¬·´ ¾Õ¿¡¼­, ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¸íÁ¦, "°á´ÜÄÚ, ¾Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹«ÀúÇ×ÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ¾ÇÀ» Áõ°¡½Ã۰í Àç¾ÓÀ» ºÒ·¯¿À±â ½±´Ù"¸¦  ³íÇß´ø ÇÑ °¡Áö ±âȸ¸¦ ±â¾ïÇÑ´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¾Æ¹«·± ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÙ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ³Ê¹«³ª È®½ÅÇÑ ³ª¸ÓÁö ±× Åä·ÐÀ» ÇÇÇϱâ À§ÇØ ³»°¡ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÁþÀ» ´ÙÇßÀ¸³ª È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù. µÎµå·¯Áø ´É·Â°ú ½Å³äÀ¸·Î Âù¼ºÀÌ ³ª¿ÔÀ¸³ª, ³ª¿¡°Ô´Â ³î¶ø°Ôµµ, (³í¶õ¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó) Áú¹®ÀÇ ¼º°ú°¡ ¸ðÀÓÀÇ ³¡ ¹«·Æ¿¡ ÅõÇ¥¿¡ ºÙ¿© Á³À» ¶§, ºÎÁ¤ 34 Ç¥ ±àÁ¤ 14 Ç¥¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¾î¶² ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¸ðÀÓ¿¡¼­µµ °á°ú´Â ±×·¸°Ô ´Ù¸£Áö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù.

We still have the fifth commandment to consider, but we may dismiss it with a word. It is "Love your enemies." Tolstoy makes the word "enemies" mean national enemies or foreigners, and in this he is undoubtedly mistaken, but, however that may be, this rule prescribes brotherly love towards all men, even those we are most disposed to hate, whether for national or personal reasons. It would condemn much that passes for patriotism, just as it condemns much that passes for honour and self-respect.

¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ »ý°¢ÇØ º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÒ Á¦ 5 °è¸íÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÑ ¸¶µð·Î °£·«È÷ ó¸®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº "³ÊÈñ ¿ø¼ö¸¦ »ç¶ûÇ϶ó"ÀÌ´Ù. Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â "¿ø¼öµé"À̶õ ´Ü¾î¸¦ ±¹°¡Àû ¿ø¼öµé ¶Ç´Â ¿Ü±¹ÀεéÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸¸ç, ÀÌ Á¡¿¡¼­ ±×´Â ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ¿À·ù°¡ ÀÖÀ¸³ª, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶°ÇϵçÁö, ÀÌ ¿øÄ¢Àº, ±¹°¡Àû ÀÌÀ¯µç °³ÀÎÀÌÀû ÀÌÀ¯µç, ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µé, ½ÉÁö¾î °¡Àå Áõ¿ÀÇϱ⠽¬¿î »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇâÇÑ ÇüÁ¦¾ÖÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀ» ±ÔÁ¤Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº, ¸í¿¹¿Í ÀÚÁ¸½ÉÀ¸·Î ¿©±â´Â ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀ» ºñ³­ÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ¶È°°ÀÌ, ¾Ö±¹½ÉÀ¸·Î ÅëÇÏ´Â ¸¹Àº °ÍµéÀ» ºñ³­ÇÑ´Ù.

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