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Tolstoy and His Message

Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿Í ±×ÀÇ ¸Þ½ÃÁö


By Ernest Howard Crosby

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Chapter 3

Á¦ 3 Àå

Tolstoy's Answer to the Riddle of Life

»îÀÇ ¼ö¼ö²²³¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ´ë´ä

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It is time now that we should form some idea of Tolstoy's opinions as a whole, and in order to appreciate their organic oneness we must try first to obtain his central point of view. This is best given, it seems to me, in his little treatise On Life. I remember well my first acquaintance with this book. I was living in Alexandria, in Egypt, at the time, and I chanced to pick up a French copy of it (De la Vie, translated by Countess Tolstoy) at a bookseller's in that city. I knew little of Tolstoy then. I had, however, read Anna Karenina years before, and been duly impressed by it, and afterwards I had read a collection of his practical essays on vicious habits, which had seemed to me rather narrow and ascetic, but which nevertheless had had the effect of making me stop smoking for three or four days -- no mean achievement at that time even for a Tolstoy. These recollections induced me to buy the volume On Life, and I took it home with me and read it through almost at one sitting on a Sunday. I cannot do better perhaps than to give a resumé of his argument in this book.

ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ÀÇ°ß Àü¹Ý¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾î¶² »ç»óÀ» Çü¼ºÇØ º¸¾Æ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍµéÀÇ À¯±âÀû ÅëÀϼºÀ» ÀÌÇØÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®´Â ¹Ýµå½Ã ±×ÀÇ Áß½ÉÀû °üÁ¡À» ¾ò°íÀÚ ³ë·ÂÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. À̰ÍÀº, ³»°¡ º¸±â¿¡, ±×ÀÇ ¼Ò ³í¹®ÀÎ »î¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Àß ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌ Ã¥°úÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ´ë¸éÀ» Àß ±â¾ïÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ³ª´Â ±× ´ç½Ã ÀÌÁýÆ®ÀÇ ¾Ë·º»êµå¸®¾Æ¿¡ »ì°í ÀÖ¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÁ¶û½º¾î »çº»(De la Vie)À» ±× µµ½Ã¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ ¼­Á¡¿¡¼­ ¿ì¿¬È÷ »ç º¸¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ±× ´ç½Ã Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ °ÅÀÇ ¾ËÁö ¸øÇß´Ù. ³ª´Â, ÇÏÁö¸¸, ¸î ³â Àü¿¡ ¾È³ª Ä«·¹´Ï³ª ¸¦  Àоú¾ú°í ´ç¿¬È÷ ±×°Í¿¡ °¨¸íÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±× ÈÄ¿¡ ³ª´Â ¾Ç½Àµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ ½Ç¿ëÀû ¼öÇÊÁýµéÀ» ÀоúÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍµéÀº ³ª¿¡°Ô´Â ¾à°£ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇó·³ º¸¿´À¸³ª, ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ³»°¡ »ï »çÀÏ µ¿¾ÈÀÌ¶óµµ ±Ý¿¬ÇÏ´Â È¿°ú¸¦ ÁÖÁö´Â ¸øÇß´Ù - ±× ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ½ÉÁö¾î Å罺ÅäÀÌ¶óµµ »ç¼ÒÇÑ ¼ºÃë°¡ ¾Æ´Ò °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±â¾ïµéÀÌ ³»°¡ »î¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¶ó´Â Ã¥À» »çµµ·Ï À̲ø¾úÀ¸°í, ³ª´Â ±×°ÍÀ» Áý¿¡ °¡Á® °¬À¸¸ç ÀÏ¿äÀÏ ÇÏ·ç µ¿¾È ÇÑ ÀÚ¸®¿¡ ¾É¾Æ¼­ ±×°ÍÀ» Åëµ¶ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡ µé¾î ÀÖ´Â ±×ÀÇ ³í°Å¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °³¿ä¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ÁÁÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù..

Most men, he says, lead only an animal life, and among these there are always some who think themselves called upon to guide humanity. They undertake to teach the meaning of life without understanding it themselves. These teachers are divided into two classes. To the first, composed of scientific men, Tolstoy gives the name of "Scribes." These it is who declare that man's life is nothing but his existence between birth and death, and that it proceeds from mechanical forces -- that is, from forces which we style mechanical for the express purpose of distinguishing them from life. It is only in the infancy of a science, when it is as yet vague and indefinite, that it can thus pretend to account for all phenomena of life. Astronomy made the attempt when it was known as astrology; chemistry assumed the same role under the name of alchemy; and today the science of biology is passing through a similar phase. While occupied with one or more aspects of life, it claims to embrace the whole. The other class of false doctors he calls the "Pharisees." They are those who profess verbally the tenets of the founders of the religions in which they have been educated, but who do not comprehend their real meaning and consequently content themselves with insisting on forms and ceremonies.

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´ëºÎºÐÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀº, ±×´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù, ¿À·ÎÁö µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »îÀ» ¿µÀ§Çϸç, À̵é Áß¿¡¼­µµ ¾ðÁ¦³ª ÀÚ±â ÀڽŵéÀ» Àηù¸¦ À̲ø¾î °¡µµ·Ï ºÎ¸§ ¹Þ¾Ò´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ÀϺΰ¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ±×µéÀº ÀÚ±â Àڽŵ鵵 ±ú´ÝÁö ¸øÇϸ鼭 »îÀÇ Àǹ̸¦ °¡¸£Ä¥ °ÍÀ» ¶°¸Ã´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ±³»çµéÀº µÎ °¡Áö °è±Þµé·Î ³ª´©¾î Áø´Ù. ù ¹øÂ°¿¡°Ô´Â, ÇÐÀÚÀûÀÎ »ç¶÷µé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, Å罺ÅäÀÌ´Â "À²¹ýÇÐÀÚ"µéÀ̶ó´Â À̸§À» ºÎ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀº ¿À·ÎÁö Ãâ»ý°ú »ç¸Á »çÀÌÀÇ Á¸ÀçÀÌ´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº ±â°èÀûÀÎ Èûµé·ÎºÎÅÍ  - Áï, »î°ú ±¸º°Çϱâ À§ÇÑ ¸í½ÃÀû ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇÏ¿© ¿ì¸®°¡ ±â°èÀûÀ̶ó°í ¸í¸íÇÏ´Â Èûµé·ÎºÎÅÍ - ³ª¾Æ°£´Ù, ÇÏ°í ¼±¾ðÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ±×·¸°Ô »îÀÇ ¸ðµç Çö»óµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö Àִ ôÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾ÆÁ÷ ¸ðÈ£ÇÏ°í ºÎÁ¤È®ÇÒ ¶§À̸ç, ¿ÀÁ÷ Çй®ÀÇ Ãʱ⿡ ÀÖÀ½ÀÌ´Ù. õ¹®ÇÐÀº ±×°ÍÀÌ Á¡¼º¼ú·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ±×·± ½Ãµµ¸¦ ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç; È­ÇÐÀº ¿¬±Ý¼úÀ̶ó´Â À̸§ ¾Æ·¡¼­ ¶È°°Àº ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¸Ã¾ÒÀ¸¸ç; ±×¸®°í ¿À´Ã³¯ »ý¹°ÇÐÀ̶ó´Â Çй®Àº À¯»çÇÑ ´Ü°è¸¦ °ÅÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. »îÀÇ ÇÑ °¡Áö ÀÌ»óÀÇ Çö»óµéÀ» Â÷ÁöÇϸ鼭µµ, ±×°ÍÀº Àüü¸¦ Æ÷¿ëÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. À§¼±Àû ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °è±ÞµéÀ» ±×´Â "¹Ù¸®»õÀÎ"µéÀ̶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ±×µéÀº ¸»·Î¼­´Â ±×µéÀÌ ±³À°¹Þ¾Æ¿Â Á¾±³ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚµéÀÇ ±³¸®µéÀ» °í¹éÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ÂüµÈ ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¸ç °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î Çü½Äµé°ú ÀǷʵéÀ» ÁÖÀåÇϸ鼭 ½º½º·Î ¸¸Á·ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù. 

The wars of the Scribes and Pharisees -- that is, of false science and false religion -- have so obscured the definitions of life laid down ages ago by the great thinkers of mankind, that the Scribes are quite ignorant that the dogmas of the Pharisees have any reasonable foundation at all; and, strange to say, the fact that the doctrines of the great masters of old have so impressed men by their sublimity that they have usually attributed to them a supernatural origin, is enough to make the Scribes reject them. Because the speculations of Aristotle, Bacon and Comte have appealed to only a small number of students -- because they have never been able to gain a hold on the masses and have thus avoided the exaggerations produced by superstition -- this clear mark of their insignificance is admitted as evidence of their truth. As for the teachings of the Brahmins, of Buddha, of Zoroaster, of Lao-Tse, of Confucius, of Isaiah, and also of Christ, they are taxed with superstition and error simply because they have completely transformed the lives of millions of men.

À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµé°ú ¹Ù¸®»õÀεéÀÇ - ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çϸé, °ÅÁþµÈ Çй®°ú °ÅÁþµÈ Á¾±³ÀÇ - ÀüÀïµéÀº ¸î ¼¼´ë Àü¿¡ ÀηùÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ »ç»ó°¡µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³»·ÁÁø »îÀÇ Á¤ÀǸ¦ ³Ê¹« Èå·Á ³õ¾Æ¼­, À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀº ¹Ù¸®»õÀεéÀÇ ±³ÀǵéÀÌ ÀüÇô ¾Æ¹«·± ÇÕ¸®Àû ±Ù°Å¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ½¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³Ê¹«³ª ¹«ÁöÇϸç; ±×¸®°í, ÀÌ»óÇÑ ÀÏÀÌÁö¸¸, ¿¾³¯ÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ´ë°¡µéÀÇ ±³¸®µéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀÇ ¼þ°íÇÔÀ¸·Î »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª ÀλóÀ» Á־ ±×µéÀº ÈçÈ÷ ±×µé¿¡°Ô ÃÊÀÚ¿¬Àû ±Ù¿øÀ¸·Î µ¹¸°´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ±×°ÍµéÀ» °ÅºÎÇϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º, º£ÀÌÄÁ ±×¸®°í ÄáÆ®ÀÇ °ßÇØµéÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ ¼Ò¼öÀÇ Çлýµé¿¡°Ô ÀαⰡ ÀÖ¾ú±â ¶§¹®¿¡ - ±×µéÀº °áÄÚ ´ëÁߵ鿡°Ô ÀÔÁö¸¦ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ¹Ì½Å¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¸¸µé¾îÁø °úÀåµéÀ» ÇÇÇØ³ª°¬±â ¶§¹®¿¡ - ÀÌ °°ÀÌ ¸í¹éÈ÷ ÇÏÂúÀº Áõ°Å°¡ ±×µéÀÇ Áø¸®·Î¼­ ÀÎÁ¤µÈ´Ù. ºê¶ó¸¸, ºÎó, Á¶·Î¾Æ½ºÅÍ, ³ëÀÚ, °øÀÚ, ÀÌ»ç¾ß, ±×¸®°í ¶ÇÇÑ ±×¸®½ºµµÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§µé¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­´Â, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ±×°ÍµéÀÌ ¼ö¹é¸¸ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ »îÀ» ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ º¯Çü½ÃÄױ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±×°Íµé¿¡ ¹Ì½Å°ú ¿ÀÇØ·Î ÁüÀ» Áö¿ì°í ÀÖ´Ù.

Turning from the futile strife of Scribes and Pharisees, we should begin our researches with that which we alone know with certitude, and that is the "I" within us. Life is what I feel in myself, and this life science cannot define. Nay, it is my idea of life rather which determines what I am to consider as science, and I learn all outside of myself solely by the extension of my knowledge of my own mind and body. We know from within that man lives only for his own happiness, and his aspiration towards it and his pursuit of it constitute his life. At first he is conscious of the life in himself alone and hence he imagines that the good which he seeks must be his own individual good. His own life seems the real life, while he regards the life of others as a mere phantom. He soon finds out that other men take the same view of the world, and that the life in which he shares is composed of a vast number of individualities each bent on securing its own welfare, and consequently doing all it can to thwart and destroy the others. He sees that in such a struggle it is almost hopeless for him to contend for all mankind is against him. If, on the other hand, he succeeds by chance in carrying out his plans for happiness, he does not even then enjoy the prize as he anticipated. The older he grows, the rarer become the pleasures; ennui, satiety trouble and suffering go on increasing; and before him lie old age, infirmity and death. He will go down to the grave, but the world will continue to live.

À²¹ýÇÐÀÚµé°ú ¹Ù¸®»õÀεéÀÇ ¹«ÀÍÇÑ ÅõÀïµé¿¡¼­ ¶°³ª, ¿ì¸®´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ È¥ÀÚ¼­ È®½ÅÀ» °¡Áö°í ¾Æ´Â °Í, ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸® ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â "³ª"¿¡ ´ëÇØ ޱ¸µéÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. »îÀº ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¾È¿¡¼­ ³»°¡ ´À³¢´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ »îÀ» Çй®Àº Á¤ÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï, ³»°¡ Çй®À̶ó°í ¿©±èÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¿ÀÈ÷·Á »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ªÀÇ °³³äÀ̸ç, ³ª´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¹Ù±ùÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¿ÀÁ÷ ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Á¤½Å°ú À°Ã¼¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀÇ È®Àå¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹è¿î´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ³»ºÎ·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¶÷Àº ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇູÀ» À§ÇØ »ì¸ç, ±×°ÍÀ» ÇâÇÑ °¥¸Á ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÇ Ãß±¸°¡ ±×ÀÇ »îÀ» ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù. óÀ½¿£ ±×´Â ÀÚ±â ÀڽŠ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â »îÀ» ÀǽÄÇÏ¸ç ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ±×°¡ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â À¯ÀÍÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀû À¯ÀÍÀ̾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í »ó»óÇÑ´Ù. ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀº ¸¶Ä¡ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ »îó·³ º¸À̸ç, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ±×´Â ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀ» ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ȯ¿µÀ¸·Î ¿©±ä´Ù. ±×´Â °ð ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¼¼»ó¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¶È°°Àº ½Ã°¢À» °¡Áö¸ç, ±×°÷¿¡¼­ ±×°¡ °øÀ¯ÇÏ´Â »îÀº ¹æ´ëÇÑ ¼ýÀÚÀÇ °³Àεé·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¸ç °¢ÀÚ´Â ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇູÀ» È®º¸ÇÔ¿¡, °á±¹Àº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÁÂÀý½ÃŰ°í ÆÄ¸ê½Ã۱â À§Çؼ­ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÇàÇÔ¿¡ ¿­ÁßÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ÅõÀï¿¡¼­ ±×°¡ ±×¿¡°Ô ¸Â¼­´Â ¸ðµç Àηù¿Í °æÀïÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº °ÅÀÇ Èñ¸ÁÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±ú´Ý´Â´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆí¿¡, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°¡ ¿ì¿¬È÷ ÇູÀ» À§ÇÑ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °èȹµéÀ» ½ÇÇàÇÔ¿¡ ¼º°øÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ±×°¡ ¿¹»óÇÏ´ø »ó±ÞÀ» ´©¸®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ±×°¡ ´Ä¾î °¡¸é °¥¼ö·Ï, Áñ°Å¿òÀº ´õ¿í Èñ¼ÒÇØÁö¸ç; ±ÇÅÂ, Æ÷¸¸, °í¹Î, ¹× °íÅëÀº Áõ°¡ÇØ °¡°í, ±× ¾Õ¿¡´Â ³ë·É, Çã¾à ¹× »ç¸ÁÀÌ ³õ¿© ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×´Â ¹«´ýÀ¸·Î ³»·Á °¥ °ÍÀ̳ª ¼¼»óÀº °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ »ì¾Æ °¥ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

The real life, then, is the life outside him and his own life, which originally appeared to him the one thing of importance, is after all a deception. The good of the individual is an imposture, and if it could be obtained it would cease at death. The life of man as an individuality seeking his own good, in the midst of an infinite host of similar individualities engaged in bringing one another to naught and being themselves annihilated in the end, is an evil and an absurdity. It cannot be the true life.

±×·¯¸é, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ »îÀº Àڱ⠹ٱùÀÇ »î°ú Àڽà ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ̸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¿ø·¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ÇÑ °¡Áöó·³ ³ªÅ¸³µÀ¸¸ç, °á±¹ ÇϳªÀÇ ±â¸¸ÀÌ´Ù. °³ÀÎÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀº »ç±âÀ̸ç, ¸¸ÀÏ ±×°ÍÀÌ ¼ºÃëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ±×°ÍÀº Á×À½ ¾Õ¿¡ ¸ØÃâ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼­·Î¸¦ ¸ÁÇÏ°Ô ÇÔ°ú ±Ã±Ø¿¡´Â Àü¸êµÊ¿¡ ¿­ÁßÇÏ´Â À¯»çÇÑ °³ÀεéÀÇ ¹«ÇÑÈ÷ ¸¹Àº ¹«¸® ÇÑ °¡¿îµ¥¼­, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °³ÀÎÀ¸·Î¼­ »ç¶÷ÀÇ »îÀº ¾ÇÀÌ¸ç ºÒÇÕ¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÂüµÈ »îÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù.

Our quandary arises from looking upon our animal life as the real life. Our real life begins with the waking of our consciousness, at the moment when we perceive that life lived for self cannot produce happiness. We feel that there must be some other good. We make an effort to find it, but, failing, we fall back into our old ways. These are the first throes of the birth of the veritable human life. This new life only becomes manifest when the man once for all renounces the welfare of his animal individuality as his aim in life. By so doing he fulfils the law of reason, the law which we all are sensible of within us -- the same universal law which governs the nutrition and reproduction of beast and plant.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ ³­Ã³ÇÔÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ µ¿¹°Àû »îÀ» ÂüµÈ »îÀ¸·Î ¿©±â°í ÀÖÀ½¿¡¼­ »ý°Ü³­´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀ» À§ÇØ »ì¾Ò´ø »îÀº ÇູÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³¾ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀνÄÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£¿¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÂüµÈ »îÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀ» ±ú¿ò¿¡¼­ ºñ·ÔµÈ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² À¯ÀÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ» °ÍÀ̶ó ´À³¤´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀ» ¹ß°ßÇϰíÀÚ ¾Ö¾´´Ù, ±×·¯³ª, ½ÇÆÐÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¿¾³¯ÀÇ ¹æ½Äµé·Î ÈÄÅðÇÑ´Ù. À̰͵éÀÌ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀÇ Åº»ýÀÇ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ÁøÅëÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± »õ·Î¿î »îÀº ¿À·ÎÁö »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î¼­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ µ¿¹°Àû °³ÀÎÀÇ ÇູÀ» ´ÜÈ£È÷ Æ÷±âÇÒ ¶§¿¡ ºñ·Î¼­ µå·¯³ª´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ±×´Â À̼ºÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢À» ¿Ï¼öÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç, ±× ¹ýÀº -  Áü½Â°ú ½Ä¹°ÀÇ ¼ºÀå°ú Àç»ý»êÀ» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â °Í°ú µ¿ÀÏÇÑ º¸ÆíÀû ¹ýÄ¢ - ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¿ì¸® ¾È¿¡ ÀÖÀ½À» ÀÎÁöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Our real life is our willing submission to this law, and not, as science would have us hold, the involuntary subjection of our bodies to the laws of organic existence. Self-renunciation is as natural to man as it is for birds to use their wings instead of their feet; it is not a meritorious or heroic act; it is simply the necessary condition precedent of genuine human life. This new human life exhibits itself in our animal existence just as animal life does in matter. Matter is the instrument of animal life, not an obstacle to it; and so our animal life is the instrument of our higher human life and should conform to its behests.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÂüµÈ »îÀº ÀÌ·± ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ±â²¨¿î ¼øÀÀÀ̸ç, Çй®ÀÌ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ÁÖÀåÇ϶ó ÇÏ´Â °Íó·³, À¯±âÀû Á¸ÀçÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸öÀÇ º»´ÉÀû Á¾¼ÓÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. Àڱ⠺ÎÁ¤Àº »õµéÀÌ ±×µéÀÇ ¹ß ´ë½Å¿¡ ³¯°³¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏµí »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿î °ÍÀÌ´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ĪÂù ¹ÞÀ» ¸¸ÇÑ ¶Ç´Â ¿µ¿õÀûÀÎ ÇàÀ§°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Àΰ£ÀÇ »î¿¡ ¾Õ¼­´Â ÇÊ¿ä Á¶°ÇÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌó·³ »õ·Î¿î Àΰ£ÀÇ »îÀº µ¿¹°Àû »îÀÌ ¹°Áú¿¡ ±¸ÇöµÇ´Â °Íó·³ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ µ¿¹°Àû Á¸Àç ¾È¿¡ ±¸ÇöµÈ´Ù. ¹°ÁúÀº µ¿¹°Àû »îÀÇ µµ±¸À̳ª ±×°Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Àå¾Ö´Â ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ±×ó·³ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ µ¿¹°Àû »îµµ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ´õ¿í ¼þ°íÇÑ Àΰ£Àû »îÀÇ µµ±¸ÀÌ¸ç ±× ¿äû¿¡ µû¶ó¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù.

Life, then, is the activity of the animal individuality working in submission to the law of reason. Reason shows man that happiness cannot be obtained by a selfish life, and leaves only one outlet open for him, and that is Love. Love is the only legitimate manifestation of life. It is an activity which has for its object the good of others. When it makes its appearance, the meaningless strife of the animal life ceases.

»îÀº, ±×·¸´Ù¸é, À̼ºÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ ¼øÀÀÇÏ¿© ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¿¹°Àû °³ÀÎÀÇ È°µ¿ÀÌ´Ù. À̼ºÀº »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ÇູÀº À̱âÀûÀÎ »î¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾ò¾î Áú ¼ö ¾øÀ½À» º¸¿© ÁÖ¸ç, ±×¿¡°Ô ¿­·Á ÀÖ´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÇÑ °¡ÁöÀÇ Ãⱸ¸¦ ³²°Ü µÎ¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶ûÀº »îÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ÇÕ¹ýÀû Ç¥ÇöÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ±× ÀÚüÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» À§ÇØ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀ» °¡Áö´Â Ȱµ¿ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹ßÇöµÉ ¶§¿¡, µ¿¹°Àû »îÀÇ ¹«ÀǹÌÇÑ ÅõÀïÀº ¸ØÃá´Ù.

Real love is not the preference of certain persons whose presence gives one pleasure. This, which is ordinarily called love, is only a wild stock on which true love may be grafted, and true love does not become possible until man has given up the pursuit of his own welfare. Then at last all the juices of his life come to nourish the noble graft, while the trunk of the old tree, the animal individuality, pours into it its entire vigour. Love is the preference which we accord to other beings over ourselves. It is not a burst of passion, obscuring the reason, but on the contrary no other state of the soul is so rational and luminous, so calm and joyous; it is the natural condition of children and the wise.

ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ »ç¶ûÀº Àڽſ¡°Ô Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ÁÖ´Â ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀ» Æí¾ÖÇÔÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. À̰ÍÀº, º¸Åë »ç¶ûÀ̶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿À·ÎÁö ÂüµÈ »ç¶ûÀÌ ÀÌ½ÄµÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Â ¾ß»ýÀÇ µÕÄ¡ÀÏ »ÓÀ̸ç, ÂüµÈ »ç¶ûÀº »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇູÀÇ Ãß±¸¸¦ Æ÷±âÇÒ ¶§±îÁö´Â °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ¸¶Ä§³» ±×ÀÇ »îÀÇ ¸ðµç ¼ö¾×µéÀÌ °í±ÍÇÑ Á¢´«¿¡ ¾çºÐÀ» ÁÖ°Ô µÇ°í, ±×·¯¸é¼­ ´ÄÀº ³ª¹«ÀÇ ¸öÅëÀÎ, µ¿¹°Àû °³ÀÎÀº, ±×°Í¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Àüü Ȱ·ÂÀ» ºÎ¾î ³Ö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶ûÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ¿ì¸® Àڽŵé°ú ´Ù¸¥ Á¸ÀçµéÀ» ÀÏÄ¡½ÃÅ´À» Æí¾ÖÇÔÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº À̼ºÀ» È帮´Â Á¤¿­ÀÇ Æø¹ßÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹Ý´ë·Î ¿µÈ¥ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ¾î¶² »óŵµ ±×ó·³ À̼ºÀûÀÌÁöµµ ¹àÁöµµ, ±×Åä·Ï °í¿äÇÏÁöµµ Áñ°ÌÁöµµ ¸øÇÏ´Ù; ±×°ÍÀº ¾î¸°¾ÆÀ̵é°ú ÁöÇý·Î¿î »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀÎ »óÅÂÀÌ´Ù.

Active love is attainable only for him who does not place his happiness in his individual life, and who also gives free play to his feeling of good-will towards others. His well-being depends upon love as that of a plant on light. He does not ask what he should do, but he gives himself up to that love which is within his reach. He who loves in this way alone possesses life. Such self-renunciation lifts him from animal existence in time and space into the regions of life. The limitations of time and space are incompatible with the idea of real life. To attain to it man must trust himself to his wings.

Àû±ØÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀº ¿À·ÎÁö ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÇູÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ »î¿¡ µÎÁö ¾Ê´Â, ±×¸®°í ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼±ÀÇÀÇ °¨Á¤À» ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ÇâÇØ ÀÚÀ¯·ÎÀÌ ±¸»çÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¼ºÃëµÈ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ º¹Áö´Â ½Ä¹°¿¡ ºñÄ¡´Â ºû°ú °°Àº »ç¶û¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù. ±×´Â ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÒÁö¸¦ ¹¯Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ ±×´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¼Õ¿¡ ´Ýµç ±×·± »ç¶û¿¡ ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¸Ã±ä´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿ÀÁ÷ »îÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·± Àڱ⠺ÎÁ¤Àº ±×¸¦ ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£¿¡ ¸Å¿© ÀÖ´Â µ¿¹°Àû Á¸Àç·ÎºÎÅÍ »îÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î ²ø¾î ¿Ã¸°´Ù. ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£ÀÇ Á¦¾àµéÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ »îÀÇ °³³ä°ú ¾ç¸³µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×°Í¿¡ À̸£±â À§Çؼ­ »ç¶÷Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ³¯°³µé¿¡ ¸Ã°Ü¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

Man's body changes; his states of consciousness are successive and differ from each other; what then is the "I"? Any child can answer when he says, "I like this; I don't like that." The "I" is that which likes -- which loves. It is the exclusive relationship of a man's being with the world, that relation which he brings with him from beyond time and space. It is said that in his extreme old age, St. John the Apostle had the habit of repeating continually the words, "Brethren, love one another." His animal life was nearly gone, absorbed in a new being for which the flesh was already too narrow. For the man who measures his life by the growth of his relation of love with the world, the disappearance at death of the limitations of time and space is only the mark of a higher degree of light.

»ç¶÷ÀÇ À°½ÅÀº º¯ÇÑ´Ù; ±×ÀÇ ÀǽÄÀÇ »óŵéÀº ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÌ¸ç ¼­·Î°¡ ´Ù¸£´Ù; ±×·¸´Ù¸é "³ª"´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? ¾î´À ¾ÆÀÌ¶óµµ ±×°¡, "³ª´Â À̰ÍÀÌ ÁÁ¾Æ; ³ª´Â Àú°ÍÀÌ ½È¾î"¶ó°í ÇÏ¸ç ´ë´äÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. "³ª"´Â ±×°¡ ÁÁ¾Æ ÇÏ´Â - »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â - °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº »ç¶÷À̶ó´Â Á¸Àç¿Í ¼¼»ó°úÀÇ ¹èŸÀû °ü°èÀ̸ç, ±×´Â ±× °ü°è¸¦ ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£À» ÃÊ¿ùÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀڽŰú ÇÔ²² °¡Á® °¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »çµµ ¿äÇÑÀº ±×ÀÇ Áö±ØÇÑ ¸¸³â¿¡ "ÇüÁ¦µéÀÌ¿©, ¼­·Î »ç¶ûÇ϶ó"¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â ¸»µéÀ» °è¼ÓÇØ¼­ µÇÇ®ÀÌÇÏ´Â ¹ö¸©À» °¡Á³´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »îÀº °ÅÀÇ »ç¶óÁ³À¸¸ç, À°½ÅÀÌ ÀÌ¹Ì ³Ê¹«³ª Çù¼ÒÇØÁø »õ·Î¿î Á¸Àç¿¡ Èí¼öµÈ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »ç¶û°ú ¼¼»ó°úÀÇ °ü°èÀÇ ¼ºÀå¿¡ ÀÇÇØ¼­ Ãø·®ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô´Â, ½Ã°£°ú °ø°£ÀÇ Á¦¾àµéÀÎ Á×À½ ¾Õ¿¡ »ç¶óÁüÀº ¿ÀÁ÷ ´õ¿í ¼þ°íÇÑ ºûÀÇ ¼¼±âÀÇ Áõ°ÅÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

My brother, who is dead, acts upon me now more strongly than he did in life; he even penetrates my being and lifts me up towards him. How can I say that he is dead. Men who have renounced their individual happiness never doubt their immortality. Christ knew that He would continue to live after His death because He had already entered into the true life which cannot cease. He lived even then in the rays of that other centre of life toward which He was advancing, and He saw them reflected on those who stood around Him. And this every man who renounces his own good beholds; he passes in this life into a new relation with the world for which there is no death; on one side he sees the new light, on the other he witnesses its actions on his fellows after being refracted through himself; and this experience gives him an immovable faith in the stability, immortality, and eternal growth of life. Faith in immortality cannot be received from another; you cannot convince yourself of it by argument. To have this faith you must have immortality; you must have established with the world in the present life the new relation of life, which the world is no longer wide enough to contain.

³ªÀÇ ÇüÁ¦´Â, Á×¾úÁö¸¸, ÀÌÁ¦ ±×°¡ »ì¾Æ¼­ Çß´ø °Íº¸´Ù ´õ °­ÇÏ°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁØ´Ù; ±×´Â ½ÉÁö¾î ³ªÀÇ Á¸Àç ¾ÈÀ¸·Î ½º¸çµé¾î¼­ ±×µé ÇâÇØ ³ª¸¦ ²ø¾î ¿Ã¸°´Ù. ¾î¶»°Ô ³ª´Â ±×°¡ Á×¾ú´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö Àִ°¡. °³ÀÎÀûÀÎ ÇູÀ» Æ÷±âÇÑ »ç¶÷µéÀº °áÄÚ ±×µéÀÇ ºÒ¸êÀ» ÀǽÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×¸®½ºµµ´Â ±×ÀÇ Á×À½ µÚ¿¡µµ °è¼Ó »ì¾Æ °¥ °ÍÀÓÀ» ¾Ë¾Ò´Ù ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×´Â ÀÌ¹Ì ¸ØÃßÁö ¾Ê´Â ÂüµÈ »î¿¡ µé¾ú±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­ ½ÉÁö¾î ±×°¡ ³ª¾Æ°¡°í ÀÖ´Â °÷À» ÇâÇÑ ´Ù¸¥ »îÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡ ÀÖ´Â ºû ¾È¿¡ »ì¾ÒÀ¸¸ç, ±×´Â ±¤¼±µéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÁÖº¯¿¡ ¼­ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹Ý»çµÇ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸¾Ò´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À¯ÀÍÀ» Æ÷±âÇÏ´Â ÀÌ·± Á¦°¢±â »ç¶÷µéÀº ÁöÄѺ»´Ù; ±×´Â ÀÌ·± »î¿¡¼­ ¾Æ¹«·± Á×À½ÀÌ ¾ø´Â ¼¼»ó°úÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °ü°è¿¡ µé¾î °£´Ù; ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ±×´Â »õ·Î¿î ºûÀ» º¸¸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ±¼ÀýµÈ ÈÄ ±×ÀÇ µ¿·áµé¿¡°Ô ºûÀÇ ÇàÀ§µéÀ» Áõ°ÅÇÑ´Ù; ±×¸®°í ÀÌ·± °æÇèÀÌ ±×¿¡°Ô »îÀÇ ¾ÈÁ¤, ºÒ¸ê, ±×¸®°í ¿ÜÀûÀÎ ¼ºÀå¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒº¯ÀÇ ½Å¾ÓÀ» ÁØ´Ù; ´ç½ÅµéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» ³í¸®·Î¼­ ³³µæÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ·± ½Å¾ÓÀ» °¡Áö±â À§ÇØ ´ç½ÅÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã ºÒ¸êÀ» °¡Á®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù;  ´ç½ÅÀº ¼¼»ó°ú ÇÔ²² ÇöÀçÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ »îÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °ü°è¸¦ È®¸³Çß¾î¾ß¸¸ Çϸç, ±×·¯¸é ¼¼»óÀº ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±×°ÍÀ» ´ã±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ³ÐÁö°¡ ¾ÊÀº °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

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The above abstract gives a most inadequate idea of Count Tolstoy's philosophy of life, but it is sufficient to bring out the salient points, to wit, his idea of the failure of man's ordinary life, of the necessity, in the course of nature, of loving self-renunciation, and of the resulting growth in love, and the realization of immortality on earth.

À§ÀÇ ¹ßÃé¹®Àº Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¹éÀÛÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀû »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Àå ºÒÃæºÐÇÑ °³³äÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÏÁö¸¸, µÎµå·¯Áø ¿äÁ¡µéÀ», ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é, »ç¶÷ÀÇ Æò»óÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ½ÇÆÐ, ´ç¿¬È÷ ±×¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ伺, Àڱ⠺ÎÁ¤À» »ç¶ûÇÔ, ±×¸®°í ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ »ç¶û ¾È¿¡¼­ÀÇ ¼ºÀå, ¹× Áö»ó¿¡¼­ÀÇ ºÒ¸ê¼ºÀÇ ½ÇÇö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×ÀÇ »ç»óÀ» ²¨³»±â¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.

"But this is sheer mysticism," is doubtless the first objection. Yes, it assuredly is, but that is no argument against it. Mysticism is nothing but the recognition of the invisible world as a palpable fact, and not as an abstract theory. All religions had their origin in mysticism, and in so far as they have wandered away from it just so far have they fallen into formalism. Mysticism is really religion at first hand, such as the faith of General Gordon, who used to say that he believed in the "real presence," meaning, as he explained, the actual manifestation of God in his own soul. It is not becoming for those at least who profess to put their confidence in Him who said, "The kingdom of God is within you," to quarrel with the man who finds it there. In short, all Christians should be more or less mystics.

"±×·¯³ª À̰ÍÀº ±×¾ß ¸»·Î ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù"¶ó°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ µÎ¸»ÇÒ °Íµµ ¾øÀÌ Ã¹ ¹øÂ° ¹Ý´ëÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº È®½ÇÇÏÁö¸¸, ±×°ÍÀº ±×¿¡ ¾Æ¹«·± ¹ÝÁõµµ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇ´Â, Ãß»óÀû ÀÌ·ÐÀ¸·Î¼­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ÀÁ÷ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ¼¼»óÀ» ¸¸Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Â »ç½Ç·Î¼­ ÀÎÁ¤ÇÔÀÌ´Ù. ¸ðµç Á¾±³´Â ±×µéÀÇ ±â¿øÀ» ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇ¿¡ µÎ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±×µéÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹þ¾î³ª¹ö¸° ÇÑ ±×µéÀº ±×¸¸Å­ ¸Ö¸® Çü½ÄÁÖÀÇ·Î ºüÁ®µç °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇ´Â, °íµç À屺ÀÇ ½Å¾Óó·³, óÀ½¿¡´Â »ç½Ç Á¾±³À̸ç, ±×´Â "Çö½Å"À», ±×°¡ ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â ¹Ù·Î´Â, ÀÚ±â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿µÈ¥¿¡ Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ½ÇÁ¦Àû ³ªÅ¸³²À», ¹Ï´Â´Ù°í ¸»Çϰï Çß´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº Àû¾îµµ, "Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´À´Ï¶ó"¶ó°í ¸»¾¸ÇϽŠÇϳª´Ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×µéÀÇ ¹ÏÀ½À» °í¹éÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô´Â, ±×°÷¿¡ ±×°ÍÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇÑ »ç¶÷°ú ´ÙÅ÷´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ, ¾î¿ï¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.  

If, then, admitting that the treatise On Life is in fact mystical, we compare it with the works of those to whom the name of mystic is usually given, we are at once struck by the remarkable sanity of the Russian author. The practice of exploring the unseen world is often dangerous for those who attempt it, but Count Tolstoy has escaped the vagaries of Boehmen, the visions of Swedenborg, and the hysterical excesses of St. Theresa. And the reason of his freedom from these extravagances is not far to seek. He opens a door into the vestibule, but it is not the door of mere contemplation, of quietism, of retirement into self. There is something morbid in the very idea of making deliberate excursions into another sphere. Here lies the mistake of the Christian ascetics, of the Persian Sufis, of the Hindoo Buddhists, and of the Theosophists of today. We may well suspect any form of religion which withdraws a man's interests and labours from this world; its corner-stone must be selfishness in spite of any disguises.

±×·¸´Ù¸é, »î¿¡ °üÇÏ¿© ¶ó´Â ³í¹®ÀÌ ½ÅºñÁÖÀÇÀûÀÓÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ´õ¶óµµ, ÈçÈ÷ ½ÅºñÁÖÀǶó´Â À̸§ÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÀÛǰµé°ú ºñ±³ÇØ º»´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸®´Â ´çÀå ·¯½Ã¾Æ ÀÛ°¡ÀÇ ÇöÀúÇÑ ¿ÂÀüÇÔ¿¡ ºÎµúÈú °ÍÀÌ´Ù. º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â ¼¼»óÀ» ޱ¸ÇÏ´Â ÇàÀ§´Â Á¾Á¾ ±×°ÍÀ» ½ÃµµÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ôµµ À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù, ÇÏÁö¸¸ Å罺ÅäÀÌ ¹éÀÛÀº º¸À̸àÀÇ º¯´öµé, ½ºº£µ§º¸¸®ÀÇ È¯°¢µé, ¹× ¼º Å×·¹»çÀÇ ±¤ÀûÀÎ °úÀ×À» Å»ÇÇÇÏ¿´´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº °úµµÇÔ µé·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×°¡ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¸Ö¸®¼­ Ãß±¸ÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ¹®°£¹æÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡´Â ¹®À» ¿¬´Ù, ±×°ÍÀº ´Ü¼øÇÑ ¸í»ó, Á¤ÀûÁÖÀÇ, ÀھƷÎÀÇ Ä§ÀáÀÇ ¹®ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¿µ¿ª ¾ÈÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ÀǵµÀû Å»¼±µéÀ» ÇàÇÔÀÇ »ç»ó ÀÚü¿¡´Â ¾î¶² º´ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ÀÇ ±Ý¿åÁÖÀÇÀÚµé, Æä¸£½Ã¾ÆÀÇ ¼öÇǵé, ÀεµÀÇ ºÒ±³Àεé, ±×¸®°í ¿À´Ã³¯ÀÇ ½ÅÁöÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ¿À·ù°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â ÀÌ ¼¼»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ÀÌÀÍµé ¹× ³ëµ¿µéÀ» »©¾Ñ¾Æ °¡´Â ¾î¶² ÇüÅÂÀÇ Á¾±³¶óµµ ÀǽÉÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù; ±×°ÍÀÇ Ãʼ®Àº ¾î¶»°Ô À§ÀåÇÏ´õ¶óµµ Ʋ¸²¾øÀÌ À̱âÁÖÀÇÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

Tolstoy's door to the mysteries, however, is simply active love for mankind. According to him, preoccupation in working for the happiness of others has a reflex action in the depth of our being which makes us feel eternal life. It is this intensely practical side of his mysticism which preserves his equilibrium. He simply says to us: "Renounce your selfish ends; love all men -- all creatures -- and devote your life to them. You will then be conscious of possessing eternal life, and for you there will be no death."

½Åºñ·Î ÇâÇÏ´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ ¹®Àº, ±×·¯³ª, ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Àηù¸¦ À§ÇÑ Àû±ØÀûÀÎ »ç¶ûÀÌ´Ù. ±×¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÇູÀ» À§ÇØ ³ëµ¿ÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ¿­ÁßÇÔÀº ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¿µ¿øÇÑ »îÀ» ´À³¢µµ·Ï ¸¸µå´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ Á¸ÀçÀÇ ±íÀº °÷¿¡ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ ¹ÝÀÀÀ» °¡Áø´Ù. ±×ÀÇ ±ÕÇüÀ» º¸Á¸ÇØ ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·± °­·ÂÈ÷ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ Ãø¸éÀÌ´Ù. ±×´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù: "´ç½ÅÀÇ À̱âÀû ¸ñÀûµéÀ» Æ÷±âÇ϶ó; ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀ» - ¸ðµç ÇÇÁ¶¹° µéÀ» - ±×¸®°í ´ç½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» ±×µé¿¡°Ô Çå½ÅÇ϶ó. ±×·¯¸é ´ç½ÅÀº ¿µ¿øÇÑ »îÀ» ¼ÒÀ¯ÇÔÀ» ÀǽÄÇÒ °ÍÀ̸ç, ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Á×À½µµ ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù." 

So much for Count Tolstoy's philosophy of life. For some reason it took hold of me with a strange power. I was still a church member and went regularly to church, but I had no genuine faith, and was not sure of anything intangible, and now the simple teaching that it is man's higher nature to love -- that if he would only let himself love and renounce his selfish aims, he would enter a wider sphere, find his immortal soul, and in fact be born again -- all this struck me as a great new discovery. I leaned back in my study chair; I tried to love, and -- could I believe my own sensations? -- I did actually feel that I had risen to a loftier plane, and that there was something immortal within me. I remember going out into the garden and giving a small coin -- a half piastre -- to a little Soudanese boy who was playing there, and it seemed to me that no act of mine had ever given me so much pleasure, and for weeks after the novelty of the experience of loving was a continual delight. Nor was the change merely temporary, for since that day the world has never looked to me quite as it used to.

Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ã¶ÇÐÀº ±×¸¸ µÎ±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ. ¾î¶² ÀÌÀ¯¿¡¼­ÀÎÁö ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ»óÇÑ ÈûÀ¸·Î ³ª¸¦ »ç·Î Àâ¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ ±³È¸ÀÇ ±¸¼º¿øÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç ±ÔÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î ±³È¸¿¡ ³ª°¬À¸³ª, ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ½Å¾ÓÀº ¾ø¾ú°í, ½Çü°¡ ¾ø´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌÁ¦ »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ´õ¿í ¼þ°íÇÑ º»¼ºÀ̶ó´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ °¡¸£Ä§ - ¸¸ÀÏ ½º½º·Î »ç¶ûÇÏ°Ô ¸¸µé¸ç ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ À̱âÀû ¸ñÀûµéÀ» Æ÷±âÇϵµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù¸é, ±×´Â ´õ¿í ³ÐÀº ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡¼­, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ºÒ¸êÀÇ ¿µÈ¥À» ãÀ¸¸ç, »ç½Ç»ó ´Ù½Ã ž °ÍÀ̶ó´Â °¡¸£Ä§ - ÀÌ ¸ðµç °ÍÀÌ ³»°Ô´Â À§´ëÇÏ°í »õ·Î¿î ¹ß°ßÀ¸·Î ¿Í ´ê¾Ò´Ù. ³ª´Â ³» ¼­ÀçÀÇ ÀÇÀÚ¿¡ µîÀ» ´ë°í ±â´ë¾ú´Ù; ³ª´Â »ç¶ûÇÏ·Á ¾Ö½è´Ù, ±×¸®°í  - ³ª´Â ³ª ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ´À³¦µéÀ» ¹ÏÀ» ¼ö Àִ°¡? - ³ª´Â ½ÇÁ¦·Î ³»°¡ °í±ÍÇÑ Â÷¿øÀ¸·Î ¿Ã¶ó °¬À¸¸ç, ³ª ¾È¿¡ ¾î¶² ºÒ¸êÀÇ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ´À²¼´Ù. ³ª´Â Á¤¿øÀ¸·Î ³ª°¡¼­ Á¶±×¸¸ µ¿Àü - ¹Ý Ǭ - À» ±×°÷¿¡¼­ ³î°í ÀÖ´Â Á¶±×¸¸ ¼ö´Ü ¾ÆÀÌ¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾ú´Âµ¥, ³ªÀÇ ¾î¶² ÇàÀ§µµ ±×ó·³ ¸¹Àº Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ÁØ ÀûÀÌ ¾ø¾ú´ø °Íó·³ º¸¿´À¸¸ç, »ç¶ûÀÇ °æÇèÀÇ ½Å±âÇÔ µÚ ¸î ÁÖÀÏ µ¿ÀÎ ±â»ÝÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓÀ̾ú´Ù. ±× º¯È­´Â °áÄÚ ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¾ú´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×³¯ ÀÌÈÄ·Î ¼¼»óÀÌ ÀüÇô °ú°Å¿¡ º¸ÀÌ´ø °Íó·³ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò±â ¶§¹®À̾ú´Ù.

It is in the light of Tolstoy's teaching in this book On Life, that we must approach his ethical works, My Confession, What to Do, The Kingdom of God is Within You, and the rest, for they all have their source in the religious conceptions of the former book.

¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÌ Ã¥ »î¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿© ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ °¡¸£Ä§À» ÀüÁ¦ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á, ¿ì¸®´Â Å罺ÅäÀÌÀÇ À±¸®Àû ÀÛǰµé, ³ªÀÇ °í¹é, ¹«¾ùÀ» ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡, Çϳª´ÔÀÇ ³ª¶ó´Â ³ÊÈñ ¾È¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù, ¹× ³ª¸ÓÁöµéÀ» Á¢±ÙÇØ¾ß¸¸ ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù, ¿Ö³ÄÇÏ¸é ±×°ÍµéÀº ¸ðµÎ ÀüÀÚÀÇ Ã¥ÀÇ Á¾±³Àû °³³ä¿¡¼­ ±× ±Ù¿øÀ» µÎ°í Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

In the same way in the Gospels themselves, from which Tolstoy derives at once his principles and his practice, we find different phases of thought in the different books. The Evangelists draw truth from the same well, but some let down their buckets deeper than others. St. Luke is a practical hand-book for social reformers, and none more radical has been published since his day, but he scarcely reaches the source of the spring. He condemns riches as stoutly as Tolstoy; he, too, puts poverty upon a pinnacle, but from his Gospel alone we should hardly guess the reason why. It was left for St. John to lay open the divine source of self-sacrifice and to make known once for all the infinite power of love restoring men to unity with God and with each other, and he does it almost without reference to the practical results in life which the inspiration of that power must accomplish. St. Luke's Gospel is the necessary complement of St. John's.

¶È°°Àº ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î º¹À½¼­µé ÀÚüµé¿¡¼­µµ, Å罺ÅäÀ̰¡ ±×ÀÇ ¿ø¸®µé »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±×ÀÇ ½Çõ¸¶Àú ±×°Íµé¿¡¼­ µµÃâÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù, ¿ì¸®´Â »óÀÌÇÑ Ã¥µé¿¡¼­ »óÀÌÇÑ »ç»ó ´Ü°èµéÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÑ´Ù. º¹À½ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀº ¶È°°Àº ¿ì¹°¿¡¼­ Áø¸®¸¦ ²ø¾î ³½´Ù, ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀ» ±×µéÀÇ ¹Ù°¡Áö¸¦ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéº¸´Ù ±íÀÌ ³»¸°´Ù. ´©°¡´Â »çȸ °³ÇõÀÚµéÀ» À§ÇØ ½Ç¿ëÀûÀÎ Áöħ¼­À̸ç, ±×ÀÇ ½Ã´ë ÀÌÈÄ ´õ ÀÌ»ó ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ °ÍÀº ¹ßÇ¥µÇÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÁö¸¸, ±×´Â »ùÀÇ ¿øÃµ¿¡ °ÅÀÇ µµ´ÞÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×´Â ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ÀÚµéÀ» Å罺ÅäÀÌó·³ ¼¼Â÷°Ô ºñ³­ÇÑ´Ù; ±× ¿ª½Ã ºó°ïÀ» Á¤»ó¿¡ µÎÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸®´Â ±×ÀÇ º¹À½¼­ ¸¸À¸·Î´Â ±× ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ °ÅÀÇ ÁüÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÀÚ±â Èñ»ýÀÇ ½Å¼ºÇÑ ±Ù¿øÀ» ¿©´Â °Í ±×¸®°í »ç¶÷µéÀ» Çϳª´Ô ¹× ¼­·Î¿¡°Ô·Î ´Ù½Ã ¿¬ÇÕÇÏ´Â ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ¸ðµç »ç¶ûÀÇ ÈûÀ» ´ÜÈ£È÷ ¾Ë¸®´Â °ÍÀº ¿äÇÑ¿¡°Ô ³²°ÜÁ³À¸¸ç, ±×·¯ÇÑ Èû¿¡¼­ ¿À´Â ¿µ°¨ÀÌ ¹Ýµå½Ã ¼ºÃëÇϰíÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Ç¿ëÀû °á°ú¸¦ °ÅÀÇ ¾ð±ÞÇÔÀÌ ¾øÀÌ ÇàÇÑ´Ù. ´©°¡ º¹À½Àº ¿äÇÑ º¹À½¿¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ º¸Ãæ¼³¸íÀÌ´Ù. 

Some one has said that as St. Peter first led the Apostolic Church, and then St. Paul, and finally St. John, so in the history of the Christian Era, St. Peter, represented by the Catholic Church, was the first leader, and after him St. Paul, the apostle of Protestantism and justification by faith, and that now again it is the day of St. John, the apostle of Love. There is much truth in this parallel. It is the spirit of St. John, which is, if I mistake not, the Age-Spirit of our times, the spirit with which Tolstoy is so impregnated. Does then this philosophy of St. John, which the Russian has adopted, give logical coherence to the seeming extravagances of his practical teaching, just as the Fourth Gospel supplies the motive for the startling injunctions of the Third?

¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº º£µå·Î°¡ »çµµ ±³È¸¸¦ À̲ø¾úÀ¸¸ç, ±× ´ÙÀ½Àº ¹Ù¿ï, ±×¸®°í ¸¶Áö¸·À¸·Î ¿äÇÑÀ̾úÀ¸¸ç, ±×·¡¼­ ±×¸®½ºµµ±³ ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­, º£µå·Î´Â, Ä«Å縯 ±³È¸ÀÇ ¼³¸í¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ÁöµµÀÚÀ̰í, ±×ÀÇ µÚ´Â ¹Ù¿ï, Áï °³½Å±³ ¹× ½Å¾Ó¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤ÀÇ ±¸Çö »çÁ¦¶ó°í ¸»ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌÁ¦ ´Ù½Ã ¿äÇÑ, Áï »ç¶ûÀÇ »çµµÀÇ ½Ã´ë¶ó°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÆòÇ༱ »ó¿¡´Â ¸¹Àº Áø½ÇÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ³»°¡ À߸ø ¾Ë°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù¸é, ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ½Ã´ë Á¤½ÅÀ̸ç, Å罺ÅäÀÌ¿¡°Ô ±×Åä·Ï ½º¸çµç Á¤½ÅÀº, ¿äÇÑÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿äÇÑÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀº, ·¯½Ã¾ÆÀÎÀÌ Ã¤ÅÃÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î, Á¦ 4 º¹À½¼­°¡ Á¦ 3 º¹À½¼­ÀÇ ³î¶ó¿î ¸í·Éµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ µ¿±â¸¦ Á¦°øÇÏ´Â °Í°ú ¶È°°ÀÌ, ±×ÀÇ ½ÇõÀû °¡¸£Ä§ÀÇ ¿Ü°ü»ó È­·ÁÇԵ鿡 ³í¸®Àû Àϰü¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©Çϰí ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Â°¡?

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