1. Homer (9th Century B.C.?)
   Iliad
   Odyssey
2. The Old Testament
3. Aeschylus (c.525-456 B.C.)
   Tragedies
4. Sophocles (c.495-406 B.C.)
   Tragedies
5. Herodotus (c.484-425 B.C.)
   History
   
6. Euripides (c.485-406 B.C.)
   Tragedies
   (esp. Medea, Hippolytus, The Bacchae)
7. Thucydides (c.460-400 B.C.)
   History of the Peloponnesian War
   
8. Hippocrates (c.460-377? B.C.)
   Medical Writings
9. Aristophanes (c.448-380 B.C.)
   Comedies
   (esp. The Clouds, The Birds, The Frogs)
10. Plato (c.427-347 B.C.)
    Dialogues
    (esp. The Republic, Symposium, Phaedo, Meno, Apology, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Sophist, Theaetetus)
11. Aristotle (384-322 B.C.)
    Works
    (esp. Organon, Physics, Metaphysics, On the Soul, The Nicomachean Ethics, Politics, Rhetoric, Poetics)
12. Epicurus (c.341-270 B.C.)
    Letter to Herodotus
    Letter to Menoeceus
13. Euclid (fl.c. 300 B.C.)
    Elements
14. Archimedes (c.287-212 B.C.)
    Works
    (esp. On the Equilibrium of Planes, On Floating Bodies, The Sand-Reckoner)
15. Apollonius of Perga (fl.c.240 B.C.)
    Conic Sections
16. Cicero (106-43 B.C.)
    Works
    (esp. Orations, On Friendship, On Old Age)
17. Lucretius (c.95-55 B.C.)
    On the Nature of Things
18. Virgil (70-19 B.C.)
    Works
19. Horace (65-8 B.C.)
    Works
    (esp. Odes and Epodes, The Art of Poetry)
20. Livy (59 B.C.-A.D. 17)
    History of Rome
21. Ovid (43 B.C.-A.D. 17)
    Works
    (esp. Metamorphoses)
22. Plutarch (c.45-120)
    Parallel Lives
    Moralia
    
23. Tacitus (c.55-117)
    Histories
    Annals
    Agricola
    Germania
24. Nicomachus of Gerasa (fl.c. 100 A.D.)
    Introduction to Arithmetic
25. Epictetus (c.60-120)
    Discourses
    Encheiridion (Handbook)
26. Ptolemy (c.100-170; fl. 127-151)
    Almagest
27. Lucian (c.120-c.190)
    Works
    (esp. The True Way to Write History, The True History, The Sale of Creeds)
28. Marcus Aurelius (121-180)
    Meditations
29. Galen (c. 130-200)
    On the Natural Faculties
    
30. The New Testament
31. Plotinus (205-270)
    The Enneads
    
32. St. Augustine (354-430)
    Works
    (esp. On the Teacher, Confessions, City of God, On Christian Doctrine)
33. The Song of Roland (12th century?)
34. The Nibelungenlied (13th century?)
    (Völsunga Saga is the Scandinavian version of the same legend)
    
35. The Saga of Burnt Njal
36. St. Thomas Aquinas (c.1225-1274)
    Summa Theologica
37. Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
    Works
    (esp. The New Life, On Monarchy, The Divine Comedy)
38. Geoffrey Chaucer (c.1340-1400)
    Works
    (esp. Troilus and Criseyde, The Canterbury Tales)
39. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
    Notebooks
40. Niccolò Machiavelli (1469-1527)
    The Prince
    Discourses on the First Ten Books of Livy
41. Desiderius Erasmus (c.1469-1536)
    The Praise of Folly
42. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)
    On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
43. Sir Thomas More (c.1478-1535)
    Utopia
44. Martin Luther (1483-1546)
    Table Talk
    Three Treatises
45. François Rabelais (c.1495-1553)
    Gargantua and Pantagruel
46. John Calvin (1509-1564)
    Institutes of the Christian Religion
47. Michel de Montaigne (1533-1592)
    Essays
48. William Gilbert (1540-1603)
    On the Loadstone and Magnetic Bodies
49. Miguel de Cervantes (1547-1616)
    Don Quixote
50. Edmund Spenser (c.1552-1599)
    Prothalamion
    The Faërie Queene
51. Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
    Essays
    Advancement of Learning
    Novum Organum
    New Atlantis
52. William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
    Works
53. Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
    The Starry Messenger
    Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences
54. Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
    Epitome of Copernican Astronomy
    Concerning the Harmonies of the World
55. William Harvey (1578-1657)
    On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals
    On the Circulation of the Blood
    On the Generation of Animals
56. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
    The Leviathan
57. Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
    Rules for the Direction of the Mind
    Discourse on the Method
    Geometry
    Meditations on First Philosophy
58. John Milton (1608-1674)
    Works
    (esp. the minor poems, Areopagitica, Paradise Lost, Samson Agonistes)
59. Molière (1622-1673)
    Comedies
    (esp. The Miser, The School for Wives, The Misanthrope, The Doctor in Spite of Himself)
60. Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
    The Provincial Letters
    Pensees
    Scientific Treatises
61. Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)
    Treatise on Light
62. Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677)
    Ethics
63. John Locke (1632-1704)
    Letter Concerning Toleration
    "Of Civil Government" (second treatise in Two Treatises on Government)
    Essay Concerning Human Understanding
    Thoughts Concerning Education
64. Jean Baptiste Racine (1639-1699)
    Tragedies
    (esp. Andromache, Phaedra)
65. Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
    Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
    Optics
66. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716)
    Discourse on Metaphysics
    New Essays Concerning Human Understanding
    Monadology
67. Daniel Defoe (1660-1731)
    Robinson Crusoe
68. Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)
    A Tale of a Tub
    Journal to Stella
    Gulliver's Travels
    A Modest Proposal
69. William Congreve (1670-1729)
    The Way of the World
70. George Berkeley (1685-1753)
    Principles of Human Knowledge
71. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)
    Essay on Criticism
    Rape of the Lock
    Essay on Man
72. Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
    Persian Letters
    Spirit of Laws
73. Voltaire (1694-1778)
    Letters on the English
    Candide
    Philosophical Dictionary
74. Henry Fielding (1707-1754)
    Joseph Andrews
    Tom Jones
75. Samuel Johnson (1709-1784)
    The Vanity of Human Wishes
    Dictionary
    Rasselas
    The Lives of the Poets (esp. the essays on Milton and Pope)
76. David Hume (1711-1776)
    Treatise on Human Nature
    Essays Moral and Political
    An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding
77. Jean Jaques Rousseau (1712-1778)
    On the Origin of Inequality
    On the Political Economy
    Emile
    The Social Contract
78. Laurence Sterne (1713-1768)
    Tristram Shandy
    A Sentimental Journey through France and Italy
79. Adam Smith (1723-1790)
    The Theory of Moral Sentiments
    Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
80. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
    Critique of Pure Reason
    Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals
    Critique of Practical Reason
    The Science of Right
    Critique of Judgment
    Perpetual Peace
81. Edward Gibbon (1737-1794)
    The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
    Autobiography
82. James Boswell (1740-1795)
    Journal (esp. London Journal)
    Life of Samuel Johnson, Ll.D.
83. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier (1743-1794)
    Elements of Chemistry
84. John Jay (1745-1829), James Madison (1751-1836), and Alexander Hamilton (1757-1804)
    Federalist Papers
    (together with the Articles of Confederation, the Constitution of the United States, and the Declaration of Independence)
85. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
    Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation
    Theory of Fictions
86. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832)
    Faust
    Poetry and Truth
87. Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
    Analytical Theory of Heat
88. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831)
    Phenomenology of Spirit
    Philosophy of Right
    Lectures on the Philosophy of History
89. William Wordsworth (1770-1850)
    Poems
    (esp. Lyrical Ballads, Lucy poems, sonnets; The Prelude)
90. Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834)
    Poems
    (esp. "Kubla Khan," Rime of the Ancient Mariner)
    Biographia Literaria
91. Jane Austen (1775-1817)
    Pride and Prejudice
    Emma
92. Karl von Clausewitz (1780-1831)
    On War
93. Stendhal (1783-1842)
    The Red and the Black
    The Charterhouse of Parma
    On Love
94. George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)
    Don Juan
95. Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)
    Studies in Pessimism
96. Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
    Chemical History of a Candle
    Experimental Researches in Electricity
97. Charles Lyell (1797-1875)
    Principles of Geology
98. Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
    The Positive Philosophy
99. Honoré de Balzac (1799-1850)
    Père Goriot
    Eugénie Grandet
100. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
     Representative Men
     Essays
     Journal
101. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)
     The Scarlet Letter
102. Alexis de Tocqueville (1805-1859)
     Democracy in America
103. John Stuart Mill (1806-1873)
     A System of Logic
     On Liberty
     Representative Government
     Utilitarianism
     The Subjection of Women
     Autobiography
104. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)
     The Origin of Species
     The Descent of Man
     Autobiography
105. Charles Dickens (1812-1870)
     Works
     (esp. Pickwick Papers, David Copperfield, Hard Times)
106. Claude Bernard (1813-1878)
     Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine
107. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
     Civil Disobedience
     Walden
108. Karl Marx (1818-1883)
     Capital
     (together with the Communist Manifesto)
109. George Eliot (1819-1880)
     Adam Bede
     Middlemarch
110. Herman Melville (1819-1891)
     Moby Dick
     Billy Budd
111. Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821-1881)
     Crime and Punishment
     The Idiot
     The Brothers Karamazov
112. Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880)
     Madame Bovary
     Three Stories
113. Henrik Ibsen (1828-1906)
     Plays
     (esp. Hedda Gabler, A Doll's House, The Wild Duck)
114. Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910)
     War and Peace
     Anna Karenina
     What is Art?
     Twenty-Three Tales
115. Mark Twain (1835-1910)
     The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn
     The Mysterious Stranger
116. William James (1842-1910)
     The Principles of Psychology
     The Varieties of Religious Experience
     Pragamatism
     Essays in Radical Empiricism
117. Henry James (1843-1916)
     The American
     The Ambassadors
118. Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (1844-1900)
     Thus Spoke Zarathustra
     Beyond Good and Evil
     The Genealogy of Morals
     The Will to Power
119. Jules Henri Poincaré (1854-1912)
     Science and Hypothesis
     Science and Method
120. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
     The Interpretation of Dreams
     Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
     Civilization and Its Discontents
     New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis
121. George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950)
     Plays (and Prefaces)
     (esp. Man and Superman, Major Barbara, Caesar and Cleopatra, Pygmalion, Saint Joan)
122. Max Planck (1858-1947)
     Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory
     Where Is Science Going?
     Scientific Autobiography
123. Henri Bergson (1859-1941)
     Time and Free Will
     Matter and Memory
     Creative Evolution
     The Two Sources of Morality and Religion
124. John Dewey (1859-1952)
     How We Think
     Democracy and Education
     Experience and Nature
     Logic, the Theory of Inquiry
125. Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)
     An Introduction to Mathematics
     Science and the Modern World
     The Aims of Education and Other Essays
     Adventures of Ideas
126. George Santayana (1863-1952)
     The Life of Reason
     Skepticism and Animal Faith
     Persons and Places
127. Nikolai Lenin (1870-1924)
     The State and Revolution
128. Marcel Proust (1871-1922)
     Remembrance of Things Past
129. Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)
     The Problems of Philosophy
     The Analysis of Mind
     An Inquiry into Meaning and Truth
     Human Knowledge: Its Scope and Limits
130. Thomas Mann (1875-1955)
     The Magic Mountain
     Joseph and His Brothers
131. Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
     The Meaning of Relativity
     On the Method of Theoretical Physics
     The Evolution of Physics (with L. Infeld)
132. James Joyce (1882-1941)
     "The Dead" in Dubliners
     Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man
     Ulysses
133. Jacques Maritain (1882- )
     Art and Scholasticism
     The Degrees of Knowledge
     The Rights of Man and Natural Law
     True Humanism
134. Franz Kafka (1883-1924)
     The Trial
     The Castle
135. Arnold Toynbee (1889- )
     A Study of History
     Civilization on Trial
136. Jean Paul Sartre (1905- )
     Nausea
     No Exit
     Being and Nothingness
137. Aleksandr I. Solzhenitsyn (1918- )
     The First Circle
     The Cancer Ward

ENDNOTE

Source: Adler, Mortimer J. and Charles Van Doren. How to Read a Book. Appendix A: "A Recommended Reading List." Rev. and updated ed. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972. © 1972 by Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren.　

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